avalon manual -
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 1/46
AVALON ™
NODAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM
USER’S GUIDE AND
REFERENCE
Version 2000.01
By
J a m e s L . B u c h w a lt e r , P h .D .
Gemini Solut ions, Inc.Houston, Texas
Un ited St at es of America
Ph one: (281) 759-4200
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 2/46
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 3/46
i
L im i t s o f l i ab i l i t y :
Gemini Solutions, Inc. reserves the right to revise its software and publications with no
obligation of Gemini Solutions, Inc. to notify any person or any organization of such revision.
In no event shall Gemini Solutions, Inc. be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial
dam age, including but not limited to special, consequen tial, or oth er da ma ges.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a
comm itmen t on the pa rt of Gemini Solutions, Inc. The softwa re described in th is docum ent isfurn ished under a license agreemen t or nondisclosur e agreement . The may be used or copied
only in accordance with t he ter ms of th e agreement . It is against th e law to copy the softwar e
on an y medium except as specifically allowed in t he license or nondisclosur e agr eement .
Copyr ight N ot i ce:
©1996 Gemini Solutions, Inc. All right s reserved. This man ua l is protected by federal
copyright law. No par t of th is ma nu al may be copied or distr ibuted, tra nsm itted, tra nscribed,
stored in a retr ieval system or tr anslated into any h uma n or comput er language, in a ny form
or by any means, electr onic, mechanical, ma gnetic, man ua l, photogra phic, photocopy,
scanning, or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the express written permission of
Gemini Solutions, Inc.
T r a d e m a r k s :
AVALON is a tr adema rk of Gemini Solutions, Inc.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 4/46
ii
Microsoft, MS, MS-DOS, Microsoft Excel, Visual Basic are trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 5/46
iii
P r i n t i n g :
1st Edition, 1rd PrintingPrint ed in th e United St ates of America.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 6/46
iv
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 7/46
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 8/46
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 9/46
C o n t e n t s
5
C o n t e n t s
Limits of liability:______________________________________________________________ i
Copyright Notice: ______________________________________________________________ i
Trademarks: __________________________________________________________________ i
Acknowledgments ______________________________________________________________ 8
1___________________________________________________INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 - What Does AVALON Do ? ____________________________________________________ 9
1.2 - Setting Up _______________________________________________________________ 10
1.2.1 - Check the Hardware and System Requirements__________________________________ 10
1.3 _________________________________________________________________ Installation 10
1.4 ________________________________________________________ Uninstalling AVALON 12
1.5 ________________________________________ Using AVALON on Two or More Machines 12
1.6 ____________________________________________________________________ Backups 12
1.7 ___________________________________________________________________ Networks 12
1.8 - How To Use This Manual ___________________________________________________ 13
2___________________________________________________ USING AVALON 14
2.1 __________________________________________________________________ The Basics 14
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 10/46
C o n t e n t s
6
2.2 ________________________________________________ AVALON Menus and Commands 15
2.4 ____________________________________________________________Printing Graphics 16
2.5 - Exporting Pictures and Forms to Other Window Programs _______________________ 16
2.6 - Using Online Help_________________________________________________________ 17
2.6.1 - Help Contents __________________________________________________________ 17
2.6.2 - Help Index_____________________________________________________________ 17
3_____________________________________________ AVALON- THE BASICS 19
3.1 - Introduction______________________________________________________________ 19
3.2 – NODAL ANALYSIS DESIGN – the basics______________________________________ 20
3.3 – Creating a Report_________________________________________________________ 27
3.4 – Plots Available ___________________________________________________________ 29
3.4.1 – Gas reservoir with surface pressure fixed _____________________________________ 30
3.4.2 – Gas reservoir with bottom hole pressure fixed__________________________________ 313.4.3 – Oil reservoir with surface pressure fixed and reservoir curves ______________________ 32
3.4.4 – Tubing curves with sensitivities_____________________________________________ 33
4.1 - Introduction______________________________________________________________ 35
4.2 – Linking to a Merlin File ___________________________________________________ 35
4.2.1 – The basics_____________________________________________________________ 35
4.2.2 - Interactively Designing Surface Facilities _____________________________________ 36
4.3 – Using Merlin With Tubing Curves____________________________________________ 38
4.2.1 – History Matching Historical Well Flowing Pressure Data _________________________ 39
INDEX ___________________________________________________________2
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 11/46
C o n t e n t s
7
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 12/46
C o n t e n t s
8
Acknow l edgm en t s
In t he development and pr eparat ion of AVALON and this documentation, I have receivedsupport and constructive suggestions from more people than I could ever adequately
acknowledge. To th ese people we would like to express our sincerest appr eciation. Ther e are
th ose, however, who have assisted us to such an extent th at t hey must be acknowledged.
I would like to thank my father for imparting to me the humility to understand that for
everyth ing we know, there is far m ore tha t we do not know, as well as th e realization t hat only
by remar kable cha nce , have I been given th e opport un ities afforded to me in life.
I would also like to thank the women in my life - my wife, mother and sister for their
endless love, encour agement a nd support . In par ticular I would like to th an k my moth er for
keeping me along a st ra ight an d na rr ow line unt il I realized th at was th e proper line to follow,
and my beautiful wife for her hard work and countless personal sacrifices in the background
th at has h elped make Gemini Solutions a success.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 13/46
C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t i on
9
1I n t r o d u c t i o n
1.1 - Wha t Does AVA LO N Do ?
AVALON is an advanced, nodal
analysis program that can generate
nodal analysis curves for
determining the deliverability of oil
and gas wells under different
produced fluid and reservoir
compositions, for different well bore
and pipeline ar ran gements.
AVALON can be used as a stand
alone application where well bore
hydraulic and average reservoir
performance curves can determine
fluid deliverabilities at various
stages.
AVALON also brings some
unique abilities that are not contained in most nodal analysis packages. AVALON has atr an spar ent link t o the MERLIN simulator which allows horizont al flow lines to be int eractively
designed using t he well locat ions in ME RLIN. These nodal cur ves can th en be aut omatically
linked to various wells in the simulator, allowing Merlin to use the nodal curves to optimize
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 14/46
C h a p t e r 1: I n t r o d u c t i on
10
reservoir perform an ce with a ccuracies not possible in AVALON alone. For examp le the simp le
reser voir pr essur e drop equa tions us ed in AVALON’s r eservoir m odule calculations ar e
replaced by th e sophisticated reservoir model in MERLIN. With th is link AVALON has t he
ability to optim ize well tu bing designs not only on a n aver age well design basis, but on anindividua l well basis in a complicat ed reservoir with m an y heter ogeneities.
1.2 - S et t in g Up
1.2.1 - Check th e Har dwa re a nd System R equire men ts
Before you install AVALON, make sure that your computer meets the minimum
requirements and that your AVALON package contains the required items. The system
requirements include:
• Any IBM-compat ible machine with pentium processor or h igher.
• A 3 1/2" floppy dr ive.
• A CD ROM Drive
• Windows 95, 98, or Windows NT.
• Twenty m egabytes of free disk space for insta llation.
• Thirt y two megabytes of ra ndom a ccess mem ory (128 megabytes r ecommended).
• A mouse.
1.3 Ins ta l la t ion
To install AVALON perform th e following st eps:
1. I n s t a l l t h e H A S P : The HASP is a har d lock providing secur ity to th e GSI software
packa ges. It mu st be in place before an y GSI softwar e will work. Look on th e back of th e
compu ter a nd locate the par allel port. You may have your pr inter , a zip drive, or oth er
peripher al already plugged into it. If noth ing is cur ren tly connected to th e port , simply
plug the HASP directly into th e port . It does not need to be terminat ed.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 15/46
C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t i on
11
If other periph era ls are cur ren tly connected, you ma y have severa l options. The HASP may
be inst alled an ywhere in th e chain of periphera ls. It ma y be inst alled directly int o th e
computer and then the other peripherals may be plugged into the HASP or it may be
insta lled furth er down the chain. For insta nce, if (as I do) you h ave a par allel zip drive andthen a pr inter plugged into th e zip, you m ay plug the zip directly into the print er an d th en
put t he HASP between th e zip and the prin ter. If you ha ve HASP’s for oth er pr ogra ms, you
ma y install them in an y order by plugging th em into each oth er.
2. I n s t a l l t h e d r i v e r s :
Follow th e instr uctions on t he inset of the inst allation CD or:
a) Select the folder named Avalon. It will normally be installed under
C:\ Gemini\ Pr ogram Files\ Merlin. Altern atively if Avalon has not yet beeninstalled select t he \ Drivers\ folder on th e CD.
b) Double click the Setdrivs.bat file
c) When you get a m essage indicat ing th at th e drivers were inst alled successfully you
will need to Reboo t the computer.
3. I n s t a l l t h e p r o g r a m s :
4. Close all other a pplicat ions ru nn ing in Windows. This includes program s such as MS Officewhich ma y load au tomat ically at st ar tu p. If you get the following err or dur ing start up, it
means you do have another program running that is interfering with the installation
process.
a) Insert Inst allation Disk into the CD Drive
b) Double click t he Set up.exe file to install t he pr ogram
c) Answer all questions.
d) Complete the driver installation described in step 2 and reboot the computer.
AVALON is now inst alled and a ctive and r eady to use.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 16/46
C h a p t e r 1: I n t r o d u c t i on
12
1 .4 U n i n s t a l l i n g AVAL O N
Avalon inst alls in it’s own directory. To un insta ll, use th e install progra ms pr ocedur e
provided by Microsoft for Windows. To do th is select the Contr ol Pa nel option a nd t hen
Add/Remove Programs to uninstall Avalon.
1 .5 U s i ng AVALO N on Tw o or M ore M ach i n es
A single copy of AVALON may be used on only one ma chine at a time. If you h ave twomachines, perhaps a desktop at work and at home, or a desktop at work and a portable for
field work , you can inst all AVALON on both machines and then move the HASP between them
as needed.
1 .6 Backups
Backups may be ma de of th e installation disks. These disks may even be mainta ined on a
network t o allow mu ltiple users to always access the curr ent insta llation.
1.7 Networks
AVALON mu st be installed on th e machine on which it is to be used. It is not designed to
be a network program, though, if your system has the capability, you data sets may reside
anywhere.
It m ay be possible to obtain a t ru e network copy with mult iple users. It was n ot a vailable at
th e time of th is print ing. Please cont act GSI about t his option.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 17/46
C h a p t e r 1 : I n t r o d u c t i on
13
1.8 - How T o Use Th i s Man u al
The chapters in th is man ual a re organized to follow the work pa th you will use. In a ddition t he
sam ples directory un der t he AVALON inst allation folder cont ains several oil an d gas example
problems
I t i s s t rong ly r ecom m ended t ha t a l l u ser s tak e a bas ic Appren t i ce /Mer l in s chool t o
learn h ow to use the simulat ion a nd geostat istics software. This man ua l will not t each you h ow
to use t hese pr oducts - only how to use th e tools.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 18/46
Ch ap ter 2 : Using Avalon
14
2Us in g AVALON
2.1 Th e Ba s ics
When you click the AVALON icon the last file that was opened will be read and appear on
th e home form.
Th e AVALON interface consists
of menu bars a nd toolbox. The menu
bar displays the commands that you
use to complete ma ny ta sks. This
chapter shows you some basics for
usin g AVALON.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 19/46
Ch ap ter 2 : Using AVALON
15
2.2 A V A L O N M en u s a n d C om m a n d s
Choosing a command tells AVALON what to do
next – create a new file, open a Merlin file, and so on.
Comma nds t hat carr y out similar actions a re grouped
on a menu. For example, th e File menu cont ains
commands you use to open, save, and delete your
nodal files. The menus ar e listed on the menu bar a t
th e top of th e inter face window.
You use the mouse or the keyboard to display the
comm and s on each menu . To open the menus andbrowse through the commands, click the menu item
with th e mouse, or pr ess the ALT key, and t hen pr ess
the underlined letter in the name of the menu you
want to open.
For example, opening the File menu in Digitizing
tool displays these comm an ds.
Some commands are unavailable and appeardimmed on a menu until another selection is made.
AVALON carries out some commands right away.
If more information is needed to complete a command, AVALON displays a dialog box or
an other form. You select options in th e dialog box to contr ol how the comm an d is car ried out.
For calculat ion comman ds, AVALON displays a message askin g you to wait. No action should
be tak en u nt il the calculat ion is finished.
C h o o s in g Co m m a n d s
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 20/46
Ch ap ter 2 : Using Avalon
16
You can choose comm an ds from t he men us or pr ess th e shortcut key assigned to commonly
used comman ds. On the men us, the shortcut key is shown to th e right of th e comman ds. To
choose a comm an d from a m enu:
1 Point to a m enu n ame a nd click t he left mouse button for a r ight han ded mouse.
2 Point to a comm an d na me an d click th e left m ouse button.
-Or-
1 Press t he ALT key to activate the m enu bar .
2 Press the un derlined letter in th e menu nam e.
3 Press th e underlined letter in a comma nd na me.
If a command name is followed by an ellipsis (...), a dialog box appears so you can set the
options you wan t.
2 .4 Pr i n t i n g G raph i c s
Avalon contains a r eport option t o build a st an dar d report in a Rich Text form at . The Rich Text
format (RTF) can be imported directly into most word processors including Microsoft Word.
The graphics for the RTF report are written in both Bit Map (BMP) and Meta File formats
(WMF). The graphics are only maintained for the current nodal analysis file and are located
un der th e Pr ogra m Files\ Gemini\ Avalon\ XFiles\ Bitmaps folder or wherever AVALON was
insta lled. The gra phics included in the RTF files ar e in the BMP form at . Upon importing the
RTF file into a word processor the user may wish to replace the Bit Map graphics with theMeta F ile gra phics located in t he gra phics folder.
2 .5 - Expor t i ng P i c t u res an d Form s t o Ot her W i ndow Program s
It is often convenient to export the other pictures and/or forms in AVALON to other
window program s. To accomplish th is highlight t he form , and simu ltan eously hold th e Alt an d
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 21/46
Ch ap ter 2 : Using AVALON
17
Pr int Scrn keys down to copy the pictur e to the clipboar d. Now paste t he captur ed screen t o
th e destinat ion windows application. Most user s find th is the preferred way to print pictu res -
ma ps can easily be integr at ed int o word processor docum ents . This featu re supplement s the
graphics created in the previous section
2.6 - Us ing On l in e Help
The online Help system r eferences near ly all aspects of AVALON. It contains extensive
inform at ion on the basics for us ing Avalon beyond wha t is found in th is man ua l. You can
access online Help through the Help menu Content command, search for specific topics with
th e Help Sear ch tool, or pr ess F1 t o get cont ext-sensitive Help.
2.6.1 - Help Con te n ts
For information on Help topics, choose Contents from
the Help menu or press F1 and click the Contents button.
You can use the Contents screen to jump to topics that tell
you h ow to use APPREN TICE, or t o get qu ick a ccess to key
reference topics.
2.6.2 - He lp In de x
The fastest way to find a particular topic in Help is to
use th e H elp Topics dia log box below.
To display th e Help Topics dialog box, you can
either choose Index from the Help menu or click the
Sear ch button on any Help topic screen. Sear ch topics are given as green text th at is solidly
underlined.
T o s e a r c h H e l p
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 22/46
Ch ap ter 2 : Using Avalon
18
1. In the Help menu, choose Index. (you
can also click the Search button from
an y Help t opic window.)
2. In th e sear ch dialog box, type a word, or
select one from t he list by scrolling u p or
down. Pr ess ENTE R or choose Show
Topics to display a list of topics related
to the word you specified.
3.
Select a topic name, and press ENTERor choose Go To to view the t opic.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 23/46
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
19
3AVALON - t h e b a sics
3.1 - In trod u ct ion
The AVALON nodal ana lysis program can be used for 3 fun damen tal ta sks. The first ta sk is basic tubing curve design with an option to include simple radial flow equations for
representing the reservoir. The second task is basic tubing curve design including two
sensitivity variables. Lastly tubing curves can be calculated and assigned to the Merlin
reservoir simulator au tomat ically. Lets look at each of th ese tasks in deta il.
Ch 3 A l h B i
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 24/46
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
20
3 .2 – N O D A L A N A L Y S I S D E S I G N – t h e b a s ic s
This section will provide a cookbook approach for creating standalone nodal analysiscurves. These cur ves represen t t he oil, water a nd gas delivera bilities under different plumbing,
bottom hole and surface pressure conditions. Engineers can use these curves to design
accepta ble tu bular ’s to meet th e ant icipated reser voir production ra tes. In conjun ction with
the Merlin simulator as will be seen later the optimal plumbing can be estimated for each
reservoir pr oduced.
The following recipe provides an acceptable work path for creating AVALON tubing curves,
and creat ing a report of the results.
1 Select New Nodal File under the File
menu. Type a file name in the dialog box
that appears. The extension NOD is used
for all n odal file.
Chap te r 3 : Avalon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 25/46
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
21
2 Fill in a description of
the reservoir followedand click the Oil/Gas box
under the Description
frame.
3. Under C a l c u la t i o n D e s ir e d
clicked either Gemin i Noda l
Analys i s Tab les for
generating Merlin tubing
curves or Nodal AnalysisSens i t i v i ty S tud ies for
generating standard nodal
analysis tables. If G e m i n i
Nodal Analys i s Tab les is
selected then the P r e s s u r e
Calcu la t ed At box will not
appear because by default
the pressure is calculated at
bottom hole conditions for known su rface pressur es.
4. Under the Nodal menu click G e n e r a l
Op t ions . A series of folders will appear
with general items to fill out for the nodal
analysis calculations.
5. Under Case S tudy Var i ab le ( s ) select
what 2 variables you wish to vary. In the
selection here the effect of both pipe
roughness and vertical tubing size will be
an alyzed. Pipe roughness var ies from 0
(smooth) to 0.1 (rough), and tubing size
varies from 2 to 4 inches in one inch
increment s. The case stu dy variables ar e
applied to all tubing segments if moreth an one node exists for a well. If less th an
Cha p te r 3 : Avalon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 26/46
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
22
2 case study intervals are desired set t he nu mber of intervals to one.
6. Under P VT fill out the
appropriate boxes. Correlations
ar e provided for ma ny of the fields
– data can either be entered if
known or calculated from a
correlation if unknown.
7. Under Opt ions – Se tup an inactive gas lift design button is present. Gas lift
calculations were n ot included in th is release.
8. Under C o r r e l a t i o n s the
vertical pipe, horizontal flow
line, PVT, and reservoir
corr elations can be chosen. If
these values are not chosen
default correlations will be
used.
9. Under G e n e r a l a variety of
general parameters are
required for the nodal
calcula tions ar e given. These
variables include the number
of vertical and horizontal
pipe segments used in the
iterative nodal analysiscalculations, pipe roughness,
Chap te r 3 : Avalon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 27/46
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
23
an d separ at or and wellhead conditions .
10. If a reservoir module is present under the
N o d a l home form menu select R e s e r v o i r
and Wel l Op t ions . This men u is only
selected if the user wishes to include
approximate reservoir performance curves in
his nodal analysis calculations. These curves
will never be used by Merlin, since Merlinprovides the reservoir module for these cases.
The various wells can be selected and
appropriate well test information can be
included to improve the accuracy of the
reservoir performance curves. If reservoir
performance curves are calculated they are
included in all graphics. On the other hand if
th e reservoir module is ignored these curves will be absent from t he plots made lat er.
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 28/46
p
24
11. Select Define Nodes, Calculate
under the Nodal menu on the
home form. The Nodal Setup
form that is used to design
tubing layout, calculate tubing
curves, and display the results
should now be visible. This form
is divided into five different
ar eas by boun ding fra mes.
The first frame is describedas the Node Descr ip t ion frame,
and contains all of the
information for the currently
selected nodal analysis well.
Different segments can be
selected – for example,
horizontal, vertical, choke, or
safety valve. The vertical node can be used for either vertical or inclined segments
below th e sur face.
As different segment s ar e added t o a well the pictur e of the well in t he p i ct u r e b o x
changes. For example in the well shown in this picture box there are 2 vertical
segments and one horizontal segment. The segment selected is node number 1 which
corresponds to the horizontal flow line segments that is 400 feet long. The surface
pressures specified (or calculated for a well with surface pressures calculated)
corr esponds t he su rface pressur e at th e end of the horizont al flow line shown for well 1.
Clicking on different segments in t he pictur e box automat ically updat es th e well’s node
description in the Node Descr ip t ion box.
Th e Def ine Well s options allow the user to create new wells, delete wells, and add or
delete nodes for a well.
Once the wells are defined the nodal analysis curves can be calculated by clicking the
Al l Noda l Cur ves button under th e C a l c u la t e R e s u l t s F o r selection. If th e tu bular
design for only one well were changed click the N o d a l C u r v e S e l e c t e d button to
upda te th e calculations for only th is cur ve. Please note that all calculat ions mu st be
performed before a ny resu lts can be displayed.
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 29/46
25
Once the well calculations
have been completed under
results click either Nodal
C u r v e S e l e c t e d to displaythe highlighted curve under
Def ine Wel l s or All Nodal
C u r v e s to plot all of the
curves simultaneously. The
last plot layout used will be
used to make plots when the
Plo t button is clicked. The
plot layout can be changed by
selecting Des ign P lo t
L a y o u t before the graphics
are plotted, or alternatively
by selecting t he P l o t L a y o u t
option under Format after
th e plot is displayed. The
Plot Layout window is shown below. P i p e R o u g h n e s s is the variable across the page
and Ver t i ca l Tub in g S ize is the variable down the page. Multiple plots per page were
selected a nd t he layout on th e individual plots is given in t he gra ph window.
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 30/46
26
The resulting plots for the layout selected above is given below.
To blow up individual plots to full screen click on the plot desired. Click again to see all
of the original plots.
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 31/46
27
3.3 – Creat in g a R eport
Avalon has a sophisticated reporting option
that allows the user to create customized
reports for migration to Word Processors such
as Microsoft Word. The reports ar e written in a
Rich Text format to be compatible with most
other Windows applications. The procedur e for
creating RTF reports is given below.
Once a plot or group of plots have been
displayed the user can pick either the Save
I m a g e o f C u r r e n t P i c t u r e to save what is
visible on the current form, or alternatively the
Exi t /Save Al l P i c tu res to save all of the
pictur es tha t can be displayed. The pictur es are
saved in both a Bit Map format (BMP) and a
Windows Metafile (WMF) format. The WMF
format is not used in the report generation
process, but the WMF files are saved for later copy and paste operations in other Windows
applications. The graphics are only maintained for the current nodal analysis file and are
located un der th e Progra m Files\ Gemini\ Avalon\ XFiles\ Bitma ps folder, or wherever
AVALON was installed.
Next un der t he View option for t he
Node Setup form select Report to
start the report generationprocedure. The steps for creating a
report will pop up in the white
space as shown below.
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 32/46
28
The next step is to select what will be displayed in the report. Under View select R e p o r tOp t ions , and choose the text and plots to be displayed. No plots can be displayed until first
included by clickin g th e Plot option on th e Nodal Setu p form. In t he selection below all text
except the values for the nodal curves, and all graphics as well are displayed. Click Save t o
save th e reporting options.
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 33/46
29
Lastly click View Repor t under
View to View the RTF report.
The top of the report for the
selection above is given below.
Under File select Save Report to
save the RTF report. RTF
reports are large so it is
recommended to open these
report s with your word pr ocessor
and save to the word processorformat as soon as possible. The
RTF reports should be viewed as
a temporary report because the
RTF format is not particularly
efficient. Of course if you have
enough hard disk space keeping
the RTF formats may still be
desirable becau se th ey are so genera l. If your word processor can not h an dle RTF files you can
always elect t o open t he file with WordP ad.
Once the RTF file has been opened in a word processor you may find that the conversion was
not 100%. For example you may need to add tabs to keep columns lined up. We have found
that unfortunately the conversion process is not without errors. In addition you may wish to
replace the BMP graph ics with WMF graph ics stored und er th e \AVALON\ Xfiles\ BitMaps\
folder.
3.4 – Plots A va i la ble
Avalon has the ability to generate a variety of plots depending on the setting chosen. As we
have seen nodal analysis curves can be created for either oil or gas reservoirs, a reservoir
module can optionally be included, and the pressures can be fixed at either bottom hole or
surface conditions. Lets look at each of the plot types graphically to understand what is
possible.
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 34/46
30
3.4.1 – Gas r eservoir w ith sur face pr essur e f ixed
The first case we would like to
examine is a gas reservoir without a
reservoir module. The results for this
case are given to the right. Note that
the right mouse key was clicked to
highlight 2 different points. The legend
shows the surface pressure range, the
X axis shows th e various gas ra tes, and
th e Y axis shows t he var ious calculat edbott om hole pressures. If one or more
horizontal surface segments are
included for the well the surface
pressures represent the pressures at
the end of the horizontal segments.
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 35/46
31
3.4.2 – Gas r eser voir with bott om h ole pre ssur e fixed
An alternative plot for a gas reservoir is to look at the effect of maximum deliverability for
different bottom hole flowing pressures. For example with a bottom hole pressure of 2000 psi
th e ma ximu m deliverability is seen t o be appr oximately 7000 MCF/D.
Cha p te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 36/46
32
3.4.3 – Oil reser voir with sur face p ressur e f ixed a nd reser voir cu rves
Another example given below is an oil reservoir with the reservoir curves included. Note the
intersection of the reservoir and tubing curves that shows the maximum deliverability for the
cond itions chosen . In th is case to achieve a oil ra te of 6927 BOPD th e bott om hole flowing
pressu re is 7718 psi, an d th e corresponding reservoir pr essure is 10000 psi.
Chap te r 3 : Ava lon the Bas ics
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 37/46
33
3.4.4 – Tub ing cu rve s with sen sitivities
Section 3.3 illustr at ed genera tion of tu bing cur ves with sensitivities to both pipe roughness
and vertical tubing size. This plot has been reproduced below. A variety of other sensitivity
studies are possible for various combinations of variables listed on the Nodal Analysis Setup
form.
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 38/46
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 39/46
Cha p te r 4 : L ink in g AVALON to MERLIN
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 40/46
36
nodal analysis tables and then linking the various nodal curves to different wells in Merlin.
Let’s look a t t his last step in detail.
After generat ing nodal analysis cur ves the user m ust link t he well nam es in Merlin t o nodal
well curve names. Any Merlin well not assigned a tubing curve will use the conventional bottomhole pressure constraint. To link the Merlin wells to tubing curves first select the Assign
Noda l Curves t o Wel ls i n Mer l in button under the Nodal Setup form. Line up the Merlin
Well names a nd t he Matching Nodal cur ve names an d click th e import ar row button to link th e
two entr ies. Reassigning the n odal cur ves to the Merlin wells here will overwrite an y previous
tu bing cur ve assignmen ts done in Merlin.
Lastly, under the home form select Fi l e /Save Mer l in F i l e to save the tubing curves and
corr esponding well assignment s t o the various Merlin wells.
4.2.2 - Int er act ively Designin g Sur face Fa cilities
Avalon has a feature that allows horizontal tubing segments to automatically be edited to
go to different p lat form s or collection points. The pr ocedur e for a ccomplishing th is ta sk is
given below.
The first step is to create nodal analysis curves with one or more horizontal flow line
segments, the number of which depends on how many kinks are required to properly model to
surface flow line path. Assign some arbitrary length to each segment. These lengths will be
inter actively modified to reflect th e sur face facility design chosen later .
Next assign t o nodal curves to various wells in Merlin u sing th e Ass ign Nodal Cur ves to
Well s i n Mer l in button discussed in the last section. The last step is to click the Design
F l o w L i n e s button under the Merlin Link frame. This will open a picture box that contains a
plane view of the reservoir with the well locations specified in Merlin. The user can
interactively move the horizontal flow line segments and when the Form/Save button is
clicked th e new lengt h an d position of each horizonta l flow line segmen t is calculat ed. An
example of a horizont al flow line before an d a fter corr ect placement using t he m ouse is shownbelow.
Chap te r 4 : L ink in g AVALON to MERLIN
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 41/46
37
Separ at or facilities can also be deleted, added, or m oved by first clicking t he object t o be
moved with th e mouse.
Well Placement before adjust ing th e horizont al flow segment s. Merlin well P1 a ssigned t o nodal
curve well1.
Well Placement after a djusting th e horizont al flow segments a nd separ at or position.
Cha p te r 4 : L ink in g AVALON to MERLIN
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 42/46
38
4.3 – Using Merl in Wi th Tu bin g Curves
After integrating tubing curves into a Merlin file with Avalon the next step is to perform
reservoir simu lation with Merlin, and gain an under stan ding of how the pipe design will affect
production. The lat est ver sion of Merlin cont ains modificat ions to th e Well Description form to
include changing tubing curves for any well at any time step. This particular feature is absent
in Avalon wher e only the initial t ubing curves for m aking ru ns a re set.
Often you may find that after making a few runs in Merlin you need to reenter Avalon,
adjust the tubing curves based on results observed in the Merlin simulator, and reassign the
tu bing cur ves to the Merlin file. This iterat ive procedur e allows a simple tr ial and err or path
for optimizing tubin g cur ves for differen t wells in different par ts of th e reservoir. An appr oach
like this represents something that is rarely done in modern reservoir simulation, and
repr esents a m ajor step forwa rd for designing the developmen t of fields. This ability is greatly
enha nced by the su rface facility inter active design featu res discussed in t he pr evious section.
Chap te r 4 : L ink in g AVALON to MERLIN
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 43/46
39
4.2.1 – Histor y Match ing Historical Well Flowing P re ssur e Dat a
Avalon does not have a stand alone history match feature at this time. To adjust the tubing
curves to match known flowing tubing head data the following work flow procedure is possible.
First generate approximate tubing curves in Avalon and assign to the appropriate wells in
Merlin. Next open Merlin and assign the historical flowing tubing head pressures for the
various wells. Run the model in Merlin and use the Output/Well Data to view the flowing
tubing head pressure h istory ma tch. If it is una cceptable reenter Avalon a nd recreate adjusted
tubing curves (for example change the pipe roughness). Reassign the tubing curves to Merlin
and test the history match for flowing bottom hole pressures.
Cha p te r 4 : L ink in g AVALON to MERLIN
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 44/46
40
I n d e x
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 45/46
2
I n d e x
A
All Nodal Curves, 25
Assign Nodal Curves to Wells in Merlin, 36
B
Backups, 12
Bit Map, 27
blow up individual plots, 26
BMP, 27
bottom hole pressure, 31
C
Calculate Results For, 24calculate tubing curves, 24
Case Study Variable , 21
choke, 24
Correlations , 22
D
Define Wells , 24
deliverability, 31Design Plot Layout, 25
design tubulars, 24
display the results, 24
E
Exit/Save All Pictures, 27
Exporting Pictures and Forms, 16
G
Gas lift calculations, 22
Gemini Nodal Analysis Tables, 21, 35
General Options , 21
H
Help, 17
Help Index, 17
History Matching, 39
horizontal, 24
horizontal flow segments, 37
I
inclined segments, 24
install, 10
install, two machines, 12
installation, 10
M
Merlin, 36
Merlin Well names, 36Metafile, 27
minimum requirements, 10
N
network, 12
Nodal Analysis Sensitivity Studies, 21
Nodal Curve Selected, 25
Nodal Setup, 28Node Description, 24
Nodes, 24
I n d e x
O Save Image of Current Picture 27
8/8/2019 Avalon Manual -
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avalon-manual- 46/46
2
O
Oil reservoir, 32
P
pipe roughness, 21, 22
plot, 25
Plot Layout, 25
Plots, 29
Pressure Calculated At, 21
Printing, 16
PVT, 22
R
recipe, 20
Report, 27
Report Options , 28
Reservoir and Well Options , 23
reservoir module, 23
reservoir performance curves, 23RTF reports, 27
S
safety valve, 24
Save Image of Current Picture , 27
Save Merlin File , 36
sensitivities, 33
sensitivity variables, 19
separator, 23separator position, 37
Surface Facilities, 36
T
Toolbox, 35
tubing curve design, 19
V
vertical, 24
vertical tubing size, 21
View Report, 29
W
Well Placement, 37well test, 23
wellhead conditions, 23
Windows Metafile, 27
WMF, 27
Word Processors, 27