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AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC COURSE ISSUED BY : GANZORY

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Introduction

This course to be familiar with the different scanning techniques of AUT

To be familiar with different AUT systems

To analysis the different defects

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AUT COURSE

Introduction to manual ultrasonic Introduction to scanning models Time of flight diffraction Phased array Combined techniques Interpretation of defects Modern AUT technique

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Introduction to manual ultrasonic

Why use ultrasonic for nondestructive material testing?

Ultrasonic frequency ( 0.5MHZ TO 25MHZ ) Both radiography and ultrasonic tests are

the most frequently for test internal flaws Ultrasonic can discover volumetric defect Planner defects can easily discover more

than radiography

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2. Ultrasonic testing tasks

Detection of reflectors

Location of reflectors

Evaluation of reflectors

Diagnosis of reflectors (reflector type, orientation, etc.)

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3. Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

Angle reflection effect

Fig. 10b Tandem testing: center zone

Fig. 10c Tandem testing: lower zone F

Fig. 10a Tandem testing: upper zone F

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4. Method of testing and instrument technology 4. Method of testing and instrument technology

Fig. 12 The principle of time of flight measurement

Fig. 13 Block diagram: Pulse Echo Method

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Fig. 16a Initial pulse = Start Fig. 16b after 10 ms

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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation

Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation

Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation

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Fig. 19a Straight-beam probe: initial pulse delay

Fig. 19b Angle-beam probe: initial pulse delay

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Fig. 20 Test object with discontinuity, display with flaw echo

Fig. 21a Discontinuity in front of the backwall

Fig. 21b Discontinuity near the surface

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Fig. 22 A non-detectable near-to-surface discontinuity

Fig. 23 Shadowing of the back-wall echo by a larger near-to-surface reflector

Fig. 24 Echo sequence of a near-to-surface discontinuity

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Fig. 25 Dead zone: display, test object

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Fig. 27 Longitudinal wave

Fig. 29 Transverse wave

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a = angle of incidenceb = angle of refractionc 1 = sound velocity in medium 1c 2 = sound velocity in medium 2

4.4 Refraction and mode conversion

Fig. 30a Refraction and reflection without transverse waves

Fig. 30b Refraction and reflection with transverse waves

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Fig. 32a Refraction: 1st critical angle

Fig. 32b Refraction: transverse wave under 45°

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Fig. 32c Refraction: 2nd critical angle,

surface wave

Fig. 32d Total reflection

Fig. 33 Usable range for angle-beam probes in steel

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Fig. 36 TR probe on the test object: CRT with backwall echo

Fig. 37 TR probe on the test object: discontinuity echo in the cross-talk echo

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Fig. 38 Wall thickness measurement with a digital thickness gauge in practice

s = sound path [mm]c = sound velocity [km/s]t = transit time [ms]

Fig. 39 USK 7: Backwall echo sequence with a straight-beam probe

1st Echo = t,2nd Echo = 2t,3rd Echo = 3t, etc.

Thickness measurement

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Fig. 40 Calibration range: 0-10mm

Echo-No i

Sound path si

[mm] Scale factor k

[mm/scale grad.] Skalen-position Ti

[scale grad.]

1 25 10 2.5

2 50 10 5.0

3 75 10 7.5

4 100 10 10.0

si = sound path of umpteenth echoes

Ti = scale position of the umpteenth echo

k= scale factor

Thickness measurements

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5.1.3 Calibration with an angle-beam probe

Fig. 48 Different probe angels at V1 block

Fig. 49a Sound path in the V1 block without angle reflection

Fig. 49b Sound path in the V1 block with angle reflection.

Fig. 47b MWB 45-4E on Calibration Block 2

Fig. 47a WB 60-2E on Calibration Block 1

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Fig. 50 Range: 250 mm with a WB 60-2 on V1 block

Fig. 51a Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 50 mm

Fig. 51b Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 25 mm

Fig. 52 Range: 100 mm calibrated on V2, radius 25 mm.

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Fig. 54a The flaw triangle Fig. 54b Reduced surface distances and x-

value

Fig. 56a The apparent depth Fig. 56b The real reflector depth after sound

reflection

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6. Evaluation of discontinuities

Fig. 57 A large reflector in the sound beam Fig. 58b Top view with reflector for

extension.

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6.2 Evaluation of small discontinuities: The DGS method

Fig. 59 Reflectors with different areas and their echoes

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The echo heights are proportional to their area or The echo heights are proportional to the square of their diameter.

Fig. 60 Reflectors at different depths and their echoes

The echo heights reduce to the square of their distance

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Fig. 61 Distance amplitude curve of a 2 mm - disk reflector

Fig. 62 Evaluation of a discontinuity (F) using evaluation curves.

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6.4.1 Comparison of echo amplitudes

Fig. 65 Test object with a flaw: echo at 80% (reference height)

Fig. 66 Reference block: reference echo at 30%.

Fig. 67 References block: reference echo to reference

height

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6.4.2 Distance amplitude curve

Fig. 68 Reference block wiht side drilled holes and resulting echoes

Fig. 69 DAC of the reference echoes (top) and with time corrected gain (bottom).

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A SCANA SCAN

Introduction to scanning models

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SCANNING TYPES

B SCANB SCAN

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SCANNING TYPES

C SCANC SCAN

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SCANNING TYPES

D SCAND SCAN

TOFDTOFD

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SCANNING TYPES

P- SCANP- SCAN

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

The following main principles describe TOFD:

TOFD INTERPRETATION

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

1 = transmitted wave2 = reflected wave3 = through transmitted wave4 = diffracted wave at upper crack tip5 = diffracted wave at lower crack tip

1- lateral wave2 - diffraction signal at upper crack tip 3 - diffraction signal at lower crack tip 4- back wall reflection

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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Phased array

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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation

Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation

Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation

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Topic Two

Details about this topic Supporting information and

examples How it relates to your audience

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Topic Three

Details about this topic Supporting information and

examples How it relates to your audience

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Real Life

Give an example or real life anecdote

Sympathize with the audience’s situation if appropriate

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What This Means

Add a strong statement that summarizes how you feel or think about this topic

Summarize key points you want your audience to remember

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Next Steps

Summarize any actions required of your audience

Summarize any follow up action items required of you