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Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC):Research Overview
October 2006
Christine M. Belcastro, Ph.D.IRAC Principal Investigator
Phone: (757) 864-4035e-mail: [email protected]
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
Presentation Outline
• IRAC Long-Term Mission and Goals– IRAC Research Problem– Mission & Goals– Technology Vision– Key Technical Challenges
• IRAC 5-Year Research Plan– Objectives– Research Approach & Technical Areas– Research & Technology Integration
• IRAC Project Summary
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Research Problem: Aircraft Loss of Control
Aircraft Loss of Control (LOC) Events Result From Numerous Causal & Contributing Factors
Prevention/Recovery from Upset Conditions: • Operation Beyond Normal Flight Envelope • Unstable Modes of Motion • Stall and/or Departure from Controlled Flight • Uncommanded Motions due to - Asymmetric Thrust - Failures • Out-of-Control Motions - Falling Leaf - Stall/Spin
On-lineCrew Notification
& Cueing
Assisted,Semi-Automated,
and Automatic Control
Off-lineCrew
Training
Vehicle State
Assessment
Recovery& Control
Aircraft Modeling & Simulation
Control under Adverse Conditions:
• Control System Component Failures (e.g., Sensors, Actuators, Propulsion System) • Vehicle Impairment & Damage (e.g., Control Surfaces, Fuselage & Lifting Surfaces) • Vehicle Configuration Incompatibilities • System Errors (e.g., SW/HW errors, HIRF)
• Crew Input Errors (e.g., PIO, Mode Confusion)
• Atmospheric Disturbances (e.g., Wake Vortices) • Weather (e.g., Wind Shear, Turbulence, Icing)
Validation & Verification
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Long-Term Mission & Goals
Mission: Develop technologies to prevent or recover from aircraft loss of control and ensure safe flight under flight/safety-critical adverse, upset, and hazard conditions in the current and next-generation air transportation system
Goals: • Reduce aircraft loss-of-control accidents by detecting, characterizing, and
mitigating the historical and emerging precursors to loss-of-control events
• Provide onboard control resilience functions for continuously assessing and managing vehicle performance and control capability to ensure flight safety and recoverability under multiple and cascading adverse, upset, and hazard conditions
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Technology Vision
Stuck Rudder
Robustness toAtmospheric Disturbances
Commands
Uncertainties
Disturbances
Failure / Damage / ImpairmentMitigation
Control Recovery from Loss-of-Control Conditions
Diagnostics &Prognostics for Abnormal
Condition Effects on Flight Safety
Multidisciplinary Characterization of
Abnormal Conditions
Vehicle-Based Mission Management & Autonomous
Collision Avoidance
Verification
Validation
Software Assurance
Safe Flight & Mission Management
DamagedAileron
Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation
IRAC Key Technical Challenges
• Integrated Modeling & Simulation– Multidisciplinary Characterization of Abnormal Condition Effects on Vehicle Dynamics
» Upsets» Failures/Damage» External Hazards (Icing, Turbulence, Wind Shear, Wakes)
– Characterization of Coupled Effects of Multiple Abnormal Conditions• Integrated Recovery & Control
– Integrated Robust/Adaptive Multi-Objective Control Methods for Abnormal Conditions » Flight / Propulsion / Structural Control» Failure / Damage Accommodation» Upset Recovery
– Complexity of Structural Damage for Detection/Prediction & Accommodation» Static & Dynamic Loads Effects» Aeroelastic Effects
– Capability to Effectively Handle Multiple LOC Causal/Contributing Factors» Natural Hazards Prediction/Detection & Mitigation» Human-Induced Error Detection & Mitigation
– Autonomous Navigation and Control Capability for Abnormal Conditions» Trajectory Generation» Self-Separation» Collision Avoidance
– Vehicle/Crew Integration» Effective Crew Involvement under Abnormal Conditions» Variable Levels of Autonomy
• Integrated Validation & Verification– Verification, Validation, and Certification of Nondeterministic, Adaptive, Autonomous Systems– Predictive Capability Assessment for Abnormal Application Domains that Cannot be Fully Tested– Verification & Safety Assurance of Software-Intensive Safety-Critical Systems
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Project Objectives: First 5-Years
Objectives:
• Develop and Evaluate integrated/multidisciplinary methods, tools, and techniques for the:
– Characterization, detection, and/or prediction of icing, upset, and damage conditions and their effects on aircraft safety of flight
– Loss-of-Control prevention, mitigation, recovery, and trajectory management under icing, upset, and/or damage conditions
– Assessment of complex integrated systems
» analytical, simulation, and experimental validation
– Application of methods that currently exist or are currently under development
– Development of preliminary analytical methods for adaptive systems (NRA)
» predictive capability assessment (initial methods)
» software verification and safety assurance (preliminary methods)
• Establish pathways to facilitate and/or enable future technology transition
– Integration with IVHM & IIFD
– Leveraging with AAD
– Collaborations with Industry, the FAA, and OGAs
– Participation on RTCA Committees and other Rule/Procedure-Making Organizations for Software Certification
Aviation Safety: IVHM & IRACAviation Safety: IVHM & IRAC Technology Verification & ValidationTechnology Verification & Validation
IRAC Research Approach & Technical Areas
Control(Off-Nominal Conditions)
Aeroservoelasticity Propulsion Flight ControlHuman /
AutonomyIntegrated V&V
Multi-Disciplinary Modeling, Design, Analysis, & Optimization Tools for Resilient Integrated Control of Aircraft in Off-Nominal Conditions
Aerodynamics
Experimental Methods(Off-Nominal Conditions)
Physics-Based Modeling(Fluid, Structural & Engine Dynamics)
Validation & Verification(Adaptive & Learning Systems)
Vehicle State Assessment, Recovery and Control
V&V of Complex Adaptive Systems
Loss of Control significantEnable NGATS
SafetyChallenges
0%
30%
60%
WxLoC CFIT RunwayIncur.
Comp.Failures
Other Unknown
Fatal Accident DistributionFatal Accident Distribution
Commercial Transports
US General Aviation
Aircraft Modeling & Simulation for Off Nominal Conditions
IRAC Research Deliverables
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Research & Technology Integration
Resilient Propulsion Control
• Engine State Awareness- Engine Performance- Remaining Life / Risk
• Engine Control Mitigation & Recovery- Engine Damage Mitigation- Adaptive Engine Control for
Enhanced Performance
Resilient Flight Control
• Vehicle State Awareness- FDI for Control Component Failures- Impaired Vehicle Performance & Flight
Envelope Constraints (Damage / Icing)• Flight Control Mitigation & Recovery
- Adaptive / Reconfigurable Control- Upset Recovery
Multidisciplinary Modeling
• Multidisciplinary Effects (Aero, Engine, Airframe Structure, Systems)
• Coupled Abnormal Effects - Aircraft Control Component Failures- Engine / Structural Damage - Icing / Vehicle Upsets
Safety-Critical Technology Validation & Verification• Validation and Predictive Capability Assessment Methods & Tools
− Analysis Methods (Stability, Performance, & Effectiveness of Adaptive Control Systems)− Simulation (Guided Monte Carlo and Real-Time)− Experimental (Ground/Flight, Emulation of Abnormal Conditions)
• Software Verification and Safety Assurance Methods & Tools
Accident & Incident Database• Loss-of-Control Causal, Contributing,
and Emerging Factors• Control-Related Accidents / Incidents /
Threats / Risks
Experimental Testing
• Extreme Flight Conditions• Icing Effects• Damage Effects
• Failure/Damage • Environmental Hazards
Refinements to test plans
ModelingScenarios
Resilient Airframe Control
• Airframe State Awareness- Structural Damage Detection- Damage Growth Prediction
• Structural Control Mitigation & Recovery- Load Alleviation- Mode Suppression / Avoidance- Aeroelastic Control
TestScenarios
Integrated Flight Simulations• Safety-of-Flight Assessments• Recoverability Assessments
• External hazards • Operator Hazards
Resilient Vehicle Mission Management
• Emergency Flight Path Planning- Trajectory Generation- Landing Site
• Autonomous Collision Avoid.- Sensor-Directed
• Integrated Operator Cueing for Abnormal Conditions
Models DataRefinements to test plans
Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Testing
IIFD
• External Hazards Models• Operator Models
• External Hazards Detection• Crew Interfaces
IVHM Databases IIFD/ASP Databases
Loss of Vertical Tail Benchmark Problems
Engine Performance
IVHM
• High-Fidelity Failure Models & Data
• Failure / Damage Sensors • Failure / Damage Diagnostics
& Prognostics• IVHM Computing Architectures
Stuck Rudder
DamagedAileron
Failure / Damage / Icing Upset Recovery Robustness
FA – Subsonic/Fixed
CFD Methods & Tools
ASP
Wake Models
ASP
ATC/NGATSReqs
Engine Damage Mitigation
1
10
100
1000
10000
90% 100% 110% 120%
Fast Mode
Typical
Survival Mode
Life / Risk Estimation
Damage Growth
PreventionAeroelasticControl
Damage
Deterministic Boundary
Probabilistic Boundary
Deterministic Boundary
Probabilistic Boundary
HDG Switch
HDG Switch [Not VAPPR]
GA Switch
PowerUp
SYNC Switch
LAPPR Capture
Chg Coupled-side
ROLL HDG LAPPR LGA
Event 1
Event 2
Event 3Event 4Event 5
Event 6Event 7
VGA
HDG Switch
Event 8Not VGA Event 9
IVHM / IIFD / AAD
Leveraged / Integrated Experiments
Aviation Safety ProgramAviation Safety Program Integrated Resilient Aircraft ControlIntegrated Resilient Aircraft Control
IRAC Project Summary
• Comprehensive Research & Technology Development for Adverse, Upset, and External Hazard Conditions
– Dynamics Modeling & Simulation– Vehicle State Assessment– Control Recovery & Trajectory Management– Integrated Technology Validation & Verification Process
• IRAC Research Key Attributes– Integrated Multidisciplinary Modeling & Control Methods– Diagnostics & Prognostics from a Safety-of-Flight & Control Perspective– Integrated Control Mitigation & Recovery for Off-Nominal Conditions (Including Trajectory Management &
Collision Avoidance)– Variable Autonomy Capability and Interfaces with Human Operator – Integrated V&V Process for Adaptive Safety-Critical Control Systems
• Integration of IRAC with other AvSAFE Projects and ARMD Programs– Integrated Vehicle Health Management Technologies
» Integrated Flight/Engine/Airframe Control for Extended Life and Degradation/Failure Accommodation– Integrated Intelligent Flight Deck
» Variable Autonomy and Effective Crew Involvement under Off-Nominal Conditions– Aircraft Aging and Durability
» Leveraging of Structural Modeling Methods and Tools (especially aging effects for damage growth prediction)– Fundamental Aeronautics Program
» Application and Development of IRAC technologies for future aircraft operating in all flight regimes– Airspace Program
» Leveraging of external hazards (e.g., wake vortex) models and development of advanced IRAC technologies for supporting NGATS (especially under off-nominal conditions)
• Broad Range of Industry Participation Anticipated– RFI Released in January 2006 Resulted in Many Responses– Anticipate Partnerships through Space Act Agreements – Would Like to Facilitate Development of Consortia for Collaborations