autonomic ns and adrenal medulla
TRANSCRIPT
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• Controls: • Smooth muscle, heart muscle • Glands and adipose tissue
• Antagonist branches • Parasympathetic
• “Rest and Digest" • Refreshing and resting state
• Sympathetic • “Fight or flight!” • Functions requiring energy
ANS: Homeostatic Balance
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Dual interaction in ANS
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Autonomic control systems
• Hypothalamus • Pons • Medulla
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Autonomic pathways: Communication in the body
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Autonomic pathways: Two efferent neurons
CNS → Preganglionic neuron → Ganglion → Postganglionic neuron → Target tissue
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Sempatik-Parasempatik Yolların Karşılaştırması
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• Preganglionic neurons from • Brain stem (III, VII, IX, X) • Lower spinal cord (S2-S4) [Craniosacral syst.]
• Transmitter: ACh • Ganglion:
• Near target • Nikotinic synapses
• Postganglionic neuron (long) → target tissue receptors (muskarinic ACh)
Parasympathetic System: Overview
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Parasympathetic System: Overview
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• Constriction (contraction) • Pupil • Bronchiols (airways of the lungs)
• Slows down the heart • Activates:
• Digestive system • Insulin secretion • Urine formation and excretion • Erection
Effects of the parasympathetic system
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Effects of the parasympathetic system
• Short duration (Rapid ACh metabolism) • Paradoxic Fear Response
• In excessive fear and anxiety; • Abnormal over-activation of
parasymphatetic nerves • Vasovagal syncop • Partial or total loss of micturation and
defecation control
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• Preganglionic neuron (short) • From T1-L2 (Thoracolumbar system) • Transmitter: ACh (Cholinergic)
• Ganglia • Sympathetic chain, collateral ganglion, adrenal
medulla* • Postganglionic neuron (long)
• Transmitter: Norepinefrine
Sympathetic System: “Fight or Flight” response
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Sympathetic System: “Fight or Flight” response
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Sympathetic System: Anatomical features
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• Dilation of pupil • Saliva rich in mucus (salivation) ↑ • Heart rate and stroke volume ↑ • Dilator effects:
• Blood vessels • Bronchioles
• Cathecolamine secretion ↑ • Fat breakdown ↑ • Ejeculation
Stimulatory effects of Sympathetic System
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• Inhibitory effects of Sympathetic System • Digestion • Pankreatic secretions • Micturation
Inhibitory effects of Sympathetic System
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• Organs receiving ONLY Sympathetic nerves: • Adrenal medulla – increase secretion • Hair follicle muscles (m. arrector pili) -
contraction • Sweat glands – increase secretion • Kidneys – Renin secretion • Fat tissue – Release of fatty acids • Majority of blood vessels - contraction
Organs receiving ONLY Sympathetic nerves:
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• Antagonistically controlled organs: • Eyes (pupil) • Livary glands • Heart • Circulatory system • Digestive system
• Sphyncters, level of activity, secretory glands, liver
• Urinary vesicle • Sphyncters and vesicle contraction
Antagonistically controlled organs:
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Receptors of ANS – Overview
Receptor Location Response Mechanism
Adrenergic
α1 Widespread Stimulatory I.C. Ca2+
α2 Sympathetic-parasympathetic endings Inhibitory cAMP
β1 Heart, kidney, liver, adipose tissue Stimulatory Enzyme activation
β2 Heart, skeletal muscle,
small intestines and lung vessels
Inhibitory, relaxing Enzyme activation
Cholinergic
Nicotinic ANS ganglia, NMJ Stimulatory Opens Na+ channels
Muscarinic Parasympathetic and
cholinergic sympathetic endings
Varies Enzyme activation [K+]
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Synapses in the ANS
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Effects of Sympathetic System – Epinefrine
Synthesis: Tyrosine → DOPA → Dopamine → Norepinephrine →
Epinephrine (in adrenal medulla) Degredation:
• MAO (monoamine oxidase) • COMT (catechol-o-metyl transferase)
• Effect lasts a few seconds • Effect of ACh lasts 20 miliseconds
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Sythesis and recycling of NE
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Effects of Sympathetic System – Epinefrine and NE
• Adrenaline (epinephrine, E)
• Increases the activity of the heart
• Increases metabolism
• Dilates the bronchi
• Noradrenaline (norepinephrine, levarterenol, NE)
• Constricts the blood vessels
• Increases the blood pressure
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Adrenoreceptors
Classification of adrenoreceptors
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Generally; • β1: Stimulator • β2: Inhibitor-relaxing
The most abundant β receptor • β3: Lipolytic (in adipose tissue)
• α1: Stimulator The most abundant α receptor
• α2: Inhibitory
Adrenoreceptors
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Target Cell
Autonomic receptor mechanisms: β1 Adrenergic Receptors – Stimulating effect
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Target Cell
Autonomic receptor mechanisms: α2 Adrenergic Receptors – Inhibition
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Target Cell
Autonomic receptor mechanisms: Muscarinic receptors
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Adrenal Medulla: A sympathetic ganglion
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• After sympathetic stimulation: • Catecholamine release to the bloodstream
• Epinephrine (adrenaline) 80% • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 20% • Dopamine (trace)
• Target: • Multiple targets • Distant targets; 10 x prolonged effect
Adrenal Medulla: A sympathetic ganglion
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Adrenergic drugs
• Sympathomimetic
• Epinephrine and NE
• Ephedryne, Tyramine, Amphetamine: Increase in NE secretion
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Delay in NE degradation
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Adrenergic drugs • Sympatholytic
• Reserpine
• Decreases the synthesis and storage of NE
• Used as a sedative
• Beta blockers
• Propranolol, atenolol
• Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
• Beta blockade inhibits renin and thus aldosterone release... Which result in: hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
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Cholinergic drugs
• Parasympathomimetic
• ACh cannot be used (breaks down rapidly)
• Muskarinic antagonists
• Pilocarpine: Dilates the Schlemm’s canal.
• Nicotinic
• Nicotine: Stimulates all ANS and skeletal muscles
• AChE Inhibitors: Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), Physotigmin, Neostigmin (in myastenia gravis, glucoma etc)
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Anticholinergic drugs
• Parasympatholytic
• Atropine (from “atropa belladonna”)
• Muscarinic antagonist
• Areas of use
• Pupillar dilataion
• To dry the mucosa
• Antidote for nerve gas (sarin)
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Summary of efferent pathways: Somatic and autonomic control
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That’s all… Any questions ? ? ?
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