autism-a brain development disorder

8/7/2019 Autism-A Brain Development Disorder

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AUTISM-A BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

DISORDER

Document By

SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY

Email: [email protected]

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Introduction

What is autism?Autism is a highly variable brain development disorder characterized by

impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive

behaviour.

Signs of autism


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HistoryThe new Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined

by the swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was definingsymptoms ofschizophrenia.He derived it from the Greek word autosand used it to mean morbid self-admiration.

The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when HansAsperger adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in alecture in German about child psychology

Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943 introduced the label early infantile autism in1943.Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paperon the subject, notably "autistic aloneness" and "insistence onsameness", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum"

Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separatesyndrome by demonstrating that it is lifelong, distinguishing it frommental retardation and schizophrenia and from other developmentaldisorders.

As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in

autism; now it is thought to be one of the most heritable of allpsychiatric conditions.


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Causes Brain development

Pre-natal exposure

Heredity

Environment

Immunization

There is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive,

and neural levels for autism's characteristic triad ofsymptoms

Deletion(1), duplication (2) and inversion (3) are all chromosome abnormalities

that have been implicated in autism.

Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complexand it is unclear


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Symptoms

People with autism process and respond to information in distinctive ways such as:

Resistance to change

Difficulty in expressing needs

Pointing or gesturing instead of words

Repetitive words or phrasesInappropriate laughing or crying

Little or no eye contact

No real fear of danger

Uneven gross/fine motor skills

Non-responsive to verbal cues

Acts as though deaf although hearing tests within normal range

Noticeable physical over/under activity

Its important for parents to understand that, no matter the diagnosis, their autistic

child can learn and show gains

with the proper therapy.


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Mechanism

Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of

the brain.

Its mechanism can be divided into two areas:the pathophysiology of brain structures

and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages betweenbrain structures and behaviors


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Pathophysiology

An excess of neurons that causes local overconnectivity

in key brain regions.

Disturbed neuronal migration during early gestation

Unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory networks

Abnormal formation of synapses and dendritic spines,for example, by modulationof the neurexin-neuroligin cell-adhesion system,or by poorly regulated synthesis ofsynaptic protein.Disrupted synaptic development may also contribute to epilepsy,which may explain why the two conditions are associated.

Neuropsychology

Two major categories of cognitive theories have been proposed about thelinks between autistic brains and behavior.

The first category focuses on deficits in social cognition.

The second category focuses on nonsocial or general processing.


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Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on behavior, not cause or mechanism.

A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by taking

developmental history and physically examining the child.

A pediatrician, a pediatric neurologist, a pediatric developmentalist, a child

psychiatrist, a child psychologist, speech and language therapists, and others work

together as a team to figure out what is wrong.


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Treatment

The main goals of treatment are to lessen associated deficits and family distress,

and to increase quality of life and functional independence.

No single treatment is best and treatment is typically tailored to the child's needs.

When you have recognized the initial signs and completed the corresponding

treatments of autism,you should consult a neurotherapist.

Depending on the signs of autism that your child has demonstrated, some or all of

the assessment tools might be employed.

The neurotherapist can determine if the child has an autism spectrum disorder,

which one it is, and how severe it is.

There is no cure for autism, but doctors, therapists, and special teachers can help

kids with autism overcome or adjust to many difficulties.


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conclusion

Autism, a brain development disorder is not a

disease or any dangerous disorder. Its just a mental illness which is even

observed in every individual. as there is no treatment for it let us show ourhumanity and help the children and their parents to recover them very soon. let us

save our world from this mental illness.


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References

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of

mental disorders, (DSM IV- TR) (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

www.kids health .org/kid/

www.google.co.in

www.AutismSpeaks.org.

autism-a brain development disorder

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