avian-friendly design & planningreliability & innovation avian-friendly design &...
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reliability & innovation
Avian-Friendly Design & Planning IMPACTS PREVENTION FOR HIGH PERFORMING ENERGY PROJECTS
Rick Harness & Duncan EcclestonEDM International, Inc.
Fort Collins, Colorado, [email protected], [email protected]
970-204-4001
Washington Area BranchInt’l Assoc. for Impact Assessment
Washington, DCSeptember 19, 2019
Steppe Eagle - India
© EDM International, Inc. 2019
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SAFETY MINUTE
QUIZ: WHAT’S GOING ON HERE? UTILITY & ENGINEERING SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES POWER OPTIMIZATION PRODUCTS
Overcoming utility infrastructure challenges by merging excellence in engineering, science and technology with a passion for client satisfaction.
EDM International, Inc.4001 Automation Way | Fort Collins CO 80525 U.S.A.
P: 970.204.4001 | F: 970.204.4007www.edmlink.com
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EDM International, Inc.
⁰ Range of interests and perspectives
• Utility Services• Engineering• Joint Use• R&D/Products• Software/GIS• Environmental
⁰ Solve problems with engineering, science, and technology
⁰ Cross-disciplinary⁰ Innovation-focused
SERVING THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY
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Avian-Power Line Interactions
⁰ Operational conflicts:• Electrocution/reliability• Collision/public relations• Nesting/fire, access, outages• Feces/reliability• Woodpeckers/damage
⁰ Risk assessment, management & mitigation
⁰ Peer-reviewed research⁰ U.S. Regulations and
International Best Practice
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INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE1
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Power-Prosperity Spiral
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Electricity 101GRID COMPONENTS
USDA Rural Utilities Service
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Trend: Renewables Development
⁰ 4.1 GW new capacity by 2030 in developing countries (Pew 2015)
⁰ ~2/3 renewables ⁰ $5T investment in
developing world⁰ Wind, solar ~600%
increase worldwide, 2012-2030
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NAAzBArYdw
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Trend: Increased Transmission
⁰ Large scale renewables far from markets
⁰ Greater transmission need
⁰ More and longer transmission lines crossing sensitive habitats
⁰ Growth of market (Pwr. Tech. 2013)
• $32.1B (2014)• $37.6B (2020)• $78.1B (2025)
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Trend: Rural Electrification
⁰ Democratized access to power brings opportunity to new areas
⁰ Generated locally or transported from a distance
⁰ Distribution grid expands into high value wildlife habitat
⁰ Kenya: connected 15M ppl to grid, 2010-2017 (Woflram 2017)
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Avian-Grid Interactions⁰ Electrocution ⁰ Collision⁰ Feces⁰ Nesting
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Interactions: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
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Interactions: Entanglement
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Interactions: Pole Damage
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Issues: ChewingScope: Localized and seasonalSolutions: Variable depending on species
Photo: Australia ESB ElectricPhoto: Australia ESB ElectricCockatoo Damage - Australia
Gray Squirrel Damage – Tennessee USA
Interactions: Chewing
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Interactions: Wildfire Ignition
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Interactions: Subsidized Predation
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Interactions: Vents, Stacks, Flares
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Interactions: Toxic Ponds
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Avian-Grid Context
Habitat Loss & Frag. (G, T, D, S)
Collision (G, T, D)Bird Risks
Electrocution (D, T, S)
Nesting (T, D, S)
Feces (T, D, S)
Grid RisksSUSCEPTIBILITY:Generation (G)Transmission (T)Distribution (D)Substations (S)
Concerns:
Direct mortality
Direct mortalityReliability/damage/fire
Reliability/damage/fire
Outages, power quality
Population decline
Issues:
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Power-Prosperity Correlation
(Pasternak 2000 in Benka, 2002)
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Presentation GoalsAVIAN-FRIENDLY, HIGH PERFORMING SYSTEMS
⁰ Awareness of avian-power line interactions
⁰ Understanding of impacts for birds and electrical systems
⁰ Prevention through planning and design
⁰ Mitigation strategies⁰ Resources for better
projects⁰ Case studies
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Outline
⁰ Wildlife Electrocution
⁰ Avian Collision
⁰ Avian Feces
⁰ Avian Nesting
⁰ Prevention in Planning
⁰ Additional Resources
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WILDLIFE ELECTROCUTION2
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MechanismANIMAL AS ENERGY PATHWAY – Electricity 101
10 kV Configuration.Using Concrete Poles Upland Buzzard - Mongolia
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Distribution – Substation - Transmission
Electrocutions are associated with
lower distribution voltages
Collisions are often associated
with transmission distribution
voltages (69 kV and up)
Mongolia
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Different Challenges, WorldwideWOOD VS. CONCRETE/STEEL
Wood Pole & Arm
Grounded Pole & Arm
(Eccleston and Harness 2018)
Minimal Separation
Grounded Pole & Arm
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Your House = 120 VVersus 7,200 V
Wood Structure
12 kV Configuration.Using Wood PolesGolden Eagle – Wyoming USA
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Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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C Phase - Ground
Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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Primary Wire - A (HOT) 11 kV
Primary Wire - B
Primary Wire - C Ground
Ground
Concrete and Steel
Steppe Eagle - India
220 V
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Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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Phase to Ground
Phase to Ground
Phase to Ground
Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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Electrocutions occur either:
1. Phase-to-Phase or
2. Phase-to-Ground
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Diagnosing Electrocutions
When a bird either contacts two differentially energized wires (Phases), or touches one energized wire and a ground, there is typically an entrance wound and an exit wound following the path of electricity through the body.
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Loss et al. (2014) estimate between 0.9 and 11.6 million birds killed by electrocution at U.S. power lines.
Electrocutions impact declining species.
Scope:
Saker Falcon - MongoliaKestrels - Mongolia
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Global Population Impacts (Raptors)Common Name Scientific Name Electrocution IUCN Status Continent
Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus Yes Near Threatened AfricaCape Vulture Gyps coprotheres Yes Vulnerable Africa
White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus Yes Endangered AfricaEgyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Yes Endangered Africa
Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos Yes Vulnerable AfricaBlakiston's Fish-Owl Ketupa blakistoni Yes Endangered Asia
Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Yes Vulnerable Asia (primarily)Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Yes Endangered Asia (primarily)
Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti Yes Vulnerable EuropeRed Kite Milvus Yes Near Threatened Europe (primarily)
Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus Yes Near Threatened South America
BirdLife International 2012. Species reports. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 September 2013. Search strategy: keywords = buzzard, condor, eagle, falcon, harrier, hawk, kite, lammergeier, osprey, owl, and vulture. Excluded species of least concern and data deficient species. Searched each remaining species page for the word “power” as in power line collision or power line electrocution.
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1972
Despite 45+ years of work…Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) electrocution on power poles is a global conservation problem with an estimated 504 eagles electrocuted annually in North America (USFWS).
Golden Eagle - Mongolia
Even New Lines are Problematic:1 Bird Carcass every 7 poles – Mongolia (Harness and Gombobaatar 2008)1 Bird Carcass every 3 poles – India (Harness et al. 2013)
Global ConcernCountry Citations
Bulgaria Stoychev and Karafeisov 2003
France Bayle 1999, Schürenberg et al. 2010
Germany Bayle 1999
Hungary Demeter 2004, Horvath et al. 2008
Kazakhstan Karyakin and Barabashin 2005, Lasch et al. 2010
Mongolia Harness et al. 2008, Amartuvshin and Gombobaatar 2012, Dixon et al. 2013, Gombobaatar et al. 2013
Morocco Amezian et al. 2015
Portugal Infante et al. 2005
Spain Bayle 1999, Guzmán and Castaño 1998, Janss 2000, Perez-Garcia 2010 , Guil et al. 2011
Sweden Schürenberg et al. 2010
Indian Roller - India
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Wildfire
Swainson’s Hawk – California USA
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Photo: John Ledger
88 kV Kite Structure Outages – South Africa
Wildfire
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Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_byIq6hlKI
Equipment Damage
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Image: Southern Company
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Outages (n = 45 utilities)
Plus an Additional 9.5% of All Outages are Unknown!9% of outages by frequency [1].
Distribution Reliability Impacts
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Electrocution Risk FactorsLARGE ANIMALS AT GREATER RISK
ELECTROCUTION RISK
HIGH
LOW
HAZARDcomponents:
configuration,spacing,
grounding, equipment, (protectivedevices)
EXPOSUREsurrogates:habitat,
known use areas, prey base, nests,
whitewash, vantage,prior mortalities, (disturbance)
(NONE) EXPOSURE (HIGH)
(NO
NE)
H
AZA
RD
(HIG
H)
BIRD
POLE
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Prevention: ClearancesAVIAN POWER LINE INTERACTION COMMITTEE (2006) RECS
40” (V)
60” (H)
Golden Eagles – Wyoming USA
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Mitigation and Prevention
⁰ Redirection: shift perching to safer location (not reliable)
⁰ Insulation: strategic cover-up (requires maintenance)
⁰ Separation: preferred approach is durable and reliable (project design)
Wood Pole & Arm Grounded Pole & Arm
(Eccleston and Harness 2018)
Minimal Separation
NO MITIGATION
INSULATIONAvian-friendly
3 conductor covers
REDIRECTIONReduced Hazard
Discouragers with extra coverage
SEPARATION
Avian-friendly
Suspended conductors and pole cap
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Electrocution Risk Model
⁰ Key factors:• Phases• Jumpers• Grounding• Habitat• -> Risk Index
⁰ Objective and accessible assessment
⁰ Automated in CartoPac mobile data collection Avian Module (EDM 2019)
DWYER ET AL. (2014)
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Data Deliverables
⁰ GIS files include all pole data and retrofit recommendations
⁰ Google Earth KMZ file also includes a photo
⁰ Organized by Priority Coded
⁰ Can export to a spreadsheet
ENHANCED DIGITAL FORMATS
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Results⁰ Frequency histogram
P = .30 P = .70
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Insulation
⁰ Materials and design matter for durability and effectiveness (EPRI 2014)
⁰ Products must be well-matched for system (EPRI 2016)
⁰ Small gaps kill birds (Dwyer et al. 2017)
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Well-insulated Poles
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Global Examples - Electrocutions
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Russia
⁰ Karyakin et al. (2009): 135 km line, 144 carcasses
⁰ 10 Red-listed species⁰ Persistent problem…very
likely it is widespread.⁰ Retrofitting efforts
piecemeal and problematic.
ALTAI KRAI
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Russia: Altai Krai
10 kV Configuration.Using Wood
Poles
Steppe Eagle
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Mongolia
⁰ IUCN Red Book as an endangered species
⁰ Global decline: 8,500-12,000 pairs (1990) to 3,600-4,400 pairs (2003)
⁰ Electrocutions responsible for 54% of discovered Saker falcon carcasses (n=64) in central Mongolia between 1998 and 2004, (Gombobaatar et al.)
SAKER FALCON
Saker Falcon - Mongolia
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Year Total Bird Carcasses Total Raptors Detected
Total Saker Falcons
2007 48 35 11
2009 78 68 20
Mongolian Electrocutions
Upland Buzzard - Mongolia
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Spikes (n=122) 33% of Structures
Results- Spikes
Year Total Bird CarcassesDetected
Birds Under Spiked Poles
Total Raptors Detected
Raptors Under Spiked Poles
Total Saker Falcons
Sakers Under
Spiked Poles
2007 48 14 (29%) 35 12 (34%) 11 5 (45%)
2009 78 31 (40%) 68 30 (44%) 20 8 (40%)
Cinereous Vulture - Mongolia
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Saker Falcon - Hungary
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Mongolia: Status
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INDIA2011: 25 MI POWER LINE SURVEYS
Pin InsulatorSPECIES of DETECTED CARCASS Number
House Crow 33Indian Roller 31Common Kestrel 5Eurasian Collared Dove 4White-eyed Buzzard 4Common Myna 3Rock Pigeon 3Eurasian Eagle Owl 1Spotted Owlet 1Ring-necked Parakeet 1Owl Species 1Unknown Bird (non raptor) 2
Tangent: Carcasses Detected = 89
Eurasian Eagle Owl
Common Kestrel
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Complex Poles Most Dangerous
CONFIGURATION Number Poles
Detected Carcasses
Value = Carcasses Per
pole1 Carcass Value
TANGENT – LOW CENTER PIN 267 89 0.33 1 Carcass Every 3.0 PolesTANGENT – HIGH CENTER PIN 140 4 0.03 1 Carcass Every 35 PolesJUMPER – NO EQUIPMENT 60 44 0.73 1 Carcass Every 1.4 PolesJUMPER – TRANSFORMER/SWITCH 26 22 0.84 1 Carcass Every 1.2 PolesTOTAL 493 159 0.32 1 Carcass Every 3.1 Poles
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Ridgeway’s Hawk
⁰ Endemic to Hispaniola⁰ 300-400 remaining adults⁰ Peregrine Fund
conservation and recovery project
CITICALLY ENDANGERED
Ridgway’s Hawk – Dominican Republic
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-Ridgway’s hawks actively seek out power poles to perch.
Ridgway’s Hawk – Dominican Republic
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To increase the population, The Peregrine Fund initiated a Ridgway’s Hawk assisted dispersal program. From 2009 through 2012 a release of 19 birds was conducted in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic.
Year Number Released Number Electrocuted
2009 3 ?
2010 5 ?
2011 6 2
2012 5 1
TOTAL 19 3
The electrocutions resulted in suspension of the program and initiation of a power line retrofitting program.
Assisted Dispersal Results
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2013, 50 poles in high quality habitat near the release site were fitted with elevated perches. No insulation was installed…
Year Number Released Number Electrocuted
2014 29 7*
Elevated Perch
* Unfortunately, 7 (24%) birds were electrocuted; 6 on poles fitted with the elevated perches.
Retrofitting Results
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Damaged Perches
HispaniolanWoodpecker
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Problematic Configuration
Elevated perches alone are not an effective solution
Elevated Perch
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Problematic Configuration
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EDM International, Inc. partnered with The Peregrine Fund to survey and document problem pole configurations. EDM also provided insulating solutions for 101 poles.
Power Line Surveys – July 2014
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Year Number Released Number Electrocuted
2009 3 ?
2010 5 ?
2011 6 2 (33%)
2012 5 1 (20%)
2014 29 7 (24%)
2015 - 2016 55 2* (4%)
* July 2016 we inspected the retrofitted poles to insure the insulation was not blowing off during high winds and tropical storms. Two hawk electrocutions (4%) were detected, all located under partially retrofitted poles, missing either covered jumpers or protective equipment covers. No birds were found under fully retrofitted poles!
1st Dispersal
Elevated Perches
2nd Dispersal
Insulation3rd Dispersal
Results
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• Success!• Power line retrofitting will continue to
focus on insulating potential phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground contact points.
• Power line retrofitting should not consist solely on perch management (i.e. using elevated perches and perching discouragers).
• Good fitting products should be selected to withstand environmental degradation and storm events.
• Equipment such as transformers, fused cutouts, surge arresters, and jumpers should also be insulated.
• Proper product installation and training of utility linemen is key.
Dominican Republic-Status
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Costa Rica
⁰ 1995-2007: population decline >50% (Sanchez 2007)
⁰ Electrocution major cause: 789 in 5 years in Tempisqueconservation area.
⁰ 2016: Minister of Envt. proposes EDM coordinate conference on solutions
⁰ 2019 Ministry report: 4K in 5 years, directive to prevent.
⁰ Cost a barrier to mitigate—PREVENTION PREFERRED
⁰ EDM Denver zoo collaboration
MONKEY ELECTROCUTIONS
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Electrocution Conclusions
• Electrocutions and outages are preventable through appropriate new construction standards.
• Existing issues can be resolved with insulation (retrofitting).
• A Risk Assessment is a proactive approach to addressing incidents.
• Using mobile data collection with a risk model provides consistent results across the utility system.
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AVIANCOLLISIONS3
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Scope
⁰ Loss et al. (2014) estimate between 8 and 57 million birds are killed each year at U.S. power lines by collision.
⁰ Rioux et al. (2014) estimate between from 2.5 million to 25.6 million birds are killed per year by Canadian transmission lines.
⁰ Collisions impact declining species, such as Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator) and Whooping Cranes (Grus americana).
Demoiselle Crane: Mongolia
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Siberian Rubythroat– Mongolia
Species
⁰ Large, heavy-bodied species
⁰ High wing loading, poor maneuverability
⁰ Flocking behavior⁰ Wading birds⁰ Waterfowl⁰ BUT ALSO passerines
(Harness et al. 2012) and raptors (Mojica 2009)
Demoiselle Cranes: India
Great Blue Heron--USA
American Wigeon-USA
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Population Impacts (Raptors)
Common Name Scientific Name Collision IUCN Status ContinentCape Vulture Gyps coprotheres Yes Vulnerable Africa
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Yes Endangered AfricaLappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotos Yes Vulnerable AfricaEastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Yes Vulnerable Asia (primarily)
Red Kite Milvus Yes Near Threatened
Europe (primarily)
California Condor Gymnogyps californianus Yes Crit.
Endangered North America
Crowned Solitary Eagle
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Yes Endangered South America
Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus Yes Near
Threatened South America
BirdLife International 2012. Species reports. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 September 2013. Search strategy: keywords = buzzard, condor, eagle, falcon, harrier, hawk, kite, lammergeier, osprey, owl, and vulture. Excluded species of least concern and data deficient species. Searched each remaining species page for the word “power” as in power line collision or power line electrocution.
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Great Indian Bustard
⁰ IUCN Critically Endangered
⁰ 80% decline in 50 years, now <150 indiv
⁰ Poor frontal vision, low flights
⁰ 75% of adult mortality since 1989 b/c power line collision
⁰ Large-scale wind dev’t—and T&D lines
SPECIES ON THE BRINK
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Routing
⁰ Factors• Elevated exposure
⁰ Best practices• Identify wetlands and open
water along route—GIS • Identify species and
concentration areas• Avoid habitat or
concentration areas
SPECIES AND HABITATS
ebird.org
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Routing
⁰ Factors• Concentration areas• Migration stopovers• Landscape features
⁰ Best Practices• Wildlife biologist analysis• Lines parallel to movement• Avoid perpendicular crossings
MOVEMENT CORRIDORS
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Routing
⁰ Factors• Lines at flight altitude
⁰ Best Practices• Find shielding features• Bridges, trees, buildings• Alert birds to climb• Line height can affect
susceptibility—site specific
EXPOSURE
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Design
⁰ Factors• Each wire plane is a hazard
⁰ Best Practices• Reduce number of planes• Horizontal not vertical
configurations
“AERIAL NET”
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Design
⁰ Factors• Small wires, esp.
shield-- 68% (Pandey et al. 2007)
• Low light/bad weather
⁰ Best Practices• Bundled conductors• Shared ROWs• Line marking• T2 (flat) conductor
POOR VISIBILITY
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Double-crested Cormorant
© EDM 2013
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Mitigation: Line Markers
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Low Light MarkersNEW EMPHASIS ON REFLECTION & GLOW
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Low-Light MarkersNEW EMPHASIS ON REFLECTION & GLOW
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Marker Effectiveness
⁰ Markers don’t eliminate collisions
⁰ Reduction 55-94%, average 78% (Barrientos et al. 2011)
⁰ Published studies biased toward success
⁰ Little/no valid data to compare effectiveness between products (Bernardino et al. 2018)
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Line Marker InstallationBUCKET TRUCK
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Line Marker InstallationHELICOPTER
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Line Marker InstallationUAV
CITATION(S): EPRI. 2018. Automated Collision Marking System Demonstration. Final EPRI Report, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA
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Conowingo Dam Install
Credit: Exelon, EPRI
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Helicopter vs. UAV
⁰ Cost to install 2000 markers :• Helicopter: $121K• UAV: $48K
⁰ Worst case scenario• Helicopter crash• UAV crash
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Avian Vision
• Birds see differently than humans• Little data on markers’ visual properties, relationship to
avian perception. • Bird vision specific to taxonomic group, even species.
CITATION(S): EPRI. 2016. Power line collision mitigation and avian vision. Final EPRI Report, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA (In Press)
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Spectral Reflection of Markers
CITATION(S): EPRI. 2016. Power line collision mitigation and avian vision. Final EPRI Report, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA (In Press)
⁰ Markers should be matched to species based on visual properties⁰ Markers should be visible under all relevant lighting conditions
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ACAS Trial – Nebraska USA
Avian Collision Avoidance System(ACAS) Testing:
CITATION(S): EPRI. 2018. AVIAN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM – PHASE 2 FINAL EPRI REPORT, EPRI, PALO ALTO, CA
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ACAS - Control: System Turned OffDWYER ET AL. 2019
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ACAS - Results
⁰ ACAS off 19 nights• 48 Sandhill Crane
collisions• 1 White Pelican
Collision• 211 of 704 flights high
risk (30%)
⁰ ACAS on 19 nights• 1 Sandhill Crane
collision• 42 of 551 flights high
risk (7%)
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Challenges to Understanding
⁰ Detection• Access• Vegetation• Water
⁰ Scavenging⁰ Crippling⁰ Surveyor⁰ Nocturnal⁰ Monitoring must be:
• Frequent• Systematic• Labor intensive• Properly focused
DOES THIS LINE HAVE A PROBLEM?
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Monitoring - Automation
Study Tool
Difficult to detect events at night, during inclement weather, and at
remote locations.
Technologies being used include:• Bird Strike Indicator (BSI)• Smart Cameras
PANDEY, A., R.E. HARNESS, AND M.K. SCHRINER. 2008. Bird strike indicator field deployment at the Audubon National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota – phase two - final report. California Energy Commission, PIER Energy-Related Environmental Research Program. CEC-500-2008-020.
Bird Strike Indicator technology major funders:
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Bird Strike Indicator (OPGW)
Study Tool – CEC/EPRI/WAPA funded technology
⁰ Base, <30 monitors, cell connex⁰ BSI does not invalidate OPGW
warranty⁰ US, Canada, Italy, Netherlands,
Brazil (?)
(A) (B)
MURPHY, R.K., S.M. MCPHERRON, G.D. WRIGHT, AND K.L. SERBOUSEK. 2009. Effectiveness of avian collision averters in preventing migratory bird mortality from powerline strikes in the Central Platte River, Nebraska, 2008 - 2009 Final Report.
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Smart Vision Cameras
Study Tool
Thermal Imaging Cameras:• 24/7 Monitoring• Solar powered• Algorithm eliminates cloud and moving
wires due to wind• Block detection in unwanted fields of view
EPRI INITIATIVE TO DEVELOP AN ANIMAL ACTIVITY MONITOR. THIS INCLUDES RESEARCH ON AN ALGORITHM TO FILTER OUT UNWANTED ACTIVITY.
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AVIANFECES4
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Phantom Cause
⁰ Known since 1920’s, but not widely acknowledged
⁰ Low performing lines• Adequate insulation• Problem phase
⁰ Problem areas, structures⁰ “Tried everything else”
“UNKNOWN” OUTAGES
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Locally Very Important
⁰ Harness et al. (2002)• decrease faulting by >80%• ROI in <2 yrs• Save >$2M/yr
⁰ Jenkins et al. (2013)• decrease faulting by >75%• ROI in <1 yr• Save >$260K/yr
⁰ Van Rooyen et al. (2002)• decrease faulting by 92%• ROI in <1 yr
HUGE RELIABILITY FACTOR
Mission Environmental
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Feces Pollution
⁰ Large or small birds⁰ Slow accumulation—or fast⁰ Light precipitation, fog⁰ Phase-ground across
insulator⁰ Heavy use structures⁰ V-string insulators more
susceptible than I-string
INSULATOR CONTAMINATION
Credit: APS
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Feces Streamers
⁰ Conductive feces to 60”…or more⁰ Large birds, only: raptors, vultures,
herons⁰ Conductor-tower (typical)⁰ Flash marks hard to detect
COMPROMISED AIR GAP
Shawn Carey
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Streamer Size
⁰ ~60” typical in literature⁰ Clear underestimate⁰ Prairie falcon (WS ~36”)⁰ ~115” streamer⁰ Bald eagle (WS ~90”)???
LITTLE RESEARCH
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Intensive Use
⁰ Communal Roosts⁰ Foraging Areas⁰ Nests
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Structure Vulnerabilities
⁰ Small insulators & clearances⁰ But probs also possible @ 500kV ⁰ Grounded perches above conductors⁰ Energized perches (posts) above
grounded arms
Ledger
T&D World, National Grid
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Pollution Culprits
⁰ Flocking species⁰ Roosts⁰ Nests⁰ Favorite perches
ANY SIZE BIRD
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⁰ Lattice towers ⁰ V-strings ⁰ Dry climates (?)
Structure Vulnerabilities
Credit: APS
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Feces Outage Prevention
⁰ Davit arms & monopoles• Don’t accommodate huge flocks• Partially shield insulators• Easy to shift perching
⁰ I-string insulators• Smaller target• Easier to mitigate, if necessary
LIMIT PERCHING
BOLD transmission
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Streamer Mitigation
⁰ Shift birds from vulnerable perches
⁰ Barriers & shields⁰ Insulation (<69kV) Credit: Zena Design
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Pollution Mitigation
⁰ Guano shields⁰ Buzzard guards⁰ Perch discouragers
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Pollution in Substations
⁰ Hazing (falcons, etc.)⁰ Depredation (trapping, etc)⁰ Effigies (vultures)⁰ Experimental: Methyl Anthranilate (MA) misting
PHI
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National Grid
⁰ Unknown outages—streamers + electrocution
⁰ Perch discouragers for electrocution
⁰ Conductor covers for streamer protection
69KV ELECTROCUTION + STREAMERS
(Reynolds Dupre and Eccleston 2014)
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AVIAN NESTING5
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All Kinds of NestsONLY SOME PROBLEMATIC
Weaver Finches – South Africa
Little Falcon– South Africa
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Problems: Debris
Phase to Ground
Osprey – New Jersey USA
Red-tailed hawk nest – California USA
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Problems: Loading
Osprey – Wyoming, USA
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Problems: Loading
Pileated Woodpecker – Texas USA
Ron Pope
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Problems: AccessImperial Eagle, Credit: Ivan Demeter
Golden Eagle Anadarko
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Problems: Fire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvJDs4jSH9Y
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Prevention: Routing
⁰ Avoid good habitat with few alternative nest sites
⁰ Avoid commanding views of foraging areas
⁰ Expect nests when you violate these guidelines
PSEG
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Prevention: Design (Transmission)
Monopole versus Lattice
White Stork - Spain
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Prevention: Design (Transmission)
⁰ Avoid double crossarms⁰ Avoid cellular attachments
Credit: Geotek Pupi
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Prevention: Design (Distribution)
⁰ Avoid double crossarms
Golden Eagle – Colorado USA
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Mitigation: Stick Deflectors
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Mitigation: Stick Deflectors…BUT NOTHING IS 100%
Osprey – New Jersey USA
PHI
Photo Credits: PHI
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⁰ Nest relocated away from the top of the V-strings…
Mitigation: Relocation
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Upland Buzzard NestMongolia
Mitigation: Platforms
Upland Buzzard Nest - Mongolia
On-structure or on a nearby platform
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Mitigation: Platforms
Saker Falcon Nest - Mongolia
On-structure or on a nearby platform
Wire
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Missteps
• Avoid:• Elevated platform• Nesting material can fall into energized equipment.
• Young can be electrocuted.
• Cover all equipment.
Osprey – Wyoming USA
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Plastic Owl
Effigy
Osprey – Wyoming USA
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Photo By Chad Olson
Traffic Cones
Homemade units do not stand up to UV.
Missteps
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1. Best to Accommodate Nestso Prevents re-nestingo Birds will defend the territory
2. Platform Size is Criticalo Osprey - 4’ x 4’ o Eagle 5’ x 5’
3. Permits may be needed depending upon:o Specieso Active or Inactive Nests
Nesting Conclusions
Osprey – Florida USA
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THE POWER OF PLANNING6
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Worldwide Raptor Protections
• US, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Japan: Migratory Bird Treaty Act
• India: Wild Life Protection Act• European Union: Directive 2009/147/EC• Other countries also may have relevant laws• Applicability to power lines hinges on interpretation
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Legal Protections
⁰ Transnational Golden Eagles: US and Mexico
⁰ Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican:
• Decades of listing…• July 2019: Supreme Court
appoints blue ribbon commission
• Tasked with developing an emergency recovery plan
IMPLEMENTATION IS EVERYTHING
GK Today
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EDM Vision
⁰ Risk assessment focuses prevention and mitigation
⁰ Capacity building grows local skills and investment
⁰ Monitoring drives adaptive management, demos high line performance
⁰ Performance and conservation is a strong case for wide adoption
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AS CONSERVATION VEHICLE
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Funding…With Safeguards
⁰ IFC PS1, PS6⁰ World Bank ESS1, ESS6⁰ Equator Principles⁰ Nearly all energy projects
have a potential avian tie—some important, some not.
⁰ Awareness of potential avian-power line interactions during scoping
INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICESWind farm…
…and lethal power lines
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Dasu, Pakistan Transmission Line
⁰ 765kV transmission line along Indus River corridor
⁰ Palas Valley: Isolated population of Western Tragopan, Himalayan Monal
⁰ Line: habitat destruction, fragmentation, potentially avoidance
⁰ Local partners made critical push for avoidance pre-EDM
WB FUNDED, AVIAN ISSUES FLAGGED
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Avian-Power Line Risk
⁰ Risk is concentrated⁰ Avoidance is very
effective⁰ Avoidance is
inexpensive⁰ Avoidance can
improve system performance
⁰ Avoidance requires awareness and planning
⁰ Project funders have the information and levers to implement solutions
RIPE FOR AVOIDANCE
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ADDITIONALRESOURCES7
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Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC) California Energy Commission Colorado State University (CSU) Edison Electric Institute (EEI) Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) National Rural Electric Association (NRECA) Predatory Bird Research Group Rural Utilities Service (RUS) Southern California Edison (SCE) Tri-State Generation and Transmission U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Western Area Power Administration
Acknowledgements
Rick Harness and Duncan EcclestonEDM International, Inc.4001 Automation Way
Fort Collins, CO 80525 USA01-970-204-4001
[email protected]@edmlink.com
2019, EDM International, Inc. All Rights Reserved.