australia (main ppt)
TRANSCRIPT
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Continent of Fragility and Hope
AUSTRALIA
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Early History
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They settlements were eventually scattered inMelbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Hobart.
South Australia- Good soil for farming in 1835
Economic Payoff:
Sealing and Whaling
Sheep- Pasteur land
Gold rush of 1851
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Aborigines- stockmen to look after
sheep.
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Australias Significance
MININGis the key to Australias economy and it also
provided the largest share of its export earnings. Mining
is also the key to Australias environmental history and
to its predicament.
Iron and coal (non-renewable) > Fisheries and forests(renewable resources)
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Three features of the
AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT
Australian soils
* nutrient
* salt levels
Availability of fresh water
Overseas trading partners & potentialenemies
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SOILS
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MOST UNPRODUCTIVE CONTINENT
SOIL PROBLEMS > WATER PROBLEMS
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Three major processes of
R E N E W A L
Volcanic eruptions
Advances & retreats of glaciersstrips
Slow uplift of crust
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Low average productivity ofAustralian soils
= mining of their soils
= high fertilizer & fuel costs
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Economic consequences
Australian farmers VS overseas
growers
Agroforestry/tree agriculture
Overfishing
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Another problem
SALINITY OF THE SOIL
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WATER
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Most areas in Australia are useless for agricultural or
pastoral meanings due to water problems-> desert image
Low average values and unpredictability of Australias rainfall->depending on ENSO( El Nido Southern Oscillation)
water problems make Australian agriculture expensive and
uneconomic
wheat as most valuable agricultural product because of
predictable rainfall in the South
climate change is supporting the advantage of predictable rain,while winter rains decline while summer rains increased
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DISTANCE
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Within temperate zones
Tyranny distance
External Internal
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AUSTRALIA
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18/39Trade and Immigration
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Products
Agricultural
Wool
WheatWine
Chemical free beef
Sheep Population = 14 per Person
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Over the last half century Australia's
exports have shifted from predominantly
agricultural products to minerals,
while its trade partners have shifted from
Europe to Asia.
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Immigration
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With an area similar to that of the U.S., Australia
has a much smaller population (currently about
20 million)
The Australian environment is far less productive
and can support far fewer people.
perceived underpopulation
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23/39Land Degradation Cl f i
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Clearance of native
vegetation
Australia clears more native vegetation per
year than any other First World country
Rotting and burning of the bulldozed
vegetation
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Overgrazing by sheep
Sheep graze down the vegetation faster than it can
regrow
maximum stocking rates for sheep
Mining the crop of grass, rather than treating it as a
potentially renewable resource.
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Rabbits
Remove vegetation as do sheep
Reducing the pasturage available to sheep
and cattle
Expensive measures to control rabbit
populations.
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Soil nutrient exhaustion
Low initial nutrient content of soil
Unsustainable farming methods
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Soil erosion
Erosion of topsoil
Runoff of soil via rivers into the sea
Damage to Great Barrier Reef
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Man-made droughts
Direct exposure of bare land to the sun
making the soil hotter and drier.
Hot and dry soil conditions impede plant
growth in much the same way as does a
natural drought
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Weeds
Defined as plants of low value to farmers,
either because they are less palatable (or
totally unpalatable) to sheep and cattle than, orbecause they compete with useful crops.
3,000 plant species are considered weeds in
Australia today and cause economic losses of
about $2 billion per year.
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Salinization
Irrigation Salinization
Dryland Salinization
500 years to flush mobilized salt out of the
ground
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Render farmlands less productive or useless to
grow crops and raise livestock.
Salt is carried into city drinking water supplies.
Damages caused by salt corroding
infrastructure
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Least area covered by forests
*Double irony
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WATER PROBLEM:*quantity
*accessibility*use
*quality
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Marine overfishing Low production of freshwater
fisheries Heavy reliance on ship
transportation Marine pests
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Signs of Hope and Change
Changing attitudes
Rethinking by Australias Farmers
Private Initiatives
Radical governmental Initiatives