australian english : (pp. 93-106). cambridge : cambridge ... · 1 00 australian english...

Commonwealth of Australia

Copyright Act 1968

Notice for paragraph 135ZXA (a) of the Copyright Act 1968

Warning

This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Charles Sturt University under Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.

Do not remove this notice.

Cox, F. (2012). Phonemic transcription of Australian English. In Australian English : pronunciation and transcription (pp. 93-106). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Cox, F. (2012). Solutions. In Australian English : pronunciation and transcription (pp. 189-197). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

(This reference information is provided as a guide only, and may not conform to the required referencing standards for your subject)

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English

Table 4.1 The consonant phonemes of Australian English

Oral stops (plosives) Bilabial /p/ pie /b/ buy

Alveolar !t! tie /d/ die

Velar /k/ kite /g/ guy

Affricates

Postalveolar /tf/ chin !cJ:5! gin

Fricatives

Labiodental If! fie /v/ vie

Dental /8/ thigh lol thy

Alveolar /s/ sigh lz/ zoo

Postalveolar If! shy 131 Asia

Glottal /h/ high

Nasals (nasal stops)

Bilabial !m! my

Alveolar /n/ nigh

Velar /I]! hang

Approximants

Labiovelar /wl why

Palatal !j! you

Alveolar lateral Ill lie

Postalveolar Ill lrl rye

4.3.2 Vowels

The vowel symbols are represented in Table 4.2 below. Notice that HCE explicitly represents vowel length with the length diacritic [:] because the length contrast is highly functional in AusE.

Diagnostic sentences for Australian English vowels Each of the sentences below has been constructed to illustrate a particular vowel phoneme and contains several examples of its target vowel. The sentences have also been designed to include a range of different spellings for that vowel sound. The orthography in bold represents the vowel in the left-hand column.

As previously mentioned in Section 2.7.3, the centring diphthong ju;;,j is rarely used in AusE today and is substituted by either ju:;;,j (/u'dj) (a sequence

93

94 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription

Table 4.2 The vowel phonemes of Australian English

Monophthongs

Long Short vowels vowels

HCE MD HCE MD

/i:/ lil beat Ill Ill bit

le:/ leJI cared le/ le/ bet

/re/ Ire/ bat

/u:/ /a/ Bart le/ lA/ but

!J/ In! pot

/o:/ /J/ bought /u/ /u/ put

/u:/ /u/ boot

/3:/ /3/ Bert /g/ /;,/ the (not thee)

Diphthongs NB: All diphthongs are long

Rising Diphthongs

HCE MD HCE MD

/rei/ le I! bait /Ju/ /ou/ boat

/oe/ /m/ bite /re'J/ /au/ bout

/Oil /::){/ Boyd

Centring Diphthongs

lwl IIJI beard

of two phonemes) or jo:j (/J/) (a long monophthong). This diphthong was previously present in words like 'pure' and 'sure'. Words such as 'pure' are now typically produced with two syllables jpju:J/ (/pjugj), and jo:/ (/'J/) is used in words like 'sure'/Jo:/ (/f'J/), resulting in a homophone with 'shore'. No examples of juJ/ are given above as it is found only infrequently in the speech of young A usE speakers today.

Exercises

4A. Words with two different meanings but which differ in just one sound are said to be a minimal pair. Minimal pairs in a language provide evidence for contrastive variation between sounds and indicate separate phonemes. A minimal pair for initial position contains all identical individual sounds except the initial sound in each word, for instance, 'roar/war'. A minimal pair for final position has all sounds

HCE

Ill

/i:/

le!

/e:/

/re/

/e:/

le!

hi

/o:/

/u/

IH:I

/3:/

/;:J/

/rei/

lae/

/m/

lre:J!

/;:JtJ./

/I;:J/

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English

MD

!I/ The children were busy building bridges and pretty women

solved mysteries near damaged eucalypts.

/i/ These city people eat eel while police seize debris from the

fields.

1£1 Her pen friend said she met many leopards leisurely headed

west for better weather.

/£;)/ The millionaire didn't care that his scared heir was wary of

prayer.

/re/ Jan's cat scratched my hand while attacking dancing Atlantic

salmon.

la! In a bizarre heart-stopping farce, father laughed as the

guard's car started down the path after Aunt Marge.

fA/ The couple lunched with their son under the floodlights at the

front of the punt.

!of On John's yacht we scoffed hot sausages and watched the

seagulls quarrel and cough.

/J/ The court order warned that we all ought to obey the law and

walk out the door before we're caught.

/u/ Should the courier wolf down the full pudding the good

woman cooked?

/u/ Two news crews who queued for food got beautiful fruit on

Tuesday.

131 Colonel Byrne turned a perfect first sojourn into the worst

journey on Earth.

/;:J/ The foreign composers, Beryl and Michael, promised to write

another thoroughly awesome anthem about the mountains.

I ell Waiting for the ballet matinee they tasted champagne and ate

steak in a cafe.

/a1/ The island choir might guide us in style through a night of fine

dining.

hi/ Roy's lawyer was buoyed by the boiled oyster.

/ao/ Clowns ploughing the ground are now outlawed in our town.

/ou/ Joe sews old coats and knows a bowl of cocoa soothes the

soul.

/i;:J/ The weird bearded seer heard cheering near the pier.

identical except the final sound in each word, for instance 'lunch/ lunge'. Minimal pairs are possible for all positions within a word. i) Find minimal pairs for the following consonant sound contrasts

in English. It is acceptable to write the orthographic form for each

95


a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g) h)

i)

j) k)

l)

m)

n)

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g) h)

i)

j) k)

l)

/p, b/

lt, d!

/k, g/

If, vi

Is, zl

!m, nl

In, I]/

ll,l!

/tf, f! /p, f/

Id, zl

lt, 8/

/h, w/

Is, 81

word. An example is provided for jp, bj. Note that for jn, IJ/ there is no initial position minimal pair because /IJ/ doesn't occur in initial position in A usE. For /1, 1/ and /h, w / there are no final position minimal pairs because the approximants j1, wj do not occur in word final position for words in isolation.

Initial Position Final Position

pin/bin nip/nib

ii) Find minimal pairs for the following vowel sound contrasts in English. It is acceptable to write the orthographic form for each word. An example is provided for /i: I/ (i, I) .

HCE MD

/i:, I/ /i, I/ sheep/ship

II, e/ 11. cl

le, re/ le, re/

/re, e/ /re, AI

le, e:/ I A, a/

le, -:J! lA, n/

1-:J, o:/ /n, 'J/

/u, H:/ /o, ul

/rei, ae/ /ei, a1/

/re'J, �HI /ao, ool

/I, I�/ /I, IJ/

lee:/ le. eg/

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

l)

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English 97

48. Find the errors in the consonant phonemes in the following transcription. In each word there is a single error.

strength /stJeng8/ /strcng8/

crease /c1i:s/ /cris/

walk /wo:lk/ /w::>lk/

flashing /flreshii]/ /flreshii]/

knees /kni:z/ /kniz/

those /8g1:1z/ /8ouz/

Kojak /kgHjrek/ /kouja;k/

shutter /fBttg/ /.f Attg/

boxing /b::>XII)/ /bDXII)/

mystery /mystg1i:/ /mystgri/

illusion /glH:fgn/ /glufgn/

music /mjH:Sik/ /mjusrk/

4C. Write the symbol for the consonant sound that is common in each of the following lists of words.

a) sculpt b) yellow c) cheap d) giant

twelve yacht furniture lodge

golf canyon poach agent

ladle junior watches page

loyal million cello jam

follow music natural angel

e) potato f) growth g) tax h) anxious

taxi thirsty best national

walked both sword special

letter think phonetics sugar

crept pithy perhaps machine

train birthday whistle ship

i) whole j) smooth k) casual l) tomorrow

haughty this beige trick

behold mother fusion already

hopeful teethe pleasure rapid

rehash either occasion hurry

help though usual scrape


40. Find the errors in the vowel phonemes in the following transcription. In each word there is a single error.

a) heel !hill !hill

b) pride /p1aed/ /praed/

c) anger /el)g;:)/ /Cl)Q;}/

d) wash /waf/ /waf/

e) note /ndl!te/ /noute/

f) naughty /no:ti/ /n:Jti/

g) vowel /vdl!ll /voul/

h) beacon !breik;:)n/ /beik;:)n/

i) butter !butu/ /bAt A/

j) hijack /haed;);:)k/ /ha1d;)gk/

k) cushion /ku:J;:)n/ /kuJ;:)n/

1) watches /w:Jl[Iz/ /woU"rz/

4E. Write the symbol for the vowel sound that is common in each of the following lists of words.

a) eat b) catch c) foolish d) door

bead unravel rude autumn

mean canteen view hall

city hand shoe saw

evil banish ooze explore

ski cabbage tomb shore

e) hood f) crow g) round h) certain

pull home hour girl

woman know allow earth

push only pout rehearse

should Snow White howl further

pudding phone foul worm

i) path j) well k) women 1) other

Arthur bread hymn jumped

alarm tennis busy does

father many lift hull

sergeant treasure ninja nothing

palm friend plastic scrunched

4.4 Lexical stress

4.4.1 Primary stress

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English 99

In Chapter 3, we examined English syllable structure including how stress patterns contribute to the metrical system and rhythm of English. The knowledge gained through your reading of Chapter 3 will assist in transcribing lexical stress. Lexical stress relates to the differing prominence relationships between syllables in a word. Generally we can think of syllables in English as either stressed or unstressed. When polysyllabic words (words of more than one syllable) are spoken in isolation, one of the syllables always has a greater degree of prominence than all the other syllables. This is because the word is produced as an intonational phrase and the last stressed syllable in an intonational phrase receives tonic accent. This tonic syllable is sometimes known as the primary stressed syllable. This is the syllable that is the head of the strong foot in the word. The primary stressed syllable is marked by placing a ['] rriark immediately before the syllable containing primary stress, as in the table below. Major accents in phrases can also be marked using this symbol.

HCE MD

Primary stress Primary stress

/� 'buv/ /� 'bA v/ above

Id� 'laet/ Id� 'lmt/ delight

/k� 'mju:t/ /k� 'mjut/ commute

lk�m 'plae/ /k�m 'plar/ comply

/'lren t�n/ /'hen t�m/ lantern

/'pet J�l /'pet r�l! petrol

/'�ks � q,�n/ /'oks d q,gn/ oxygen

/'d:3ae �nt/ l'd:3ar gnt/ giant

Exercises

4F. Transcribe the following disyllabic words, indicating primary stress.

a) condemn b) buttoning c) gallop d) adapt e) kazoo f) commute

g) adjust h) guitar i) spider j) delete

1 00 Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription

In monosyllabic words (words of one syllable) the outcome is unambiguous; the word itself has a single syllable which has primary stress (e.g. 'dog', 'walk', 'look'). Note that ambisyllabic consonants cannot be unambiguously assigned to either coda or onset.

4.4.2 Secondary stress

Many words spoken in isolation appear to have two prominent stresses: one of them is primary (the tonic syllable resulting from phrase final prosody) and the other is secondary. A syllable that appears to have sec-ondary stress is simply another stressed syllable but one that does not carry the tonic accent. Secondary stress can be marked by placing a [,] mark immediately before the relevant syllable. Secondary stress usually precedes primary stress.

Some examples are listed in the table below.

HCE: Secondary Primary

/,bn � 'bd;3 Ik �11 ,phono'logical

/� ,p;)} � 'd;3et Ik/ a,polo'getic

/,ref 1� 'daet i:/ ,aphro'dite

Id� ,lib � '1re1 f�m/ de,liber'ation

/�n ,vae 1� 'ment �11 en,viron'mental

l,ed � 'to: 11: �11 ,edit'orial

/,m d� 'fret IQ �b �11 ,inde'fatigable

/,ek � 'n;)m Ik/ ,eco'nomic

/,vreks 'i:n/ ,vacc'ine

MD: Secondary Primary

/,fnn ;) 'lod;3 Ik g[/ ,phono'logical

/J ,pnl d 'd;3ct Ik/ a, polo' getic

/,ref f;) 'dart i:/ , ophro 'dite

/dJ ,lib d 'rei Jgn/ de,liber'ation

/;::m ya1 f;) ment gl/ en,viron 'mental

/,ed d 't;) n gl/ ,edit 'orial

/,m tid 'fa:t 19 Jb �v ,i nde 'fat igable

/,£k d nom Ik/ ,eco'nomic

/,vreks 'in/ , vacc ' ine

When secondary stress follows primary stress, as in the following examples, the syllable carrying secondary stress is referred to as unreduced.

HCE

Primary

/'tme

/'ren Ik

/'m Jg

/'sem ;:)

/'po:k jg

/'hel i:

/'ved.3 ;:)

/'mel gn

MD

Primary

/'trm

/'ren tk

/'m Jg /'scm ;:)

/'p;:,k jg

/'h£1

/'vcd.3 ;)

I'm cl ;)fi

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English 1 01

Secondary

,Bmf/ 'tri,umph

,d;:ll:ltl 'anec,dote

,lre1t/ 'insul,ate

,teJ i:/ 'ceme,tery

,paen/ 'porcu,pine

,k;:,p tg/ 'heli,copter

,moet/ 'vege,mite

,k;:,l i:/ 'melan,choly

Secondary

,Amf/ 'tri,umph

,doot/ 'anec,dote

,le It/ 'insul,ate

,tcr il 'ceme,tery

,pam/ porcu,pme

,kop tg/ 'heli,copter

,malt/ vege,mite

,kol i/ 'melan,choly

In some cases, the occurrence of unreduced syllables is predictable (for exam-pie, words ending in -ate, -ise, -ile); in others it is not.

HCE

Primary Secondary

f'SIS tgm d ,toez/ 'systema,tise

/g 'ht ;:) ,Jreit/ a'lliter,ate

/'mi: ,ere m/ 'meth,ane

/'steJ ,a ell 'ster,ile

MD

Primary Secondary

I'SlS tgm ;:) ,tatz/ 'systema,tise

'ht ;) ,rett/ a'lliter,ate

/'mi ,8ern/ ' meth,ane

/'stn ,ail/ 'ster,ile


4.4.3 Compound words

A compound word is composed of two separate words, such as 'newspaper', 'surfboard' and 'ladybird'. These have two stresses, one of them primary, the other secondary. The secondary stress usually follows the primary stress.

HCE MD

/'fut,bo:l! l'fut,bJI/

/'blcek,bo:d/ /'blrek,bJd/

/'njH:z,preip�/ /'nj uz,peip�/ /' s3:f,bo:d/ l's3f,bJd/

l'lreidi:,b3:d/ /leidi,b3d/

l'tmd�.we:/ /'A!1d::l,WC;J/

4.4.4 Unstressed syllables

Schwa/�/

'foot,ball

'black,board

'news,paper I surf,board

'lady,bird

'under,wear

Syllables other than primary stressed or secondary stressed syllables are unstressed. In AusE, the large majority of the vowels of unstressed syllables can be transcribed as schwa J�f. Schwa is sometimes referred to as the 'indeterminate vowel' because its exact pronunciation varies with context. Sometimes schwa has a quality reminiscent of /e/ (/A/), sometimes /re/ or /I/ and sometimes other vowels. In other words, it is extremely variable. Its main distinguishing feature is that it is a very short, weak vowel with a tendency to be more central than the majority of the other vowels. Very often you will hear speakers pronounce the final unstressed syllable in words like 'mother' or 'doctor' in a way that makes them sound like jej (/A/) rather than;�;. Nevertheless, such a sound is still considered to be a schwa. This is because the [e) sound in these contexts is an allophone and therefore not represented in the phonemic transcription. Remember that AusE is a nonrhotic dialect and therefore words like 'mother' do not have j1j at the end if the word occurs before a pause or a following consonant (see Sections 2.6.2 and 4.6.2 for details). In AusE, only long vowels (that is, long monophthongs and diphthongs) can occur in open syllables (syllables that end in a vowel rather than a consonant). The only exception to this rule is schwa. So, if you hear a short vowel in an unstressed syllable at the end of a word such as 'mother', always transcribe it as 1�1 when making a phonemic transcription. Any syllable containing schwa MUST be an unstressed syllable. As schwa is the unstressed variant of many different vowels, it may be difficult to identify at first. The following words contain unstressed syllables with schwa.

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English 1 03

HCE MD

/gb'dukt/ /gb'dAkt/

/gd'mit/ /gd'mltl

/kgm'baen/ /kgm'bam/

/,k::mfg'mreiJ gn/ /,knnfg'meJfgn/

/kgn'diJgn/

/g'lrebg,Jreit/ /g'lrebg,reit/

/pg'tJgul/ /pg'troul!

/'w:)tfgz/ /'wntfgz/

Exercises

4Ci. Identify any schwa vowels fgf in the following words:

1. 2. 3.

a) talcum a) cobra a) amid

b) umbrellas b) serrated b) boxes

c) opal c) rhapsody c) arrive

d) Amelia d) broker d) suffocate

e) panda e) tomorrow e) roses

f) Alan f) limber f) rushes

g) today g) collision g) bishop

h) delta h) polar h) atone

i) gossip i) grammar i) alias

j) corrosion j) lapel j) computer

abduct

admit

combine

confirmation

condition

elaborate

patrol

watches

4.

a) abound

b) syrup

c) probable

d) bushes

e) Europe

f) begin

g) Asia

h) alpha

i) support

j) photographer

4H. Make a phonemic transcription of the following words, indicating primary stress. Each word contains at least one schwa.

1. 2. 3. 4.

a) avert a) tighten a) anger a) pasta

b) raven b) target b) thinner b) carrot

c) prefer c) cemetery c) conductor c) habit

d) pattern d) mallet d) rider d) compute

e) deserve e) harness e) Saturn e) parrot

f) approach f) anchor f) pastor f) rabid

g) apart g) eaten g) abbot g) ferret

h) locket h) father h) furthest h) report

i) iron i) agent i) merit i) today

j) exit j) scamper j) suggest j) describe

k) flower k) waiver k) rabbit k) amount

l) master l) rapid l) prejudice l) enough


Unstressed /I/

There are some cases when unstressed vowels have a quality other than jgj. For many speakers unstressed /r/ occurs before consonants that have a postalveolar to velar place of articulation. However, as we have no evidence from the literature that this is an allophanic effect, /r/ must be transcribed as a separate phoneme. Note that some speakers use schwa in some of these words instead of /r/.

HCE MO

/'stumik/ /'stAimk/ stomach

/'krebrd;)/ /'krebJd;)/ cabbage

/'mrend;)/ /'m rend;)/ marriage

/'brenk/ /'brenk/ barrack

/'predrk/ /'pred1k/ paddock

/'l<ei]QWicJ.3/ !'lrel)gwid;)/ language

There are also unstressed morphemes such as -ish, -ic, -ism and -ing that contain /r/.

HCE MO

1'1redrf/ /'rredi.f/ radish

/'mj-H:zrk/ /'mjuzik/ music

/'k;:,mj gmzgm/ /'komjJmzgm/ communism

/'JUnii]/ /'rAnllJI running

Unstressed /i:/, /u:/ and hu/ VV, /u/ and /ou/)

Unstressed /i:/ (/i/) and ju:j (/u/) occur in a number of words before jgj. ji:/ (/i/) can also be unstressed in the final syllable of a morpheme before the morpheme boundary such as in 'helicopter' and 'ladybird'. Some examples are given below:

HCE MO

/'pg-H:di:gm/ /'poodi:Jm/ podium

/' d.3-H:ni: g/ (I d.3u:nj g/) /d;)uni;,/ (/<.5unjJ/) junior

/' SI;;)Ji:gs/ /'SI Jfi JS/ serious /'tenju:Js/ /' U.:nj U;JS/ tenuous

/'frektf u:gl/ l'f&ktfu;,l! factual

/ 'senfu:Jl! /'sc:nfu;,l! sensual

In the examples given above, the sequences ji:gj (/iJ/) and /ti:'J/ (/uJ/) contain two unstressed syllables. These sequences are not the same as the diphthongs /I'J/ and juJ/ (previously common in AusE but not usually found

4 Phonemic transcription of Australian English 1 OS

today), which contain a single vowel (a diphthong) and hence occur in a single syllable. Sometimes the /i:/ (/i/) in these unstressed vowel sequences is replaced by jjj, thereby changing the syllabic structure of the word. The word 'junior' in the example above illustrates this phenomenon. This is why the word 'Australia' jgst1<£Ili:gj (/gstreiJigj) may sometimes be pronounced jgstl<£Iljgj (/gstrelljgj), changing the word from four syllables to three syllables. Unstressed ji:/ (/i/) and /H:/ (/u/) can also precede stressed vowels, as in the examples below.

HCE MD

/g,priJTeJfgn/ appreciation

/,mflu: 'enf gl/ /,mflu'enJgl/ influential

Word final unstressed /i:/ (/i/) also occurs in AusE. The process of creating a long /i:/ (/i/) in this context is referred to as 'happy tensing' because of its presence in the final syllable in 'happy'. We have evidence that this vowel is metrically weak because a preceding jtj is often produced as a tap (see Section 5.2.3 for details), an allophone of /t/ that typically precedes unstressed syllables in many dialects of English. Some examples of final ji:j (/i/) are:

HCE MD

/'ve1i:/ /'veri/ very

/' S Iti:/ /s1ti/ city

/'ev1i:/ /'cvri/ every

Unstressed final jdt:lj (/ou/) also occurs in AusE. The words below illustrate this vowel in unstressed final position:

HCE MD

/pg'treitd'H/ /pg'teitoo/ potato

/'breJgu/ /'breroo/ barrow

/'brend.3gu/ /'ba�nd.3ou/ banjo

Word-final jgHj is also metrically weak as it can be reduced to schwa, but also because it too can be preceded by the alveolar tap, which requires the following syllable to be unstressed.

:xercises

41. Make a phonemic transcription of the following words. Mark primary and secondary stress.


1. 2. 3. 4.

a) orthodox a) cauliflower a) balcony a) cantaloupe

b) earthly b) predicament b) conspicuous b) hacker

c) greenhouse c) anonymous c) amphibian c) elaborate

d) Adelaide d) alfalfa d) opportune d) accelerate

e) miniscule e) museum e) mercenary e) epidemic

f) procrastinate f) paranoia f) souvenir f) alien

g) generalise g) bazooka g) aquarium g) accuser

h) iodine h) macaroni h) masquerade h) serenade

i) Halloween i) manufacture i) tangerine i) mascara

j) anaemia j) kangaroo j) armadillo j) liberate

5. 6. 7. 8.

a) alibi a) cafe a) equaliser a) happily

b) absent b) consume b) evaporate b) helicopter

c) cemetery c) absentee c) exterior c) hurricane

d) adapt d) clarinet d) feminine d) incoherent

e) bassinet e) dandelion e) lemonade e) neighbour

f) athletic f) deactivate f) forecast f) insulate

g) paragraph g) disagree g) missionary g) liberation

h) circumstance h) disapproval h) gallop h) nectarine

i) bikini i) discourteous i) giant k) malfunction

j) bombard j) earthy j) guitar l) feminism

9. 10. 11. 12.

a) martini a) steamer a) salamander a) advertise

b) mispronounce b) porcelain b) subdivide b) highway

c) mighty c) porcupine c) abundant c) Australia

d) rainbow d) potassium d) rodeo d) underwear

e) obtain e) strengthen e) sterile e) tiger

f) obedient f) preferably f) condescending f) victorious

g) optimism g) proclaim g) vegemite g) avian

h) caution h) sarcastic h) spider h) canine

i) peninsula i) prolong i) unclean i) gallery

j) recording j) qualify j) trombone j) undercurrent

a) /p, b/

b) lt, d!

c) /k, g/

d) If, v/

e) /s, z/

f) /m, n/

g) In, IJI

h) 11,11

i) /1f, J!

j) /p, fl

k) Id, zl

l) lt, 8/

m) /h, w/

n) /s, 8/

Initial position

pin/bin, pit/bit

tent/dent

Kyle/guile

fan/van

Sue/zoo

mow/know

rice/lice

choose/shoes

pad/fad

do/zoo

taught/thought

hill/will

sink/think

Final position

nip/nib, tap/tab

pat/pad

back/bag

waif/wave

price/prize

room/rune

sin/sing

match/mash

leap/leaf

had/has

heart/hearth

pass/path

Solutions 1 89

ii) Some examples of minimal pairs for vowel sounds are given below:

HCE MO

a) /h, I/ /i, J/ ship/sheep

b) /I, e/ II. £! pig/peg

c) le, re/ 1£, re/ Ellis I Alice

d) /re, u/ /re, AI seam/scum

e) /u, u:/ lA, a/ pluck/plaque

f) /u, :J! lA, n/ sucker/soccer

g) h, o:/ /n, :JI not/naught

h) /u, u:/ /o, u/ soot/suit

i) /rei, ae/ /ei, ail mate/might

j) /re:J, ?UI /ao, ou/ loud/load

k) II, Id/ /I, Id/ bid/beared

l) le, e:/ /£, £d/ ferry /fairy

Exercise 4B. The table shows the correct phonemic transcriptions.

HCE MO

a) /stJei]k8/ /str£I]k8/

b) /kli:s/ /kris/

c) /wo:k/ /w:Jkl

190 Solutions

HCE

d) /flreJil)/

e) /ni:z/

f) IOd'dZI

g) /kdBd.Jrek/

h) IJBtd/

i) /b;)kSil)/

j) /mrstd1i:/

k) /gl'd:3dll/

l) /mjB:zrk/

MD

!flreJnJ/

/niz/

/oouz/

/kood.Jrek/

/fAt;)/

/bokSIIJI

/mist::lri/

/;J)U3::lll/

/mjuzik/

Exercise 4C. Common consonants for each group are given below:

a) Ill

b) ljl c) /tfl

d) !d.J!

e) it! f) /8/

g) /s/

h) If/

i) /hi

j) lol

k) 131

l) Ill /r/

Exercise 4D. The correct phonemic transcriptions are given below:

HCE MD

a) /hi:ll /hill

b) /p10ed/ /prmd/

c) /rel)gd/ /rel)gd/ d) /w;)J/ /woJ/

e) !nd'dtl In out/

f) /no:ti:/ /nJtil

g) /vre;)l/ /vaol/

h) /bi:kdn/ /bikdn/

i) /bBtd/ /bAtd/

HCE

j) /haed3rek/

k) /kufgn/

l) /w:)lfgz/

MD

/kurm;

/wntf-;Jz/

Solutions 191

Exercise 4E. Common vowel sounds for each group are given below:

HCE MD

a) /i:/ lil

b) /re/ /re/

c) /t:I:/ /u/

d) /o:/ !JI

e) /u/ /u/

f) jgt:Jj loo/

g) /re:)/ /ao/

h) 13:/ 131

i) IB:I /a/

j) le/ 1£1

k) III /t/

l) IBI lA/

Exercise 4F. Phonemic transcriptions including primary stress are given below:

HCE MD

a) /k;:m'dem/ /k�m'dcm/

b) /'bBtnii)/ /'bAtllll]/

c) /'grelgp/ / ' grel;:)p/

d) /g'drept/ /g'drept/

e) /kg'zt:I:/ /kg'zu/

f) /kg'mjt:I:t/ /kg'mjut/

g) /g'd3Bst/ /g'c.BAstl

h) /gg'te:/ /gg'ta/

i) /'spaedg/ /'spa1dg/

j) /dg'li:t/ /dg'lit/

Exercise 4G. Schwa sounds are indicated in bold: 1. a) talcum c) opal

b) umbrellas d) Amelia

192 Solutions

e) panda h) delta

f) Alan i) gossip g) today j) corrosion

2. a) cobra f) limber b) serrated g) collision c) rhapsody h) polar d) broker i) grammar e) tomorrow j) lapel

3. a) amid f) rushes b) boxes g) bishop c) arnve h) atone d) suffocate i) alias e) roses j) computer

4. a) abound f) begin b) syrup g) Asia c) probable h)· alpha d) bushes i) support e) Europe j) photographer

Exercise 4H. Phonemic transcriptions are given below:

HCE MD

1.

a) /g'v3:t/ /d ' V3t/

b) /'la�IVJn/ /'reivJn/

c) /pJJ'f3:/ /prg'f3/

d) /'pretJn/ /'pret�m/

e) /dg'z3:v/ /d;:)'Z3V/

f) /;)'pJ:mlf/ hproulf/

g) /;)'pu:t/ /;J 'pat/

h) /'bkJt/ /' lokJt!

i) /'aeJn/ / ' aiJn/

j) /'egzJt/ h:gzJtl

k) /'flre::>J/ / 'flauJ/

1) /'mu:stg/ /'mast;J/

2.

a) /'taetJn/ l'tait;:)n/

b) /'tu:g;)t/ / 'tagJt/

c) !' sem;)tJi:/ /'sernJtri/

HCE

d) /'mrel�t/

e) l'hB:n�s/

f) !'rel)k�/

g) l'i:t�n/

h) !'fB:o�l

i) l're13�nt/

j) l'skremp�/

k) !'wre1v�/

1) /'1rep�d/

3.

a) !'rel)g�/

b) I'Sm�/

c) /k�n'dekt�/

d) /'Jaed�/

e) /'sret�n/

f) /'pB:St�/

g) /'reb�t/

h) /'f3:o�st/

i) /'meJ�t/

j) /s�'d.3est/

k) !'Jreb�t/

l) /'p1ed.3�d�s/

4.

a) /'pB:St�/

b) l'kreJ�tl

c) /'hreb�t/

d) Jk�m 'p ju:t/

e) /'preJ�t/

f) !'rreb�d/

g) !'fe1�tl

h) !J�'po:t/

i) /t�'drei/

j) /d�'sk1aeb/

k) /�'mre:mt/

l) /�'nef/

MD

/'mrel�t/

/ ' han�s/

!'ret]k�/

/'it�n/

l'fao�/

l'e13�ntl

/'skremp�/

/'we1v�/

l'rrep�d/

/'<:eJ)g�/

/'Sm�/

/k�n'dAkt�/

/'rmd�/

/ ' sret�n/

/'past�/

/ ' reb�tl

/'f3o�stl

/'mer�t/

/s�'<i3est/

l ' rreb�t/

/'precf3�d�s/

/ ' past�/

/'krer�t/

/'hreb�t/

/k�m'pjutl

/ ' prer�t/

/ ' neb�d/

l'fer�tl

/r�'p;)t/

/t�'de1/

/d�.'skra1b/

/�'maunt!

J�'nAfl

Solutions 193

194 Solutions

Exercise 41.

HCE MD

1.

a) / 'o:e�,d;,ks/ /'::>8�,doks/

b) / '3:8li:/ 1'38li/

c) /' g1i:n,hre::>s/ I' grin,haus/

d) / 'red�,lreid/ /'red�,leid/

e) l 'mm�,skju:1! l'mm;:�,skj ul/

f) /pl�'k1rest�,nreit/ /pr� 'krrest �,ne It I

g) /' d;)en�1�,loez/ I' d;)en�r�,lmz/

h) / 'oe�.doen/ l'ai;:�,dam/

i) /,hrel�'wi:n/ /,hrel�'win/

j) /;::l'ni:mi:g/ hnimi;:,/

2.

a) /'k::>li:Jlre::>g/ l'koli,flao;)/

b) /pJg 'dik�m;:lnt/ /pr�'dik;)ffi;)nt/

c) /;)'n::m;)ffi;)S/ /g'nOll;)ffi;:)S/

d) /,rel'frelf;)/ /,re l'frelf ;)/

e) /,mju: 'zi:;)m/ /,mju'zi;:�m/

f) /,pre1�'nmg/ /,prer;:�'n::Jl;:�/

g) /b;:�'zu:k;)/ /b;:�'zuk;:�/

h) /,mrek;:�'Jdtlni:/ /,mrek;:�'rooni/

i) /,mrenju: 'frekf �/ /,mrenju'frekf�/

j) /,krei]g�'1u:/ /,k<eiJg;:�'ru/

3.

a) /'brelk�ni:/ /'brelbni/

b) /k�n'spikju:�s/ /k;:�n'spikju;:�s/

c) /,rem'fibi:�n/ /,rem'flbi;m/

d) /,::>p;) 'tfu:n/ /,op;)'U'un/

e) l'm3:S;),neJi:/ /m3s;),n£ri/

f) /,su:v;)'m;)/ /,suv�'m;)/

g) /� 'kwe:1i:�m/ /� 'kwe�ri;)m/

h) /,mreskd '1re1d/ /,mresk;)'reH.il

i) /'trend;)�,1i:n/ / ' trend;)�,rin/

j) /,u:m;)' dddtl/ /,am;:,'diloo/

HCE

4.

a) /'kcent �.hmp/

b) /'hrek�/

c) /�'lreb�,Jreitl

d) /�k'sel�,Jreitl

e) /,ep�'demik/

f) /'redi:�n/

g) /�'kj:H:z�/

h) /' seJ�.nreid/

i) /m�s'ku:J�/

j) /'hb�,Jrert/

5.

a) /'rel�.bae/

b) /'rebs�ntl

c) /' sem�.teJi:/

d) /�'drept/

e) /,bres�'net/

f) /re8'letrk/

g) /'preJ�,gJref/

h) l's3:k�m,strens/

i) /b�'ki:ni:/

j) /,b�m'bu:d/

6.

a) /'kre,frei/

b) /k�n 'f H:m/

c) /,rebsgn'ti:/

d) /,klreJ�' net!

e) /' drend�,lae�n/

f) /,di:'rekt�vrertl

g) /,dis�'gJi:/

h) /,drs�'pm:v�l/

i) /,d1s 'k3:ti:�s/

j) /'3:8i:/

7.

a) /'i:kw�,laez�/

b) /�'vrep�,Jrert/

MD

/'krent�Joup/

/'hrek�/

/g'lreb�.rert/

/gk'sd�,rert/

/,cp�' dcmik/

/'edi�n/

/� ' kjuz�/

/' scr�.nerd/

/m�s'kar�/

/ ' hb� .rert/

/'relg,bar/

/ ' rebs�nt/

/' scrn�Jcri/

/�'dreptl

/,bres� ' nctl

/re8' let 1k/

/'prer�.grref/

I' s3k�m.strens/

/b� ' kini/

/,born'bad/

/'kre,fei/

/k�n'furn/

/,rebs�n ' ti/

/,klrer� ' nct/

/'drend�,lar�n/

/,di'rekt�veitl

/,dis�' gri/

/,dis�'pruv�l/

/,drs'k3ti�s/

/' 38i/

/'ikw�.laiz�/

/�'vrep�.reit/

Solutions 1 95

196 Solutions

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j) 8.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g) h)

i)

j) 9.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g) h)

i)

j) 10.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

HCE

I rk'stiJJi:J/

l'femJnJn/

/'lemJ,nrerd/

/ 'fo:,kB :st/

l'mrJJn,eJi:/

/ 'grelJp/

!'d;3ae�mt/

/gg'tB:/

/'hrepJli:/

l'heli:,k;:,ptJ/

/'hBJJ,krem/

/,mkdl:l'hrJJJnt/

/'nrerbJ/

I' mJ J,lrert/

/,hbJ'JrerJgn/

/'nek,tJJn/

/,mrel'fBIJkJ ;;,n/

/'femJ,mzJm/

/,mB: 'ti:ni:/

/,m I sp1J 'nre::ms/

/'maeti:/

1'1rembJu/

/gb'trem/

/gu'bi:di:Jnt/

/' ::>pt Jffi,IZJm/

/'ko:Jgn/

/pg'mntfJlJ/

!Jg'ko:driJ/

/'sti:mJ/

/'po:sJlJn/

/'po:kj J,paen/

/pJ 'tresi:Jm/

!' stJei]k8Jn/

MD

IIk ' stiJriJ/

l'fcmJnJn/

l'lemJ,neid/

/'f;:,,kast/

l'mi.fJn,eri/

/grebp/

/'ti;5atJnt/

/g;;,'ta/

!'hrepgli/

/'hdi,koptg/

l 'hArJ,kem/

/,mkou'hi;;,rgnt/

/'netbJ/

/' mJ J,l e rt/

/,hbJ'rerJgn/

/'m.:k,tr;;,n/

/,mrel'fAIJkJ;;,n/

/ ' femJ, mzgm/

/,ma ' t ini/

/,mispr;;,'nauns/

/'mmt if

/ ' nembou/

/gb ' tem/

/ou'bicliJnt/

I' opt Jm, rzJm/

/'k;:,J;;,n/

/pg ' mntfJlJ/

/rg' k::>cln)l

/ ' stimJ/

/ ' p;:,sJlJn/

l ' p::>kjJ,pam/

/pg'tresiJm/

/'str£I]k8Jn/

HCE

f) /'p1efJ�bli:/

g) /pJ�'klreim/

h) /,su:'krestik/

i) /pJ�H'bi]/

j) /'kw:)l�,fae/

11.

a) /' srel�.mrend�/

b) /'subd�.voed/

c) /�'bund�nt/

d) /'J�di:.�/

e) /'ste,Joel/

f) /,k:)nd�' sendiiJ/

g) l'veqp,moet/

h) /'spoed�/

i) /,un'kli:n/

j) /,tJ:)ffi 'b�Hn/

12.

a) /'redv�.toez/

b) !'hoe,wrei/

c) /�'stJredi:g/

d) /'und�.we:/

e) !'toeg�/

f) /,vik'to:Ji:�s/

g) l'reivi:�n/

h) /'krei,noen/

i) l'grel�1i:

j) /'und�.kmgnt/

Exercise 4}.

1.

a) /vid,)�l/

b) /<.el)g�l/

c) /h:)J�bgl/

d) /kuz�n/

MD

/'prcfr�bli/

/pr�'kleirn/

/,sa 'krestik/

/prou'loiJ/

/' kwol�.fm/

I' see I ;J,rnrend;)/

/' SAbd�,Vaid/

/g'bAnd;)nt/

/'roudi,oo/

/' s t £,faJ 11

/,knnd;)' send I I]/

/' vcd3�.mait/

l'spmd;)/

/, An ' klin/

/,trom'boun/

/'redV;),taiz/

/ ' hai,wei/

/;)'streJlig/

I'Alld;J,W£;)/

/'ta1g�/

/,vik'L)figs/

l'eivi:gn/

l'kei,nam/

/'grebri:/

I'And;J,kArgnt/

/VIcB;Jl/

/reiJggl/

/hnrgbgl/

/kAZ;Jn/

Solutions 197

australian english : (pp. 93-106). cambridge : cambridge ... · 1 00 australian english...

Documents