automated parking enforcement systems

AUTOMATED PARKING ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

GROUP 15Balachandran Jayachandran(Radar TX )Sachin Kumar Asokan (Radar RX)Arun Nagar Nadarajan(Satellite TX)Nithin Venkatraman (Satellite RX)

Problem

Other Issues• In modern times, parking vehicles is not only a costly affair but

also a tedious task, not only for the vehicle owners but also for the Parking Enforcement.

• Car owners have difficulties in locating empty slots in parking spaces even when there is a presence of vacant spots.

• They also spend considerable amount of their valuable time buying parking tokens.

Wastage of fuel & cost (analyzing on a broad spectrum) 797 out of a 1000 people in USA use cars. Cost of 1 gallon of gas = $3.596 Everyday a driver wanders about 500m in search of a

parking spot. So, in a month, 500x30 = 15km or (1 liter of gas) This corresponds to $1 per person per month (huh?) This means $250 million per month !!!!! And this is just USA, so imagine if we do this math for

the entire world. (Hint : That is a LOT !!)

Solution

• The proposed system allows only authorized users with a valid RFID smart-pass to enter the parking area , thereby eliminating problems like congestion and parking violations.

• The collected vehicle information along with the time and duration of parking are transmitted through a satellite link from the local control unit to the remote central hub where the database is managed and the customers are charged accordingly making the system more solid in the security point of view.

• RADAR equipment moving on rails are employed to detect the availability of empty parking slots and the availability information is displayed to the user entering the parking area.

Top Level System

Local control Unit

Remote Central

Hub

Display

LEO Satellite

RFID detection

Radar signals

Park

ing

Lot

A movable scanning radar that checks for vacancy in the slots

Occupied

Vacant

Top Level Specifications

PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONSType of Radar Adjustable field

RadarAntenna Gain Horn Antenna

Center Frequency

24 Ghz

Bandwidth 200 MhzAntenna Gain 20 dB

Transmit Power 30 dBm

Receiver Sensitivity

-50 dBm

Radar Range 20mBeamwidth 20o

PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONSModulation BPSKAntenna Type ParabolicCenter Frequency 8 GHz

Power Transmitted 30 dBm

Bandwidth 200 MHZTransmitting Antenna Gain

25 dB

Receiver Antenna Gain

30 dB

Receiver Sensitivity -90dBm

Range 1500 Km(LEO)

RADAR SATELLITE

AMPLIFIER

LPF

LPF BPFHORN

ANTENNA

BPF

RADAR TRANSCEIVER MODULE

LO

MIXER

MIXER

LO

CIRCULATOR

LNASIGNAL PROCESSING

WAVEFORM GENERATOR

POWER AMPLIFIER

LIMITER

RADAR TRANSMITTER VSS

Gmax = 33dBGmin = 25 dB

Pmax = 38dBmPmin = 30dBm

RADAR Hand Calculation

Pt=33.89 dBm , Gt=28.89 dB, f=24Ghzλ = 3 x 108 / 24 x 109 = 0.0125mRCS = 3m2 R = 20m

Pr = Pmin = -30.52dBm

Receiver Power Calculation Range CalculationPt=33.89dBm , Gt=20 dBi, f=24Ghzλ = 3 x 108 / 24 x 109 = 0.0125mRCS = 3m2

Rmax = 27.58m

Power Added Efficiency

= [(2499.06 – 3.16)/14240 ]x 100

PAE = 12.68%

Waveform Generator

PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONManufacturer Mini CircuitsModel Number ROS- 4415-119+Frequency Range 4.214- 4.415 GHzOutput Power 5dBmSupply Voltage(Vdd) 5VSupply Current 40 mAOperating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C

Low Pass Filter

Parameter Specification

Manufacturer Mini-Circuits

Model Number LFCN-5000+

Loss 0.6 dB

Corner Frequency (fco) 5.58GHz

Max. RF Input Power 9 W


Manufacturer Hittite Microwave

Model Number HMC - 560

Frequency Range 24 - 40 GHz

Conversion Loss 8 dB

LO to RF 35 dB

LO to IF 32 dB

RF to IF 22 dB

Output 1dB Compression Point 5 dBm

Mixer


Manufacturer MITEQ

Model Number PLDRO-005-FREQ-3-15P

Frequency Range 13.4 – 26.8 Ghz

Output Power 13dBm

Supply Voltage(Vdd) 15V

Supply Current 600 mA

Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C

Local Oscillator

Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer MARKI microwave

Model Number FB-2480

Loss 3 dB

Frequency Range 21.1-28.5GHz

Power Amplifier

Parameter SpecificationManufacturer TriQuint SemiconductorsModel Number TGA4531Gain 23dBOutput 1dB Compression Point 31 dBmFrequency Range 17 to 24 GhzDC Voltage 7 VCurrent 720 mA

RADAR Antenna


Manufacturer Advanced Technical Materials Inc.

Model Number 34-442-6

Type Horn Antenna

Frequency 22-33 Ghz

Nominal Gain 20 dB

Meets frequency, gain and beamwidth requirements

LPF BPF

DATA IN

LPF BPF

ANTENNA

ANTENNADATA OUT

TRANSMITTER MODULE

RECEIVER MODULE

SATELLITE UPLINK MODULE

MIXER

MIXER

LO

LO

POWER AMPLIFIER

LNA

AMPLIFIER

MODULATOR

DEMODULATOR

Satellite receiver VSS

Gmax = 37dBGmin = 27 dB

IP3max = 22.12 dBmIP3min = 15.59 dBm

NFmax = 4dBNFmin = 2.7dB

Satellite Hand Calculation

Pt= 33.89 dBm , Gt=25dB, Gr= 30.7dbλ = 3 x 108 / 8 x 109 = 0.0375mRange = 1500 km

Pr = -87.11 dB

Receiver Power Calculation Range CalculationPt=31.21dBm , Gt=25 dB, Gr=30.7dBλ = 3 x 108 / 8 x 109 = 0.0375mPr= -90dBm

Rmax = 2102.58 km

Power Added Efficiency

= [(78.163)/915 ]x 100

PAE = 8.54%


Manufacturer Avago Technologies

Model Number VMMK-3803

Gain 20 dB

Noise Figure 1.5 dB

P1DB 7dBm

Frequency Range 3-11 GHz

DC bias 3-5 V

Low Noise Amplifier

Ultrathin (0.25 mm) Low Noise Figure

Band Pass Filter


Manufacturer Mini-Circuits

Model Number BFCN-8000

Insertion Loss 2.5 dB

Frequency Range 7.9 – 8.1 Ghz

Low insertion lossSharp rejection peaks close to stop band


Manufacturer SANGSHIN

Model Number BPF100MS16A

Insertion Loss 2.5 dB

Frequency Range 92-108 MHz

Mixer


Manufacturer Marki Microwave

Model Number M1-0408

Conversion Loss 5.5 dB

LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm

LO to IF Isolation 25 dBm

RF to IF Isolation 25 dBm

P1dB(output) -3.5 dBm

Frequency Range 4 -8 GHz

Local Oscillator


Manufacturer MITEQ

Model Number PLDRO-13400

Frequency Range 6.7 – 13.4Ghz

Output Power 13dBm

Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V

Supply Current 370 mA

Operating Temperature Range -20o C to +70o C


Manufacturer Giga-tronics

Model Number GT- 1020A

Gain 34 dB

Noise Figure 4.4 dB

P1dB 37 dBm

Frequency Range 0.05 to 1 GHz

Power Amplifier

Meets Gain and operating frequency requirements

Satellite Antenna


Manufacturer Radio wavesModel no. SP2-8Type Standard ParabolicFrequency Range 7.75 – 8.50 GhzGain 30.7 dBiDimension 2 ft

PARAMETER DESIREDVALUES

NOMINAL ANALYSIS

COMPLIANT

OPERATING FREQUENCY (GHz) 24 24 Y

OUTPUT POWER (dBm) 30 dBm 33.89 dBM Y

ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 20dBm 20dBm Y

RANGE (meters) 20 22.05 Y

ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH 20 17 Y

RECEIVER SENSITIVITY -50 dBm -48.2dbm Y

Radar Spec Compliance

Satellite Spec CompliancePARAMETER1 DESIRED

VALUESNOMINAL ANALYSIS

COMPLIANT

OPERATING FREQUENCY (GHz) 8 8 Y

OUTPUT POWER (dBm) 30 31.21 YTX ANTENNA GAIN (dB) 25 31.03 YRX ANTENNA GAIN (dB) 30 30.7 Y

RANGE (km) 1500 2102 YRECEIVER NOISE FIGURE 6 3.27 YRECEIVER SENSITIVITY -90 dBm -87.11 Y

TOI TBD 18.91 Y

Performance Issues

• The power used for operating the RADAR transceivers depends on the parking capacity or size of the lot.

• As we are using the ISM band for RFID’s, there are chances of interference with the surrounding Wi-Fi signals which operates in the same band .

• An active RFID tag cannot function without battery power. This limits its lifetime, or requires maintenance.

• Additional mechanical provisions must be provided for the radar guns to move along each parallel strip of the parking lot, which enables the system to collect information about the vacant parking slots.

• As the radar transceivers require line of sight to exactly determine the vacant parking slots, the radar guns has to be stationary at each slot while collecting this information which in turn will cause some delay in gathering the information from the entire lot.

Power Density Calculation

Power Density,The safe power density for frequencies above 15Ghz as prescribed by the FCC is 10mW/cm2 . Pt = 30dBm,Gt = 20.86R= 31cm= 0.31mA barrier is constructed around the moving-radar rails so that people don’t accidently rub off against the equipment , which may cause physical injury.

Health and Environmental Issues• The power transmitted by RADAR does not exceed the maximum permissible exposure as

defined by Federal Communications Commission.• The transmitted power is below the range specified by EPA.

• With the given radar specifications, the power density exposed does not exceed the maximum permissible exposure as defined by the US ANSI/IEEE.

Consumer Acceptance• Since the system performs all the transactions through an automated

system it requires less man power.• Radar transceiver modules can be mounted in such a way that it occupies

less space and is not a hindrance to the incoming vehicles, which make the system spatially effective.

• As the entire charging system for parking lot is centralized and automated, makes things easier and flawless.

Cost AnalysisCOMPONENTS ESTIMATED COSTRADAR UNIT $500SATELLITE UPLINK UNIT $800SATELLITE DOWNLINK UNIT $600RFID TAGS $40

Development Cost $1000Total Cost $2940

Information Gathering – Phase 1 May 2015

Proposal Phase – Phase 2 June 2015

Software Phase – Phase 3 August 2015

Hardware implementation – Phase 4 September 2015

Integration and testing – Phase 5 December 2015

Evaluation Phase – Phase 6 January 2016

Production Rollout Phase – Phase 7 February 2016

Production Schedule

automated parking enforcement systems

Engineering