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CAPSTONE PROJECT WORK REPORT

(Project Term Aug-Dec, 2014)

Automatic Control of Electrical Appliances

Submitted by

Shubham Sachan Registration Number: 11104846

B. Gopal Reddy Registration Number: 11106503

Amit Sharma Registration Number: 11108860

Saurabh Patel Registration Number: 11103372

Course Code: ELE 500

Under the Guidance of

(Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhalla)

UID: 18361

School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “Automatic Control of Electrical Appliances” is

an authentic record of our own work carried out as requirements of Capstone Project for the award

of B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Lovely Professional University,

Phagwara, under the guidance of (Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhalla), during August to December 2014.

All the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on our own intensive work

and is genuine.

Project Group Number:

Name of Student 1: Shubham Sachan

Registration Number: 11104846

Name of Student 2: B.Gopal Reddy

Registration Number: 11106503

Name of Student 3: Amit Sharma

Registration Number: 11108860

Name of Student 4: Saurabh Patel

Registration Number: 11103372

Signature of Student 1

Date:

Signature of Student 2

Date:

Signature of Student 3

Date:

Signature of Student 4

Date:

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the declaration statement made by this group of students is correct to the best

of my knowledge and belief. They have completed this Capstone Project under my guidance and

supervision. The present work is the result of their original investigation, effort and study. No part

of the work has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The Capstone Project

is fit for the submission and partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of B.Tech degree in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara.

Signature and Name of the Mentor

Designation

School of Computer Science and Engineering,

Lovely Professional University,

Phagwara, Punjab.

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we are deeply indebted to our mentor Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Bhalla who

inspiration has been unfailingly available to us at all stages of our project. This has fueled our

enthusiasm even further and encouraged us to boldly step into what was a totally dark and

unexplored expanse before for us.

We would like to thank for our teachers for his efforts, who was always ready with a positive

comment, whether it was an off-hand comment to encourage us or constructive piece of criticism.

In course of present work it has been our privilege to receive help and assistance of my friends. I

take great pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them.

At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated us for our work and motivate

us and finally to God who made all the things possible.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER`S PAGE-NO.

1) CHAPTER-1 01

1.1 INTRODUCTION 01

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 03

1.3 PROJECT FLOW CHART 04

1.4 CIRCUIT OVERVIEW 05

2) CHAPTER-2 07

2.1 PROCEDURE TO MAKE PROJECT 07

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 09

2.3 STEPS TO FABRICATE 11

3) CHAPTER-3 12

3.1 COMPONENT USED 12

3.1.1) TRANSISTOR 13

3.1.2) CAPACITOR 14

3.1.3) TYPES OF CAPACITORS 15

3.1.4) DIODE 16

3.1.5) RELAY 17

3.1.6) RESISTANCE 19

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3.1.7) SOLDERING 21

3.1.8) VOLTAGE REGULATOR 23

3.1.9) LAMP HOLDER 24

3.1.10) LAMPS 24

3.1.11) SWITCH 25

3.1.12) LED 26

3.1.13) CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 26

3.1.14) TRANSFORMER 27

3.1.15) MICROCONTROLLER 28

3.1.16) IR SENSOR 37

3.1.17) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 41

RESULT AND CONCLUSION 42

RESULT 42

CONCLUSION 42

APPLICATION 43

ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 43

LIMITATIONS 43

APPENDIX 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY 48

REFERENCE 49

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ABSTRACT

In this project, we controlled room light intensity using microcontroller. We used infrared

transmitter and receiver for this purpose. Infrared sensors are available in the market. In this circuit,

we get signal from the sensor when a person enter or exit the room then there will be the variation

in intensity of the room appliances. We used 89S52 microcontroller for this purpose which is

programmed using assembly language. In this project receiver senses the signal from transmitter

as changing in pulse while entering and leaving persons in the room occurs microcontroller will

increase or decrease the intensity of light in the room. This project is useful in many applications

like Room Lights, Air Conditioner, Controlling of machine etc.

We used two set of IR Sensors, one will count the number of persons entering and other will count

the number of persons leaving.

We used 12 MHz crystal to provide clock pulse to the microcontroller. We also used voltage

regulator and capacitor for filtering the signal.

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List of Figures:

Figure-No. Name of Figure Page-No

Fig No 1 Block Diagram of project 03

Fig No 2 Project Flow Chart 04

Fig No 3 Circuit Overview 05

Fig No 4 Circuit Diagram of Project 09

Fig No 5 LCD Interfacing 10

Fig No 6 BJT 13

Fig No 7 Capacitors 14

Fig No 8 Diodes 16

Fig No 9 Relay 17

Fig No 10 Resistances 19

Fig No 11 Soldering Iron 21

Fig No 12 Voltage Regulator 24

Fig No 13 Lamp Holder 24

Fig No 14 Lamps 25

Fig No 15 Switch 25

Fig No 16 LED’s 26

Fig No 17 Crystal Oscillator 26

Fig No 18 Transformer 27

Fig No 19 Microcontroller 29

Fig No 20 Architecture of 8051 32

Fig No 21 Block diagram 89S52 34

Fig No 22 IR Sensor 37

Fig No 23 Types of sensor 40

Fig No 24 LCD Screen 41

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LIST OF TABLES:

Table-No. Name of Table Page-No.

Table No 1 COMPONENT USED 12

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CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Electricity can be generated from many sources like Renewable and Non-renewable sources in

India 70% of electricity is generated through coal. After Generation, Transmission & Distribution

process is to be done through this consumer’s electricity and use it for their basic need, but the task

is not over here generated electricity we need to be saved. It is said that “Electricity conserved is

electricity generated”. This was the rationale to select this project.

To save Energy is our main project. The basic purpose of this project is to regulate the wastage of

room light as well as electricity. In this project we have controlled ‘Room light intensity’ by the

use of microcontroller, Infrared transmitter and receiver. Infrared sensors that, we will be using

are easily available in the market. In this circuit input signal will be generated from the sensors in

accordance with the logic that, the number of persons entering in the room will increase intensity.

We will be using AT89S52 microcontroller for this purpose. Moreover we will program

microcontroller with assembly language i.e. the programming has been done in assembly language.

In this project we have sensed the signal from infrared sensor then according to increasing number

of persons in the room microcontroller will increase the intensity of the room. In the real life

scenario, this project will help in controlling many applications like Room lights, Fan, Air

conditioner etc. Usually basic things can be controlled by this project because sometimes we forget

to turn off these appliances.

In our project, two set of IR sensors are used. One count the number of persons in increasing order

while other will decrease the number of count.

Our project has been divided into various parts, namely

1) Power supply

2) Microcontroller

3) IR sensors

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4) LCD area

5) Relay area

In our project we use 220 volt of AC supply, this 220V has been step down to 12V which is further

converted into 5 volts DC with the help of voltage regulator, as microcontroller also works on 5

Volt of DC. An LCD is also used for display the counter. The IR sensors are used at the input side

for automatic enter and exit purpose. Relays are used at the output side. When a person will enters

then one relay will be on and when it will be exit then that relay will be off. The relay works on

+12 volt DC. There are different types of relays like, SPDT, DPDT, DPST, SPST etc.

The main challenge we face in this project is that when any one stand in front of the sensor, then

the counter continuously increased, to overcome this problem, we decided to modify the sensor in

such a manner as it will sense or count 1 until it reach to the high pulse again.

This project is based for entry of five person first and for next five the next bulb glow we can

increase the counter from five to 10 or 20 it’s depending on requirement as the no. of persons

increases and depend on this lights will glow. Same logic has been applied for exit also and light

will OFF.

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1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig(i): Block Diagram of project

Micro controller

AT89S52

IR sensors

RELAY DERIVE

CIRCUITS

Power

Supply +5V TRANSFORMER

BULB

Voltage

Regulator

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1.3 PROJECT FLOW CHART:

Fig(ii):Project Flow Chart

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1.4 CIRCUIT OVERVIEW:

Fig (iii): Overview of project

OPERATED CIRCUIT:

Fig(iv): Fully Operated project

SEQUENTIALLY OPERATION

Fig(v): When 1 person enter into the room

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Fig(vi): When counter reaches to ‘5’

Fig(vii): When counter reaches to ‘10’

Fig(viii): When counter reaches to ‘15’

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CHAPTER-2

2.1 PROCREDURE TO MAKE PROJECT:

A) IDEA OF PROJECT:

At this stage we select the topic of the project. It’s the main stage of project work. It’s the area

where students shows their innovative ideas. We selected this project because we want to do

something in with our own hands. We use main electronics components used in the industry. First

of all we selected the LDR based project. Then we drop idea because it is light dependent and as

the light will on due to this light LDR will operate and our main moto will fail here.

B) STUDY MATERIAL AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

In this section we collected the study material. We searches about our project on google.com,

www.yahoo.com and www.youtube.com. As we find many circuits and theory materials for our

project. We were not sure about the circuits so we first decide to design our circuit step by step on

bread board.

C) TESTING OF MAIN CIRCUIT:

Then we collected the components of project. It was not an easy task. Because no shop in our area

have all the components. Then after collection of components we test the circuit on bread board

step by step. Because we want to sure about the circuit. We checked it in different steps because it

was a big project and was not possible to check it in a single step.

D) PCB DESIGNING:

After Testing and finishing the circuit. First of all we designed the layout on PCB, and we assemble

our circuit. There are various process for PCB designing. They are described below:

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E) SODERING:

After mounting components we solder the components one by one. And carefully we soldered the

equipment as they did not joint with each other.

F) FINAL TESING:

Final testing, we did it in my hostel as, we place entry sensor in my room and with the output wire

of this circuit, we connect the CFL of my room as the first person enter then CFL will glow, some

of my friend make it’s fun as its magic this was most interesting part of our project.

G) TROUBLSHOOTING:

Then we tried to troubleshoot the errors in the project. As the most defaulting and complicated part

is when any one is standing between the sensor for long time the counter will increases

continuously it take lots of time to resolve. Then with the help of internet those who made this

project previously we contact them and ask to them as how they resolve this problem then one of

them will tell me until and unless the pulse will not get again high it will not count it 1. So we

implement it and finally “Eureka” we did it and we remove this problem.

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2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig(ix): Circuit Diagram of project

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Fig(x): LCD interfacing with microcontroller

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2.3 STEPS TO FABRICATE:

1) We are using a PCB design for our project.

2) In our project we can make a +5volt supply for microcontroller.

3) For power supply to the circuit we have used a 12-0-12 V step down transformer.

4) Then we have used a rectifier circuit for make a DC circuit.

5) We have used a filtering circuit by using electrolyte capacitor.

6) We have used a voltage regulator.

7) For output we have used bulb.

8) We have used a 40 pin IC base for microcontroller.

9) We are using a crystal oscillator for oscillations.

10) We have used a reset circuit.

11) We have used a variable resistance.

12) We have used relay circuits using transistors and resistance at the output side of the

microcontroller.

13) We are using SPDT relays which will be work at +12 volt DC.

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CHAPTER-3

In this project we used different electrical and electronics component such as

transistors, transformers, resistors, microcontroller, diodes etc.

These components are described below:

3.1 COMPONENT USED:

S.NO. COMPONENT USED QUANTITY

1 TRANSFORMER 12-0-12 1

2 DIODES IN4007 2

3 ELECTROLYTE CAP 3

4 LED 1

5 IR SENSOR PAIR 2

6 RESISTORS 20

7 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER 1

8 RELAYS 4

9 TRANSISTORS 8

10 CRYSTAL 1

11 CERAMIC CAP 2

12 WIRES 50m

13 MAIN LEAD 1

14 HOLDER 4

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3.1.1 TRANSISTOR:

A transistor is semi-conductor device consisting of three regions separated by two P-N junctions.

The three regions are Base, Emitter & Collector.

The base may be of N- type or P- type. The emitter and collector have same impurities but different

from that of base. Thus if base is of N- type then emitter and collector are of P- type then transistor

is called P-N-P transistor and vice versa transistor is called N-P-N transistor.

The base is made thin and number density of majority carriers is always less than emitter and

collector. The base provides junction for proper interaction between emitter and collector.

Electrons are majority charge carriers in N- region and in P-region, holes are the majority charge

carriers. Thus two types of charge carriers are involved in current flow through N-P-N or P-N-P

transistor.

A) SYMBOLS FOR TRANSISTORS:

In schematic symbols, the emitter is always represented by an arrow indicating the direction of

conventional current in the device. In case of N-P-N transistor arrow points away from base and

in case of P-N-P transistor it points towards base.

When transistor is used in circuit, emitter - base junction is always forward biased while base -

collector junction is always reverse biased.

Fig(xi): BJT

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B) CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR:

The two junctions can be biased in four different ways:

Both junctions may be forward biased. It causes large current to flow across junctions.

Transistor is to be operated in “SATURATION REGION”.

Both junctions may be reversed biased. It causes very small current to flow across

junctions. Transistor is to be operated in “CUT OFF REGION”.

E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction is reverse biased. The transistor is said to

be operated in “ACTIVE REGION”. Most of the transistors work in this region.

E-B junction is reversed biased and C-B junction is forward biased. The transistor is said

to be operated in “INVERTED MODE”.

3.1.2 CAPACITORS:

A capacitor can store charge, and its capacity to store charge is called capacitance. Capacitors

consist of two conducting plates, separated by an insulating material (known as dielectric). The

two plates are joined with two leads. The dielectric could be air, mica, paper, ceramic, polyester,

polystyrene, etc. This dielectric gives name to the capacitor. Like paper capacitor, mica capacitor

etc

.

Fig(xii): Capacitors

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3.1.3 TYPE OF CAPACITORS:

Capacitors can be broadly classified in two categories, i.e., Electrolytic capacitors and Non-

Electrolytic capacitors as shown if the figure above.

A) ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:

Electrolytic capacitors have an electrolyte as a dielectric. When such an electrolyte is charged,

chemical changes takes place in the electrolyte. If it’s one plate is charged positively, same plate

must be charged positively in future. We call such capacitors as polarized. Normally we see

electrolytic capacitor as polarized capacitors and the leads are marked with positive or negative on

the can. Non-electrolyte capacitors have dielectric material such as paper, mica or ceramic.

Therefore, depending upon the dielectric, these capacitors are classified.

B) MICA CAPACITOR:

It is sandwich of several thin metal plates separated by thin sheets of mica. Alternate plates are

connected together and leads attached for outside connections. The total assembly is encased in a

plastic capsule or Bakelite case. Such capacitors have small capacitance value (50 to 500pf) and

high working voltage (500V and above). The mica capacitors have excellent characteristics under

stress of temperature variation and high voltage application. These capacitors are now replaced by

ceramic capacitors.

C) CERAMIC CAPACITOR:

Such capacitors have disc or hollow tabular shaped dielectric made of ceramic material such as

titanium dioxide and barium titanate. Thin coating of silver compounds is deposited on both sides

of dielectric disc, which acts as capacitor plates. Leads are attached to each sides of the dielectric

disc and whole unit is encapsulated in a moisture proof coating. Disc type capacitors have very

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high value up to 0.001uf. Their working voltages range from 3V to 60000V. These capacitors have

very low leakage current. Breakdown voltage is very high.

D) PAPER CAPACITOR:

It consists of thin foils, which are separated by thin paper or waxed paper. The sandwich of foil

and paper is then rolled into a cylindrical shape and enclosed in a paper tube or encased in a plastic

capsules. The lead at each end of the capacitor is internally attached to the metal foil. Paper

capacitors have capacitance ranging from 0.0001uf to 2.0uf and working voltage rating as high as

2000V.

3.1.4 DIODES:

Diodes are polarized, which means that they must be inserted into the PCB the correct way round.

This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one direction (like air will only

flow one way through a tire valve). Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The

cathode is always identified by a dot, ring or some other mark.

Fig(xii): Diodes

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The PCB is often marked with a +sign for the cathode end. Diodes come in all shapes and sizes.

They are often marked with a type number. Detailed characteristics of a diode can be found by

looking up the type number in a data book. If you know how to measure resistance with a meter

then test some diodes. A good one has low resistance in one direction and high in other. They are

specialized types of diode available such as the zener and light emitting diode (LED).

3.1.5 RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. The relay contacts can be made to operate in the pre-

arranged fashion. For instance, normally open contacts close and normally closed contacts open.

In electromagnetic relays, the contacts however complex they might be, they have only two

position i.e. OPEN and CLOSED, whereas in case of electromagnetic switches, the contacts can

have multiple positions.

Fig(xiv): Relay

A) NEED OF THE RELAY:

The reason behind using relay for switching loads is to provide complete electrical isolation. The

means that there is no electrical connection between the driving circuits and the driven circuits.

The driving circuit may be low voltage operated low power circuits that control several kilowatts

of power. In our circuit where a high fan could be switched on or off depending upon the output

from the telephone.

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Since the relay circuit operated on a low voltage, the controlling circuit is quite safe. In an

electromagnetic relay the armature is pulled by a magnetic force only. There is no electrical

connection between the coil of a relay and the switching contacts of the relay. If there are more

than one contact they all are electrically isolated from each other by mounting them on insulating

plates and washers. Hence they can be wired to control different circuits independently.

B) TYPES OF RELAY:

1. Electromagnetic relay

2. Power Relay

3. Time Delay Relay

4. Latching Relay

5. Crystal Can Relay

6. Co-axial Relay

1. Electromagnetic relay:

An electromagnetic relay in its simplest form consists of a coil, a DC current passing through

which produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field attracts an armature, which in turn operates

the contacts. Normally open contacts close and normally closed contacts open. Electromagnetic

relays are made in a large variety of contacts forms.

2. Power relays:

Power relays are multi-pole heavy duty lapper type relays that are capable of switching resistive

loads of up to 25amp. These relays are widely used for a variety of industrial application like

control of fractional horse power motors, solenoids, heating elements and so on. These relays

usually have button like silver alloy contacts and the contact welding due to heavy in rush current

is avoided by wiping action of the contacts to quench the arc during high voltage DC switching

thus avoiding the contact welding.

3. Time Delay Relay:

A time delay relay is the one in which there is a desired amount of time delay between the

application of the actuating signal and operation of the load switching devices.

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4. Latching Relay:

In a Latching Relay, the relay contacts remain in the last energized position even after removal of

signal in the relay control circuit. The contacts are held in the last relay-energized position after

removal of energisation either electrically or magnetically. The contacts can be released to the

normal position electrically or mechanically.

5. Crystal Can Relay:

They are so called, as they resemble quartz crystal in external shapes. These are high performance

hermetically sealed miniature or sub-miniature relay widely used in aerospace and military

application. These relays usually have gold plated contacts and thus have extremely low contact

resistance. Due to low moment of inertia of the armature and also due to statically and dynamically

balanced nature of armature, these relays switch quite reliably even under extreme condition of

shock and vibration.

6. Co-axial Relay:

A Co-axial Relay has two basic parts, an actuator which is nothing but some kind of a coil and a

cavity, housing the relay contacts. The co-axial relay are extensively used for radio frequency

switching operations of equipment.

3.1.6 RESISTANCE:

Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is

proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law:

Fig(xv): Resistance

V=IR

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Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most

electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as

resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working

voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and

inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits

the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical

resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and

position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically

large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

A) TYPE OF RESISTANCE:

1. Carbon composition type resistors

2. Wire wound resistors

3. Metalized resistors

4. Variable resistors

1. Carbon composition type resistors:

This is the most common type of low wattage resistor. The resistive material is of carbon-clay

composition and the leads are made of tinned copper. These resistors are cheap and reliable and

stability is high.

2. Wire wound resistors:

These resistors are a length of wire wound an insulating cylindrical core. Usually wires of material

such as constantan (60% copper and 40% nickel) and manganin which have high resistivities and

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low temperature coefficients are employed. The completed wire wound resistor is coated with an

insulating material such as baked enamel.

3. Metalized resistors:

It is constructed using film deposition techniques of depositing a thick film of resistive material

onto an insulating substrate. Only approximate values of resistance can be had by this method.

4. Variable resistors:

For circuits requiring a resistance that can be adjusted while it remains connected in the circuit,

variable resistors are required. They usually have 3 lead two fixed and one movable.

B) UNIT:

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm.

Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm

(1x10−3), kilo ohm (1x103), and mega ohm (1x106).

3.1.7 SOLDERING:

Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductors the joint where two metal conductors

are to be joined or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then as allow of tin and

lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the joint.

Fig(xvi): Soldering Iron & Flux

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Quickly to ensure is good and durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint

solder also present oxidation.

A) SOLDERING AND DE-SOLDERING TECHNIQUES:

There are basically two soldering techniques:

I. Manual soldering with iron.

II. Mass soldering.

The iron consist of an insulated handle connected via a metal shank to the bit the function of bit is

to:

1. Stare host & convey it to the component.

2. To store and deliver molten solder flux.

3. To remove surplus solder from joints.

Soldering bit are made of copper because it has good heat capacity & thermal conductivity. It may

erode after long term use to avoid it coating of nickel or tin is used.

B) SOLDERING WITH IRON:

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron switched on & bellowed

to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied hear the component to be

soldered & heated with iron. The surface to be soldered is filled, iron is removed & the joint is

cold without disturbing.

Solder joint are supposed to:

1. Provide permanent low resistance path.

2. Make a robust mechanical link between PCB & leads of components.

3. Allow heat flow between component, joining elements & PCB.

4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.

5. The following precaution should be taken while soldering.

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6. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.

7. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.

8. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering instead of asking the iron.

9. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.

10. Clean component lead & copper pad before soldering.

11. Use proper tool for component handling instead of direct handling.

12. Apply solder between component leads, PCB pattern & tip of soldering iron.

13. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint s for 2-3 second s only instead of keeping for very

long or very small time.

3.1.8 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices due to the

semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as well as voltage. The

device may get damaged if there is any deviation from the fixed rate. The AC power supply gets

converted into constant DC by this circuit. By the help of a voltage regulator DC, unregulated

output will be fixed to a constant voltage. The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805

along with capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes. From giving an

unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output reaches uninterrupted to the

appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated efficient signal conveyed.

As we have made the whole circuit till now to be operated on the 5V DC supply, so we have to

use an IC regulator for 5V DC. And the most generally used IC regulators get into the market for

5V DC regulation use is 7805. So we are connecting the similar IC in the circuit as U1.

IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V. This IC is very flexible and is widely employed in all types

of circuit like a voltage regulator. It is a three terminal device and mainly called input, output and

ground. Pin diagram of the IC 7805 is shown in the diagram below.

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Fig(xvii): Voltage Regulator

3.1.9 LAMP HOLDER:

Lamps are usually inserted in lamp holder sockets which provide electrical connections to the lamp

and support it in the lighting fixture. The use of sockets allows lamps to be safely and conveniently

replaced (re-lamping) at the end of life, or to change power, color, lighting technology or etc. There

are many different standards for these lamp holders.

Fig(xviii): Lamp Holder

3.1.10 LAMPS:

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light which

produces light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing

through it, until it glows.

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Fig(xix): Lamps

The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas

or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that

redeposit metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electrical

current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket

which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

3.1.11 SWITCH:

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for

controlling some aspect of a machine or process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,

usually plastic or metal.

Fig(xx): Switch

We use push button in our project for reset purpose. If the system will hang due to any reason so

with this switch we can reset our system so it can operate normally again.

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3.1.12 LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a basic pn-

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied to the

leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in

the form of photons.

Fig(xxi): LED’s

3.1.13 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:

One of the most important features of any oscillator is its frequency stability, or in other words its

ability to provide a constant frequency output under varying load conditions. Some of the factors

that affect the frequency stability of an oscillator generally include: variations in temperature,

variations in the load as well as changes to its DC power supply voltage to name a few.

Frequency stability of the output signal can be improved by the proper selection of the components

used for the resonant feedback circuit including the amplifier but there is a limit to the stability

that can be obtained from normal LC and RC tank circuits.

Fig(xxii): Crystal Oscillator

27

3.1.14 TRANSFORMER:

Transformer works on the principle of mutual inductance. We know that if two coils or windings

are placed on the core of iron, and if we pass alternating current in one winding, back emf or

induced voltage is produced in the second winding. We know that alternating current always

changes with the time. So if we apply AC voltage across one winding, a voltage will be induced

in the other winding. Transformer works on this same principle. It is made of two windings wound

around the same core of iron. The winding to which AC voltage is applied is called primary

winding. The other winding is called as secondary winding.

In this project we need 12 volt supply as for relay so we step down 230V to 12V with the help of

step down transformer and further we need 5V for micro controller for this we use voltage regulator

because it operate only on 5V. We use 12-0-12 V transformer which means ‘12V’ on one side and

‘12V’ on one side and ‘0V’ means earth or ground.

Fig(xxiii):Transformer

A) VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RELATIONSHIP:

Let V1 volts be input alternating voltage applied to primary winding. I1 Amp is input alternating

current through primary winding. V2 volt is output alternating voltage produced in the secondary.

I2 amp be the current flowing through the secondary.

28

Then relationship between input and output voltages is given by

V1/V2 = N1/N2

Relationship between input and output currents is

I1/I2 = N2/N1

(Where N1 is no. of turns of coil in primary and N2 is number of turns in secondary)

We know that Power = Current X Voltage. It is to be noted that input power is equal to output

power. Power is not changed. If V2 is greater than V1, then I2 will be less than I1. This type of

transformer is called as step up transformer. If V1 is Greater than V2, then I1 will be less than I2.

This type of transformer is called as step down transformer.

For step up transformer, N2>N1, i.e., number of turns of secondary winding is more than those in

primary. For step down transformer, N1>N2, i.e., numbers of turns of primary winding is more

than those in secondary.

3.1.15 MICROCONTROLLER:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of

in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction

set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-

system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32

I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level

interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,

the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two

software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,

29

timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode

saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next

interrupt or hardware reset.

A) FEATURES:

1. 8 KB Reprogrammable flash

2. 32 Programmable I/O lines

3. 16 bit Timer/Counter 3

4. 8 Interrupt sources

5. Power range: 4V – 5.5V

6. Endurance: 1000 Writes / Erase cycles

7. Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz’s

8. Three level program memory lock

9. Power off flag

10. Full duplex UART serial channel

11. Low power idle and power down modes

12. Interrupt recovery from power down modes

13. 256 KB internal RAM

14. Dual data pointer

Fig(xxiv): Microcontroller

30

B) DESCRIPTION:

The AT89s52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2 Kbytes of

Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using

Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard

MCS-51Ô instruction set and pin out.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89s52 is a

powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many

embedded control applications.

The AT89s52 provides the following standard features: 8 Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15

I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex

serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the

AT89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two

software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,

timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode

saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next

hardware reset.

C) 8051 MICRO CONTROLLER:

Intel 8051 is CISC architecture which is easy to program in assembly language and also has a good

support for High level languages. The memory of the microcontroller can be extended up to 64k.

This microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to learn.

The 8051 microcontroller is in the field for more than 20 years. There are lots of books and study

materials are readily available for 8051.

The best thing done by Intel is to give the designs of the 8051 microcontroller to everyone. So it

is not the fact that Intel is the only manufacture for the 8051 there more than 20 manufactures,

31

with each of minimum 20 models. Literally there are hundreds of models of 8051 microcontroller

available in market to choose. Some of the major manufactures of 8051 are:

1. Philips

2. Dallas

3. Atmel

1. Philips:

The Philips‘s 8051 derivatives has more number of features than in any microcontroller. The costs

of the Philips microcontrollers are higher than the Atmel’s which makes us to choose Atmel more

often than Philips.

2. Dallas:

Dallas has made many revolutions in the semiconductor market. Dallas’s 8051 derivative is the

fastest one in the market. It works 3 times as fast as a 8051 can process. But we are unable to get

more in India.

3. Atmel:

These people were the one to master the flash devices. They are the cheapest microcontroller

available in the market. Atmel’s even introduced a 20pin variant of 8051 named 2051. The Atmel’s

8051 derivatives can be got in India less than 70 rupees. There are lots of cheap programmers

available in India for Atmel. So it is always good for students to stick with 8051 when you learn a

new microcontroller.

D) ARCHITECTURE:

Architecture is must to learn because before learning new machine it is necessary to learn the

capabilities of the machine. This is something like before learning about the car you cannot become

a good driver. The architecture of the 8051 is given below.

32

Fig(xxv): Architecture of 8051

1. Fully Static Operation: 1 MHz to 24 MHz’s

2. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

3. Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

4. Six Interrupt Sources (5 Vectored)

5. Programmable Serial Channel

6. Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

The 8051 has an 8-Bit CPU that means it is able to process 8 bit of data at a time. 8051 has 235

instructions.

Let’s now move on to a practical example. We shall work on a simple practical application and

using the example as a base, shall explore the various features of the 8051 microcontroller.

E) PIN CONFIGURATION OF IC 89S52:

VCC pin of this IC is pin no 40. Normally we apply a 5 volt regulated dc power supply to this pin.

For this purpose either we use step down transformer power supply or we use 9 volt battery with

7805 regulator.

GND pin of this IC is pin no 20. Pin no 20 is normally connected to the ground pin normally

negative point of the power supply.

33

XTAL is connected to the pin no 18 and pin no 19 of this IC. The quartz crystal oscillator

connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 PIN. These pins also needs two capacitors of 30 pf value. One

side of each capacitor is connected to crystal and other pin is connected to the ground point.

Normally we connect a 12 MHz or 11.0592 MHz crystal with this IC. But we use crystal up to 20

MHz to this pins.

RESET PIN no 9 is the reset pin of this IC. It is an active high pin. On applying a high pulse to

this pin, the micro controller will reset and terminate all activities. This is often referred to as a

power on reset. The high pulse must be high for a minimum of 2 machine cycles before it is allowed

to go low.

PORT 0 occupies a total of 8 pins. Pin no 32 to pin no 39. It can be used for input or output. We

connect all the pins of the port 0 with the pull up resistor (10kohm) externally. This is due to fact

that port 0 is an open drain mode. It is just like an open collector transistor.

PORT1 ALL the ports in microcontroller is 8 bit wide pin no 1 to pin no 8 because it is an 8 bit

controller. All the main register are mainly 8 bit wide. Port 1 is also occupies an 8 pins. But there

is no need of pull up resistor in this port. Upon reset port 1 act as an input port. Upon reset all the

ports act as an input port.

PORT2 It also have an 8 pins. It can be used as an input or output. There is no need of any pull

up resistor to this pin.

PORT 3 It occupies a total 8 pins from pin no 10 to pin no 17. It can be used as input or output.

Port 3 does not require any pull up resistor. The same as port 1 and port2. Port 3 is configured as

an output port on reset. Port 3 has the additional function of providing some important signals such

as interrupts. Port 3 also use for serial communication.

ALE It is an output pin and is active high. When connecting an 8031 to external memory, port 0

provides both address and data. In other words, the 8031 multiplexes address and data through port

0 to save pins. The ALE pin is used for DE multiplexing the address and data by connecting to the

IC 74ls373 chip.

PSEN stands for program store enable. In an 8031 based system in which an external rom holds

the program code, this pin is connected to the OE pin of the rom.

EA In 89c51 8751 or any other family member of the Atmel 89c51 series all come with on-chip

rom to store programs, in such cases the EA pin is connected to the Vcc. For family member 8031

and 8032 is which there is no on chip rom, code is stored in external memory and this is fetched

34

by 8031. In that case EA pin must be connected to GND pin to indicate that the code is stored

externally.

F) BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig(xxvi): Block diagram of 89S52

35

G) SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER (SFR) ADDRESSES:

ACC ACCUMULATOR 0E0H

B B REGISTER 0F0H

PSW PROGRAM STATUS WORD 0D0H

SP STACK POINTER 81H

DPTR DATA POINTER 2 BYTES

DPL LOW BYTE OF DPTR 82H

DPH HIGH BYTE OF DPTR 83H

P0 PORT0 80H

P1 PORT1 90H

P2 PORT2 0A0H

P3 PORT3 0B0H

TMOD TIMER/COUNTER MODE CONTROL 89H

TCON TIMER COUNTER CONTROL 88H

TH0 TIMER 0 HIGH BYTE 8CH

TLO TIMER 0 LOW BYTE 8AH

TH1 TIMER 1 HIGH BYTE 8DH

TL1 TIMER 1 LOW BYTE 8BH

SCON SERIAL CONTROL 98H

SBUF SERIAL DATA BUFFER 99H

PCON POWER CONTROL 87H

H) SOFTWARE:

Keil compiler for programming.

Window xp exists which allows us to communicate with the vast 3 control lines as well as either

4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit

data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD 44780 standard requires 3 control

lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to

operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require

36

a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used,

the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

Will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data

bus is used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the

data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. The EN line is called "Enable." This

control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your

program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data

on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0

transition tells the 44780 to take the data currently found on the other control lines and on the data

bus and to treat it as a command.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command

or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data

being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter

"T" on the screen you would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data

bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or

reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write

commands--so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the

user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4,

DB5, DB6, and DB7.

37

3.1.16 IR SENSOR:

Infrared radiation is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than

visible light wavelengths, but smaller than microwaves, i.e., the region

Fig(xxvii): IR Sensor

Roughly from 0.75µm to 1000 µm is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to human

eyes. The wavelength region of 0.75µm to 3 µm is called near infrared, the region from 3 µm to 6

µm is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6 µm is called far infrared. (The demarcations

are not rigid; regions are defined differently by many).

There are different types of IR sensors working in various regions of the IR spectrum but the

physics behind "IR sensors" is governed by three laws:

A) PLANCK’S RADIATION LAW:

Every object at a temperature T not equal to 0 K emits radiation. Infrared radiant energy is

determined by the temperature and surface condition of an object. Human eyes cannot detect

differences in infrared energy because they are primarily sensitive to visible light energy from 400

to 700 nm. Our eyes are not sensitive to the infrared energy.

38

B) STEPHEN BOLTZMANN LAW:

The total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute temperature

as:

C) WEIN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW:

Wein’s Law tells that objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different

wavelengths. It provides the wavelength for maximum spectral radiant emittance for a given

temperature.

The relationship between the true temperature of the black body and its peak spectral existence or

dominant wavelength is described by this law.

The world is not full of black bodies; rather it comprises of selectively radiating bodies like rocks,

water, etc. and the relationship between the two is given by emissivity (E).

Emissivity depends on object color, surface roughness, moisture content, degree of compaction,

field of view, viewing angle & wavelength.

39

D) ELEMENT OF INFRARED DETECTION SYSTEM:

A typical system for detecting infrared radiation is given in the following block diagram:

1. Infrared Source:

All objects above 0 K radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared sources. Infrared sources also

include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, and various others. For active IR

sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR wavelengths are used as IR sources.

2. Transmission Medium:

Three main types of transmission medium used for Infrared transmission are vacuum, the

atmosphere, and optical fibers.

The transmission of IR radiation is affected by presence of CO2, water vapor and other elements

in the atmosphere. Due to absorption by molecules of water carbon dioxide, ozone, etc. the

atmosphere highly attenuates most IR wavelengths leaving some important IR windows in the

electromagnetic spectrum; these are primarily utilized by thermal imaging/ remote sensing

applications.

E) TYPE OF SENSOR:

1. BREAK BEAM SENSORS:

This type of sensors consists of a pair of light emitting and light detecting elements. Infrared source

transmits a beam of light towards a remote IR receiver creating an “electronic fence”. Once a beam

is broken/interrupted due to some opaque object, output of detector changes and associated

electronic circuitry takes appropriate actions.

40

Typical applications of such sensors are intrusion detection, shaft encoder (for measurement of

rotation angle/rate of rotation)

Fig(xxviii): Break beam sensor

2. REFLECTANCE SENSORS:

This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing in such a way

that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is reflected into a detector. Amount

of light reflected into the detector depends upon the reflectivity of the surface.

This principle is used in intrusion detection, object detection (measure the presence of an object in

the sensor’s FOV), barcode decoding, and surface feature detection (detecting features painted,

taped, or otherwise marked onto the floor), wall tracking (detecting distance from the wall).

Fig(xxix): Reflectance sensor

It can also be used to scan a defined area; the transmitter emits a beam of light into the scan zone,

the reflected light is used to detect a change in the reflected light thereby scanning the desired

zone.

F) APPLICATION OF IR SENSOR:

1. Radiation thermometers.

2. Moisture analyzers.

41

3. Gas Analyzers.

4. IR Imaging devices.

5. Remote sensing.

6. Missile Guidance.

7. Human body detection.

3.1.17 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

Liquid Crystal Display is made use in various kinds of devices from small display screen in

calculator and to large screens in televisions. There are lots of advantages in using the LCD

displays in systems like power efficiency, thin size, low cost etc. LCD based small display modules

are normally found in all kinds of embedded devices. The LCD even though looks simple, but it

is actually difficult to make it work.

Fig(xxx): LCD Screen

The LCD works with voltage pulses only and that with precise timing and voltage levels. Hence

special kinds of LCD drivers are developed to drive the LCD. Two or more of this kind of driver

ICs together with the LCD screen forms LCD modules which are normally found in embedded

systems. The LCD module makes a system stand-alone which can take input and display the

corresponding output. This particular project demonstrates how to interface a 16x2 LCD display.

42

RESULT AND CONCLUSONS

RESULT:

The result of this project is to operate our home appliances in the ON and OFF condition by using

IR SENSORS. Firstly we give the input to the microcontroller through IR sensors. When we enter

the room, it will on the room light. When we exit from the room then room light will be off.

As the intensity of the room increases number of operated bulb will increases and same things

happen when the people will leave the room means the bulb will OFF as the counter tends to zero.

In this project basically happen that when the person will cut the sensor then the counter will count

and depend on this the room light will ON vice versa as the person left the light will be OFF

automatically, this will happen with the help of microcontroller.

CONCLUSION:

In this industrialized world of 21st century one thing that is becoming most precious after food, air

and water is ‘Electricity’. So along with production, regulation of consumption also becomes an

important aspect. We can regulate consumption by various means. In this particular project we

have implemented a system using different electronics and electrical devices for the regulation of

electricity consumption within a room.

In this project with the help of IR Sensor we can control the room lights. As the number of persons

enters the room, intensity of the room increases and intensity of the room will decreases when they

leaves the room. With the entering and exit procedure we can control the room lights and other

home appliances.

“Electricity Conserved is Electricity Generated”

43

APPLICATIONS:

1. There are several areas for application of voice recognition technology.

2. Automatic controlled appliances and toys.

3. In Banks.

4. In our residential areas.

5. Our Offices.

6. On Road.

7. To control room light intensity acc. To manpower.

8. To controlling parking light intensity acct. to no of cars.

9. To change the motor speed according to increasing material in a machine.

ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:

1. It can be used in various rooms like seminar halls, where the capacity of the room is limited and

should not be exceeded.

2. It can be used in our homes because we often forget to switch off our room lights.

3. It helps in energy conservation.

4. In future, we can send this data to remote areas using mobile or internet.

5. Voice alarm system can be used to indicate that room is full & person can’t enter inside.

LIMITATIONS:

If more than one person crosses the sensor at a time it can only detect as one person entered or

leaved. So while using this project there should be a certain delay between two persons crossing

the sensor.

44

APPENDIX

Project coding

; New energy saver

m1 equ p2.0

m2 equ p2.1

m3 equ p2.2

m4 equ p2.6

RS BIT P2.5

RW BIT P2.4

E BIT P2.3

FL BIT P0.7

LCD EQU P0

C1 EQU 31H

C2 EQU 32H

C3 EQU 33H

ORG 00H

AJMP START

ORG 30H

START:

MOV LCD, #00H

MOV C1, #0

MOV C2, #0

MOV C3, #0

; MOV R0, #100

; MOV R1, #00 ; AMOUNT

; MOV R2, #01H

; MOV R3, #1

MOV A, #38H ; 2*16 MATRIX

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A, #02 ; RETURN HOME

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A, #01 ; CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A, #0CH ; DISPLAY ON CURSOR OFF

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A, #80H ; MOVE CURSOR TO FIRST LINE SECOND COLOUMN

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR, #TABLE1 ; DISPLAY ERP

ACALL DISPLAY

ACALL DELAY

MOV r1, #00

mov r0, #10

45

start1: ; bulb will be on.

mov a, r1

cjne a,#01h,j222

mov p3,#11111110b

j222:

cjne a,#02h,j333

mov p3,#11111100b

j333:

cjne a,#03h,j444

mov p3,#11111000b

j444:

cjne a,#04h,j555

mov p3,#11110000b

j555:acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

acall delay

ACALL READING

j1:jnb p1.0,j2

acall bulb3 ; left

j2:jnb p1.1,j1 ;right

acall bulb4

sjmp start1

bulb3:

inc r1

ACALL READING

acall glow

sjmp start1

bulb4:

dec r1

ACALL READING

acall glow

46

sjmp start1

READING:

ACALL LCDCLR

MOV A, #80H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR, #TABLE2

ACALL DISPLAY

MOV A, #0C0H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR, #TABLE4

ACALL DISPLAY

MOV A, R1

RET

glow:

clr p2.0

acall delay1

ret

WRITE

RET

LCDCLR:

MOV A, #01H ; CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN

ACALL COMMAND

RET; DISPLAY DATA ON LCD

DISPLAY:

CLR A

MOVC A,@A+DPTR

ACALL WRITE

INC DPTR

JMP DISPLAY

NEXT:

RET

WRITE:

ACALL CHKBUSY

MOV LCD, A

SETB RS

CLR RW

SETB E

acall delay

CLR E

RET

COMMAND:

MOV LCD, A

CLR RS

47

CLR RW

SETB E

acall delay

CLR E

RET

delay1:

MOV R6, #255

AGAIN: MOV R7, #255

BACK: DJNZ R7, BACK

DJNZ R6, AGAIN

RET

TABLE1: DB 'ENERGY SAVER', 0

TABLE2: DB 'ENERGY SAVER', 0

TABLE3: DB '***', 0

TABLE4: DB 'C.ST.', 0

End

48

BIBLIYOGRAPHY

1. HAND BOOK OF ELECTRONICS A.K. MAINI.

2. LET US C YASHWANT KANITKAR.

3. SHYAM SERIES TATA MC GRILL.

4. DIGITAL SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RONALD LTOCCI.

(Sixth addition)

5. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU (MARCH 1998).

6. DIGITAL DESIGN MORIS MANO.

(Second addition)

7. MODERN ALL ABOUT MOTHERBOARD LOTHIA, M.

(Bpb-publishers)

8. OWER SUPPLY FOR ALL OCCASION SHARMA, MC.

(Bpb-publishers)

9. CMOS DATA BOOK (74SERIES) ECA.

(Bpb-publishers)

10. PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER DESIGN HAND BOOK LABON. E.

(Bpb-publishers)

49

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