Automotive Electrical and Electromechanical System Design

Dr.-Ing. Uwe KnorrProduct Marketing Director

Ansoft CorporationPittsburgh, PA

Challenge #1:Multi-Domain Design

Mechanical

Electro-Chemical

Hydraulic

Electrical

Controls

Magnetic

Pneumatic

Thermal

Multi-Domain Design

Multiple Domains are interconnected and influence each otherThe electrical content of vehicles increasesMore and more controls are involvedElectrical systems closely interact with other domains

Electro-ChemicalElectro-MechanicalElectro-MagneticElectro-Thermal

Challenge #2: Multi-Level Design

Accuracy

Com

plex

ityD

etails

# of

Com

pone

nts

)()()(

)()(

)()()(

)()(

11

111

11

111

ttpdttd

Rtitv

ttpdttdRtitv

dq

qq

qd

dd

ψωψ

ψωψ

⋅⋅++⋅=

⋅⋅−+⋅=

EQU

X Y

NL

XY1

NL1

I_main

sp

vset

vbus

vbus := VM1.V

D1

CONST

CONST GAIN

I LIMIT

VBUS

VSET

ERR

GAIN1

INTG1 SUM1 LIMIT1

+ V

VM1

I1

GAIN

GAIN2

engine2generator

INREG

OUTREG

GAIN

GAIN3

GAIN

GAIN4

VBUS<VSET

VBUS>=VSET

Multi-Level Design

Different analyses require different model accuracy levelsDifferent analyses require different algorithmsDifferent accuracy levels require different modeling languagesModel exchange from one level to the next higher level requires model extractionDesign information must be exchanged between different design groups

Challenge #3:Multi-Organizational Design

Tier IIComponent

Tier ISubsystem

OEMSystem

Multi-Organizational Design

Geometry, Material, Structure

Fundamental Physics, DC, AC, TR, FEA, Stress

TIER II

Circuits, Block Diagrams, State Machines, C-Code, Lookup Tables

Controls, Circuit Design, Statistical, Optimization, AC, Short Transients

TIER I

System Models with lookup tables minimum parameters

Statistical, Worst Case, Drive Cycle, FMEA, Long Transients

OEM

ModelAnalysis

Design Challenges Today

Control

Electrical

Mechanical

Component Supplier

System Integrator

Tier 1 Supplier

Circuit

System

Component

Hydraulics

Tier 2 Supplier

Thermal

Magnetic

Need for Integration

Integration

Control

Electrical

MechanicalComponent

Supplier

System Integrator

Tier 1 Supplier

Circuit

System

Component

Multi-Domain

Multi-Level

Multi-Organization

EM Design EnvironmentSIMPLORER Simulation Data Bus

Simulator Coupling Technology

CircuitSimulator

Block DiagramSimulator

State MachineSimulator

Simulink

MathCad

Maxwell2D/3DElectromagnetismElectro mechanics

C/C++ Interface

Model DatabaseElectrical, Blocks, States, Machines, Automotive, Hydraulic,

Mechanics, Power, Semiconductors…

VHDL-AMSSimulator

Integrated Design Environment

WIN/2000WIN/XPWIN/NT

Pentium>256MB

CompatibilityMS-Office compatible

Read and write Excel, AccessCopy & Paste to and from Word, PowerPoint, Excel…Windows Printing Support

Data Format compatibleASCIIAccess (*.mdb)Excel (*.xls)CSV (*.csv)Comtrade (*.cfg)SPICE (*.out)TEK – Oscilloscope data (*.dat)

Post ProcessingIEEE 488.2 Data Interface (GPIB)

Graphical and numerical data analysis and representation

Power Module

Channel Calculator

FFT

Presentation Mode

Matlab® and Mathcad® Integration

Component Characterization

2D, 3D, multi dimensional lookup table

# L1

# C1

NL

NL_Charact

YZ

X

V3DLUT

E1 Y t

V_LUT

M3 ~BA

C

IM1

Y tM_LUT1

• Characteristics

• Stimuli

• Loads

Data Acquisition

Data Transfer

Data Processing

State Machines

Behavioral Modeling

Smart models, state dependent step size

modification

Event driven modification of topologies & parameters

Online measurement of characteristic

values

Relay Model

com

no

drvm

drvp Relay

E1 R1E2

S1

LCoil := 250m

RSup := 680

ROn := 5mtdbrk := 8m

tdmk := 12m

VPULL := 7

VDROP := 2

RCoil := 3CCoil := 40n

E5

S3

E6

R3

Relay.IinRelay.Iout

t

14.00

-2.00

2.004.006.008.00

10.00

0 0.600.20 0.40

R1pNoRs1

Final Relay Model

Relay Macro

Symbol Editor

Relay Model

Rsup

LCoil

RCoil

ROn

S1

drvp

drvm

no

com

ON_DIS

DELAY_OFF_ON

DELAY_ON_OFFLCoil.I >= IPULL

LCoil.I <= IDROP

lon

loffOFF_DIS

DEL: loff##tdbrk

DEL: lon##tdmk

EQU

IPULL := VPULL/RCoil.RIDROP := VDROP/RCoil.R

A+ AM1

+ V

VM1

CCoil

• Fast!

• Easy model generation

• Good numerical behavior

Block Diagrams Analog and Digital Controller Modeling

CONTR_OUT

op2 := 2.5

ymax2 := 1

op1 := -2.5

ymax1 := -1

-16.66m

N"GSMP_1" LIMITER

u_limit := 20l_limit := 0

EXT

P_GAIN

KP := 50I_GAIN

KI := 20

P

I

LIMIT

EXT

CONST

NSET

16.666667

Each block can be

assigned an individual

sampling time or run with

system time step

PI

C/C++Code

NL

DC Motor Drive System

L_R

L_S

L_T

ET1

ET2

ET3

CD1m

R_R

R_S

R_T

Yt

LOAD

CONTR_OUT

THRES2 := 2.5

VAL2 := 1

THRES1 := -2.5

VAL1 := -1

-16.66m

DCM.N P_GAIN

KP := 50I_GAIN

KI := 20

LIMITER

UL := 20LL := 0

10m

GAIN GAIN

I

LIMIT

CONST

N_REF

16.6667

0.3m

M

DCMRA := 1.2

LA := 9.5mKE := 0.544

J := 4m

A+ AM1D1 D2 D3

D4 D5 D6

D7

TR

CONST

CLOCK

.1m

Wiper System

Wiper System – Result

Motor Torque and Load Torque

Motor Speed

N_REFN

T

20.00

-10.00 -10.00

0 0

0

0

100.00m

100.00m

50.00m

50.00mT

15.00

00

10.00 10.00

0

0

100.00m

100.00m

50.00m

50.00m

Automotive Library

Power Storages

Wires

Battery - Basic Model

Battery

Fuel Cell

Wire - Thermal static

Wire - Thermal dynamic

Wire - Thermal dynamic II

Wire with Thermal Pin

Wire - Advanced

Wire - Advanced II

Gauge based

Fuses

Wire - Thermal static

Wire - Thermal dynamic

Wire - Thermal dynamic II

Wire with Thermal Pin

Wire - Advanced

Wire - Advanced II

Fuse - Single Element

Fuse - Double Element

Fuse - Advanced

PPTC (Three RC combinations)

PPTC (Two RC Combinations)

Lamps

Lamp - Filament

Lamp - Single Filament

Lamp - Double Filament

Lamp - Advanced

Relays

Relay - Normally Open

Relay - Normally Closed

Relay - One Pole, Two Throws

Relay - Two Poles, Two Throws

Relay - Two Poles, Cross-Strap

Spark Plugs

Spark Plug

Machines

Alternator - Transient Model

Alternator - Average Model

Alternator - Current Source

Starter

DC Machine

Mechanical Models

Inertia

Friction

Fan

Ideal Gearbox

Gearbox with Losses

PWM Models

PWM

PWM Switch

PWM Load

Flasher Switch

Connectors

Inline Terminal Pair

Eyelet Terminal

Engine Models

Engine - Speed Source

Engine - Dynamic Model

Applications:• Electrical Distribution

System of Vehicles• Power Management• Drive Cycle Analysis• FMEA• Statistical Analyses

Industries:• Automotive

Manufacturer• EV/EHV• Aerospace• Defense• Ship Building Industry

Automotive System Library

Automotive Library

Yt

Y t

Battery- +

Engine Block Ground

ChassisGround

To Hazzard Flasher

To Head Lamp Switch Lamp Switch

battery1

fuse1_5Amp

fuse2_15Amp

rlyno1

S1

TS1_HIGH_LOW_Beams_Switch

Low

High

Low High

High

Low

RH HeadLamp

LH HeadLamp

TailLamps

Turn Signal

Y t

Y t

QuickGraph1

N0161.V

t

14.00

-2.002.00

6.00

10.00

0 60.0020.00 40.00

S2

S3

D1 D2

t

60s

itp11

itp19

Probe1

t

7.50

-2.50

0

5.00

0 60.0025.00 50.00

Exterior Lighting System

Inrush Currents

Turn Signal Voltages

Automotive Library

BenefitsEasy to use and intuitive graphical modeling Easy parameterization using Wizard technologyStatistical analyses, optimization and parameter variationsCharacterization tool for fusesMultiple model levels for components Web based example database with jump start projects Animated symbols for easy visual inspection

Electro-Chemical Components

Lead Acid BatteryFuel Cell

FuelCell

+-

Battery- +

EV/EHV – Charging System

ST_r1

L1

00.1m

RLoad

RLTR1

D1

ICA:

L1.I>=I_command

ST_r1.VAL>=0.99 and L1.I<I_command

On

SET: cs:=1

Off

SET: cs:=0

period := 20u

Off2

SET: RL:=10

t>3m t>12m

SET: RL:=5 SET: RL:=5

t>0.0025

SET: I_command:=10 SET: I_command:=15

VM1.V

t

6.10

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

0 20.00m2.50m 5.00m 7.50m 10.00m 12.50m 15.00m

+ V

VM1

L1.I

t

16.00

0

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

0 20.00m2.50m 5.00m 7.50m 10.00m 12.50m 15.00m

t0 20.00m2.50m 5.00m 7.50m 10.00m 12.50m 15.00m

Output Voltage

Input Voltage

Inductor Current

TransistorControl modeledusing statemachines

Load resistanceand referencecurrentmodificationmodeled usingstate machines

BoostConverter

FuelCell

+ -

FUELCELL_A2

Battery-+

LBATT_A2

Multi-Domain Design

• Hydraulics

• VHDL-AMS

• Mechanics

• Electro Mechanical

• Magnetics

• …

Hydraulic Library1 0

3

r1

pk_150

Hydraulic Library

P1

PIPE

Level1

PIPE1

Sharp-Edge

Generic

OR_SE1

VOL_ACT1MASS_TRB1

LIMIT_TRB1

F

LIMIT_TRB1.SULMASS_TRB1.S

t

15.00m

0

10.00m

0 1.000.50

Power LibraryPower Library

Power System and Cable Models

Single Phase Power Supply

Ideal Three Phase Power Supply

Three Phase Power Supply with Impedance

WIRE - Gamma Model

Wire T-Model

Inverter Topologies

Line-commutated Converters

B2 Diode Bridge

B2 Fully Controlled

B2 Half-Controlled, Symmetrical

B2 Half-Controlled, Asymmetrical

B6 Diode Bridge

Two Level Inverter Equivalent Circuit

Three Phase Two Level Inverter

Single Phase Two Level Inverter

Three Phase Three Level Inverter

Single Phase Three Level Inverter

Control Algorithms

Two Level Square Wave

Two Level Natural Sampling

Three Level Single Phase

Three Level Three Phase

Load Models

Three Level Single Phase NS

Three Level Three Phase NS

Four Quadrant Current Control

Four Quadrant Natural Sampling

B6 Thyristor Bridge

B6 Bridges - Inverse Parallel Connection

B12 Diode Bridge

B12 Thyristor Bridge Parallel Connection

B12 Thyristor Bridge Cascade

B24 Thyristor Bridge

Single Phase A.C. Chopper

Three Phase A.C. Chopper

DC Link

Three Phase RL Load

Logic

Dead Time

Applications:• AC/DC Converters• Inverters (DC/AC)• Drive Systems• Power Quality• Alternative Power

Industries:• Industrial Automation• Drives Manufacturers• EV/EHV• Power Conversion• Power Quality

Power LibraryUs1

Us2

Us3

Us1

Us2

Us3

M

ω ω2

C J1 J2

ω1

M 1 M 2

+ V

CONST

KONST1

SPR1

ein_aus

2L3_GTOS

g_r1

g_r2

g_s1

g_s2

g_t1

g_t2

2L_NSAMP

2-level natural sampling

Machine Characteristic1.60k

-200.00

0

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1.00k

1.20k

1.40k

-173.34 359.120 200.00

Stator Currentasm_k_g22.Is_dasm_k_g22.Is_q

t

200.00

-1.40k

0

-1.20k

-1.00k

-800.00

-600.00

-400.00

-200.00

0 1.501.00

Rotor Currentasm_k_g22.Ir_dasm_k_g22.Ir_q

t

1.40k

-200.00

0

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1.00k

1.20k

0 1.501.00

CONST

Omega

Uf

Ua

M

ω

Torque350.00

-150.00

0

-100.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

0 1.501.00

Direct inverter driven squirrel cage induction machine with 2-level natural sampling control and mechanical load

Power Library

BenefitsPredefined macro models of frequently used power electronic topologiesIncludes common control algorithmsAuxiliary elements, such as power grid models and loadsSystem level models for rapid computation of overall system behavior, power quality and control algorithmsEasy and intuitive graphical building blocks

Mechanical Elements LibraryRotational

Mass

Translational

Mass

Coordinate Transformation

Rotational-Rotational

Rotational-Translational

Translational-Rotational

SYMP Synchronous Machine Permanent Excitation

SYMP Synchronous Machine Permanent Excitation w Damper

Electrical Machines

DCMP DC-Machine Permanent Excitation

ASMS Slip Ring Induction Machine

Rigidity

Rigidity

Torque Source

Ground

Angular Velocity Source

Velocity Source

Ground

Force Source

Translational-Translational

Mechanical Systems

Applications:• Drive Trains• Electro-Hydraulic

Systems• Electro-Mechanical

Systems• Load Variations

Industries:• Automotive Suppliers• Drive Manufacturers• Industrial Automation• Defense• Aerospace

Mechanical Elements LibraryET1

Square_wave1.VAL

M

DCMP

Dcmp1J := 2m

STF

Stf1 M

DCMP

Dcmp2

J := 2m

M

DCMP

Dcmp3J := 2m

STF

Stf2J

Mas1

J := 10m

Dcmp1.VADcmp2.VADcmp3.VA

t

250.00

-250.00

0

-100.00

100.00

0 1.000.50

Dcmp1.OMEGADcmp2.OMEGADcmp3.OMEGAMas1.OMEGA

t

200.00

-200.00

0

-100.00

100.00

0 1.000.50

Mas1.MACX

t

1.25k

-1.25k

0

-500.00

500.00

0 1.000.50

Motor-generator combination driving a mass with limitations

Mechanical Elements Library

BenefitsNon-linear friction models incl. stick frictionNon-linear rigidity models incl. backlashFast computing 1D modeling approach based on SIMPLORER C-Code interfaceElectrical Machine model implementation with mechanical pins provide connectivity between electrical and mechanical worldSchematic based graphical modeling with mechanical building blocks

VHDL-AMS

Block DiagramSimulator

State FlowSimulator

SIMPLORER Simulation Data Bus

MathCadSimulink Sim-Interface

External Simulators

Internal Simulators

Multi-Organizational Design

DigitalSolver

Circuit Elements

Analog Solver

AMS

VHDL-AMS

VHDL-AMS SchematicFully supported by SIMPLORER Schematic

Embedded Editor with Syntax coloring allows to create models on sheet and in the ModelAgent

VHDL-AMS Code for a Resistor

ENTITY Resistor ISPORT (

QUANTITY r : REAL := 1.0e+03; -- Default = 1 KTERMINAL p,m : ELECTRICAL);

END ENTITY Resistor;

ARCHITECTURE Rbehav1 OF Resistor ISQUANTITY voltage ACROSS current THROUGH p TO m;

BEGINcurrent == voltage/r;

END behav;

mp

Resistor

r := 1.0e3

Rbehav1

r

Architecture 3Architecture 2Architecture 1

Entity and ArchitectureEntity

Interface description of a subsystem or physical deviceSpecifies input and output ports to the model

ArchitectureBehavior description of the modelCan be dataflow, structural, procedural, etcModeling can deal with both analog (continuous) and digital (discrete) domains

output portsinput ports

inout ports

Architecture 2Architecture 1

Entity

VHDL-AMS Basic LibraryOPEN!

VHDL – Digital SystemsA.val

B.val

C.val

SUM.y

CARRY.y

t0 40m2m 4m 6m 8m 10m 12m 14m 16m 18m 20m 22m 24m 26m 28m 30m 32m 34m 36m 38m

CLKA

CLKB

CLKC

XOR2

XOR2

AND2

AND2

AND2

Two bit adder with Carry

Sum

Carry

OR3

VHDL – Digital SystemsComplete Automotive System Analysis across Domains

• ASICs

• Micro Controller

• FPGAs …

ECU

PTCU

MCUVHDL

VHDL-AMS Multi Domain Design

L

dia := 1len := 1/4

rho := MATH_PI

vol := 1b := 1

k := 10

EQU

crank_radius:= 0.2

pipe_area:= 0.05

Fluidic

torque force pressure

flow_meter rhyd1 lhyd1

chyd1

spring_rotb damp_rotb Tfm_rotb

ω+

vm_rotb

ω+

v_rotb

mass_rotb

CONST CONST

1/pipe_areacrank_radius

P

Sppeddamp_rotb.omega

t [s]

40

-40

0

-25

25

0 0.1k50

QuickGraph2flow_meter.q

t [s]

1Meg

-1Meg

0

0 0.1k50

Mechanic

VHDL-AMS

Component Providers

Subsystem Providers -Suppliers

OEMSystem Simulation

Drive CyclesFuel Economy

Multi Organization Design

Power TrainElectrical System

Sensors …

VHDL - AMS

VHDL - AMS

Solenoids, Motors, Battery, Sensors, Semiconductors,

Fuse …

DC Drive – VHDL-AMS Controller

L_R

0.3mL_S

L_T

ET1

ET2

ET3

R_R

10mR_S

R_T

t [s]

4.00e+001

0

2.00e+001

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

t [s]

1.50e+003

0

1.00e+003

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

motorcurrent

speed andreference speed

LIMIT

LIMITER

LL := 0UL := 20

GAIN

CONTR_OUT

THRES1 := -2.5

VAL1 := -1THRES2 := 2.5

VAL2 := 1

CONST

N_REF

1000

M

DCM

J := 4m

LA := 9.5mRA := 1.2

KE := 0.544

AAM1

t [s]

1.00e+003

0

5.00e+002

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

DCM.MI [N·m] TLoad.VAL

t [s]

2.00e+001

-1.00e+001

0

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

motor torqueandload torque

DC LinkVoltage andCurrent

D7

TR

TLoad

3

Bridge1

PIC

VHDL-AMS

DC Drive – VHDL-AMS Controller

ODE

Non-Electrical Elements

External Simulators

Electrical Components

µ-ControllerCode

C/C++ Interface

C/C++ Interface®

System Simulation

The Multi Domain Simulator

C/C++ makeDynamic

Link Library

.dll

Symbol Library

Symbol Editor

DC Drive – C-Code ControllerL_R

0.3mL_S

L_T

ET1

ET2

ET3

R_R

10mR_S

R_T

DCM.IA [A]

t [s]

3.00e+001

0

2.00e+001

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

DCM.N [rpm] N_REF.VAL

t [s]

1.50e+003

0

1.00e+003

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

motorcurrent

speed andreference speed

LIMIT

LIMITER

LL := 0UL := 20

GAIN

CONTR_OUT

THRES1 := -2.5

VAL1 := -1THRES2 := 2.5

VAL2 := 1

CONST

N_REF

1000

M

DCM

J := 4m

LA := 9.5mRA := 1.2

KE := 0.544

AAM1

Bridge1.Vout [V] Bridge1.Iout [A]

t [s]

1.00e+003

0

5.00e+002

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

DCM.MI [N·m] TLoad.VAL

t [s]

2.00e+001

-1.00e+001

0

0

0

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

motor torqueandload torque

DC LinkVoltage andCurrent

D7

TR

TLoad

3

Bridge1

PIC

PIC1

IGain := 2

PGain := 3

C-Code

DC Drive – C-Code Controller

SIM2SIMSIMPLORER to Simulink Interface

SIMPLORER

Simulink• Co-Simulation Interface

• Link blocks in both packages

• Using SIMPLORER's external simulator integration interface and S-function in Matlab

• Co-Simulation Interface is an open API that can be used for other simulation packages

Drive System Control

L_R

0.3m

L_S

L_T

ET1

ET2

ET3

R_R

10mR_S

R_T

GAIN

P_GAIN

KP := 3

II_GAIN

KI := 2

LIMIT

LIMITER

LL := 0UL := 20

CONTR_OUT

THRES1 := -2.5

VAL1 := -1THRES2 := 2.5

VAL2 := 1

CONST

N_REF

1000

M

DCM

J := 4m

LA := 9.5mRA := 1.2

KE := 0.544

A+ AM1

D7

TR

CONST

CLOCK

.1m

3

Bridge1TLoad

Drive System Control

L_R

0.3m

L_S

L_T

ET1

ET2

ET3

R_R

10mR_S

R_T

M

DCM

J := 4m

LA := 9.5mRA := 1.2

KE := 0.544

D7

TR

3

Bridge1TLoad

SiM2SiMSIMPLORER Link InterfaceSiM2SiM50

SIM2SIM1

SIM2SIM1.CS

Drive System Control

Complete Vehicle Simulation

SIMPLORER – Advisor Link

SIMPLORER – Advisor LinkSIMPLORER Single Voltage Electrical Automobile System Template

voltageregulator curve

Regulator

Generator

p

mGeneratorPower

p

m

BatteryPower

RearDefrost FrontHVAC

Engine BrakeLightsMisc ExternalLights

HeatedSeats

FrontWipers

RearWipers Radio

TurnSignalRadiatorFan

RearHVAC

genericgenerator

generator

Battery

Loads

Starter

p

m

®

Simulation properties:Step width max 100mStep width min 100uSimulation end time 1369

GAIN

Battery-+

pm

LoadPower

+ V

VM1

A

+

AM1

genericgenerator

generator1

SiM2SiMSIMPLORER Link InterfaceSiM2SiM50

ResultsGenerator Current

AM1.I

t

100.00

-50.00

0

0 793.91500.00

Speed in RPMSpeed

t

4.00k

-2.00k

0

2.50k

0 793.91500.00

Bus VoltageVM1.V

t

13.00

11.50

12.00

0 793.91500.00

Load Power

LoadPower

t

500.00

-1.50k

0

-1.00k

0 793.91500.00

Complete Set of AnalysesDC Analysis

NINV

INV

OUT

+

-

NSC_LM_7411

NINV

INV

OUT

+

-

NSC_LM_7412

NINV

INV

OUT

+

-

NSC_LM_7413

R1

10k

R210k

R310k

R410k

Rp15916

R1p10k

C1100p

C21n

E1 + V VM

Rfp

30k

R930k

R15916

OP: -0.00100994 V

OP: -0.00405477 V

OP: -7.9752e-006 V

OP: 0.999992 V

OP: 0.998936 V

OP: 3.99573 V

OP: 0.000980576 V

OP: -3.98873 V

OP: 1 V

E1 1

R1

500m

L1

R2 16

L2

C1 132.6u

31.83m

3.18m

OP: 0 V

OP: 0.969697 V OP: 0.969697 V OP: 1 V

Complete Set of Analyses

BodeC1.VGain

Phase

100

100

1k

1k

200

200

300

300

400

400

500

500

600

600

700

700

800

800

900

900

100

100

1k

1k

200

200

300

300

400

400

500

500

600

600

700

700

800

800

900

900

-28.01

-20.00

0.00

20.00

-28.01

-20.00

0.00

20.00

0.00

0.79

1.57

2.36

3.14

0.00

0.79

1.57

2.36

3.14

f [Hz]

f [Hz]

[dB]

[rad]

AC Analysis

Experiments

1D, 2D & 3D Parameter SweepMonte CarloSensitivityWorst CaseOptimization

Simplex AlgorithmSuccessive ApproximationGenetic Algorithms

Electrical MechanicalThermalMagneticLogic

Hydraulic

Component

Circuit

Sub-System

System

OEM

Supplier

VHDL-AMS

Block Diagrams/State Machines

FEA

Disconnected Technologies

Circuits

FEA

VHDL-AMS

Circuits

Block D

iagram

s/

State M

achin

es

Integrated Technologies

SimulatorCoupling

Matlab/Simulink

MathCAD

Co-SimulationAdvisor

…

Integrated Design Environment

Efficien

cyCommunication

AccuracyStanda

rds