avaris the capital of the hyksos

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Social Differentiation in House Plans

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Tombs entering house courtyards.

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Tombs in Houses is Levantine Feature.

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Vessel offerings in tombs imparting magical sustenance to the deceased.

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Pottery vessels not a MB feature (sic Bietak)

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Stratum G4 to G1-3 show marked increase in MB Levantine vessel types suggesting a major population influx at end of Dynasty 13.

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Tell el Yahudiya Ware. Seen at Tell ed-Dabaa in early 13th Dynasty d/1.

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spread of Tell el-Yahudiya ware from North to South.

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typological Development of Tell el Yahudiya Ware and its occurrences at Tell ed-Dabaa.

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New Types of Tell el Yahudiya Ware appearing in Hyksos Period.

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distributions of Hyksos tell el Yahudiya ware in Cyprus, Southern Canaan.

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No trade with syria in Hyksos period.

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Cypriotie community in Tell el Dabaa indicated by globular jug handle manufacturing technique.

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NAA evidence shows Stratum H at T ed-Dabaa has ceramics rom Northern Syria.

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Ceramic evidence suggests migration of peoples from Northern Syria to Southern Palestine.

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Plausible Egyptian system of harbours along coastline to Byblos in 12-13th Dynasties.

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HAty-a Smiw of city in Southern Palestine on amphora handle.

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Palesitinian princes taking title of Egyptian mayors.

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Branch of Hykos at Tell el Ajjul evidenced by scarabs.

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Imported commodities from Southern Palestine.

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Imports from Palestine indicated by Kamose stela.

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Large quantity of Cypriote pottery in D/3-2 suggest strong trade ties with Cyprus.

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Ezbet Hilmi butress wall 6.5-8.5 m wide.

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Ezbet HIlmi only Hyksos period site.

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Features of ezbet HIlmi site:

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Large platform for fort or watchtower in H /I

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Some Hyksos remains in area H/II under 18th dynasty palatial building.

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Garden with tree pits dating to the end of the Hyksos period probably attached to a major palatial complex of Hyksos period.

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Fragments of the palace of sekerher/salitis/sikkur-haddu

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Stela of Iannas/janassi-Ad

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Pseudo-Naos of Apophis and Tany, from Ka chapel for these individuals.

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Area H/I only later expansion of earlier Hyksos period site.

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Lack of destruction layer suggests some credibilty in the surrender of Ezbet HIlmi and permission ot escape to Souther Palestine reported in Manetho.

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Large platform H/I of palace built in early 18th dynasty.

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Stratigraphic relationship of palace platform to underlying late Hyksos garden and enclosure wall suggests early 18th dynasty date. Orientation of platform with other eighteenth dynasty structures also confirms this.

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Ezbet HIilmi palace resembles southern town at Deir el Ballas.

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Platform H/I supported elevated fortress.

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Large building compounds of early 18th dynasty south of the palace of H/I.

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H/III magazines of palace.

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Votive vessels and imports found in H/II.

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First Minoan pottery attested in citadel.

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Locally made minoan rhyta suggest presence of Minoans at ezbet Hilmi.

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New Kingdom workshops and houses.

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Royal scarabs found in context in sequence from Ahmose to Amenhotep II

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Stratigraphic sequence of houses at east fo H/I suggests date post Ahmose.

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royal building west of H/I: H/V

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mid-18th Dynasty is approximate end of the use of large building and middle class settlement.

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Debris of destruction of palace overlying Hyksos garden.

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Glass fragment is first attested in Egypt.

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Minoan style decorated plaster fragments.

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Bietak associates the scenes from Tell ed-Dabaa with motifs created and specific to the palace at Knossos.

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Half life size bull representations in stucco relief.

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Stucco reliefs found near entrance, similar to those at Knossos.

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Piece similar to Prince of the lilies at Knossos found near H/II

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The technique exhibited in the frescos at Tell ed Dabaa show that the artists were probably fro m Knossos.

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Paintings done in combination of fresco and secco.

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Plaster is simialr to that of Knossos.

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Other details of the motifs have direct parallels to Thera.

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Tell ed-Dabaa paintings date to Late Minoan IA.

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Tell ed-Dbaa contemporary to Thera paintings.

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Correleation of Tell ed-Dbaa to Santorini causes 130 year gap in evidence.

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Finds of pumice from Santorini in one stratum dating between Ahmose and Thutmosis III.

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No pumice found in Hyksos period strata at Tell ed-Dabaa.

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Pumice found at Tel Hebua in 2IP layers.

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Minoan wall paintings in other Levantine centers.

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Tentative explanation for the appearance of Minoan art in the 18th dynasty palaces.

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tell ed-Dbaa paintings seen in light of royal iconography from KNossos but not found in Levantine centers.

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Dynastic Marriage Hypothesis.

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Ahhotep as Hnwt idbw HAw-nbwt

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Military Alliance scenario.

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Exbet Hilmi parallels the Sedjefa-Tawy compound at Deir el Ballas.

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Tell edDabaa used as a forward base for military activities in Southern Palestine.

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Kerma pottery from early 18th dynasty perhaps soldiers at Tell ed-Daba.

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Late Helladic bronze arrowheads.

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Harbor of eru-Nefer situated at Tell ed-Dbaa

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Qantir excavations uncovered barracks and other military installations.

avaris the capital of the hyksos

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