SPANISH ARCHITECTURE 4000BC - PRESENT

Alina Syed

About Spanish Architecture…

Within Spanish architecture, they reflect community values and pursuits. They

inform us of the movement of people, who take their architectural traditions

with them in form, (for example, temples). They also convey the impact of

political events, as seen with castles and palaces. Not only that, but Spanish

architecture also reflected internal ideological divisions of regional rivalry (i.e.

castles might be built by a ruler to reinforce his control within his own territory).

Spanish architecture from 4000BC to the present consists of many different

periods that are each unique due to their different forms and elements. These

periods include the Roman period, the Romanesque period, the Gothic period,

the Renaissance, the Baroque period, Spanish colonial architecture, the

neoclassical style, as well as the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. More in depth

information about these periods can be found to the right.

WHERE IS IT LOCATED?

Spanish Architecture can be found just about anywhere in Spain, with the

earliest buildings located in Altamira and Cogul, and the modern ones in

Barcelona and Madrid.

TIME PERIODS

Starting at 218 BC was the Roman Period. During this period, many bridges and theatres were built as well as a variety of religious architecture. Most settlements of this time were of Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlers. During the 10

th and 11

th centuries was

the Romanesque period, consisting of very primitive styles such as thick walls and lack of sculpture. This period was influenced by Cluny, which is a Benedictine monastery located in France. As for the Gothic Period which took place in the 12th century and resulted of European influence, the Cathedral of Avila can be considered one of the most famous Spanish Gothic Architecture of the time. The Renaissance period followed the Gothic Period in the 15

th century and was

grafted to Gothic forms. It was led by Juan Bautista de Toledo as well as Juan de Herrera who made the royal monastery of El Escorial.

INFLUENCES ON SPANISH ARCHITECTURE:

PERIODS CONTINUED…

Following the Renaissance period was the very successful Baroque period that occurred in the late 16

th century. The

Spanish Colonial architecture was a combination of Native American and Moorish decorative influences. The Neoclassical style on the other hand adapted old ideas to create buildings such as the astronomical observatory.

WHAT MAKES SPANISH ARCHITECTURE DISTINCTIVE:

Spanish architecture is very unique in its own way. In the earlier ages Spanish architecture was recognized as a various amount of castles with their own distinctive use of bricks whereas in modern times, architects such as Gaudi do not make their buildings symmetrical but they are more experimental and bubbly, as well as colourful. Spanish modern architecture is very playful and not hard to tell apart from that of other areas. The picture to the left is but one example of Gaudi’s buildings.

Due to its historical and geographical

diversity, Spanish architecture has

drawn from a host of influences.

Most of these influences derive from

Rome, as the Romans left behind

some of their most outstanding

monuments in Hispania. Many

influences are also from various

cultural areas such as the cultural

European and Arabic styles that

influenced the Spanish to create the

Mudejar style. In modern Spanish

architecture today, for example

those by the works of Antoni Gaudi,

he is influenced mainly by

Moresque, oriental and gothic

architecture – all of them traditional

Catalonian styles.

KEY TERMS

Festoon: Ornamental garland usually suspending from both ends, (I.e. Edificio Metropolis, Madrid).

Keystone: The central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch that locks all parts together, (I.e. Arc de Triomf, Barcelona).

Mudejar: Style of Spanish architecture employed by Muslims after the Christian reconquest, characterized by a fusion of Islamic with Gothic and Romanesque elements. For example, the Arc de Triomf located in Barcelona.

Arcade: A series of arches supported by columns or piers, either attached to a wall or free-standing, (I.e. Plaza Mayor, Madrid).

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE (9000 B.C. - present)

Back in 9000 B.C., Indian architecture

began with some early cave paintings. Throughout the years, their architecture has continually changed. Due to the fact that Indian architecture has been around since the ancient civilizations period, it has developed through the

use of many previous influences and has created its own, unique style that is sophisticated and widely recognized. Perhaps the most recognized structure in Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal located in Agra (right).

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DISTINCTIVE STYLE

Taj Mahal, Agra. Recognized for its signature dome and water reflection.

• extremely intricate and detailed designs

• many geometrical shapes

• lots of sculptures of gods

• lots of pillars, arches and panels

• religious beliefs incorporated into buildings

It is said that Indian architecture lacks consistency because of the diversity of religious beliefs in India. The Nageshwara Temple (left) demonstrates the intricate

detail and religion associated with Indian architecture.

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! KEY TERMS

geometrical - formed by lines, points and curves

fusion - joining two or more things to create a single entitysculpture - two or three dimensional art form created by carving stone, wood, etc.

Nageshwara Temple, Kumbakonam. Representation of the intricate detail and religion in Indian architecture.

BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html

http://www.kamit.jp/01_introdctn/intr_eng.htmhttp://indianskyscraperblog.wordpress.com/Masterpieces of Traditional Indian Architecture by Satish Groverhttp://www.crystalinks.com/indiarchitecture.html

INFLUENCES

• when Islam invaded India, Islamic

architecture fused with Indian architecture

• Greek architecture inspired the rock-cut art, which was the basis of early temples such as the Ellora Caves (right)

• as the development of technology and science increases, the influence of religion decreases (influenced a change in style)

Ellora Caves, showing the Greek influence of rock-cut art.

THEN AND NOWAs mentioned before, most modern Indian

structures lack the use of religious beliefs, substituting them for the use of technology. The modern architecture still maintains the use of geometric shapes and symbolism, continuing to define the style.

Naga Towers, soon to come. Contains the cultural symbol of the Naga (snake). The present style of Indian architecture is very different from old structures.

DILWARA TEMPLESMy tile is based off of one of the columns in the Dilwara Temples. The tile emphasizes the detail included in the columns by showing a close-up representation as well as a wider shot of one of the columns. It will emphasize the substantial use of gods and various religious figures. It will be an accurate representation of common

elements used in Indian architecture.

DANIEL

LIBESKIND

Crystals at City Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA (2005-2009)

TERMS TO DESCRIBE DANIELʼS WORK:

Bold - showing an ability to take risksComplex - consisting of many different and connected parts (not easy to analyze or understand)Abstract - existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence Geometric - characterized by or decorated with regular lines and shapes Proportional - corresponding in size or amount to something else

BIOGRAPHY:

Born in May 12, 1946 in Poland, Daniel Libeskind is now currently lives in the United States and is a successful artist, architect, and set designer. Geographic locations of

the studies leading up to his career include Israel, New York City, and England. He has completed many

projects including the Crystals at City Center (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA),

Jewish Museum Berlin (Berlin, Germany), Military History Museum

(Dresden, Germany), and the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto,

Ontario, Canada).

COUNTRIES WHERE HIS WORK IS FOUND:

•Canada

•Germany•USA•England•Spain•Switzerland

•Ireland•South Korea•Denmark•Israel•Italy

Jewish Museum Berlin in Berlin, Germany (1989-1999)

Military History Museum (2001-2011)

Royal Ontario MuseumArchitect: Daniel Libeskind

Project Began: 2002Project Finished: 2007

Michael Lee-Chin Crystal

INSPIRATIONWhile attending a wedding at the

Royal Ontario Museum, Danielʼs love for the gem and mineral collection

inspired him to sketch the initial concepts of the crystal

onto paper napkins.

DISTINCTIONS:

Danielʼs projects are quite distinctive. Almost all of his buildings include geometric shapes and linear elements that seem abstract. Many also include

linear cutouts for windows and using metal, steel, and glass elements. Some of his designs are

extensions on existing structures that, when he is finished working his “magic”, seem to blend “old”

with “new” and make the new creations appear as if they are emerging out of the older ones.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:•http://www.rom.on.ca/about/crystal/•http://daniel-libeskind.com/daniel •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind

Art Nouveau, French for “New Art” has very distinctive styles that were against the formal and classical approaches to design. This new expression of architecture became known as “The Whiplash” which is described as a sudden violent curve generated by the crack of the whip. This characteristic is found in nature and was applied to architecture in the form of artistic decoration consisting of energetic rhythmic lines, patterns, running scrolls, interlacing foliage and flame and shell textures. No specific artists personified the nouveau style

which has different names in different countries such as le style metro in France,

jugendstil in Germany, secession in Austria, la style de liberty in Italy and modernista

in Spain. Art Nouveau presented a refreshing and modern solution that broke the

stronghold of traditions.

Art Nouveau 1890 -1914

Art Nouveau style can be found all over the world, but

is most abundant in the European Countries where it

originated. Riga, Latvia is one of the largest centres of

Art Nouveau architecture. Although

it originated in Europe, during

the early 1900’s, New York

became one of the world’s greatest

economic and cultural centers

where architects developed their

own versions of the new art. The

great fire of 1871 destroyed most

of Chicago, the city was rebuilt

with the Art Nouveau flare.

Example of

architecture found in

Riga, Latvia

Example of

architecture found in

Paris, France

Art Nouveau Building in Riga, Latvia

Key Terms Important to Art Nouveau:

Acanthus leaf: Carving that is frequently found

in art nouveau furniture and buildings

architecture that resembles this motif

Arch: a curved structure spanning an opening

Asymmetrical: non identical when reflected

upon a central line; lacking chemistry

Baluster: railing supports spaced closely

together; in art nouveau include many whiplash

styles

Bellcast: a curved shape with a lower pitch at

the base of the roof slope

Bow Window: dynamic composition of widows

arranged at different heights and bowing from

the centre

Columns: rigid and slender pillar used as

decorative in the art nouveau time period

French symbolist movement: movement in

literature (1880-1900) leading to a rejection of realism and sensuous. It was an important

influence in the Art Nouveau movement and led

artists to symbolic and philosophic attitudes.

Stained Glass: glass with colours, enamels,

paint, or stains that was used to portray freedom

of the art nouveau period

Whiplash lines: applied to the unique curves

and designs found in paintings and structures as

well as balusters

Influences on Art Nouveau:

The Art Nouveau movement broke away from the Classical

Period of symmetry and proportion. It was not only viewed as

a style of art but also the redefining of the natural features

portrayed throughout the artwork and architecture. During the

late 1800’s there was a French symbolist movement in

literature that also rejected realism. This also helped the idea

of new art break through into more widespread parts of the

world. Art Nouveau was also influenced by an industrial age

when cities all over Europe and North America began to grow

and become more capable of mass reproduction. This caused

the artists of Europe such as Alphonse Mucha, Victor Horta,

and Hector Guimardi to want to be more unique and free

flowing. Soon Art Nouveau started to show up in various

magazine ads, posters, as well as art galleries. Architects then

developed their unique styles for the interior and exteriors of

structures.

http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/artnouveau.htm

http://www.nga.gov/feature/nouveau/exhibit_intro.htm

http://architecture.about.com/od/artnouveau/g/artnouveau.htm

http://www.riga-life.com/riga/art-nouveau

Victor Horta Hotel Interior

Victor Horta Hotel Exterior Erec Kingston

The style was greatly influenced by Mesoamerican

architecture. Recognizable aspects of the style include

pyramids and temples. In fact, some of the very

earliest pyramid designs were those of the Mayans.

This style of architecture can also be identified by the

intricate detail in a variety of materials such as mud and

stone. Buildings ranged widely in height, however it

is important to note that any steps made were very wide

as well as steep.

There are specific cities that represent aspects of Mayan architecture very well. For example, Uxmal, Yucutan was typical of this architecture from around 600-900 AD. Some of the buildings include the Temple of the Magician and the Nunnery Quadrangle. An additional city is Tikal, Guatemala. In terms of architectural sites, this city is one of the largest in representing pre-Colombian Mayan civilization.

The Story of Architecture by Johnathon Glancey http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/mayan.htm http://www.mayadiscovery.com/ing/archaeology/architecture.htm http://www.authenticmaya.com/arquitectura_maya.htm

The Mayan Calendar is what comes to mind when thinking of Mayan culture. Not only was the idea very impactful, but so was the design work embedded in the actual structure.

The calendar was a very sophisticated aspect of the Mayan culture. The design

work in itself is very sophisticated as well. Intricacies in the stone are also simplified

by the repetition brought along due to the many cycles upon which the calendar is

structured.

Glyphs

Chinese Architecture

Main Information

Country Originated From- China

Timelines – Tang Dynasty- 618-906

-Ming Dynasty- 1368-1644

The Pagoda

A R C H I T E C T U R A L H A N D O U T

Architectural Styles Imperial- this style was only used for the Emperor Of China, things like yellow tiles, wooden columns, and the use of the #9. 9 arches, 9 gates .etc.

Religious- this style, which includes the Buddhist style was largely inspired by imperial structure. These buildings included lots of pagodas (ones with 4 or 8 sides). Also, the main entrances were always built at the side of the building.

Commoner- this is the most common style, used by a large part of China’s population. The center would usually have a shrine for ancestors and the two sides of the building are rooms for ancestors. The “wings” of the building were meant for younger members of the family.

The pagoda is a type of structure that originated in the 11 century from Buddism. This type of Buddist structure first came from India, but soon traveled to other parts of Asia. During the Tang Dynasty period, these structures were built fairly simple, but over time have developed into detailed, more complex buildings.

Imperial Structure

Commoner Structures

2

Balance, symmetry, structure, construction and detail are all things that make this style of

architecture a stand out to others around the globe.

Horizontal Highlights There is a lot of emphasis on the horizontal axis in Chinese

architecture. A lot of the buildings are tall, with high platforms and a low, smaller roof, often the corners have

been built in a “swept up” motion. Usually, Chinese architecture emphasizes the width of the buildings- mostly to

highlight the embracing-nature of imperial china.

Materials Used In the past, Chinese architecture used a lot of wood in

construction. By the start of the Tang Dynasty, this trend was replaced with stone and brick. These materials were in

popular use at the time of the Ming Dynasty, Which the famous Great Wall Of China is built from.

Structure The use of structural timbers is used for framing the

buildings as well as holding up the small roofs. There are three different types of roofs used. Straight Incline, which is

with a single incline section, Multi- Incline, with two or more, and Sweeping- which is a roof with sweeping

curvatures with taller corners. Use of door panels and curtain walls are also popular in this type of architecture.

The Forbidden City The Forbidden City has become a wide attraction around the world. It represents a large group of imperial buildings, and is found in China’s capital, Beijing. The work is incredibly detailed and includes things like terraces, buildings made from marble, colored tiles, and lacquer finished woodwork.

Distinctive Features

Pagoda

3

Bibliography

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0811909.html

http://www.chinatraveldepot.com/C187-Chinese-Architecture

http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_ARCHITECTURE_TIMELINE.HTM Book- Wonders Of The World- MetroBooks Tile Description Photos The photos I used to base my tile design off of were the middle one on the 3rd page, and the second one on the left side of the 2nd page. I used both the structure and detail to draw up my design. I liked the main basis the first picture gave me as to how the roof and building should look from the front, as well as the detailed photo where I noticed a lot of specifics that I also included. Note- I also looked at a lot of different photos in books as well for ideas.

M e s o p o ta m i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e

M a t e r i a l s u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

M e s o p o t a m i a n e m p i r e :

- clay was the main material used due to its abundance and its ability to be shaped and dried easily

- stone and wood that could be used to build structures was mostly unavailable

- bricks made of clay were identically molded and baked in the sun, soon becoming mass-produced as they became the principle building material used in construction

- Lebanon exported wood that was imported by the Mesopotamians for roofing, ornaments, and tools

- facades on buildings and gates were decorated with glazed bricks of a multitude of colours (white, blue, gold, silver, yellow), often showing mythological creatures such as griffon

- a type of tar or bitumen was developed for waterproofing buildings during the flooding season

M e t h o d s u s e d t o i n c r e a s e s t r u c t u r a l s u p p o r t

- buttresses and flat buttress strips : Rectangular piece connected or leaned against a wall

- recess : An enclosure that has been pushed back

- clay nails

- pilasters : A half column attached to a wall

- arches : Curved structure that supports loads by dispersing the pressure

- voussoir : A stone shaped like a wedge that is used in arches

- dome : A hollow architectural structure that is shapes like a hemisphere

- stone plinths : A square or rectangular stone base on which columns are placed upon

- frescoes : A large painting made on a plaster surface

C o n s t r u c t i o n F a c t s

- stone is structurally more sound than mud, forcing the Mesopotamians to use buttresses to reinforce their thick walls in order to compensate for such a factor

- vaulting was a popular construction method during the time

- domes and vaults covered rooms, acting as roofs

- long narrow rooms or hallways were covered with tunnel vaults

- the use of columns was not idealistic as mud crumbled under intense pressure, thus it was only used by the later cultures

- by putting together arches, domes were created (Ishtar Gate is an example of an arch from the ancient world)

Page 3

Page 1

T e m p l e s

- for increased stability, buttresses and recesses were used for added support

- building plan was either t-shaped or rectangular to represent four flowing rivers

- temples were built on low terraces with an observatory situated a top the entire structure

H o u s e s

- the number of stories determined the occupant’s social status. The poor were housed in single story homes while the rich had two stories

- the center of the home was the courtyard which provided light, air, and protection

- constructed from bricks held together with plaster

- entrance was closed off with either nothing or a wooden door

- cooling through convection currents was created by having the rooms face towards the center courtyard

P a l a c e s

- relief carvings of royal, symbolic, and religious figures on walls

- walls of layered plaster had paintings of friezes on them

- facings made of bricks each had polychrome glazes

- gates were guarded by large sculptures such as griffons or dragons who were carved from stone

Z i g g u r a t S t y l e T e m p l e s

- most important religious building

- receding layered platforms of two to seven

- shared similar stylistic characteristics to step pyramids which came into popularity during the Early Dynastic period

- all levels were proportional to each other

- the foundation was created with sunbaked bricks while the exterior was covered with ones that had been fired

- multiple astrological beings were represented on facings that had been glazed over

- walkways, stairways and ramps connected each stage

M Throughout the Mesopotamian civilization there were three major types of

buildings:

Bibliography:

http://ocw.kfupm.edu.sa/ocw_courses/phase2/ARC110/LEecture%20Notes/Lecure_Slides_Module_3_ANE.pdf

http://www.centrorisorse.org/mesopotamia-architecture.html

http://universalium.academic.ru/257425/art_and_architecture%2C_Mesopotamian

http://www.ancientmesopotamians.com/ancient-mesopotamian-buildings.html

Page 2

M e s o p o ta m i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e

Page 1

T h e g r e a t M e s o p o t a m i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n ( n o w m o d e r n I r a q ) fi r s t a p p e a r e d a t a r o u n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 0 0 B C . D u r i n g t h e i r 5 0 0 0 y e a r e x i s t e n c e , m a n y g r e a t a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t s c a m e t o r i s e .

D u e t o i t ’ s c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t y i n w h i c h m a n y s e p a r a t e c i t y s t a t e s w e r e c r e a t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s , d i ff e r e n t e m p i r e s r o s e a n d f e l l , e a c h l e a v i n g b e h i n d s e p a r a t e b u t e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t a r c h i t e c t u r a l l e g a c i e s .

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i n c l u d e s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d M e s o p o t a m i a n a r c h i t e c t u r e :

Culture Years of prosper (BC)

Sumerian 4500—2000

Akkadian 2350—2200

Babylonian 2000—1600

Assyrian 1350—612

Neo-Babylonian 612—539

The Mesopotamian architecture was shaped by sever-al factors:

1. Geographical location and climate

2. Invention and development of courtyards

3. Seasonal floods which forced them to raise build-ings on platforms or mounds of clay, dirt, or stone

4. Religion and symbolic meanings

5. Social hierarchy

Due to the diversity of cultures in the Mesopotamian civilization, all five of these aspects were integrated into a common style and can be observed in each culture’s forms.

Urban planning:

all Mesopotamian cities were parted into four types of spaces: residential, commercial, mixed, and civic

city designs were detailed as they included intricate plans for ca-nals, trade routes, walls, irrigation systems, streets, buildings, markets, and gardens

Mesopotamians were also famous for developing landscape architec-ture. This usually involved heavy open spaced planning. Orchards and gardens blossomed due to the abundance of water diverted from the Tigris and Euphrates. The space was typically an enclosed quad-rangle that had multiple fountains placed throughout the garden. The Mesopotamians used space to its fullest, creating beautiful greenery whose reputation is still reveled about today, such as in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Romanesque Architecture What makes the Romanesque style distinctive is rounded arches, tall towers, small and few details as well as decorative style similar to roman buildings. When churches were built, they were typically full of painted, colourful biblical images to teach people who were unable to read the bible.

What influenced Romanesque Architecture was the architecture during the rule of the Roman empire. This is where the name 'Romanesque' originated from. The Romanesque style was partially influenced by Byzantine art, which carried westward along main trade routes making to places such as Venice, Ravenna, and Marseilles.

Some of the first buildings to appear in the Romanesque style are

Santa Maria Charlemagne's Palatine St. Michael's Hildesheim St. Michael's Hildesheim

Chapel (interior) (exterior)

Romanesque architecture became the main style in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries, yet started as early as the 6th. It was seen in England, France, and Germany

What I chose to depict in my tile was large, rounded arches, with small and few details. It also includes stone brick work. These accurately reflects the architecture of the time.

Large rounded arches Few windows

Later on, slightly more windows were being used,but they remained small in size

Large Rounded Arches

Bibliography:http://www.oldandsold.com/articles23/architecture-53.shtmlhttp://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture

Neuschwanstein Castle is a 19th

century Romanesque palace. The palace

rests on a hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in

southwest Bavaria, Germany. The palace was built by Ludwig II of

Bavaria to act as his own personal retreat and to serve as homage to

Richard Wagner. Construction on the castle started in 1869 but was not

completed until after Ludwig’s death.

During the 19th

century many castles were being constructed or

reconstructed, with multiple changes to make them more picturesque.

The building of Castle Neuschwanstein was based on two journeys that

Ludwig took in 1867: Ludwig travelled across Germany where he saw

reconstruction happening to Wartburg near Eisenach, and to the Château

de Pierrefonds, which were being transformed into castles made for

history. The king saw both buildings as representatives of a romantic

interpretation of the Middle Ages a topic in which he found fascinating

as well as the mythology in the operas that he enjoyed by Richard

Wagner that left great impressions on the king. His favorite opera was

the swan prince in which it is said he based his life upon and his castle

Neuschwanstein

Château de Pierrefonds Wartburg .

Construction of Castle

Neuschwanstein in 1869

Besides taking ideas from fairytales and operas,

Neuschwanstein palace had many other influences in

creating its memorable architecture. The palace is

looked at as typical for the 19th century with its

architecture. The castle takes on many different types

of architectural styles in its design one of the most

common and reoccurring themes is Romanesque with

the semicircular arches, Gothic with its upward-pointing lines, slim

towers, delicate embellishments and Byzantine architecture and art with

the inside of the castles in its throne hall. The style of Castle

Neuschwanstein was to originally be neo-Gothic but was built in mostly

Romanesque style towards its completion.

Style of Architecture that influenced Castle Neuschwanstein

Notre Dame de Paris Carmo Church

(Lisbon,Portugal)

Façade of Reims

Cathedral, France

Gothic Architecture�Common Characteristics �of Gothic Architecture:�• Pointed Arches�• Ornate detail�• Stained glass (often biblical)�• Tracery-windows�• Colombes�• Tall tiers�• Grey colour�• Tall, arched ceilings�• Blue, grey, turquoise, black roofs�• Intricate carvings (often biblical)�• Ribbed Vaulting�• Gargoyles�• Found in cathedrals �

CathedralofSt.E/enne–Bourges,France,Late12thcentury

StainedglasswindowsinSaintChapelleCathedral,Paris,France,1246

MapofGothicArchitecture

Gothic architecture is most commonly found in France, but can be found in other countries in Europe such as Spain, England, Italy, and Germany.�

First appearing in Medieval �France (mid 12th century), Gothic architecture was heavily influenced by Romanesque architecture, and was apart of what influenced Renaissance architecture. Most commonly known for its beautifully crafted glass windows, pointed arches, and ribbed vaulting, Gothic architecture is most dominantly associated with places of worship

such as cathedrals and churches in France.�

ArchedDoorway

The Gothic period lasted from the mid 12th century to the late 16th century.�

Ribbed Vaulting�

Famous Architects and Buildings�Reims Cathedral- �Bernard de Soissons�Built in 1211, Reims, France� Cathedral of Notre

Dame- Maurice de Sully, 1163, Paris, France�

Westminster Abbey- Henry III, 1245, London, England�

Stained glass windows in Notre Dame Cathedral,-Paris, France, 1194�

For my tile, I chose to combine three of the most distinct features of Gothic architecture, arches, tracery, and stained glass.�

Salisbury Cathedral- Architect unknown, Salisbury, England, 1220�Bibliography�• Craven,Jackie."GothicRevivalArchitecture‐Lyndhurstin

TarrytownNewYork."ArchitectureandHouseStylesandBuildingDesign.N.p.,n.d.Web.7Mar.2012.<hUp://architecture.about.com/od/earlychris/anmedieval/ss/gothic_10.htm>.

• "GothicArchitects."GrandLodgeofBri9shColumbiaandYukon.N.p.,n.d.Web.20Feb.2012.<hUp://freemasonry.bcy.ca/architecture/architects.html>.�

Inspirations�

Bibliography Continued�• "Gothic Architecture - topics.info.com." Expand your knowledge base - topics.info.com. N.p., n.d.

Web. 7 Mar. 2012. <http://topics.info.com/gothic-architecture_2245>.�

• Toman, Rolf. Gothic: architecture, sculpture, painting. Cologne: Ullmann & Könemann ;, 2007. Print. �

Persepolis 515 B.C

Located  in  the  Fars  Province  of  modern  Iran  

 Persepolis  was  built  during  the  reign  of  Darius  I,  who  made  it  the  capital  of  Persia.  It  was  the  wealthiest  city  and  full  of  treasures.  The  earliest  remains  of  Persepolis  date  back  to  around  515  B.C.    In  330,  Persepolis  was  partly  destroyed  by  Alexander  Sacks,  who  was  King  of  Macedonia.  It  remained  ruins  for  nearly  2000  years.    

 There  are  still  remains  of  Persepolis  left  that  attract  tourists.  To  the  ancient  Persians,  the  city  was  known  as  Parsa,  which  means  The  City  of  Persians.  The  Greeks  called  it  Persepolis.  Today  it  is  known  as  Takht-­‐e-­‐Jamshid  or  Throne  of  Jamshid  in  Iran.      Key  terms  associated  with  the  style  of  architecture  are  ancient,  Greek,  Egyptian,  sculptures  and  rocks.    

     

 Ancient  art  influenced  the  architecture.    It  was  also  greatly  influenced  by  Greek  art.    What  makes  the  style  of  architecture  distinctive  is  the  detailed  rock  relief.          Ancient  art    

                       

     

                                 

       

Greek  art    

Bibliography:  1.  Ancient  Persian  Art:  History,  Photographs:  Early  Iranian  Architecture,  Painting,  Sculpture:  Susa,  Persepolis.  Encyclopedia  of  Art,  <http://www.visual-­‐arts-­‐cork.com/ancient-­‐art/persian.htm>.  2.  Persepolis,  Iran.  Ancient-­‐Wisdom,  <http://www.ancient-­‐wisdom.co.uk/iranpersepolis.htm>.  

Russian Muscovite architecture is mostly from the 1500’s and

1600’s when powerful tsars ruled Russia.

Buildings are typically colourful and whimsical. It feels like Christmas, as the notable works of this style are mostly ornate

Orthodox Christian churches and cathedrals. Some buildings even look like gingerbread houses

with snow-covered roofs.

Perhaps the most famous creation of Muscovite architecture, St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow’s Red Square was built between 1555 and 1560. It was commissioned by Tsar Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) to commemorate the victory over the Mongol armies and the freeing of Russia from Tartar rule. It was designed by architects Barma and Posnik. St. Basil’s established the traditional tent-and-tower churches as a symbol of national unification and combined the styles of the north and south in its design. The large central chapel is surrounded by 8 smaller ones, and each is topped with an onion dome, which were added to the originally white cathedral in the late 17th century. St. Basil the Blessed is buried in an additional small chapel.

St. Basil’s: Explained

Where? Moscow is the capital city of the Russian Federation

Influences Muscovite architecture features inspiration from: • Islamic Onion domes • Romanesque arcades (row of

arches) • Gothic pointed arches and

spires (conical tower topper) • Italian Renaissance rusticated

stonework • Polish and Ukrainian Baroque

chapels Muscovite Window Designs

Early Muscovite Period (1230 – 1530)

• Mongols looted the country, causing a major decrease in wealth. Large stone buildings were not in the budget, however some towns managed to preserve their Medieval churches.

• By the late 1300’s, Muscovite masons managed to regain the skill of their ancestors and solve problems whose answers had been lost during the Mongol attacks of the 13th century.

Middle Muscovite Period (1530 – 1630) • The key architectural innovation of the 1500’s was the

tented roof. This brick structure meant that snow couldn’t pile on top. It can be seen in the design of St. Basil’s. The first tented church was built to celebrate the birth of Ivan the Terrible in 1531, seen at left.

Late Muscovite Period (1630 – 1712) • After a period of turmoil and famine known as the Time

of Troubles, Russia was once again poor. Luckily, rich merchants decided to pitch in and fund the construction of more cathedrals.

• In the mid-1600’s, the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church decided that tented designs were untraditional, and so cathedrals turned into smaller, but heavily decorated chapels. This period was influenced by Baroque styles.

Early: Cathedral of the Assumption, Zvenigorod

Middle: Ascension Church, Kolomenskoye

Late: Church of St. John the Baptist, Yaroslavl

Bibliography Architecture Explained http://www.enotes.com/topic/Russian_architecture Tented Roof Onion Dome

Key Features of Muscovite Architecture

Blind Arcade

Pahkah! “Goodbye”

ANTONI GAUDI

(1852-1926)

Barcelona, Spain

About Antoni Gaudi:

-Had a bad temper-

said that it was the

one thing in his life

that he could not

control.

-Became most famous

in 1910 when asked to

build a hotel in NY-

many Americans took

note.

-Died June 7, 1926 at

74, When he was run

over by a tram.

-Dressed carelessly so

when he was killed,

nobody recognized

him.

When he died, half of

Barcelona dressed in

black to give final

homage.

What makes this style distinct:

Antoni Gaudi has a very distinct style of art, and

architecture. All of his artwork relate back to a natural, organic

look. He was inspired by the organic shapes of nature, so this

shows up many times. Along with the natural look, he also

combines medieval looks and gothic use of glass, and oriental

styles too. The time that he was creating his work, was also the

time of Art Nouveau. This worked well with Gaudi, because he

used very little straight lines, and really liked the curved

natural lines of the Art Nouveau. All of his art, and architecture

has a way of looking like it is part of nature, and part of a

modern city at the same time.

ANTONI GAUDI

Influences:

-Medieval books

-Gothic Art

-Organic shapes of nature

-Oriental Structures

-No Straight lines of Art Nouveau

-Viollet-le-Duc’s book on medieval French

architecture

-William Morris

Bibliography http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hywR3CvpziQ/TlREWXchgEI/AAAAAAAAFc4/svbOswhKiug/s1600/williammorris460.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SolxzTAu2NE/Tdk1VmKLIWI/AAAAAAAACAs/fsErtjeSY6o/s1600/artrevival2.jpg http://www.digitalphoto.pl/foto_galeria/5042_2009-2028_b.jpg http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_ljv1e7suoN1qccrklo1_500.jpg http://www.travelblat.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Antoni-Gaudi.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg/220px-Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/I_VIDA/i_menu.html

Elements Used:

-Bone-like look of the column

-Bubbly Glass

-Rounded Stone edges- very natural looking

-Mosaic (used in many of his works)

-Rounded Windows

-Contrast in smooth flat windows, and round bubbly

ones, and natural round ones at the bottom

-Use of texture (mosaic, smooth stone, smooth glass,

rounded glass shown without use of colour)

- Designed the dome (cupola) of the Cathedral of Florence

He was a goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, clock builder,

and architect.

- Travelled to Rome to study the ruins

of Ancient Roman buildings. He added

some of the things that he observed

from these buildings to his work.

- 1418 there was a competition to de-

sign the dome of the cathedral - he

won.

- His work tend towards cool and static

perfection - a drastic change for the time and from the pop-

- Battled with Brunelleschi to win the contest to

create the North doors of the Baptistery of Flor-

ence, he won.

- The 2 doors took more than 20 years to complete.

The 28 panels illustrate stories from the

New Testament

The doors were so well liked that he was

commissioned to do the final set of doors

for the Baptistery which were located on

the East side.

- The 2nd set of doors were very different from the

first, and are called “The Gates of Paradise”. He

divided the 2nd set of doors into 10 large panels,

he used pictorial space and one-point perspective

to create convincing depths.

- The first doors contained remnants of gothic

sculpture, 2nd set are works of renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446)

D E F I N I T I O N S

Rebirth - the action of reappearing or starting to flour-ish or increase after a decline. (e.g. The introduction / re

-utilization of elements from the ancient times)

High Renaissance - a very short time period in Rome

and Venice. The primary center was Rome. Work of the

artists during the high renaissance were more expres-sive than that of the previous renaissance artists and are

some of the best known in the world.

Mannerism - a style and period of European art (16th

century) notable for its deliberate reaction against the

balance of high renaissance art. Characterized by sub-ject expression, distortions of the figure peculiar place-

ment of figures in the composition, exaggerated per-

spective view and a crisp and harsh treatment of light and shadow.

Tondo - a round painting.

Foreshortening - a method of drawing or painting an

object or person that is not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space; giving the illusion of

3 dimensions. Pats get smaller as they recede in space.

Cupola – a round convex roof on a circular base

Lorenzo Ghiberti (1381 - 1455)

The Italian Renaissance Newsletter Date Volume 1, Issue 1

- Considered one of the greatest sculptors of his

time and that ever lived.

- Donatello’s bronze David was the first life size

free standing nude since ancient times.

- Commissioned in 1443 to create a huge statue

of a Venetian general nicknamed

“Gattamelata”.

- The statue is bronze, huge and is mounted on a

high pedestal.

- During Donatello’s 11 year stay in Padua he

revolutionized Venetian art as he brought the

Florentine interest in perspective, form, anato-

my and

the classic

- The Florentine master of landscape painting (seen in

Adoration of the Magi)

- Works: The Annunciation, Adoration of the Magi

- Adoration of the Magi - a tondo painted in tempera on

wood.

Introduction of nearly naked figures of boys

hints at the future Florentine fascination with

figure painting. Landscape elements including

flowers, trees, mountains, and ski indicate the

Renaissance interest in nature.

- Revolutionized the art of painting.

- Combined visual perspective and texture.

- Tribute Money

New Testament illustration, de-

picts 3 succeeding events at the

same time.

- He used light in ways that had never be-

fore been used. He used a single light

source coming from one direction, there-

fore highlighting on one side of the object

and creating a shadow on the other.

Donatello (1386 - 1466)

Fra Angelico (1400 - 1455)

P a g e 2

Masaccio (1401 - 1428)

N e w s l e t t e r T i t l e

- Fascination with perspective/ the scientific aspect of painting.

- In Battle of San Romano, Uccello used foreshortening to create the feel-

ing of the body pointing towards the viewer.

Birth of Venus

Scene based on traditional mythology.

Often mythological scenes were meant to

symbolize Christian ideas/ideals

Considered the master of delicate lines.

Figures seen outlined with an extremely fine line.

Other works: The Adoration of the Magi

Botticelli placed what is believed to be a self portrait on one of

the guests faces, and some of the other guests have the portraits

of other Italian contemporaries. ( This was a very common oc-

currence at this time)

Characters are often looking at the viewer.

- The Legend of the True Cross

-Figure are cool/ calm.

-Can see Francesca’s interest in light and

how he used it to create solid geometric

forms.

-Accurate perspective both linear and arial.

Paolo Uccello (1397 - 1475)

Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510)

Piero della Francesca (1420 - 1492)

P a g e 3 V o l u m e 1 , I s s u e 1

Giovani Bellini (1431 - 1516)

- Master painter in Venice during the late 15th century.

- With the arrival of the oil painting technique in Italy,

Bellini developed a richness or color and depth of value

unequaled in Italy at the time.

- Works: The Doge Leonardo Loredan

ployees.

If you have any prices of standard

products or services, you can include a

listing of those here. You may want to

refer your readers to any other forms

of communication that you’ve created

for your organization.

You can also use this space to remind

readers to mark their calendars for a

regular event, such as a breakfast

meeting for vendors every third Tues-

day of the month, or a biannual charity

auction.

If space is available, this is a good

place to insert a clip art image or some

other graphic.

This story can fit 175-225 words.

If your newsletter is folded and mailed,

this story will appear on the back. So,

it’s a good idea to make it easy to read

at a glance.

A question and answer session is a

good way to quickly capture the atten-

tion of readers. You can either compile

questions that you’ve received since

the last edition or you can summarize

some generic questions that are fre-

quently asked about your organization.

A listing of names and titles of manag-

ers in your organization is a good way

to give your newsletter a personal

touch. If your organization is small, you

may want to list the names of all em-

Primary Business Address

Address Line 2

Address Line 3

Address Line 4

Phone: 555-555-5555

Fax: 555-555-5555

E-mail: someone@example.com

This would be a good place to insert a short

paragraph about your organization. It might

include the purpose of the organization, its

mission, founding date, and a brief history.

You could also include a brief list of the types

of products, services, or programs your or-

ganization offers, the geographic area cov-

ered (for example, western U.S. or European

markets), and a profile of the types of cus-

tomers or members served.

It would also be useful to include a contact

name for readers who want more information

about the organization.

B U S I N E S S N A M E

B a c k P a g e S t o r y H e a d l i n e

Business Tagline or Motto

WE’RE ON THE WEB!

EXAMPLE.COM

Caption describing picture or graphic.

Organization

Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon

The term “acropolis” is defined as the edge or point of a city, usually high up. They can be used as a place for shelter, warship of defence against enemies. Many can be found around Greece, one of the most historical being The Acropolis of Athens, home of the Parthenon.

The Parthenon (447-436 BC)

Architects The Parthenon was commissioned by Pericles, a political leader, after

Greek victories over the Persians

Phidias, a sculptor, was given the task of rebuilding the ancient temples overlooking the city of Athens

Architects Ictinus and Callicrates were called upon to perfect the Parthenon temple, which in turn took 11 years the build

Major Influences Doric ‘order’; first used 150 years prior for the design of Heraion, an

acropolis of sacred and civic buildings gathered around the Temple of Hera

Athena, Goddess of Wisdom; she won a competition to become patron and named the city, Athens, after herself. She became the guardian of Athens and in her honour, the Parthenon was devoted to her

What Makes the Parthenon so Distinctive? The Parthenon differs from other Greek temples as its exterior was extended under Pericles’ leadership. While most had a width of 6 columns, the colonnade was extended to 8, and the length was extended accordingly to 17. The interior was divided into two chambers, the larger containing a statue of Athena. To ensure perfection, Ictinus and Callicrates used entasis to considerably distort the columns on the exterior. This required mathematical skill among the architects as well as enormous expertise on the builders. Despite its appearance, there are no true straight lines to be found on the Parthenon.

Athena’s Statue

Plan of the Parthenon

The Parthenon is composed of an unusual blend of Doric and Ionic order, which contain metopes and frieze. The metopes represent various struggles faced between order and justice, and criminal anarchy. Each side depicts a different battle, for instance, on the south side appears the battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs.

the frieze, however, depicts a single subject. On three sides it can be seen a march of horsemen,

musicians and sacrificial animals.

KEY TERMS!!!

Acropolis – Edge of or point of city; upper city

Column – vertical, rough pillar

Entasis – a technique used for distortion causes the eye to see straight lines where they may appear to curve of sag

Triglyphs – structural member of Doric frieze, triglyphs separate

two consecutive metopes

Metope – any square spaces between triglyphs and the Doric frieze; can either be plain or decorated

Frieze – a horizontal strip of sculpted or painted decoration

Colonnade – a row of columns supporting a roof

Fun Story Time – The Naming of Athens

Along time ago, there was a man name Cecrops, who was half man and half snake. He was the very first founder and king of Athens. Once Athens started to ‘pick up’, Athena and Poseidon both wanted to be patron. On a verge of attacking each other, Athena had an idea of who could win the city. The person who gave the city the

best gift would win.

They headed to the Acropolis, gifts in tow. Poseidon was first, and stabbed the earth with his trident and out shot a spring which began

pouring water. However, while a wonderful sight, the water was salty, and instantly became less impressive.

Athena, however, merely knelt down and planted something beneath the ground. A simple olive tree it may have been but it was a very rich gift. It gave the people food, oil, and wood. Cecrops deemed

Athena the winner and she declared the city after herself, Athens.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE first century BC to seventh century AD

roman architecture is found primarily in Italy.

Their art style was influenced by the Greeks and

the Etruscans and structural remnants of the

roman empire can be found all over the world.

Not only as ruins, roman architecture has

influenced design in the renaissance and in

modern times.

elements of the style

vault: vaults are arched

ceilings or coverings. The can

be made of brick concrete or

other stone and have a

variety of uses.

shown in adjacent images

they can be decorative and

serving no purpose, there are

tall vaulted ceilings in some

buildings. as well as vaulted

awnings called velariums.

dome: domed roofs are a

distinctive feature in roman

architecture. They come in a

number of shapes and sizes and are

usually found on the larger

structures. This feature was

recreated in the renaissance.

arch: arches are

large curving

structures used to

span openings and

long distances.

However some are

implemented as

decoration.

Colum: columns are perhaps the

most recognizable feature in roman

architecture. They have three parts

the base, the shaft, and the detailed

capital

There are two types of columns.

Freestanding columns bear weight,

they are used to support buildings.

Engaged columns are purely

decorative. They are attached to

structures and don’t bear weight.

There are also three

artistic styles in the

evolution of columns.

shown on the right the

Doric, ionic, and

Corinthian columns have

varying levels of detail.

The Terracotta tile was greatly influenced by Hundertwasser and was adopted on New Zealand.

Influences on that style

Terracotta TileIrregular FormsNew Architectural ShapesEnvironmentally FriendlyColourful/Vibrant

Key Terms (architectural terms) associated with the style:

Irregular FormsIndividual Architectural DesignNo Straight LinesUniqueStrong IndividualismStrong Individualism

Hundertwasserhaus, Vienna, Austria

The Green Citadel of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

German Winery, Untereisenheim, Germany

Friedensreich Hundertwasser is mostly known for his design of the "Hundertwasser Haus" in Vienna, Austria. He has designed 34 buildings in his career. Hundertwasser had already had a reputation as a painter at the age of 55. He was known for designing buildings in Austria, Israel, Spain, Netherlands, GermanSpain, Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, the United States, Switzerland and Japan.

Hundertwasser has designed many buildings in Germany as well as Austria and Many Germans and Austrians recognized his work. His style is very recognizable all across Europe because of his unique, individual architecture and the use of irregular forms and crooked lines in his buildings.

Countries his buildings are recognized in:AustriaGermanyNetherlandsSpainJapanJapanUnited StatesIsraelNew ZealandSwitzerland

Forest Spiral, Darmstadt, Germany

The Crooked House, Sopot, PolandTime in History1928 to 2000

Friedensreich Hundertwasser