automatic meter reading technologies and strategies howard a. scott, ph.d. cognyst consulting,...
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AutomaticAutomatic Meter Meter ReadingReading
Technologies and StrategiesTechnologies and Strategies
Howard A. Scott, Ph.D.COGNYST CONSULTING, L.L.C.
Technology and Customer Service for the Utility Industry
AMR Training, February 1, 2005
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Introduction Introduction • Introductions• Agenda• Expectations• Ground rules• Contact Information
Howard A. Scott, Ph.D.Managing PartnerCognyst Consulting, [email protected]
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Why Believe a Guy From the U.S.?
• My focus is on worldwide projects and trends
• I am here to talk technology, not politics• I know a little something about this subject• Because of my position in the industry, I get to
hear and influence people that others can’t reach
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Would Lessons from U.S. Work Here?
• Your challenge is to:– Identify key business needs– Ensure that your approach also serves
the operational needs of the utility
• Mostly Yes– Remote Metering Technologies Require Similar Efforts – AMR, Prepayment & Submetering primarily differ in
technology– The greatest challenges are usually related to people
and their needs
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AgendaAgenda• Introduction to Metering• What is Advanced Metering?• Terminology• What Drives Utilities to Deploy Advanced
Metering?• Advanced Metering Technologies• AMR Worldwide Statistics
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Introduction to Introduction to MeteringMetering
• What is a meter?
• Why use a meter?
• How does it work?
• What does a meter record?
• Electric Power Terminology
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What is a Meter?
• “Meter” – from Greek word “metron” – measure• Many different meters
– Distance (39.37 inches)– Weight (e.g., postage meter)– Rhythm (cadence or beat in music, poetry)– For this conference – a device to measure:
• The amount of energy consumed• Volume of water or gas consumed
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Why Use a Meter?
• Revenue Billing• Time-of-use metering• Real-time pricing• Load aggregation• Energy use diagnostics• Power Quality• Emergency Response• Planning and reporting
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How Does a Meter Work?
• Water or gas meter – – Usually, the flow of water or gas applies
pressure against a rotating device; – Meter counts number of rotations; – Display shows these counts converted to
express volume consumed
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How Does an Electric Meter Work?
• The rotor suspended magnetically• Current through wire coil induces magnetic torque on rotor• The higher the power, the faster the disk rotates• Display shows # rotations adjusted by conversion factor
• All digital meters just use a pickup coil
Source: www.themeterguy.com
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What Does a Meter Record?
• Water and gas meters:– Volume of water or gas flowing through meter
• Electric meters:– kWh– TOU– Load Profiles– Demands
– Current and voltage per phase
– Power factor– Errors– etc.
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Electric Power Terminology
• Kilowatt (kW – 1,000 Watts) – Power measurement or actual power available, e.g. 100 kW motor
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – Energy consumed over time measured by meter, e.g. 100 kW motor running for 3 hours uses 300 kWh
• Demand – Highest kW measured during billing period for a time interval (typically 15, 30 or 60 minutes)
• Kilovolt amperes (kVA) – Apparent power available
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More Electric Power Terminology
• kVAR – Reactive power (non-working power) lost by reactive properties of equipment [ (kVA)2=(kW)2+(kVAR)2 ]
• Power Factor – ratio of kW to kVA• Load Profile – A drawing showing kWh usage over
time• KYZ – 3 wire pulse output from a metering device to
drive external control or recording equipment (re: Handbook for Electricity Metering)
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Meter Components
• Mounting
• Measuring element
• Circuit board (logic and storage) (optional)
• Display register
• Communication interface (optional)
• Meter case
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What is Advanced What is Advanced Metering?Metering?
• Many different definitions
• Usually viewed as the integration of communication into basic metering platform
• Can be one-way or two-way
• Permits much more data to be collected than traditional manual reads
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Some Re-Definitions
• Advanced Metering (AM) – automating the metering process to include any or all of AMR, Prepayment, Submetering, Outage Management, Revenue Protection, and Active Load Control– AMR – automatic meter reading at a distance from
the meter– Prepayment – paying for a product before it is
consumed• The integration of these services is already
underway
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What is a Submeter?
• Reads consumption by one tenant
• Often sits behind a bulk meter that records consumption on entire site
• Is used to allocate charges to tenants that consume the resource
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Advanced Metering Applications
• Monthly meter reading – total consumption• Off-cycle meter reading – total consumption• Monthly kW demand read• Static time of use (e.g., peak, off-peak, shoulder)• Real-time pricing (passive load control)• Curtailment or interruptible service• Theft and tampering• Power quality monitoring• Outage detection
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TerminologyTerminology• 1-way, 1½ way, 2-way
– Any link can be 1-way or 2-way
• Inbound versus outbound (which end initiates the transaction)
• Carrier versus architecture versus protocol• System characterized by “last hop”• Meter: pulse initiator, dial-position encoder, digital
signal processor• Gateway• Transmit only, data storage, processing• AMR related to prepay, outage management
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Applications
• AMR (Automatic Meter Reading)
• Hard disconnect
• Active load control
• Prepay metering
• Outage management
• Submetering
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Advanced Metering Advanced Metering Drivers Drivers • Poor access to meters – on-
cycle, off-cycle• Problems associated with
estimates (customer service, adjustments)
• Revenue protection, theft of service
• Poor working conditions, safety, high turnover for meter readers
• Expense of manual reading
• Conservation• Aging population of
meters• Growth in system• Deregulation,
privatisation• Competitive services
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For Most Utilities, Advanced Metering Is A High Impact Project• Large capital and human resources investment• Changes the way you do business• Changes relationship with customers• Impacts a relatively large number of jobs• Reliance on telecommunications technology• Eliminates regular physical contact with meters• Alternatives (remotes, MR productivity, etc.) dilute
AMR business caseFull-scale AMR is not appropriate for every utility.
There are some meters at virtually every utility for which AMR is appropriate.
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Revenue Protection/Energy Theft Is a Major Problem Worldwide
• Some utilities’ losses >20%• Can prevent utility from operating profitably• Safety and risk to public (electrocutions, fires)• Liability issues for utilities• Critical when supply is limited• Not always indigent
that steal power• Cultural and economic
aberrations (economicsof theft “business”)
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Examples of Electric Power Theft
South America Africa
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TechnologyTechnology
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Don’t Just Focus on the Technology!!!
• Most engineers get excited about technology – A rare opportunity to use their education
• It’s not brain surgery; anyone can do it!!!• The real benefits are:
– Having reliable usage data– Using that data to reduce losses– Improving efficiency – Providing better service to your customersBoring stuff, but the purpose of your business
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Communication Communication TechnologiesTechnologies
• Power Line Communications• Radio • Telephone• Cellular (GSM, CDMA, GPRS, etc.)• Cable• Pager, Satellite• Internet• Other Broadband• Mixed, hybrid
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How do Utility Meters, Submeters Differ?
Submeter
ANSImeter
IECmeter
Prepaymeter
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Advanced Metering Sys. Components
MeasuringDevice
TIUCom
Link 1Com
Link 2
Hardware
ApplicationSoftware
DatabaseCIS/Billing
Host Controller
“LAN” “WAN”
Receiver
Encoder
Transponder
MIUDataColl.Unit
Other Apps.
• Meter Interface Unit
• Local Area Network, Wide Area Network
• Data Collection Unit, Data Concentrator
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Power Line Communications (PLC) Systems
123456
DataCollec-
tor
Concen-trator
123456
123456
SubstationBilling
System
HostController
Data-base
Trans-former
MeterInterfaceUnit
• Zero-crossing• Carrier• Broadband
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Radio Frequency Systems• Mobile and fixed systems• Specialty options: phone, paging, digital data loggers
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Some Radio Frequency Considerations• Frequency, band• Bandwidth• Low-power, unlicensed versus higher-power licensed• Power, duration and interval between signals• Packet switching protocol, network architecture• Noise rejection techniques (e.g., spread spectrum• Interference, attenuation, fading• Antennae • Power supply (collectors, gas and water MIUs)
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Telephone Systems Can Be Outbound or Inbound
123456
SignalInjector
TelcoSwitch
BillingSystem
HostController
Data-base
NetworkInterfaceDevice
MeterInterfaceUnit
RJ
RJ
Inbound:Read
InitiatedHere
Outbound:Read
InitiatedHere
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Pre-Pay Metering Systems
123456
Con-troller
ATM,Kiosk,
Vendors
Utility
CustomerInterface(display,card readeror keypad)
MIU
123456
BankClearing-
house
Data-base
Card
Recpt.
Data-base
TOKEN
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AMR Worldwide AMR Worldwide StatisticsStatistics
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USA Has Greatest Number of AMR Devices, Followed by Italy and China
81.5 Million Installed as of 1/04
Europe
Asia
Middle East
C/S America
Australia/NZ
Misc.
Africa
North America
7,88381,450,328Total:
3665,603Africa
1485,042Misc.
2992,187Australia/NZ
49161,426Central & South America
24271,728Middle East
1483,982,956Asia
36015,658,270Europe
7,22361,133,116North America
# Projects# ShippedContinent
7,88381,450,328Total:
3665,603Africa
1485,042Misc.
2992,187Australia/NZ
49161,426Central & South America
24271,728Middle East
1483,982,956Asia
36015,658,270Europe
7,22361,133,116North America
# Projects# ShippedContinent
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RF Systems Dominate USA, But PLC Systems Most Common Elsewhere
81.5 Million Installed as of 1/04 20.3 Million Installed as of 1/04
Excluding North America
Other
Mixed
Power Line
Comm.
Telephone
Radio Freq.
RF
Telephone
Smart Card
Mixed
Other
Power Line Comm.
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Total AMR Shipments by Vendor81.5 Million Installed as of 1/04
Itron
Echelon
CellNet
SchlumbergerDCSI Badger
Hunt
AMCO/Elster
Sensus
Neptune
Nanjing Sanneng
RAMAR
Keli Gen. Elec.
Forture
Others
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Advanced Metering Technologies Will Eventually Merge
• Some new projects need multiple application features
• Vendors will be unwilling to maintain parallel manufacturing lines with similar capabilities
• Utilities will want flexibility in providing services to customers
• Software vendors will offer applications that can flexibly serve different applications
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Summary• Described metering and gave several basic
definitions• Introduced Advanced Metering (AM) and related it to
AMR, prepay metering, etc.• Discussed drivers for AM and the impact of such
projects on the utility• Addressed the technical components of AM systems
and gave examples of communication technologies that are used
• Presented statistics on the extent that AM is used worldwide
• Briefly discussed the future direction of AM