abdomen, 29, 55, 66, 68, 70, 71, 109, 164, 248, 272, 273, 356n64, 361n198, 361n201, 372n207

Abhidharmakosha (Abidamo jushe lun 阿毘達磨俱舍論), 100

Abidamo jushe lun. See Abhidharmakoshaacupuncture, 362n221, 362n223–24,

363n225–26, 376n39, 376n40Admonitions Scroll (Nüshizhen tu 女史箴

圖), 370n156Album of Daoist and Buddhist Themes,

127–28, 130–31, 154, 171–72, 224, 288, 306–7, 309, 313–14, 317–18, 349n35, 373 n237, 390n101–2, 407n43, 407n50, 412n172, 417n265

alchemy, 15, 17, 19, 21, 26–27, 64–67, 70, 78, 80, 84–85, 109, 117, 119, 179, 180, 221–23, 270, 272, 281, 319, 343, 348n11, 353n138, 354n14, 360n165, 360n170, 360n175, 361n200, 372n207, 383n218. See also internal alchemy

Altar of the Heavenly Worthy of Nine Refinements (Jiulian tianzun tan 九鍊天尊壇), 210–11, 273–74, 277

altar: 22, 186, 189, 192–95, 205, 213–15, 221, 254, 386n8; construction of, 386n24; decentralized, 196, 198–99; diagram of the jiao ritual, 186; of the Divine Tiger, 201; doors at, 387n38, 387n43; images on, 262; measurements of, 387n27, 387n40, 391n124; objects on, 195–98, 213–14, 387n33–34; at ordina-tion, 387n36; portable, 283, 333; sealing of, 247; to summon souls, 262; tiers of, 193–95, 387n27, 387n30, 387n39, 391n138; uses today, 335–37, 418n306

Amitābha, 31–33, 354n8, 355n41, 377n47, 406n25

aniconic, 8, 13–15, 22, 25, 136–37, 165, 185, 192, 219, 242, 278, 281, 343–44. See also iconography

animals: carts of, 69, 240, 361n196; physiognomy of, 413n200. See also bird, deer, elephant, dragons, fish, goose, horse, lion, phoenix, pig, snake, tiger, toad, wolf

animated: curtained stage, 205 (see also curtains: on stages); gods, 10, 296, 300, 319, 334 (see also deities: mobile; proces-sions); icons in Byzantium, 418n306; images, 339; ritual performance, see ritual: performance; soul catcher, 400n120 (see also messengers: of the Divine Tiger; soul catchers)

announcement: 218, 232, 247, 249, 397n217; of merit, 398n47; nocturnal, 247

anthropomorphic: banners, see banners; deities, see deities; idols, 344; mush-rooms, see mushrooms; tree goblins, 312, 317 (see also trees; monsters)

Anthology of the Abyssal Cavern (Dongyuan ji 洞淵集), 369n108

Antiquities Illustrated (Bogu tu 博古圖), 114, 222, 226, 393n190, 393n194

antiquity, 139, 236, 296, 350n69. See also Antiquities Illustrated; archaic; archaism

Anxi, Gansu, 322–323ape, 309–11, 317, 318, 332, 373n225. See also

monsters; treesapsaras, 107, 369n123archaism, 96, 139–40, 161, 164, 166–69,

173, 177–79, 192, 202, 236, 240, 303, 370n155, 380n145, 381n167, 387n35, 389n85, 393n190. See also Antiquities Illustrated; antiquity; archaic

archaeology, 13, 141, 227, 232, 351n90, 362n221, 365n23, 380n125; Daoist, 125, 353n89, 353n138, 367n63, 379n117

architecture, 202, 205, 213, 278, 290, 365n274, 407n62, 408n63

arhats, 33, 76, 268, 300; eighteen, 402n168,

410n134; paintings of, 302, 325, 348n25, 406n29, 408n70, 409n76, 415n228; sets of, 410n134, 415n229; sixteen, 312, 402n168, 410n134, 412n182; statue, 363n234. See also Five Hundred Arhats

ascension: to heaven, 295, 380n131, 393n196; from hells, 400n109; medita-tive, 364n260; in ritual, 247, 249–53, 273; of souls, 259, 270; tallies for, 278–79; in visualization, 253. See also heavens; hells; ritual; souls

audiences, 203, 338, 342; divine or heav-enly, 290, 302, 303 (see also proces-sions); general, 343; intended, 2, 26, 172, 348n10; of initiates, 165; passive, 335; popular, 326, 375n10; of ritual, 203, 213–14, 246, 257, 342; tablet, 250

Auspicious Cranes, 297–99, 409n79Auspicious Ghost Dragons (Jiguilong 吉鬼

龍), 175–76Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin 觀音), 326, 341,

363n234, 391n139Avalokiteśvara as Guider of Souls (Yinlu

pusa 引路菩薩), 219–20, 355n41

Ba gaoseng tu. See Biographies of the Eight Lofty Monks

Baiyun xianren lingcao ge. See Songs of the Numinous Herbs by the Immortal of the White Clouds

Baize jingguai tu. See Pictures of the Diagrams of Spectral Prodigies of White Marsh

babies, 29, 61, 66, 70–71, 250, 273–74, 360n178

Bai Bin, 150, 165Baodingshan. See Mount Baoding Baoshan. See Mount Bao Barnhart, Richard, 290, 307banners, 13, 25, 29, 108, 158, 189, 191,

195, 207, 210–11, 214–20, 255, 343;

Index

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anthropomorphic 216; to attack hells, 209; Buddhist, 219–20; burning of, see burning; Daoist, 216–19, 242, 391n136; designs of, 242; and fans, 196; flags and, 158, 213–21; of Great Mercy, 221; and hells, 390n112, 392n153; kinds of 214–15; lamps and, 207; in manual, 391n136; of messenger, 261; of rider, 261; for refinement, 276; for souls, 219, 265; in ritual, 189, 195–96; raising of, 21; spirit-moving, 216, 218; studies of, 391n139–14; talismans on, 218, 221, 392n153; templates for, 216, 256; to summon souls, 401n128. See also anthropomor-phic; Buddhism; colors; Dunhuang; Mawangdui; ritual; silk; talismans

Baopuzi neipian. See Inner Chapters of the Book of the Master Who Keeps to Simplicity

bathing: Daoist, 78, 265–266, 364n242, 395n247; rite for orphan spirits, 401n132; in ritual, 263, 265, 401n133, 401n139, 401n145; of souls, 207, 209, 265–66, 401n132–33, 401n139, 401n144–45

Bawei zhaolong lu. See Register of the Eight Daunters Summoning the Dragons

Bawei zhenwen. See True Writ of the Eight Daunters

Baxian guohai. See Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea

Belting, Hans, 10 Beneficial Rain, 291Bianjing 汴京, 178, 268Bianque 扁鵲, 376n39 Bickford, Maggie, 297Biographies of the Eight Lofty Monks (Ba

gaoseng tu八高僧圖), 371n176birds, 11, 143, 154, 185; character for, 163;

cranes, 83, 111, 119, 158, 163–64, 215, 297–99, 380n131, 397n311, 409n79, 410n117, 410n115; and dragons, 156; flight patterns of, 154–55, 379n110; head of, 331; life-sharing, 377n47; magical, 148; in paintings, 290, 347n1; in impe-rial recipes, 384n224; in scripts, 154–65; as symbol, 161; in talismans, 163; and thunder god, 300, 417n276; and writ-ing, 154–55; in visualization, 150; visual culture of, 380n139. See also Man-Bird; Numinous Vulture Peak

Black Killer (Heisha 黑剎), 329–30, 404n217

blood bowl, 345 Blood Bowl Sutra (Xuepen jing 血盆經), 130 Blood Lake, 345; Hells, 129, 373n228,

373n231bodhisattva, 33, 219, 268, 322, 341, 345,

348n25–26, 400n111, 406n40body: bureaucrats in, 64; burning of,

403n205; charts, 18, 21, 46, 64, 67–68, 71–75, 77, 80, 83, 85, 272, 281, 319, 343, 361n191, 361n204, 361n208, 362n212, 362n217, 362n218, 362n219, 362n221, 363n225, 364n248, 388n50; as child, 354n31; and cosmos, 10, 21, 26–85, 364n251; dharma, 136; figurines of, 363n228; human, 9, 11, 26; and image, 10; imaginary world of, 10; impure, 358n115; inner realm of, 67–73, 362n209, 362n212; invisible, 184, 362n209; land-marks in, 272; landscapes in, 78–80; medical, 74–77; and metaphor, 354n7; as microcosm, 350n60; models of, 75; and mushrooms, 185; as sacred site, 26; and sword, 227; parasites in, 61–65; sides illustrated, 68–69; stars in, 42–45; transformation of, 247; true, 136; worms in, 21 (see also worms, deathbringers). See also body gods

body gods, 6, 21, 27–46, 246–47, 249–50, 343, 345, 394n220; calling of, 247–49; in ritual, 398n37, 398n41; names of, 392n163; pictures of, 281

Bogu tu. See Antiquities IllustratedBohe 帛和, 375n13Bokenkamp, Stephen, 91–93, 103Boltz, Judith, 2, 184, 272–73, 332Book of Changes (Yijing 易經), 26, 96, 195,

353n152, 367n58, 367n62Book of Rites (Liji 禮記), 26, 386n18Bookcase of the Clouds with Seven Labels

(Yunji qiqian 雲笈七籤), 17, 20, 43, 51, 79, 103, 135, 139, 181, 222, 225

Books of Burial (Zangshu 葬書), 377n52Books of Residence (Zhaijing 宅經), 377n52Boston triptych, 283–84, 292, 294–95,

300, 311, 313–14, 317, 333–39, 345, 405n8, 409n73

Bourdieu, Pierre, 7–8Brahmā, 366n37, 367n71, 376n30; Heaven,

91, 141–42, 263, 367n71 (see also heavens); language of, 91–92, 141–42 (see also hidden language of the Great Brahmā Heaven); script, 155

breathing, 21, 329, 403n205; embryonic, 66, 360n181, 371n170; exercises, 281; and meditation, 273; to eliminate worms, 63

Bridge for Ascent to Heaven, 210–11, 273Bridge of Meeting Immortals, 213Bridge, Naihe, 404n234Bridge, Rainbow, 250bridges, 81, 83, 391n124; Buddhist,

404n234; crossing of, 276–79, 289, 293; and dragons, 364n261; in ritual, 273–74, 276, 404n211; of universal salvation, 404n233; motifs of, 210, 391n123; over streams, 293; to heaven, 22, 209–10, 263, 364n268; to immortality, 111, 213; of the Law, 210, 277; spinal column as, 273; trifold, 211–12, 274, 303–4, 407n49. See also names of specific bridges

brocade, 109, 202–3, 215, 244, 258, 285, 334, 353n143, 358n108, 381n175, 387n36. See also embroidery; silk; textiles

Bronze Man of the Bright Hall 76. See also Hall of Light

Buddha: assembly for, 414n223; birth of, 365n18; body of, 136; feet of, 363n235; nirvana of, 363n235; in pantheon, 345; Prabhūtaratna (Duobao fo 多寶佛), 3; seated, 288; Shakyamuni, 6, 8, 406n40; sites of, 145; stories of, 327; Tejaprabha, 406n34

buddhas, two, 3Buddhism: adaptations from, 83, 195,

348n11, 399n70; appropriation of, 16; art in, 5, 13, 342, 347n10, 349n26, 351n107, 418n7; banners in, 219; 391n139, 391n150, 392n151; bodies in, 374n7; canon of, 17, 373n234; as category, 7; caves in, 303, 370n163, 414n219; charms in, 139, 393n191 (see also dhāranī); charts in, 369n113; communities of, 55; competi-tion with, 130; concepts of, 319; connec-tion to, 103; cosmology in, 98, 368n78; vs. Daoism, 344–45, 403n174, 404n228, 418n8 (see also Buddho-Daoism); deities in, 389n92; depictions in, 57; donors in, 410n133, 411n142; festivals in, 297, 299; glorification of, 6; heavens of, 100; hells in, 122, 372n202; iconography of, 393n178; icons in, 355n41; images in, 2, 56; influence of, 120, 122, 133; inspira-tion from, 4, 107, 136, 210; language of, 91; liturgical paintings in, 237; and Man-Bird motif, 144; meditation in,

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351n104, 360n168; mirrors in, 222, 226, 364n239, 392n173; models in, 260; monks in, 25, 117, 249, 269, 271, 295, 359n131, 371n170, 385n269, 402n161, 405n13, 408n63, 408n70; narrative in, 413n194; and Northern Dipper, 357n88; paintings in, 31, 286, 332, 349n33, 357n100, 362n224, 371n176, 400n109, 406n29, 407n53, 408n70, 409n84, 412n171, 416n248; pantheon of, 326, 405n13; paradises in, 154; pilgrim-age in, 370n163; practices of, 147; priests in, 302; printing in, 396n283, 406n40; relics in, 363n235; revolving sutra cabinet in, 369n126–27; ritual in, 22, 244, 267–70, 401n156; robes in, 397n311; and sacred space, 202; saints in, 377n59; scholarship on, 2; scriptures of, 403n184; sculptures in, 348n22; spirit money in, 239; statues in, 182, 363n234; sutras of, 382n200; symbols in, 375n25; tantric, 56, 348n10, 375n26, 392n157, 393n181, 399n70, 403n184; temples of, 145, 297, 368n83; texts of, 46, 69, 402n159; thunder gods in, 326, 415n240; Tiantai, 269, 302; Tibetan, 14, 351n87, 351n104, 352n117; treasures in, 352n117; tree sprites in, 314 (see also trees); visu-alization in, 31, 354n8, 358n115; water imagery in, 322; wheel in, 390n118

Buddho-Daoism, 5–6, 55, 76, 142, 239, 260, 283, 288, 299–300, 302, 332, 338–39, 344–45, 348n16, 357n91, 358n111, 369n126, 383n222, 396n285, 404n228, 416n245. See also Buddhism: vs. Daoism

Building Standard (Yingzao fashi 營造法式), 158, 369n126

Bureau of Tortuous Springs (Quanqu fu 泉曲府), 125

Bureau of Transforming Lives (Biansheng fu 變生府), 124

burning: of artifacts, 351n110; of banners, 257; of demon, 318; of documents, 232; of money, 263, 396n282–84, 401n127; ritual, 214, 247, 253, 276, 386n4, 386n18; of talismans, 401n148 (see also talismans)

Cai Fasong 蔡法聳, 355n39Cai Jing 蔡京 (1047–1126), 317Caiyao tu. See Illustrated Medicinal Herb

Picking

calligraphy, 22, 154, 173, 350n60, 379n107, 394n207, 410n117, 411n158; and Daoism, 379n112; Islamic, 351n93, 418n6; talis-manic, 292 (see also talismans)

Calling Forth the Officials (Chuguan 出官), 34, 85, 247–48, 355n47

Campany, Robert, 180Cang Jie 倉頡, 154, 158, 379n107Cangyun shanren 蒼雲山人, 371n172Capital of Jade Mountain, 83Catalogue of Fungi and Herbs (Taishang

lingbao zhicao pin 太上靈寶芝草品), 183–84. See also mushrooms

Catalogue of Missing Scriptures of the Daoist Canon (Daozang quejing mulu 道藏闕經目錄), 50, 355n47

caves. See grottoCelestial Heart (Tianxin 天心), 17, 34, 42,

44, 63, 85, 125, 195–96, 214, 223–24, 329, 332, 355n48, 356n64, 356n70, 364n261, 387n41, 400n120, 404n217. See also Great Rites of the Jade Hall

Celestial Masters (Tianshi 天師), 15, 77, 88, 89, 190, 229, 231, 291, 296, 310, 311, 317, 355n47, 355n49, 361n204, 363n238, 364n248, 375n14, 393n187, 408n65, 408n67, 408n67

Celestial River, 149, 265–66, 401n146. See also stars: Milky Way

Celestial Treasury, 239celestials: flying, 107–9; officers, 149;

scripture cabinet of, 108. See also deities; heavens; paradises

Central Sacred Peak (Zhongyue 中嶽), 106, 371n166, 381n167; magical mushrooms from, 180, 185; Map of the Temple of, 172–73; Temple of, 407n58. See also Mount Song

Central Scripture of Laozi (Laozi zhong jing 老子中經), 28, 320, 356n64

Chamber: of Concentration (Jingsi ge 精思閣), 200; of the Divine Tiger (Shenhu tang 神虎堂), 200–201, 244, 262, 263 (see also altar: of the Divine Tiger); of the Eastern Emperor of the Old Lord (Dongdi laojun tang 東帝老君堂), 226; of the Great Simplicity (Taisu houtang 太素后堂), 226; of Green Florescence (Qinghua tang 青華堂), 200; of Silence (Jingmo tang 靜默堂), 200, 255

Chang’an, 89, 365n16, 368n78, 387n36, 371n180

Changsha, 381n180chants, ritual, 163, 244, 248, 253–55, 257,

261, 263, 265–67, 273, 276, 311, 328–29, 334–35, 399n83, 401n134

Chart for Analyzing the Wonderful and Superior Book of Salvation, 191

Chart of Corporeal Landmarks, 273Chart of Cultivating Perfection (Xiuzhen tu

修真圖), 71, 361n204Chart of the Formula of the Reverted

Embryo (Huandan jue tu 還丹訣圖), 66Chart of the Hall of Light, 121, 363n226. See

also Hall of Light Chart of the Internal Passageways (Neijing

tu內經圖), 67, 71–72, 361n204, 364n265Chart of the Offering for the Ninefold

Darkness ( Jiuyou jiao tu 九幽醮圖), 207–10, 255, 265, 267. See also Ninefold Darkness

Chart of the Siting of the Household and Garden (Xiangzhai yuandi tu 相宅園地圖), 377n52

Chart of the Siting of the Household in the Yin and Yang Realms (Yinyang zhaixiang tu 陰陽宅相圖), 377n52

Chart of the Skeleton of Lord Lao (Laojun kulou tu 老君骷髏圖), 364n248. See also skeleton

Chart of the True Form of the Topography of Most High Man-Bird Mountain (Taishang renniao shanxing zhenxing tu 太上人鳥山形真形圖), 139, 147

Charts for Exploring the Deep Meaning of Symbols and Figures of the Book of Changes, 98

Charts of the Inner Realm (Neijing tu 內境圖), 67

Charts of the True Circulatory Vessels (Cunzhen huanzhong tu 存真環中圖), 74

charts, 19, 75, 93–97, 133, 135, 175, 344, 388n50; instructive ( juetu 訣圖), 66. See also diagrams; names of individual true form charts

Chavannes, Edouard, 115Chen Zhixu 陳致虛 (1290–ca. 1368), 78,

364n247Chen Rong 陳容 (13th c.), 177, 291,

409n83Chen Rongsheng, 336Chen Ruoyu 陳若愚, 408n63Chen Tuan 陳摶 (d. 989), 96–97Chen Yiguan 陳一貫 (17th c.), 377n58Chen Yuexi 陳月溪, 385n250

Buddhism (continued)

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index 475

Chen Zihe 陳子和, 408n67Cheng Qi 程棨 (13th c.), 330Chengdu, 77, 268, 284, 405n13, 406n29Chief Marshal of the Thunder Division,

417n265Chifeng (Ulanahad), 374n238Chishengguang jiuyao. See Tejaprabhā

Buddha and the Nine Planets Chisongzi zhangli. See Petition Almanac of

ChisongziChongqing guange chucang tuhua ji. See

Record of Paintings from the Zhongxing Library

Chongxiu Xuanhe bogu tu 重修宣和博 古圖, 226

Chongzhen emperor, 418n317Christianity, 10, 12, 172, 372n185, 388n67Chronicle of Buddhism (Fozu tongji 佛祖統

紀), 122, 269, 402n168Chu sanshi jiuchong baosheng jing. See

Scripture for the Protection of LifeChuguan tu. See Pictures for Calling Forth

the Officials Cinnabar Field, 29, 64–65, 70–71, 83, 248,

250, 273; Lower, 70–71, 83, 248cinnabar, 119, 178–79, 209, 383n218,

383n222 Clarified Tenuity (Qingwei 清微), 17, 160,

380n141, 417n264–65Clarified Tenuity Prayer Guidelines

(Qingwei qidao neizhi 清微祈禱內旨), 328

Classic of Entering the Mountains (Rushan jing 入山經), 375n16

Classic of Filial Piety, 411n157. See also filial piety

Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhai jing 山海經), 58, 106, 142, 359n145–46, 415n237

Cleveland album. See Album of Daoist and Buddhist Themes

Cliff of Lord Lao (Laojunyan 老君巖), 416n250

Clunas, Craig, 20coloring, 34, 135, 284–85, 288, 407n44,

409n79. See also colors colors: of banners, curtains, and pennants,

195, 219–20, 387n36, 389n84; of body gods, 27–28, 31, 33–34, 248; of contain-ers for Daoist documents, 233; in correspondence theory, 88; of Daoist charts, illustrations, registers, and

talismans, 36, 64, 96, 162, 167, 174, 305, 378n81, 387n38; in drawing, 100, 188, 377n47, 411n155, 414n223; five, 1, 108, 199, 215, 224, 250, 273; of deities and gods, 46, 334, 357n85; guides for illus-trators, 41, 378n81, 407n44; of mock inner organs, 77 (see also silk); nine, 9; in painting, 111, 182, 266, 284, 289–90, 307, 386n18, 407n53, 409n79; of paper, 231, 385n2, 394n231; of paper money, 239, 359n137 (see also paper: money); in print, 396n295; in sculpture, 77, 285; of textiles, 193, 203, 210, 215, 297, 299, 387n36 (see also brocade; embroidery; silk; textiles); in light, 224; of Lord Lao, 135 (see also Lord Lao; Laozi); and visualization, 305 (see also visualization). See also coloring

Complete Perfection (Quanzhen 全真), 35, 64, 73, 196, 320–22, 361n196, 370n150, 408n63, 413n212

Confucianism, 10, 145, 327, 348n10, 418n7. See also Neo-Confucianism

Continent of Concentrating Caves (Juku zhou 聚窟洲), 141–42

Convention of the Overall Stars (Zong xing tan tu shi 總星壇圖式), 388n52

Copy of Zhang Xuan’s Lady Guoguo on an Outing (Fang Zhang Xuan Guoguo furen youchun tu仿張萱虢國夫人遊春圖, 357n91

cosmogony, 88, 94cosmography, 88, 106, 114–16, 345, 365n5,

369n115; Buddhist, 100, 122, 106, 373n228 (see also Diagram of the Three Worlds and Nine Lands); Daoist, 10, 14–15, 21, 87–88, 98–99, 105–6, 111, 120, 123, 133, 136–38, 142, 318–19, 333, 343; grotto, 116; lateral, 103–5, 133, 345; Islamic, 365n5; ring-shaped, 106, 369n113; vertical, 99, 103, 121–22, 133, 153, 293, 345. See also cosmology; heavens

cosmology, 133, 272, 374n4; Buddhist, 99, 100, 102, 345, 368n78; Daoist, 120, 134, 165, 241, 343–44, 365n1, 367n51, 367n66, 372n212, 374n244; tripartite, 100, 374n244; vertical, 342, 374n244. See also cosmography; heavens

cosmos, 8, 385n259; charting of, 133; control of, 15; creation of, 11, 88–93, 138, 350n55, 380n149, 382n190; Daoist, 8, 21, 241, 293; egg-shaped, 103; mystical,

170–73; structure of, 87, 99, 133, 242, 293; vision of, 170

Court of the Venerable Old Man, 125cranes. See birdsculture: activity of, 245; and altars, 202;

landscape as, 173; material, 2, 8, 11–13, 21, 241, 344, 346, 350n76, 351n76, 386n5, 393n194, 417n292; models of, 133; symbols in, 7; unit of, 7; visual, passim

Cunsi tu. See Visualization Diagram Cunzhen huanzhong tu. See Charts of the

True Circulatory Vesselscurtains (mu 幕), 199, 203, 205, 245, 251,

253, 388n67, 389n84, 389n91, 390n95; on doors, 209 (see also altar: doors at; gates); on stages, 199–201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 253, 388n69, 389n73, 389n81, 389n84; on stations, 280; on tents, 199, 202, 389n92. See also names of individual curtained stages

Curtained Stage of the Generals and Officers (Jiangli mu 將吏幕), 389n81

Curtained Stage of Heavenly Physicians (Tianyi mu 天醫幕), 201

Curtained Stage of the Judicial Officials (Jianlin mu 監臨幕), 389n81

Curtained Stage of the Memorial Officials (Zhangguan mu 章官幕), 389n81

Curtained Stage of Refinement for Salvation (Liandu mu 鍊度幕), 210

Da cunsi tu zhujue. See Secret Instructions and Illustrations of the Great Visualizations

Da fangbian fobao’en jing. See Sutra of the Buddha Repaying [His Parents’] Kindness with Great Skillful Means

Da Song tiangong baozang. See Great Song Heavenly Palace Treasure Canon

Dadong zhenjing. See Perfect Scripture of the Great Cavern

dafan yinyu. See hidden language of the Great Brahmā Heaven

Dahuting 打虎亭, 140, 375n27, 389n91Dali Kingdom, 132, 390n98Danchi zunzhe. See Worthy of Plain

Stupidity Dao Zhizai 戴知在, 303Dao, 22, 30, 135, 247Daochang. See Enclosure of the DaoDaode jing 道德經, 88, 347n4, 365n13,

366n27

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476 index

Daofa huiyuan. See Daoist Method, United in Principle

Daoism, 15–18; charts of, 19; confer-ences on, 353n138, 353n146; history of, 15–18, 347n4, 351n112; studies of, 347n5; texts of, 18–19; vs. Buddhism, see Buddho-Daoism

Daoist Canon (Daozang 道藏): categories in 18–19, 21, 354n10

Daoist Deity Liberating Hells, 6, 217, 259Daoist Divinity of Water, 407n53Daoist Method, United in Principle (Daofa

huiyuan 道法會元), 222, 293, 328–29Daoist Official of Heaven, 391n135Daojiao lingyan ji. See Evidential Miracles

in Support of Daoism Daomen dingzhi. See Established Order of

DaoismDaozang quejing mulu. See Catalogue of

Missing Scriptures of the Daoist Canon Dapo zazhi tu. See Illustrated Fungi for the

Great SoulsDark Master (Xuanshi 玄師), 200, 253,

389n71Dazu 大足, 35–36, 171, 302, 326–27,

348n11, 390n118, 416n250dead: books of, 230; gates of death, 30;

place of, 22; seat of, 209; visions of, 245. See also hells

deathbringers, three (sanshi 三尸), 53–64, 71, 84, 358n117, 358n120, 358n124, 358n131, 360n162

Deathbringer Dog (Shigou 尸狗), 358n122Debate between Vimalakirti and Manjustri,

407n53Declarations of the Perfected (Zhengao

真誥), 155, 173deer, 29, 69, 114, 118–19, 185, 310, 312,

361n196, 376n37, 377n59. See also animals

deities: abode of, 22; anthropomorphic, 28, 331; arriving, 305; as bureaucrats, 29–34, 84, 117, 124, 147, 172, 296, 300, 332, 357n98, 415n240; colorless, 349n34; descent of, 253–54; early, 27–29; of earth, 36, 198; of fire, 329; generals, 30, 34, 389n81; guardians, 30, 38, 290, 302, 314, 322, 326, 378n78, 378n83, 385n262; holding mirrors, 224; images of, 284; of life, 211; marshals, 328–30; martial, 330, 393n178; mobile, 11, 22, 36, 281–339, 357n91 (see also animated: gods); of Northern Dipper, see Northern Dipper;

paired, 3; petitions to, 232; planetary, 30; in procession, see processions; rank-ing of, 350n59; in ritual, 248; seated, 4, 196, 348n21; sending off of, 254; and stages, 200; summoning of, 347n4; swords of, 28; twin, 3, 348n23; of water, 416n248. See also body: gods in; Three Officials

Deity Erlang from Guankou Beheading the Dragons (Guankou Erlang zhan jianjiao 灌口二郎斬健蛟), 390n106. See also Erlang

Deity of the Northern Yin (Beifang yinshen 北方陰神), 224

Demon Statutes of Nüqing (Nüqing guilü 女青鬼律), 310

demons: ape, 313–18; as assistants, 295; chants against, 311; character for, 214; cursing of, 412n180; as guards, 185; of diseases, 53, 56–57, 359n147; gate of, 123; identification of, 225; images of, 284; king of, 311; kui, 58, 359n146; lore of, 53, 85; and mirrors (see also mirrors), 223; and monsters (see also monsters), 311–13; mother of, see Hāritī; Mother of Nine Demons; in mountains, see mountains: demons and goblins in; names of, 310; of lou star, 57; paintings of, 295; quellers, 296, 308–9, 412n172 (see also Zhong Kui); quelling of, 151, 222, 296, 308–312, 380n148, 404n217, 412n172, 412n184; snake, 332; in underworld, 285. See also ape; hungry ghosts; trees

Deng Bowen 鄧伯溫, 417n265Desolate Terrace in the Sheltering Great

Canopy of Heaven, 365n274Despeux, Catherine, 19, 68, 83, 93, 179Devouring Thief (Tunze 吞賊), 54, 64,

358n122. See also seven material souls Dhāranī Chart of the True Words (Tuoluoni

zhenyan 陀羅尼真言), 139dhāranī, 91, 140, 147, 375n25diagrams, 2, 17–20, 42, 52, 85, 87, 93–96,

98, 106, 121, 125, 129, 133–34, 139, 142, 152, 161, 181, 189–90, 196, 336–37, 344, 353n152, 386n24, 418n306; fengshui, 175; ritual, 171, 210, 245, 274–75, 281, 333, 336; Water Land ritual (see also Water Land ritual), 390n121, 402n168. See also charts; ritual; names of individual true form charts

Diagram for Exchanging Mortality with Immortality through Inner Observation

of Fire Kindling (Neiguan qihuo xianfan jiaohuan tu 內觀起火仙凡交換圖), 64–65

Diagram of Daoist Earthly Paradises, 107. See also paradises

Diagram of Lamps Imitating the Blood Lake, 129

Diagram of Mountain Forms of All Dynasties (Lidai shanxing tu 歷代山形圖), 377n52

Diagram of Ritual Implements Surrounding the Altar, 215

Diagram of the Altar for Salvation through Refinement, 275

Diagram of the Altar of the Heavenly Worthy of Nine Refinements, 211

Diagram of the Chant of the Azure Sky (Biluo kong ge zhi tu 碧落空歌之圖, or Azure Sky Diagram), 93–96, 98, 200, 389n80

Diagrams of the Descending Configurations of Twelve Dragons (Shi’er long jiangshi tu 十二龍降勢圖), 175

Diagram of the Eastern Well (Dongjing tu 東井圖), 401n144

Diagram of the Eight Hot Hells, 122Diagram of the Five Sacred Peaks, 181.

See also Five Sacred Peaks; True Form Charts of the Five Sacred Peaks

Diagram of the Four Continents, Nine Mountains, and Eight Seas, 122

Diagram of the Great Floating Earth at Dawn (Da fuli tu zhi tu 大浮黎土之圖 or Floating Earth Diagram), 93, 95, 98, 201, 281, 366n44

Diagram of the Oratory, 191Diagram of the Phenomenon of Residence

(Xiangzhai tu 相宅圖), 377n52Diagram of the Six Curtains, 245Diagram of the Survey of Mountain Forms

(Shanxing zonglan tu 山形總覽圖), 377n52

Diagram of the Synthesized Heavens, 105Diagram of the Three Isles and Ten

Continents on the Sea (Haizhong sandao shizhou zhitu 海中三島十洲之圖), 11, 109

Diagram of the Three Worlds and Nine Lands (Sanjie jiudi zhi tu 三界九地之圖), 100

Diagram of the Three Worlds, 103 Diagram of the Treasure Terrace of the

Rebirth in Heaven, 212

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index 477

Diagrams on the Mystery of Ultimate and Primordial Chaos for the Cultivation of True Nature, 111

Didascalicon, 382n197Dignified Pointers to Inner Nature and

Destiny (Xingming guizhi 性命圭旨), 31Dili xinshu. See New Book of Geography Ding Qingxi 丁清溪, 408n63Ding Wei 丁謂 (962–1033), 385n266directions, ritual, 114–15, 198, 209, 218,

247, 256–57, 358n108, 378n84, 379n100Discussion on the Arcana of the Circulation

of Qi in the Suwen, 246diseases: culture of, 61, 85; and demons,

53, 56–57, 359n147; healing of, 328–29, 359n132; images of, 58–59, 359n147; and petitions, 229; prevention of, 27; and qi-flow, 33; representations of, 359n147; rituals for, 230; talismans for, 359n132; tuberculosis, 358n120. See also medicine

Divine Dragons of the Nine Seas, 408n70Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao 神霄), 17, 93,

156, 162, 167, 178, 272, 299, 331, 353n133, 356n57, 366n43–44, 366n47, 404n227

Dizang 地藏, 260, 390n109, 400n111Dizang Bodhisattva and the Ten Kings

(Dizang shiwang tu 地藏十王圖), 260, 300, 400n111

Dizang shiwang tu. See Dizang Bodhisattva and the Ten Kings

documents: burning of, 247, 343; submis-sion of, 253; containers for, 233–34; for gods, 231; for heaven, 278–79; kinds of, 232; in ritual, 189, 231–38, 242, 394n217, 394n220, 395n241, 395n244, 395n249, 395n251, 395n253, 395n263; studies of, 352n116; wrappings of, 239. See also paper

Dong Yuan 董源, 408n63Dongfang Shuo 東方朔, 382n198Dongtian fudi yuedu mingshan ji. See

Record of Grotto Heavens, Blessed Places, Ducts, Peaks, and Great Mountains

Dongyuan ji. See Anthology of the Abyssal Cavern

donors, 3, 253, 348n14, 411n142, 418n317. See also Buddhism, donors in

doors. See curtains; gates; salvation; tombsDragons Script of the Eight Daunters (Bawei

longwen 八威龍文), 150, 377n86dragons script of heavenly writings (long-

zhang tianshu 龍章天書), 156

dragons: arrow-shaped, 152, 156; blue, 29; body, 417n282; in bird-like forms, 155–57; in Buddhist painting, 325; casting of, 231, 234–37, 395n237, 395n266, 396n275; chariot of, 306, 325, 335, 376n37, 376n43; dark, 157; double dragon seals, 355n49, 378n86; and Erlang, 390n106; in fengshui, 175; golden, 193, 235–36, 395n266; green, 205, 295; greeting vs. killing, 175, 390n106; Grotto, 116; hiding, 362n212; image of, 150, 195, 214, 236, 352n131, 378n86, 383n217, 408n68; lairs of, 175–76; in landscape, 175; in mirror designs, 226(see also mirrors); magi-cal, 152, 155; as messengers, 96–97, 152, 236, 277, 379n115; nine, 177, 218, 231, 394n230, 409n83; in paintings, 177, 290–91, 408n67, 409n83, 408n70 (see also Chen Rong); and phoenixes, 155, 173, 195; on pillars, 251; in procession, 211; rain-evoking, 175, 409n83; as rain-makers, 409n83; and Rain Master, 327; red, 273; riding of, 111, 248, 294–95, 325, 327, 364n261; scripts of, 150–51, 155–56, 158, 161, 174, 378n86, 379n115–16; in spirit money, 239–40; studies of, 408n68; talismans of, 156, 158, 161, 218, 231, 291, 380n124; in textiles, 285; and thunder, 325–26, 331, 417n282; true, 175; and tigers, 66, 70–71, 181; and water, 396n278; on writing knife, 229; in visualization pictures, 81; summoning of, 150

Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng 紅樓夢), 392n169

Dress Code of the Caps and Robes of the Nine Stars and Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions for the Primordial Procession, 50. See also Twenty-eight LunarMansions

Drexler, Monika, 156Du Guangting 杜光庭 (850–933), 77,

123, 185, 193–94, 199, 245, 248, 363n238, 369n108, 371n166, 387n36, 388n69, 396n288, 397n7, 408n65

Du Liniang 杜麗娘, 264Du Shijing 杜世敬, 89Dunhuang: almanac, 359n147; apsaras

at, 369n123; artifacts from, 13; banners at, 219–20, 391n150 (see also banners; Buddhism); calendar from, 39; chain-

sutra at, 378n96; charts from, 167, (see also charts; diagrams); documents from, 396n275 (see also documents); drawing at, 102, 368n80, 359n147, 368n80; library cave at (or Mogao Cave no. 17), 219–20, 322, 365n16, 366n26, 377n47, 391n139, 406n22; manuscripts from, 57–59, 89, 91, 96–97, 100, 141, 146, 162–63, 167–68, 354n15, 359n142, 359n147, 362n221, 368n76, 376n31–32, 377n67, 384n226, 384n245, 385n270, 387n30, 392n151, 397n13, 398n13, 404n234, 412n174, 413n192; medi-cal texts at, 354n15, 384n226 (see also medicine); murals at, 145–46, 202–3, 368n83, 414n219; mushrooms depicted at, 385n270(see also mushrooms); paint-ings at, 370n156, 416n254; scrolls from, 322, 406n35; silk painting at, 220, 288, 322; sketches at, 285–86, 288 (see also sketches); talismans from, 395n240(see also talismans). See also grotto: Mogao; Mogao Cave

earth: conduits in, 117; Empress of, 364n240; excursion on, 300; journeys across, 307; layers of, 121; mounds of, 207; Official of, 232, 282, 292–94, 299, 307, 318, 334–35, 339 (see also Three Officials)

Eastern Sacred Peak (Dongyue 東嶽): Court of, 171; gods of, 171, 382n193; map of, 168; magical mushrooms from, 180; omens of, 408n62; paintings of, 290; symbol of, 165; Temple of, 373n225, 382n193; True Form Chart of, 116, 120, 166–69, 179, 381n173. See also Mount Tai

Eastern Well, 265–66, 276, 401n144. See also Diagram of the Eastern Well

Ebrey, Patricia, 222, 283Efficacious Sticks of Tianzhu (Tianzhu

lingqian 天竺靈籤), 416n256eight assemblies, 379n113, 379n115Eight Daunters (Bawei 八威), 149–51,

378n78–79, 378n84, 378n86, 379n115eight immortals (baxian 八仙), 320–22,

325, 349n35, 413n210, 413n214, 414n217. See also immortals

Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea (Baxian guohai 八仙過海), 320, 413n211, 414n218

Eight Nodes (bajie 八節), 40, 378n79

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478 index

Eight Phosphors (bajing 八景), 378n79eight trigrams (bagua 八卦), 88, 135, 193,

225–29, 365n10, 378n79, 387n33eight ways (badao 八道), 305, 378n79elephant, 5, 349n26Eliade, Mircea, 13embroidery, 106, 108, 348n25, 376n27,

410n114. See also brocade; silk; textilesembryo: imaginary, 66, 70, 83; immor-

tal, 66–67, 70, 83, 222, 273, 362n212, 403n205; Respiration, 66, 71; reverted, 66–67, 360n183; symbolic form of, 222

Emperor Gaozong 高宗 (r. 712–55), 374n2Emperor Guangzong 光宗 (r. 1190–94),

306, 411n158Emperor Huizong 徽宗 (r. 1110–1125):

canon under, 17–18, 78, 179; catalogue of, 114, 178, 226, 283, 377n46, 407n62, 408n62; Daoists under, 42, 93, 239, 317, 356n70, 366n43, 368n98, 404n227, 408n63; Daoist texts compiled by, 78; catalogue of antiquities, 114, 165 (see also Antiquities Illustrated); deities sanctioned by, 49–50, 357n98; design of, 355n49; mirrors of, 165, 222, 226, 393n190, 393n192, 393n194; painting by, 297–98, 352n131, 409n79, 410n113; painting collection of (see also Xuanhe Painting Catalogue), 39, 51, 222, 283, 352n131, 370n142, 377n46, 382n200, 408n62, 410n113; physician of, 74, 80; revelation of, 379n117, 379n119; seals designed by, 355n49; sponsor-ing Daoism, 83–84, 93, 103, 156, 178, 353n133, 366n46, 366n47, 368n98, 383n217; treatise submitted to, 80; writ-ings of, 366n46–47

Emperor Lizong 理宗 (r. 1225–64), 78Emperor Renzong 仁宗 (r. 1025–63), 75,

106, 268Emperor Sizong 思宗 (r. 1628–44), 338Emperor Taizong 太宗 (r. 976–997), 76,

365n274, 408n63Emperor Wenzong 文宗 (r. 827–40),

406n41Emperor Wudi 武帝 (r. 502–49), 268,

402n161Emperor Xuanzong 玄宗 (r. 712–56), 227Emperor Yizong 懿宗 (r. 859–73), 107 Emperor Zhenzong 真宗 (r. 998–1022),

17, 184–85, 195, 285, 352n129, 385n266, 405n17

Empress Cisheng 慈聖 (d. 1614), 402n161

Empress Wu Zetian 武則天 (r. 690–705), 91, 158–59, 236, 380n132, 396n275

Enchin 圓珍 (814–891), 359n131Enclosure of the Dao (Daochang 道場),

189, 195, 199, 207, 209, 213, 215, 218, 229, 247, 250, 267, 270, 281, 418n306; bathhouse at, 265; directions in, 389n81, 401n139; feeding at, 267; today, 335

ephemeral, 12–13, 15, 189, 214, 242, 343–44, 351n87, 374n7, 397n310. See also immaterial

Erlang 二郎, 312, 317–18, 373n225, 390n106; cult of, 412n184

erotic, 312–13. See also feminine; gender; women

Ershisi zhentu. See Twenty-four True Diagrams

esoteric: versus exoteric, 8–9, 343, 350n62–63, 354n165; images, 10, 21; retreats, 9; scripts, 89; teachings, 154; transmission, 165. See also ritual: inner and outer; space: inner

Esoteric Stories of Emperor Wu of the Han (Han Wudi neizhuan 漢武帝內傳), 203, 389n94

Esoteric Writs of the Three Sovereigns (Sanhuang neiwen 三皇內文), 138, 380n150

Essence of the Supreme Secrets (Wushang biyao 無上秘要), 193–94, 387n38

Established Order of Daoism (Daomen dingzhi 道門定制), 193–94, 245

Eulogies for the Water Land Images (Shuilu faxiang zang 水陸法像贊), 268

Eulogy on Burying Cranes (Yiheming 瘞鶴銘), 410n117

Europe: art in, 350n51; hells in, 374n242; icons in, 296, 418n306; visual culture in, 388n67

Evidential Miracles in Support of Daoism (Daojiao lingyan ji 道教靈驗記), 397n7, 408n65

Examination of Painting (Huajian 畫鑑), 406n40

exorcism: 17, 230, 328, 332, 339, 353n138, 373n216, 383n222, 393n181, 398n19, 404n217, 417n264, 418n8; Department of, 330, 417n273; Great, 412n167. See also ritual

Expecting the Wise One and Welcoming the Entourage (Wangxian yingjia 望賢迎駕), 308

Expelling Filth (Chuhui 除穢), 54, 358n122. See also seven material souls

Experiences in Painting (Tuhua jianwenzhi 圖畫見聞誌), 1, 286

Fafu kejie wen. See Rules and Precepts Regarding Ritual Garb

Fahua jingbian. See Lotus Sutra Tableaux Falin 法琳 (572–640), 25, 249Fan Kuan 范寬 (fl. 1025–31), 81–83Fan Qiong 范瓊, 292fans: carrying, 118; paintings on, 182,

407n48; in ritual, 196, 215, 289, 293 (see also banners; flags)

Fang Congyi 方從義 (ca. 1302–93), 408n67

Fang Zhang Xuan Guoguo furen youchun tu. See Copy of Zhang Xuan’s Lady Guoguo on an Outing

Fanxiang juan. See Long Scroll of Buddhist Images

feminine, 329, 413n202. See also erotic; gender; women

Feng A’biao 馮阿檦, 3Feng Daozhen 馮道真, 370n150, 394n216Feng Hui 馮暉, 401n146Feng Yixian 馮義顯, 3Fengdao kejie. See Rules and Precepts for

Worshiping the DaoFengdu 酆都, 83, 121, 123–29, 207, 219,

232, 257, 272–73, 293, 319, 361n201; Mount, 123–28, 255, 309, 372n207, 373n225. See also hells; True Form Chart of Mount Fengdu

fengshui 風水, 22, 143–46, 174–77, 185, 367n63, 377n48, 377n50, 383n214

Festival of Lower Prime, 299Festival of the Three Primes, 297Festival of Upper Prime, 299festivals: annual, 296–99. See also names of

individual festivalsfigurines: Buddhist, 77; Daoist, 108;

sculpted, 240; ritual, 358n108; lacquer and terra cotta, 362n221; medical, 362n223; pig-headed, 331, 417n285. See also statues

filial piety, 327–28, 416n254, 416n257. See also Classic of Filial Piety

fire: bell, 404n217; refinement by, 273–76; visualization of, 360n162

fish: 157, 295, 310, 320, 394n215; carp, 29, 320; creature, 332; golden, 230, 395n268; and mushrooms, 185; and thunder, 331

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index 479

Five Arhats Crossing the Ocean, 324–25Five Emperors, 36, 200, 248–49, 268five fragrances (wuxiang 五香), 78. See also

five spices Five Hundred Arhats, 270–71, 324,

300–301, 307, 325, 400n110, 402n172–73, 403n176, 409n76, 410n133, 415n231, 415n240

five phases, 26, 28, 88, 329. See also directions

Five Sacred Peaks (Wuyue 五嶽): 51, 78, 96, 102, 113–16, 120, 139, 153, 162, 164, 171, 175, 180–81, 185–86, 196, 207, 215, 228, 232, 256, 268, 281, 290, 370n151, 370n153, 370n155, 375n11, 375n 12, 379n99, 381n164, 381n167, 381n168, 388n44, 399n82, 407n62; as design, 242; lords of, 378n79, 382n192; paintings of, 382n194; on robes, 370n161; talismans of, 165, 257–58; travels to, 177. See also True Form Charts of the Five Sacred Peaks

five spices (wuxiang 五香), 265, 401n141. See also five fragrances

Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure (Lingbao wufu 靈寶五符), 153, 186. See also Five True Writs; True Writs in Five Tablets

Five True Writs, 387n34. See also Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure; True Writs in Five Tablets

flags, 214–20, 343, 410n116–17, 416n248. See also banners; fans

Flying Poison (Feidu 飛毒), 54–55, 358n122. See also seven material souls

flowers, 47, 178–79, 186, 193, 195, 200, 205, 207, 210, 265–66, 290, 384n233

Formulas of the Five Stars, the Seven Original Ones, and the Kongchang, 41

Formulas of the Immortals for Relief of Emergencies, 61–62

Foshuo beidou qixing yanming jing. See Sutra of the Great Northern Dipper

Foshuo guan Wuliangshou fo jing. See Sutra on the Visualization of the Buddha of Limitless Life Spoken by the Buddha

Foshuo Yulanpen jing. See Ullambana Sutra Spoken by the Buddha

Foshuo yuxiu shiwang sheng qi jing. See Sutra of Cultivating the Ten Kings for Giving Life to the Seven [Ancestors]

Foshuo zhuan nüshen jing. See Sutra of the Transformation of the Female Body

Foucault, Michel, 15, 133Four Immortals Honoring the God of

Longevity (Sixian gongshou 四仙拱壽), 413n210

Fozu tongji. See Chronicle of BuddhismFreedberg, David, 10frontispiece, 145, 326, 361n196, 365n18,

374n238, 415n242, 415n243, 416n243, 416n248

Fu San 傅三, 243, 333Fujian 福建, 160, 352n130, 404n211,

408n67Fumu enchong jing. See Sutra of Requiting

Parental Kindnessfungi. See mushrooms furniture, 12, 190–93, 202, 293, 365n23,

382n195, 386n22Fusheng Expounding the Classics (Fusheng

shoujing 伏生授經), 386n22Fusheng shoujing. See Fusheng Expounding

the ClassicsFuxi 伏羲, 385n250, 412n181Fuzhou 福州, Fujian, 17, 231, 352n130,

417n264

Gansu, 143–45, 203, 219–20, 286, 322–23, 338, 386n22, 414n219

Gao Wenjin 高文進 (fl. 976–1022), 286, 290, 406n35–40

Gao Yi 高益 (ca. 10th c.), 286, 406n35gardens, 80, 87, 106–7, 264, 270, 368n107,

369n119, 377n52 Garud.a ( Jialou luo 迦樓羅 or Jialing

pingjia 迦陵頻伽), 143, 377n47 Gate of Heaven, 248–49, 251–53, 295,

364n268, 399n58Gate of Life, 83Gate to the Three Heavens, 250gates: and pavilions, 81; in painting,

251–52, 322, 368n80, 373n225, 399n57; in ritual, 211; in tombs and funeral art, 375n27, 412n169, 414n219; of death, 30 ; Gate of Demons, 123; of Fengdu, 272–73; Golden Gate, 83, 250 ; opening of, 257; palatial, 251; three, 66–67; of heavenly building, 91; of hell, 100 ; of the underworld prison, 83, 256–57, 259, 368n80, 373n225; Mysterious Gate, 369n138; motif, 83. See also names of individual gates; dead: gates of; Han dynasty: gates in

Ge Hong 葛洪 (283–343), 135, 138, 167,

180–81, 184–85, 223, 310, 358n124, 364n251, 368n102, 385n252, 412n176

Ge Xuan 葛玄, 39, 411n144gender, 312, 345. See also erotic; feminine;

women Gezhaoshan. See Mount Gezhao Ghost Festival, 297, 299, 402n157Goddess of the Eastern Sacred Peak, 171,

382n193Goddess of the Luo River, 378n79Goddesses in the Palace Park (Langyuan

nüxian 閬苑女仙), 111–13, 318Golden Book of Salvation According to the

Numinous Treasure Tradition (Lingbao lingjiao jidu jinshu 靈寶領教濟度金書), 46, 51, 99, 101, 120, 129, 189, 199, 211, 215, 218, 234, 255, 275, 277, 279, 333

Golden Gate, 83, 250, 335Golden Register Retreat (Jinlu zhai 金籙

齋), 387n36. See also Yellow Register Purgation

Gong Kai 龔開 (1222–1307), 308, 310goose, 61, 222, 230, 236, 394n215Goossaert, Vincent, 64 Goumang 句芒, 376n43Goushi shan. See Mount Gou Grand Generals of the Waste Lands,

Spirits of the Water, Earth, and Plant Life, 316

grass hut ( jiaoguo 茭郭), 209, 390n114Great Deity Celestial Master (Tianshi

dashen 天師大神), 29 Great Emperor of Fusang (Fusang dadi 扶

桑大帝), 305Great Emperor of the Longevity of the

South Pole, 404n211Great Encyclopedia of the Yongle Reign

(Yongle dadian 永樂大典), 175–76Great General of the Tianpeng Deity

(Tianpeng dayuanshuai 天蓬大元帥), 223

Great God in Fire, 329Great God of Drizzling Coldness

(Mingleng dashen 溟冷大神), 125Great Offerings of the Mysterious Capital,

Pure Feast of the Jade Mountain (Xuandu daxian Yushan jinggong 玄都大獻玉山淨供), 267

Great One (Taiyi 太一), 22, 28–29, 218–19, 290

Great Rites of Highest Clarity and Numinous Treasure (Shangqing lingbao dafa 上清靈寶大法), 43, 99, 103–4,

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480 index

120, 189, 209, 212, 229–30, 255–56, 262, 267, 273, 275, 387n39, 388n62, 391n124, 398n37, 403n206, 364n273

Great Rites of the Book of Universal Salvation, 105, 107, 164

Great Rites of the Jade Hall (Yutang dafa 玉堂大法), 34–35, 80, 63, 127, 195, 214, 262–63, 274. See also Celestial Heart

Great Song Heavenly Palace Treasure Canon (Da Song tiangong baozang 大宋天宮寶藏), 352n129

Great Storehouse (Taicang 太倉), 29grotto, 35, 134, 178, 371n16 6; cosmography

of, 116; Dragon Grotto, 116; heavens (dongtian 洞天), 21–22, 105–6, 113–14, 116–20, 123, 134, 235, 345, 369n108, 370n150, 371n164, 405n18; hells, 127–28 (see also hells); Longmen, 303, 348n16, 411n143; Mogao, see Mogao Cave; Southern Mountain, 302; Yulin, 322–23, 377n47, 414n219; Yungang, 348n16

Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之, 370n156Guan Xiu 貫休 (ca. 832–912), 408n70Guan Yu 關羽, 328, 417n279Guankou Erlang zhan jianjiao. See Deity

Erlang from Guankou Beheading the Dragons

Gujing ji. See Record of an Ancient Mirror Gulliver’s Travels, 369n133Guo Ruoxu 郭若虛 (ca. 1041–98), 1, 8,

286, 341, 347n1Guo Si 郭思 ( jinshi 1082), 79Guo Xi 郭熙 (fl. 1060s), 79, 307

hagiographies, 19, 119, 135, 254, 290, 371n173, 372n184, 374n4, 390n94, 399n63, 408n63

Hainei qiguan. See Marvelous Views within the Seas

Hall of Eternal Spring, 413n211Hall of Light (Mingtang 明堂 of Bright

Hall), 76, 121, 228, 363n226, 372n198Hall of Merit and Peace (Hui’an yuan 惠

安院), 402n172, 410n133 Hall of Perpetuated Celebration

(Chengqing tang 承慶堂), 111Hall of Purified Yang (Chunyang dian 純

陽殿), 196–97, 213, 215, 217, 313–15, 320, 385n250, 388n48, 413n210

Hall of Redoubled Yang (Chongyang dian 重陽殿), 367n70, 400n109

Hall of the Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao dian 神霄殿), 299

Hall of Venerating Emptiness (Chongxu tang 崇虛堂), 386n9

Han dynasty: 15, 38, 54, 58, 157, 190, 202, 222, 231, 296, 328; administration of, 28; astronomy in, 368n102; funerary art, 389n91; gates in, 414n219; legends of, 317; mirrors in, 226, 369n113, 374n244, 375n25, 393n190, 394n201; relief of, 376n39, 379n107; texts of, 361n208, 384n226; thunder in, 415n237; tombs in, 142, 178, 227, 356n65, 371n183, 375n22, 376n37, 383n218, 386n22, 394n197, 395n240, 417n282

Han Kangbo 韓康伯, 365n23Han Wudi neizhuan. See Esoteric Stories of

Emperor Wu of the HanHangzhou, 299, 308, 326, 393n178,

395n266, 396n277, 400n117, 408n63Hāritī (Guizimu 鬼子母), 130, 132,

413n194, 374n239. See also Mother of Nine Demons

Harrist, Robert, 144He Cheng 何澄, 416n248He Dezheng 何德正, 118, 371n180He Xiangu 何仙姑, 371n164, 385n250,

414n220Heaven of the Grand Network (Daluo

tian 大羅天), 80, 83, 99–101, 103heavens: Brahmā, 92, 142, 263; Buddhist,

100; deity of, 295; descent from, 276, 299–302, 305–6, 335; description of, 98; and earth, 14, 193, 235; Earth, and water, 193, 345, 382n194; Emperor of, 378n83; gate to, 195, 252, 414n219; innumerable, 142; lateral, 103–5; nine, 51, 89; official of, 282; palace of, 67; pillar of, 68, 171; rite of, 387n35; Four Heavens of the Seed People (Zhongmin sitian 種民四天), 101; six, 123, 404n217; spherical, 103, 105, 368n102; texts of, 290, 405n17; thirty-two, 101, 103–5, 345, 368n99, 376n30; thirty-three, 103; thirty-six, 155, 368n90; Three, 153, 248, 250, 367n69; vertical, 99–102; writings of, 195, 350n72. See also paradises; Three Officials

Heavenly Emperor of the Lord of the South Pole (Nanji tiandi jun 南極天帝君), 403n211

Heavenly Horse Grotto, 116

Heavenly King of Primordial Beginning (Yuanshi tianwang 元始天王), 151, 378n79

Heavenly Perfection Lord of the Dao (Tianzhen daojun 天真道君), 382n190

Heavenly Thief (Tianzei 天賊), 57–58Heavenly Worthies of the Ten Directions

Who Save from Suffering (Shifang jiuku tianzun 十方救苦天尊), 218, 273, 388n44

Heavenly Worthies, 195, 209, 276, 290, 336, 338, 367n70, 388n44. See also indi-vidual names of Heavenly Worthies

Heavenly Worthy of Primordial Beginning (Yuanshi tianzun 元始天尊), 93–95, 99, 185, 225, 266, 273, 352n131, 399n75, 405n5

Heavenly Worthy of the Vermilion Mound Who Saves Lives (Zhuling duming tianzun 朱陵度命天尊), 404n211

Heavenly Worthy Who Pours the Celestial River (Tianhe guanmu tianzun 天河灌沐天尊), 265, 401n145

Heavenly Worthy Who Saves from Suffering (Jiuku tianzun 救苦天尊), 207, 256, 259–60, 272, 390n109

heavenly writings (tianshu 天書), 11, 16, 91, 96, 138, 140, 142, 150–52, 154–56, 164–65, 172, 185, 195, 285, 350n72, 366n32, 367n54

Hebei, 157, 202, 363n228, 370n150, 374n242, 415n223

hells: in body, 273; chambers of, 372n201, 399n72; court of, 412n172; deliver-ance from, 299, 373n235; description of, 120–23; 129–34, 136; and grottoes, 373n225; hot, 393n178; journey to, 124, 247, 256, 272, 300, 319, 345, 400n110; kinds of, 120–21, 372n205; nine, 120–21, 255, 390n112, 399n85; of Ninefold Darkness, see Ninefold Darkness; numbers of, 372n202; opening of, 254–62, 270, 276, 399n69; in ritual, 22; women in, 129–34, 261, 345, 373n235, 374n242; and World of Desire, 100. See also Fengdu; Ten Kings of Hells

Henan, 139–40, 158–59, 173, 203, 225–26, 236, 303–4, 321, 386n22, 390n95, 390n96, 393n187, 393n194, 396n275, 410n115, 411n143, 414n218

Henderson, John, 87 Herb Picking in the Cloudy Mountain,

384n247

Great Rites of Highest Clarity (continued)

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index 481

herbs: 22, 177–80, 201, 395n247, 401n141; 178–79, 185; picking of, 182, 201, 385n250, 412n181; and fungi, 179 (see also mushrooms). See also materia medica (bencao 本草); medicine; mushrooms

Hetu baolu. See Precious Register of the River Chart

Hetu. See River Chart Hidden Arrow (Fushi 伏矢), 358n122. See

also seven material souls hidden language of the Great Brahmā

Heaven (dafan yinyu 大梵隱語), 91, 366n37, 376n30, 401n127

Highest Clarity (Shangqing 上清): 16, 25, 88–89, 100, 117, 147, 174, 270, 334; chart, 150; communities of, 381n16; heaven of, 100; house of, 226; masters, 78, 174, 179, 227, 334; mirrors in, 225–27, 393n187; practices of, 270, 376n37, 351n105; registers, 149–51, 160, 381n174; revelations, 16, 379n112; ritual of, 224; school, 25, 89; teachings of, 88, 117, 147, 368n90; texts, 29, 40, 85, 89, 123, 305, 352n119, 375n14,, 375n20, 352n119, 404n217; visualization in, 18, 29, 40, 364n260

Highest Clarity Great Subjugation by the Tianpeng Deity, 224

Highest Clarity Illustrations of Precious Mirrors of Long Life, 225

Highest Clarity Pictures of the Cosmic Signs Embodied in Mirrors and Swords (Shangqing hanxiang jian jian tu 上清含象劍鑑圖), 227–28

Highest Clarity Register for the Instructions on the Emanations from the Labyrinth, 150–51. See also registers

Highest Clarity Secret Writings of the Jade Purity of the Three Luminants of the Great Arcane, 174

Hōgonji, 46, 51, 48, 51, 288, 300, 357n104Hong Kong, 246, 397n311Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123–1202), 230, 243,

263, 317, 333, 401n139Hong Xun 洪勛, 411n158horses: chariots of, 29; on clouds, 36, 38;

heavenly, 370n162; inspection on, 307; of messenger, 96, 240; of money, 239; in ritual, 261; and spirit money, 239, 241

Hou Ching-lang, 239Howard, Angela, 327, 369n12Hsieh Shu-wei, 94

Hu Chao 胡超 (ca. 674–713), 236, 396n276, 408n63

Hu Cong 胡聰, 407n43Hu Huichao 胡惠超, 396n276, 408n63 Hu Tianxiang 胡天祥, 390n104Hua Shi, 407n55Huainainzi, 415n237Huajian. See Examination of PaintingHuandan jue tu. See Chart of the Formula

of the Reverted Embryo Huang Gongwang 黃公望 (1269–1354),

408n63Huang Tingjian, 362n212Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經, 361n208Huanglu hua 黃籙畫 or Huanglu tu 黃籙

圖. See Yellow Register paintings Huanglu Shiwang biao. See Memorial to

the Ten Kings Announced in the Yellow Register Purgation

Huangting jing. See Scripture of the Yellow Court

Huangting tu. See Illustrations to the Scripture of the Yellow Court

Hugh of Saint Victor’s (ca. 1078–41), 382n197

Hunan, 321, 363n237; 364n248, 376n40, 381n180, 393n190, 414n218

Hundun, 88, 365n12hungry ghosts, 269, 403n176, 403n179Hunyuan huangdi shengji. See Sage Record

of the Emperor of Primary Chaos Huoshan. See Mount Huo hymns. See chants

iconography, 2–6, 46, 49, 52, 130, 341–42, 348n10, 349n30, 349n35, 354n2, 357n85, 357n98, 357n104, 363n235, 374n239, 393n178, 400n105, 403n211

icons: Daoist and Buddhist, 6; early, 388n45; on embroidery, 108; forms of, 46; making of, 2. See also aniconic; iconography

Ide Seinosuke, 5, 46, 269, 300, 302, 355n42, 357n92, 365n22, 393n178, 412n182, 415n240

Illustrated Ascent and Descent of the Yin and Yang Energies in the Body (Tixiang yin yang shengjiang tu 體象陰陽升降圖, 78–79

Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers (Sancai tuhui 三才圖會), 175–76

Illustrated Fungi ( Junzhi tu 菌芝圖), 181

Illustrated Fungi for the Great Souls (Dapo zazhi tu 大魄雜芝圖), 181

Illustrated Hagiography of Xu Zhenjun (Xu taishi zhenjun tuzhuan 許太史真君圖傳), 119, 254

Illustrated Handscroll of the Nanzhao Kingdom (Nanzhao tu juan 南詔圖卷), 355n41

Illustrated Inner Excrescenses (Nei zhi tu 內芝圖), 181

Illustrated Instructions for How to Untie the Twelve Embryonic Knots ( Jiebao shi’er jiejie tujue 解胞十二結節圖訣), 33

Illustrated Instructions for Visualizing the Three Ones in the Five Phases of the Northern Dipper (Wudou sanyi tujue 五斗三一圖訣), 40

Illustrated Materia Medica, 179Illustrated Medicinal Herb Picking (Caiyao

tu 採藥圖), 182Illustrated Pantheon of the Three Spheres

(Sancai dingwei tu 三才定位圖), 104Illustrated Record of Mount Jiuyi ( Jiuyi shan

tuji 九疑山圖記), 381n180Illustrated Rock Excrescenses (Shizhi tu 石

芝圖), 181Illustrated Secrets of the Eight Ways of

Highest Clarity (Shangqing badao miyan tu 上清八道秘言圖), 305

Illustrated Wood Excrescenses (Muzhi tu 木芝圖), 181

Illustration of an Infant Emerging from the Water (Ying’er chushui tu 嬰兒出水圖), 274

Illustration of the Imperial Guard of Honor (Lubu tu 鹵簿圖), 391n135

Illustrations of the Mystery of the Cultivation of Perfection (Xiuzhen taiji hunyuan zhixuan tu 修真太極混元指玄圖), 66

Illustrations of the Nine Palaces ( Jiugong zifang tu 九宮紫房圖), 43

Illustrations of the Return of Liquefied Gold to the Cinnabar Field ( Jinyi huandan yinzheng tu 金液還丹印證圖), 65–66

Illustrations of the Three Ritual Classics (Sanli tu 三禮圖), 192, 216, 391n135, 410n116

Illustrations to the Scripture of the Yellow Court (Huangting tu 黃庭圖), 73

images: aniconic, see aniconic; of birds, 154; and brain, 351n97; categories of, 346; conventions of, 300; efficacy of, 408n65;

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482 index

formation of, 307; hanging, 200; iconic, 199; kinds of, 12; making of, 350n59; in monasteries, 349n34; multimedia, 15 (see also media); painted, 402n168; as text, 11; of torso, 356n76; types of, 342; in Western art, 347n2. See also iconography; icons; painting; murals

imagetexts, 11, 14, 21, 136, 139, 149, 154, 158, 165, 185, 242, 344, 418n6

immaterial, 12–15, 165, 186, 214, 242, 280, 342–43

immortality: ascension to, 158; attain-ing, 17, 66, 111, 113, 136, 158, 184; gods in charge of, 403n211; progess to, 180, 418n313; the realm of, 321; seekers, 111

immortals: earth, 117; feathered, 181; images of, 297; lands of, 147; looks of, 379n107; in mural, 413n210; realms of, 105. See also eight immortals

Immortals and Elders in Audience with the Prime, 289, 302

Immortals in a Mountain Pavilion, 298Imperial Benevolent Classic of Acupuncture

(Taiping shenghui fang 太平聖惠方), 76, 363n225, 384n227

incense burner: 189, 191–93, 202, 244, 358n108, 386n18; lighting of, 247–48, 328, 355n47, 398n37

Inner Chapters of the Book of the Master Who Keeps to Simplicity (Baopuzi neipian 抱朴子內篇), 135, 138, 180, 223, 310, 351n96, 354n165, 374n2, 378n75

Inner Explanation of the Three Heavens (Santian neijie jing 三天內解經), 89

Inner Vision of Flying to the Sun with the Dragons on Fire in the Yang Grotto, 80

inner. See esoteric invisible, 9–10, 13–14, 17, 136, 186, 246,

257, 322, 339, 341–43, 350n69; body, 184, 362n209; stars, 42, 46, 356n66, 356n71; invisible true form, 8 (see also true form). See also immaterial; visible

intermediality, 12. See also mediainternal alchemy (neidan 內丹), 15, 17, 19,

21, 26–27, 64–67, 70, 78, 80, 84–85, 87, 109, 221–23, 250, 272–73, 281, 319, 343, 348n11, 354n14, 360n165, 360n170, 360n175, 360n183, 361n200, 372n207, 388n50, 403n205; See also alchemy

Iron Wire Mountains, 122, 373n228Isles of Hidden Perfection, 107

Jade Emperor (Yuhuang 玉皇), 4, 103, 279, 285, 338

Jade Hall, 71Jade Maiden of Great Yin of Obscure

Brilliance (Taiyin xuanguang yunü 太陰玄光玉女), 28

Jade Maiden of Mysterious Wonder (Xuanmiao yunü 玄妙玉女), 89

jade maidens (yunü 玉女), 3, 36, 149, 180–81, 248, 273, 289, 290, 293, 378n79, 378n83, 407n47

Jade Maidens of the Six Ding (Liuding yunü 六丁玉女), 29

Jade Mirror of the Numinous Treasure (Lingbao yujian 靈寶玉鑒), 157, 189, 192, 210, 215–16, 218, 221, 233–35, 256, 258, 262–63, 277

jade pond (yuchi 玉池 or Yaochi 瑤池), 67, 111, 360n189, 369n138, 370n145

jade: characters, 140, 235; liquid, 149Jesus, 6–7Jiang Yinggao 蔣應鎬 (ca. 16th c.), 376n43Jiang Yuanjun 江元君, 416n248Jiang Zongying 蔣宗瑛 (d. 1281), 29, 33Jiangnan, 16, 408n63Jiangsu, 232, 292, 363n235, 395n240Jiangxi, 106, 118, 125, 126, 174–75, 243, 291,

303, 371n180, 377n48, 396n276Jiao Cai 焦采, 5jiao. See ritualJiebao shi’er jiejie tujue. See Illustrated

Instructions for How to Untie the Twelve Embryonic Knots

Jiguilong. See Auspicious Ghost DragonsJin dynasty, 34, 172–73, 320–21, 371n181,

377n53, 382n193, 397n311, 407n53, 409n87, 410n115, 416n248,

Jin guanming jing. See Sutra of the Golden Light

Jin Yunzhong 金允中 (13th c.), 130, 229, 277, 388n62, 388n69, 397n8

Jing, Anning, 6, 204, 253Jingyin Juelian 淨因覺璉 (1009–90), 295,

409n94Jinyi huandan yinzheng tu. See Illustrations

of the Return of Liquefied Gold to the Cinnabar Field

Jinzhen yuguang bajing feijing. See Scripture of the Eight Effulgences of Jade Brilliance and Golden Truth

Jiugong zifang tu. See Illustrations of the Nine Palaces

Jiutian fengqi xuanqiu zhenshu. See True Writing of the Mysterious Hill of the Phoenix Qi in Nine Heavens

Jiuyi shan. See Mount Jiuyi Jiuyi shan tuji. See Illustrated Record of

Mount Jiuyi Jiuyou jiao tu. See Chart of the Offering for

the Ninefold DarknessJōjin 成尋 (1011–81), 405n13journey: dream, 364n240; ecstatic, 29,

63, 87, 124, 250; interior, 81–85, 272, 279 (see also esoteric); mental, 99, 272, 319; of god, 293, 307; of salvation, 278; safety during, 150; to hell, 247, 256, 345; to heaven, 259; to the Northern Dipper, see Northern Dipper; to stars, see stars; to otherworld, 303; to the mountains, see mountains: entering of; virtual, 345; through space, see space; visualized, 249, 251, 274; through the universe, 345, 347n4; underworld, 124. See also meditation; visualization

Junzhi tu. See llustrated Fungi

Kaifeng, 75, 178, 268, 285, 295, 299Kaitian cexuan jing. See Scripture for

Opening the Heavens and Plotting the Mysterious

Kanyu 観祐 (12th c.), 385n269kidneys, 29, 45, 66, 71, 78, 276, 320King of Bright Responses, 253King of the Bright Manifestation, 204–6,

253King of the Law of the Grand Network, 9King Yama, 122, 222Kohn, Livia, 7, 14, 83, 136, 222Kou Qianzhi 寇謙之 (365–448), 195,

387n37Kou Zongshuang 寇宗爽 (ca. 12th c.), 178Kuhn, Dieter, 112Kunlun shan. See Mount Kunlun Kyoto: 5, 31, 76, 324, 348n24, 349n28,

371n164, 406n40, 412n182; Daitokuji, 325, 410n133, 415n231

Lady Immaculate Light (Wukouguang 無垢光), 365n18

Lady of Purple Tenuity (Ziwei furen 紫微夫人), 155

Lady of the Eastern Peak (Dongyue furen 東嶽夫人), 264

Lady Zhao 趙, 243–44

images (continued)

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index 483

Lagerwey, John, 8, 139, 147, 148, 233, 250, 258, 272–73, 335–36

Lake Dongqian東錢, 269Lake Tai (Taihu 太湖), 236lamps: at the altar, 196, 199, 213, 215;

charts of, 388n51; of destiny, 399n57; for Dipper, 198; divine, 378n79; and festivals, 297, 299; as markers, 207, 209; mirrors, 221, 223; as offerings, 200, 202; as ritual objects, 255–57; rites of lighting ( fendeng 分燈), 120, 247, 256, 372n200, 386n26, 398n25, 399n85

landscape: art of, 377n48, 377n50; in body, 78–80; motifs, 111–13, 318, 339; in murals, 290, 414n223; painting, 79–85, 116–17, 134, 170, 370n141, 370n150, 370n156, 385n260, 405n9, 407n62, 408n63, 408n67; pictures of, 184; sprites in, 310; in tombs, 113, 370n150; writings in, 382n200

Langyuan nüxian. See Goddesses in the Palace Park

Lantern Festival, 297Laojun kulou tu. See Chart of the Skeleton

of Lord LaoLaojun sigui mingjing yaojue. See Lord

Lao’s Instruction on the Four Bright Mirrors

Laozi bianhua jing. See Scripture of Laozi’s Transformation

Laozi shou gengshen qiu changsheng jing. See Scripture on Guarding on the Gengshen Days to Attain Immortality by Laozi

Laozi zhong jing. See Central Scripture of Laozi

Laozi: and altar, 202; body of, 78; as creator, 88–89; deified, 365n16; develop-ment of, 347n4; and Heavenly Worthy, 366n24; icons of, 6, 89, 349n27; iconography of, 354n1; in painting, 5, 349n28; presences of, 4; representations of, 365n21; seated, 90; transformations of, 351n95, 374n7; true form of, 143. See also Lord Lao

lay followers, 113, 131, 260, 302–4Leiwen tianzhuan. See Thunder Writ in

Heavenly Seal Script Leizhuan zhenwen. See True Writ of the

Thunder Seal ScriptLi Bashi 李八師, 408n63 Li Cheng, 307, 382n200Li Derou 李德柔, 408n63

Li Fengmao, 106–7, 109, 149, 369n115, 375n20, 389n94

Li Gonglin 李公麟 (ca. 1041–1116), 50, 174, 306, 362n212, 374n239, 382n183, 383n206, 411n157

Li Guizhen 厲歸真, 347n1Li Shouyi 李壽儀 (9th–10th c.), 291,

408n63Li Sicong 李思聰 (ca. 1050), 106, 369n108Li Si 李斯 (ca. 284–208 bce), 158, 379n118Li Song 李嵩 (1166–1243), 308, 362n209,

408n63, 409n75 Li Yuanguo, 164liandu. See salvation through refinement

ritesLiang Kai 梁楷, 6, 217, 259–60, 362n211,

371n176, 391n137Liang Lingzan 梁令瓚, 357n100Liang, Ellen Johnston, 239 Liao dynasty, 76, 182, 226, 326, 353n133,

363n228, 370n150, 371n164, 389n93, 393n191, 400n117, 406n22, 410n117, 412n169, 412n181, 414n219, 415n242, 415n243

Lidai minghua ji. See Records of Famous Paintings of All Dynasties

Lightning: 294–95, 319, 325–26, 328, 330; Lady of, 327, 329, 416n248; Mother of, 268. See also Thunder

Li-Guo tradition, 405n9Liji. See Book of RitesLin Lingsu 林靈素 (ca. 1076–1120), 83,

365n277, 366n43Lin Sheng-chih, 6, 259Lin Tinggui 林庭珪, 271, 300–301, 324,

403n176, 409n76Lingbao lingjiao jidu jinshu. See Golden

Book of Salvation According to the Numinous Treasure Tradition

Lingbao wufu. See Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure

Lingbao wuliang duren shangpin miaojing. See Scripture of Salvation

Lingbao yujian. See Jade Mirror of the Numinous Treasure

Lingfei liujia yunü. See Numinous Flying Jade Maidens of the Six Jia

Linquan gaozhi. See Lofty Message of Forest and Streams

lion: 55, 64, 377n59; face of, 214; five-colored, 273; flag of, 214; hand sign of, 224

Little, Stephen, 2, 4, 81 Liturgical Manual for the Yellow Register

Purgation (Taishang huanglu zhaiyi 太上黃籙齋儀), 245

liturgy. See ritual Little, Stephen, 2, 4, 81Liu Chen and Ruan Zhao in the Tiantail

Mountains, 118Liu Chen 劉晨, 118, 384n247Liu Hunkang 劉混康 (1036–1108),

352n131, 404n227Liu Sheng 劉勝 (165–113 bce). See Prince

Jing of ZhongshanLiu Songnian 劉松年 (fl. 1155–1218), 308Liu Wentong 劉文通, 407n62Liu Zhiwan, 398n20, 417n264liver, 27, 61, 66, 71, 74, 358n115Lofty Message of Forest and Streams

(Linquan gaozhi 林泉高致), 79Long Scroll of Buddhist Images (Fanxiang

juan 梵像卷), 130, 132, 390n98Long Zhang 龍章, 285Longhu shan. See Mount Longhu Longmeizi 龍眉子, 360n165Lord Lao (Laojun 老君), 5, 29, 80, 135,

226, 247, 374n3–4, 405n5. See also LaoziLord Lao’s Instruction on the Four Bright

Mirrors (Laojun sigui mingjing yaojue 老君四規明鏡要訣), 221

Lord of Eastern Florescence (Donghua dijun 東華帝君), 303, 411n148

Lord of Green Florescence (Qinghua dijun 青華帝君), 299

Lord of Longevity (Changsheng jun 長生君), 299

Lord of the Bright Mirror (Mingjing jun 明鏡君), 392n163

Lord of the Dao (Daojun 道君), 29, 352n131

Lord of the East (Dongwang gong 東王公), 28, 411n148

Lotus Sutra (Miaofa lianhua jing 妙法蓮華經), 3, 69, 326, 361n196, 374n238, 416n248

Lotus Sutra Tableaux (Fahua jingbian 法華經變), 145

Lower Cinnabar Field. See Cinnabar Field Lü Dalin 呂大臨, 383n204Lü Dongbin 呂洞賓, 196, 314, 320–22,

360n183, 371n164, 388n48, 413n212, 414n220

Lu Meiniang 盧媚娘, 107

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484 index

Lu Shizhong 路時中 (12th c.), 34, 80, 332Lu Xinzhong 陸信忠, 312, 407n43Lu Xiujing 陸修靜 (406–77), 16, 18, 25,

190–91, 386n510, 394n205Lu Xizhen 陸希真, 1Lu You 陸游 (1125–1209), 119Lü Zhuo 呂拙, 365n274, 407n62, 408n63Lubu tu. See Illustration of the Imperial

Guard of Honor Luo Writ (Luoshu 洛書), 59, 96, 138Luofeng 羅酆, 71, 123, 272. See also Fengdu Luoshu. See Luo WritLuoyang, 226, 228, 229, 266, 411n143Lushan. See Mount Lu

Ma Lin 馬麟 (ca. 1215–56), 408n63Ma Wenyuan 馬文遠, 390n104Ma Yuan 馬遠 (1190–1279), 384n247Ma Yunqing 馬雲卿 (fl. 1230), 407n53Madonna with Saints Jerome and Francis,

388n67Mahāprajāpatī Nursing the Infant

Buddha, 407n53Maitreya (Mile pusa 彌勒菩薩), 406n40Man-Bird: 154k, 185, 376n39, 376n40,

376n43; Mountain, 136–37, 139–46, 151, 186, 281, 375n11, 375n12, 376n43, 377n63, 378n79, 381n158; motif, 376n40, 377n47; writings, 147–53. See also Numinous Vulture Peak; paradises; mountains

Manichaeism, 6–7, 349n32–33, 412n172Mañjuśrī (Wenshu 文殊), 322–23,

414n219, 414n223, 415n226; and Vimalakīrti, 414n219

Manual of the Water Land Ritual (Shuilu yi 水陸儀), 402n164

Maoshan. See Mount Mao map of Mount Jiuyi. See Mount JiuyiMap of the Nine Heavens in the Great

Cavern, 106Map of the Temple of the Central Sacred

Peak. See Central Sacred Peak Map of the Tracks of Yu, 170map-like configurations, 106, 115, 165–67,

170, 281, 360n181 mapmaking, 96, 168, 170mapping, 14, 66, 87, 109, 133, 272 maps: 2, 14, 19, 85, 136, 166, 168, 343;

celestial, 266, 375n23; cosmological, 18, 122; Daoist, 14, 167–68; empire, 170; European and Islamic, 87; for pilgrims, 167; Google earth, 168; inscriptions,

124; internal alchemical, 67; in Japan, 372n205; Korean, 369n111; of body, 64, 66, 84; of Mount Tai, 168–69, 381n179; of stars, 38, 41–42, 52, 85; of the underworld, 123–26, 133; of waterways, 174; mental, 83; Mawangdui, 381n180, 382n181; mountain treasures marked on, 179; ritual, 121, 207–8; temple, 172–73; traditional, 168; world, 87–125, 142

Marvelous Book of Salvation in Seal, 156Marvelous Views within the Seas (Hainei

qiguan 海內奇觀), 144–45, 377n58Master Baoguang 葆光, 362n212Master of the Nine Qi (Jiuqi zhangren 九

丈人), 150Master, Dark, 389n71 Masters, Five, 388n62materia medica (bencao 本草), 178–79,

184–85, 383n221, 383n224, 384n224, 384n226, 384n230, 385n256. See also medicine

materiality, 2, 22, 91, 196, 280, 342, 386n5; of the Christian hell, 372n185; of Daoist saced space, 189–242; Daoist, 241–42; of the dead, 417n292; multimedia, 343; of religion, 12. See also space: materiality of; visuality: and materiality

Mawangdui, 142, 168, 170, 376n40, 381n180, 382n181

medicine, 7, 17, 22, 25, 27, 66, 362n220, 363n225, 363n237, 384n226; and Daoism, 362n213; and internal alchemy, 66; and mushrooms, 181; and religion, 85, 346, 349n39, 363n228, 383n222; body in, 27, 346; figurines in, 362n221, 362n223, 362n226; herbal, 22, 384n233; Indian, 363n233; in Qing, 361n204; magical, 57, 96, 178, 383n222; making, 201, 384n227; picking, 201. See also materia medica (bencao 本草)

meditation: and diagrams, 142; on Fengdu, 123; forms of, 10–11; and images, 8, 15–18, 21–22, 25–27; inner observation, 64, 360n162; microcosmic orbit, 66–67; mysterious, 360n168; and neuroscience, 14, 351n100, 351n104; place for, 117; and ritual, 272, 343; terminology of, 360n170; and trance, 149–50; and true form, 135. See also visualization

Memoir on Several Varieties of Drug Plants (Yakushi shō 藥種抄), 385n269

Memorial of the Handwritings to the Three Officials of Heaven, Earth, and Water Submitted by a Daoist Priest (Daoshi tiandishui sanguan shoushu luzhuang 道士天地水三官手書籙狀), 232–33

Memorial to the Ten Kings Announced in the Yellow Register Purgation (Huanglu Shiwang biao 黃籙十王表), 261. See also Ten Kings of Hells; Yellow Register Purgation

memorials (biao 表), 193, 230, 232, 235, 249, 252–53, 255, 296, 343, 394n217, 398n24, 398n45

Meng Anpai 孟安排 (fl. 699), 355n4meridians (mai 脈, jing 經, luo 絡), 83, 95,

98, 362n221Mesnil, Evelyne, 276messengers, 230, 236–39, 241, 248, 261–62;

black, 417n272; body gods as, 394n220; celestial, 148; Daoist, 240; divine, 96, 155, 230, 236, 240, 242, 294, 330, 357n93, 376n40, 378n79, 378n83, 396n281; of the Divine Tiger, 262–63 (see also soul catch-ers); dragon as, 379n115; fish as, 395n268; heavenly, 59, 152, 155, 277; male, 211; of the Northern Dipper, 49, 357n93; of the Three Primes, 293; soul-catching, 262; talisman of, 329–30

Messengers of the Six Heavens (Liutian shizhe 六天使者), 125

Messenger of the Talisman to the Three Realms (Sanjie fushi 三界符使), 396n295

metamorphosis, 9, 351n96Method of Fasting and Meditating on the

Spirits to Rescue Oneself from Death (Zhaijie sishen jiusi jue 齋戒思神救死訣), 28

Method of Great Illumination (Mingzhao fa 明照法), 392n163

Method of Hanging Images to Call Back the [Body] Gods (Xuanxiang huanshen fa 懸像還神法), 27

Method of Paying Homage to the Jade Hall and the Primordial Qi (Chao yutang ye yuanqi 朝玉堂謁元氣), 364n262

Method of Reclining in the Northern Dipper (Wodou fa 臥斗法), 44, 46

Method of Revealing the Form of the Ghost (Zhaogui xianxing fa 照鬼現形法), 224

Method of the Divine Staff (Shenzhang fa 神杖法), 400n99

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index 485

Method of the Seven Planets (Qiyao xingchen biexing fa 七曜星辰別行法), 56

Methods for Entering the Mountains (Dengshan zhidao 登山之道), 138. See also mountains: entering of

Mi Fu, 407n55Miaofa lianhua jing. See Lotus Sutra microcosm, 26, 65, 71, 84, 117, 134, 343,

347n4, 350n60Miller, Tracy, 204mind (xin 心): and image, 9–10; true

form, 142; fasting of, 10; landscape of, 185; state of, 7

minerals, 79, 106, 115, 117, 177–80, 185, 383n218, 383n222, 383n224, 408n63

Ming dynasty: bronze in, 76; court of, 315, 332, 374n241, 416n248; Daozang in, 19; diagram in, 129; emperor of, 18; ency-clopedia of, 175; hagiography of, 119; images in, 5; imperial relatives of, 338; mural in, 404n211; painter in, 408n67, 413n210; painting from, 240, 409n75; and Qing, 268, 338; scroll of, 402n161; steles in, 115; temple in, 406n30; wood-block of, 254–55

miniature: artifacts, 230; bronze statue, 363n235; golden dragons, 193, 235–36; landscape, 78, 81, 83–84, 193; models of paintings, 286; mountains, 109, 193; palace, 107; screen paintings, 414; world, 109

mirrors: activation of, 224; on altar, 186; bronze, 114, 226, 321, 370n157, 371n181, 392n163, 393n187, 414n218; Daoist, 221–22, 225, 370n157, 392n157, 393n187, 393n190; and swords, 221, 223, 227, 392n177, 393n178, 393n194, 394n198; with chart, 385n272; description of, 221–28; exorcistic, 138; and Five Sacred Peaks, 114; Han, 202, 369n113, 374n244, 375n25; images on, 119; in Emperor Huizong’s collection, 114, 222, 226, 393n190, 393n192; in hells, 393n178; in ritual, 222; in theater, 416n248; in transmission rites, 221, 223; inscrip-tion on, 371n180; to kill demons, 222; and lightning, 326; measurements of 392n161; of mercury, 77; and mind, 364n241; and mountains, 222–23, 370n156; and Northern Dipper, 221; Qing, 370n157; and recitation, 225;

in ritual, 214, 242, 343; square, 222; stories of, 392n169; studies of, 370n155, 392n157–58; Sui, 226; on, 227; talismans on, 223–25, 242; Tang, 165, 221, 225–26, 370n155, 393n187, 393n190; turning of, 228; use of, 221; and visualization, 221, 223, 225, 392n162; Yuan, 321, 414n218

media, 7, 281, 291, 305, 326, 342, 375n25, 405n240, 418n3; transfer, 393n194. See also images: multimedia; intermedial-ity; transmediality

Mitchells, W. J. T., 11, 14, 21Mollier, Christine, 6, 46Mogao Caves: no. 17, 219–20, 322, 365n16,

366n26, 377n47, 391n139, 406n22; no. 31, 415n223; no. 61, 407n42, 415n226; no. 103, 370n156, 414n219; no. 249, 368n83, 415n240; no. 285, 202–3; no. 303, 389n92; no. 420, 145

Monastery of Light Transformation (Guanghuasi 光化寺), 417n264

Monastery of Precious Peace (Baoning si 寶寧寺), 315, 317, 332–33, 357n104, 374n241, 416n248

Monastery of Returning to Immortality (Guizhen guan 歸真觀), 387n36

Monastery of the Great Divine Mercy (Dasheng ci si 大聖慈寺), 406n29

Monastery of the Numinous Cliff (Lingyan si 靈巖寺), 76, 145, 363n234

Monastery of the Treasure Calendar (Baoli si 寶曆寺), 268

Monastery of the Universal Buddha (Pilu si 毘盧寺), 374n238, 374n242, 385n250, 414n219

monsters, 309–17, 332, 412n186, 413n193Morgan, David, 12, 241Most High Memorials That Proclaim Mercy

and Are Helpful in Working Wonders, 233Mother of Nine Demons (Jiuzimu 九子

母), 374n239. See also HāritīMount Baoding (Baodingshan 寶頂山),

326–27, 416n245, 416n256Mount Bao (Baoshan 包山), 371n165Mount Gezhao (Gezhaoshan 閣皂山), 303,

411n144Mount Gou (Goushi shan 緱氏山), 158–59Mount Huo (Huoshan 霍山), 253, 381n168Mount Jiuyi (Jiuyi shan 九疑山), 168, 170Mount Kunlun (Kunlun shan 崑崙山),

28, 78, 80, 83, 105, 106, 111, 142, 356n76, 364n271

Mount Longhu (Longhu shan 龍虎山), 291, 317, 408n67

Mount Lu (Lushan 廬山), 381n168Mount Mao (Maoshan 茅山), 16, 25, 29,

384n233, 410n117Mount Pingdu (Pingdu shan 平都山), 123Mount Qian (Qianshan 潛山), 381n168Mount Qingcheng (Qingcheng shan 青城

山), 381n168Mount Shaoshi (Shaoshi shan 少室山),

371n166Mount Song (Songshan 嵩山), 178, 236,

370n156, 371n166, 380n132, 384n233, 396n275. See also Central Sacred Peak

Mount Sumeru (Xumi shan 須彌山), 100, 106, 368n78, 368n81, 368n83. See also Buddhism; Man-Bird; mountains; paradises

Mount Tai (Taishan 泰山), 115, 120, 135, 166, 168–69, 178, 370n159, 381n174; See also Eastern Sacred Peak

Mount Tiantai (Tiantai shan 天台山), 117, 227, 371n173, 384n247

Mount Wutai (Wutai shan 五台山), 370n163, 415n226

Mount Yang (Yangshan 陽山), 371n166Mount Yi (Yishan 嶧山), 379n118Mount Zhongnan (Zhongnan shan 終南

山), 406n41Mountain of Jade Capital (Yujing shan 玉

京山), 80, 83, 99, 103, 103–4, 111, 193, 407n48

Mountain of Mystery Capital (Xuandu 玄都山), 80

Mountain of Small Iron Wire (Cakravāda, Xiao tiewei shan 小鐵圍山), 122

Mountain of the Long Valley (Changgu zhi shan 長谷之山), 149

Mountain of the Rock Gate Grotto (Shimen shan 石門山), 35–36, 171, 355n50

mountains: caverns under, 127; charts of, 10; Daoists on, 375n14; engravings on (moya 摩崖), 173; entering of, 115, 138, 167, 223, 310, 375n16; demons and goblins in, 138, 312–13, 317, 375n14, 412n174, 412n176; gods and immortals in, 117, 171–72; and grottoes, 105; herbs in, 180; in body, 29; in painting, 293; list of, 381n168; nine, 122; and paradise, 112; prayers in, 235; and rocks, 377n59; sacred, 80, 134, 165, 343; as self, 81;

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486 index

shape of, 144; treasures in, 177; and writing, 11

mouth of flames, 267, 401n153, 402n157Mudanting huanhun ji. See Record of the

Soul Returning to the Peony Pavilion Mulian目蓮 (Maudgalyāyana), 130, 299,

373n235murals: 3, 109–10, 171–72, 180–81, 196,

202, 204–6, 211, 215, 253, 268, 283–84, 286, 289–90, 302–5, 307, 314, 320, 322, 325, 349n30, 349n35, 356n51, 363n225, 368n78, 368n83, 369n130, 371n164, 373n225, 374n242, 377n47, 382n193, 384n227, 385n250, 388n48, 390n103, 390n104, 390n105, 391n133, 391n138, 396n276, 400n109, 404n211, 404n217, 405n13, 406n22, 406n27, 406n31, 406n35, 406n40, 407n42, 407n48, 407n53, 407n54–57, 407n60, 408n70, 410n141, 411n152, 411n165, 412n184, 413n193, 413n210–11, 413n213, 414n219–20, 414n223, 415n240; of the Lotus Sutra Tableaux, 145; measurements of, 407n60, 411n152; medical, 363n225, 384n227; painters, 292, 407n58; sketches for, 286. See also painting; sketches

mushrooms, 29, 106, 148, 177, 384n245, 385n263, 385n266, 385n269, 385n270; anthropomorphic, 185, 385n263; magical (or zhi 芝), 112, 177, 180–88, 193. See also herbs; medicine

Mysterious Altar of the Mysterious Capital (Xuandu xuantan 玄都玄壇), 365n16

Mysterious Golden Container ( Jinsi xuanxuan 金笥玄玄), 61–62

Mysterious Green Emperor (Qingxuan shangdi 青玄上帝), 200

Nanzhao tu juan. See Illustrated Handscroll of the Nanzhao Kingdom

Nara, 349n33, 357n89, 357n95, 359n148, 359n150, 386n22, 392n172, 400n109–11, 410n133

Needham, Joseph, 74, 181Nei zhi tu. See Illustrated Inner ExcrescensesNeijing cemian tu. See Side-View Chart of

the Inner Realm Neijing tu. See Chart of the Internal

Passageways Neo-Confucianism, 96, 261, 360n172,

364n241, 367n66, 392n162. See also Confucianism

New Book of Geography (Dili xinshu 地理新書), 144

New Year, 240, 285, 297Nine Palaces (Jiugong 九宮), 42–44,

356n76; illustrations of, 43Nine Songs, 306, 409n84, 411n157nine worms ( jiuchong 九蟲), 53–54, 61,

358n120, 359n152, 360n162 Ninefold Darkness ( jiuyou 九幽), 120–21,

127, 193, 207–10, 255, 265, 267; chart of, see Chart of the Offering for the Ninefold Darkness; hells of ( jiuyou yu 九幽獄), 120, 209; Offering for, 207; prison in, 272; Secret Palace of (Jiuyou yingong 九幽陰宮), 127

Ningbo, 59, 222, 269–70, 300, 302, 307, 309, 312, 325, 348n22, 373n224, 374n242, 386n22, 400n109–10, 402n172, 403n176, 409n76, 410n132, 410n133, 412n171, 415n231, 415n240

Northern Capital (Beidu 北都), 71, 124Northern Sacred Peak, 180; Temple of

(Beiyue miao 北嶽廟), 382n193Northern Dipper (Beidou 北斗): 46–47,

49, 51, 80, 356n59, 364n260; absorption of, 45, 262, 329; in body, 356n64; deities, 39, 48, 51, 262, 288, 357n93, 357n104, 406n41; diagram of, 39, 41, 357n91; iconography of, 349n35, 357n88; journeys to, 38, 40–41; lamps for, 198; Mandala, 287–88, 322; Pace of, 250, 256, 276, 280, 385n276; qi of, 364n260; and rain, 330; reclining in, 44, 357n83; representations of, 80; stars of, 40, 356n66, 357n86, 404n217, 405n13; treading of, 41

Northern Emperor (Beidi 北帝), 123–24, 372n209, 373n216

Northern Song dynasty: archaeology of, 141; building standards, 369n126; court, 268, 290, 365n274, 382n200, 405n13; government, 158; handscroll, 403n211; painter, 50, 289; paintings, 298, 406n40, 414n223; palace, 297; reper-toire in, 407n62; schools of, 307; statue, 406n40; temple, 415n223; texts, 109, 144, 182, 371n164; tombs, 303, 376n33; tradition, 405n9

Northern Wei dynasty, 3–4, 203, 266, 348n21, 388n45, 411n143

Northern Zhou dynasty, 89–90, 195, 387n37

numerology, 68, 96, 113, 153, 228, 368n90, 378n79

Numinous Flying Jade Maidens of the Six Jia (Lingfei liujia yunü 靈飛六甲玉女), 33–34

Numinous Vulture Peak (Lingjiu shan 靈鷲山): 145–46; bird-shaped, 145; and Man-Bird Mountain, 377n63. See also Buddhism; Man-Bird; mountains; paradises

Numinous Treasure (Lingbao 靈寶): communities of, 381n163; cosmol-ogy of, 103; Daoism, 16–17, 387n27, 411n144; diagrams, 401n144; pantheon, 382n192–93; ritual, 18, 193, 404n211; studies of, 352n120; teachings, 88–89, 91; texts of, 94, 100, 106, 152, 166, 181, 273, 296, 366n43, 371n174, 372n194, 376n30, 384n245, 397n13, 379n115; words of, 163; writs, 140

Nüqing guilü. See Demon Statutes of Nüqing

Nüshizhen tu. See Admonitions Scroll

ocean, 106, 111–12, 122, 171, 215, 320, 335; in the body, 28–29, 83, 320; crossing (duhai 渡海), 300, 318–19, 322, 325, 339, 341, 345, 413n210, 415n223; of qi, 83

Official of Earth, 307–12, 318–19, 332Official of Heaven, 292–93, 300, 305Official of Water, 245, 294–95, 300, 319,

322, 325, 326–27, 332–33, 335Officials of Heaven, Earth, and Water. See

Three OfficialsOld Mother of the Yellow Primordial

(Huangyuan laomu 黃元老母), 361n198One-Thousand-Eyed, One-Thousand-Armed

Guanyin, 393n178oratory, 189–92, 386n7, 386n12–13ordination, 34, 199, 281, 387n36, 388n62,

395n264organs, five (wuzang): 27, 46, 61, 65–66,

71, 76, 78, 153, 164, 273, 276, 328, 361n207, 363n226, 363n233, 364n240; mock, 76, 79, 363n226, 363n234. See also kidneys; liver; spleen

Orthodox Essentials of Eating and Drinking (Yinshan zhengyao 飲膳正要), 382n195

Orthodox Unity Register (Zhengyi lu 正一籙), 386n12

Orthodox Unity. See Celestial MastersOrzech, Charles, 267Osaka, 50, 261, 357n100, 382n200, 386n122Outline of the Ritual for the Unobstructed

Night Retreat and the Offering for the

mountains (continued)

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index 487

Souls in the Nine Realms of Darkness of the Yellow Register, 208, 210

Ouyang Chuweng 歐陽楚翁, 408n67Ouyang Xueyou 歐陽雪友, 408n67

Pacing Method of Breaking Open Hells (Poyu gang shi 破獄罡式), 256

Pagoda of the Teaching Monastery of Flourishing Sagehood (Xingsheng jiao si ta 興聖教寺塔), 363n235

Pagoda of Wondrous Communication (Miaotongta 妙通塔), 363n235

pagodas, 100; of the Liao dynasty, 182, 416n243

painters: architecture, 365n274; court, 50, 79, 286, 290, 292, 362n209, 384n247, 403n211, 408n63, 409n75, 413n210; Daoist, 284–92; of Ningbo, see work-shop: Ningbo; priests as, 290–92, 347n1; professional, 130, 283–84, 290, 295, 300, 306–7, 390n104, 407n53, 409n71, 412n168; 284–90, 407n59; workshop, 403n176

Painting of Lady Pengzu Paying Tribute to the Northern Dipper (Xie Pengzu nü li beidou xiang 寫彭祖女禮北斗像), 39

Painting of Medicinal Herb Picking on Mount Tiantai (Tiantai caiyao tu 天台採藥圖), 384n247

Painting of the Heavenly Worthy of the Grand Network (Daluo tianzun huax-iang 大羅天尊畫像), 367n68

Painting of the Mountain Villa, 174, 382n183, 383n206

Painting of Xu Fu Picking Medicinal Herbs (Xu Fu caiyao tu 徐福採藥圖), 384n247

Painting Record of Yizhou (Yizhou minghua lu 益州名畫錄), 268

paintings: artistic, 1, 20–22; contempo-rary, 252; blue and green landscape, 109, 111, 116; copying of, 405n7; Daoist and Buddhist, 260–61, 339, 358n111 (see also Buddhism; Yellow Register Painting); by Daoist priests, 284–92; dragon, 177, 290–91, 408n67, 409n83, 408n70; drama of, 290; by Emperor Huizong, 297–98, 352n131, 409n79, 410n113; litur-gical, 21, 283; exhibition of, 409n76, 410n132; on fans, 182, 407n48; gates in, 251–52, 322, 368n80, 373n225, 399n57; Laozi in, 5, 349n28; magical, 1, 341; miniature, 286, 414; paired, 409n76;

portable, 3, 182; production of, 284; in ritual, 281; sacred, 350n59; sand, 351n87; scroll, 2, 283; sets of, 292, 373n224, 409n76; as sources, 133; Tibetan, 397n310; of women recluses, 182. See also Boston triptych; Dunhuang; land-scape; Ming dynasty; murals; Northern Song; painters; tombs

Palace of Bright Response from Jade Purity (Yuqing zhaoying gong 玉清昭應宮), 285, 290, 405n17

Palace of Great Simplicity (Taisu gong 太素宮), 28

Palace of the Heavenly Emperor (Tiandi gong 天帝宮), 124

Palace of the Three Primes (Sanyuan gong 三元宮), 334

Palace of the Treasure Register of the Highest Clarity (Shangqing Baolu gong 上清寶籙宮), 299

Palace That Contains Essence (Cangjing gong 藏精宮), 29

palaces: celestial, 87, 91, 103, 369n108; miniature, 107; Nine Palaces (Jiugong 九宮), 42–44, 356n76; stellar, 52; under-ground, 123. See also names of individual palaces

Pang Chongmu 龐崇穆, 407n62Pangu 盤古, 79pantheon, 2, 6, 28, 33, 154, 201, 231, 268,

290, 296, 326, 335, 339, 345, 349n30, 349n35, 373n217, 378n82, 382n192, 404n217, 405n13, 416n248

paper, 239–242, 250, 255, 394n221, 397n299; colors of, 231, 385n2, 394n231; money, 239, 263, 299, 343, 359n137, 363n237, 396n282, 396n283, 396n284, 396n287; green-verse, 231; horses (zhima 紙馬), 240; made in Fuzhou, 231. See also documents

paperwork, 13, 16, 189, 229–31, 233–34, 242, 294–95, 327. See also deities: as bureaucrats

paradises, 14, 87, 103–5, 369n138, 370n150, 371n163, 371n164, 406n25; in Buddhism, 154; Daoist, 109, 136, 139, 370n141; earthly, 14, 22, 88, 98, 105–9, 113, 115, 120, 133–34, 136, 141–42, 154, 185, 318–19, 343, 345, 369n119. See also Buddhism; Daoism; heavens; Man-Bird; mountains; Numinous Vulture Peak

parish, 190, 386n9

patronage: of Buddhist images, 268, 314–15, 332, 348n10, 374n241, 402n172, 402n261; of Daoim and Daoist art, 3–6, 15, 178, 285, 338, 348n21, 352n129–30, 367n68, 405n17, 408n63; imperial, 15, 76, 178, 285, 314–15, 332, 352n129–30, 367n68, 374n241, 402n261, 408n63

Pavilion of the Jade Saliva (Yaojin ting 瑤津亭), 405n13

Pavilion of the Three Officials (Sanguan ting 三官亭), 336

Peacock King (Kongque mingwang 孔雀明王), 406n40

Pelliot, Paul, 413n195Penglai 蓬萊, 105–6, 112–13, 185, 318,

368n107, 369n114, 369n138Perfect Scripture of the Great Cavern

(Dadong zhenjing 大洞真經), 29–31, 33, 37

Perfected Being of Niwan (Niwan zhenren 泥丸真人), 71

Perfected Cinnabar Child (Zhenren zidan 真人子丹), 29

Perfected Consort of the Southern Dipper (Nandou zhenfei 南斗真妃), 265

Perfected Script in Five Tablets Written in Red Celestial Writing on the [Heavenly Worthy of] Original Commencement and the Five Ancient Lords (Wulao chishu yupian zhenwen tianshu jing 五老赤書玉篇真文天書經), 90, 92, 153

Perfected (or Dark) Warrior (Zhenwu 真武 or Xuanwu 玄武), 185, 338, 341, 349n35, 393n194, 404n217

performance, 13, 335, 379n110; animated, 296; bridge-crossing, 278 (see also bridges); Buddhist, 267–268, 299; dramatic, 267, 277, 388n67; musi-cal, 389n91; soul-saving, 254, 274; soul-summoning, 263; theatrical, 245, 390n105. See also ritual: performance

Petition Almanac of Chisongzi (Chisongzi zhangli 赤松子章曆), 229–30

petitions (zhang 章), 192, 198, 229, 232, 244, 250, 296, 394n220

phoenixes, 106–7, 111, 144, 146, 150, 155, 215, 241, 380n133, 381n174; Nine Phoenixes, 160, 162–64, 378n80

physiognomy, animal, 413n200; immortal, 377n44, 379n107

Picture of Auspicious Omens (Ruiying tu 瑞應圖), 59

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488 index

Picture of Caves and Cavities in Landscape (Shanshui xuedou tu 山水穴竇圖), 106

Picture of Gazing Inward at the Yellow Court by Laozi (Laozi huangting neishi tu 老子黃庭內視圖), 361n207

Picture of Paying Homage to the Perfected by Yanluozi (Yanluozi chaozhen tu 煙蘿子朝真圖)), 63–64, 71

Picture of Picking Mushrooms in the Mountain (Caizhi kaishan tu 採芝開山圖), 181

Picture of the Great Grotto in the Nine Heavens, 372n212

Picture of the Immortal Picking Mushrooms and Surveying the Mountain (Shenxian caizhi kaishan tu 神仙採芝開山圖), 384n245

Picture of the Inner Landscape of the Yellow Court and Five Organs (Huangting wuzang neijing tu 黃庭五藏內景圖), 361n207

Picture of the Primordial Qi in the Body (Yuanqi tixiang tu 元氣體象圖), 78–79

Picture of the Scripture of the Mystic Vision of the Man-Bird Mountain (Xuanlan renniao shan jing tu 玄覽人鳥山經圖), 137, 139, 142

Picture of the True Form of the Five Planets and Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions (Wuxing ershiba su zhenxing tu 五星二十八宿真形圖), 50, 143. See also Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions

Pictures for Calling Forth the Officials (Chuguan tu 出官圖), 355n47. See also Calling Forth the Officials

Pictures for Meditating on the Officers (Gongcao sishen tu 功曹出官圖), 355n47

Pictures of Bright Mirrors (Mingjing tu 明鏡圖), 225

Pictures of the Demonic Kings of Disease (Bingguiwang tu 病鬼王圖), 56

Pictures of the Diagrams of Spectral Prodigies of White Marsh (Baize jingguai tu 白澤精怪圖), 359n146, 412n174

Pictures of the Seven Primes (Qiyuan tu 七元圖), 51

Pictures of Tilling and Weaving (Genzhi tu 耕織圖), 417n281

pigs, 61, 331, 417n285Pingdu shan. See Mount Pingdu Plans of the Palaces and Bureaus in Heaven

and Earth (Tiandi gongfu tu 天地宮府圖), 368n108

Plate, S. Brent, 12pledges (zhenxin 鎮信), 193, 196, 199,

358n108powers: celestial, 385n262; magical, 221,

258; miraculous, 318; and mushrooms, 181, 185; and secrecy, 350n53; studies of, 350n49; supernatural, 1; of thunder, 328

Practical Almanac for the Offering of the Memorial of the Original Star (Yuanchen zhangjiao licheng li 元辰章醮立成曆), 196

Precious Canopy of the Green Mystery (Qingxuan baogai 青玄寶蓋), 218

Precious Copies of the Jade Almanac (Yuli baochao 玉曆寶鈔), 261, 400n117

Precious Mirror of Painting (Tuhui baojian 圖繪寶鑑), 341, 418n1

Precious Register of the River Chart (Hetu baolu 河圖寶籙), 42

Precious Scripture of the Jade Pivot (Yushu baojing 玉樞寶經), 31, 101–2, 250, 251, 391n135, 400n109

Precious Text of Flying High in the Inner Landscape, from the Correct Tradition of the Jade Hall (Yutangzhengzong gaoben neijing yushu 玉堂正宗高奔內景玉書), 44–47, 80

Primordial Mountain (Taiyuan zhi shan 太元之山), 148

Primordial View of the Mountain Form of the Man-Bird Mountain (Yuanlan renniao shanxing tu 元覽人鳥山形圖), 137, 139, 141, 142

Prince Huai’an, 292 Prince Jin, 158–59Prince Jing of Zhongshan (Zhongshan

Jingwang 中山靖王) Liu Sheng 劉勝 (165–113 bce), 157, 202

Prince Qiao, 380n133. See also Wang Ziqiao

printing, 17–19, 41, 167, 239, 269, 375n25; Daoism and, 352n130, 353n153, 375n27, 401n127. See also Song dynasty

Prison of the River of Embers (Huihe diyu 灰河地獄), 373n235

processions, 37, 50, 108, 180, 244, 249, 263, 288–89, 302–5, 307, 309, 322, 410n117, 411n142, 411n143, 412n168, 413n194, 416n248. See also animated; deities: mobile; murals

Pure Land, 31–33, 143, 354n8, 377n47Purgation of the Three Primes (Sanyuan

zhai 三元齋), 193–94, 296, 387n29Purple Chamber (Zifang 紫房), 29, 44

qi 氣: and acupuncture points, 75; assem-bly of, 175; conduits of, 66; cosmic, 9, 11, 13, 29, 138, 185; and healing, 329; and images, 341–45; illustrations of, 377n67; landscape of, 185; meridians of, 95–96, 117; and mountains, 139, 145; natural, 181; nine, 273; nodes of, 69; observa-tion of, 146; ocean of, 83; primary, 66; primordial, 89, 147, 163, 165; of thunder, 329; wondrous, 9

Qian Liu 錢鏐 (852–932), 236Qianshan. See Mount Qian Qianzi wen. See Text of One Thousand

Characters Qing dynasty, 18, 64, 71, 115, 297, 338,

367n66, 383n218, 396n281, 413n194Qingcheng shan. See Mount Qingcheng Qingduguan. See Temple of the Pure

CapitalQingwei qidao neizhi. See Clarified

Tenuity Prayer GuidelinesQingxiao 清曉 (nun), 76Qingyang 擎羊, 47, 357n93Qiu Shiliu 邱十六, 416n261Qiu Ying 仇英, 412n168Qu’ran, 87, 351n93, 418n6Queen Mother of the West, 28, 111, 152,

203, 356n76, 370n145, 378n79, 389n93, 399n58, 413n214, 414n219

Rain Master (Yushi 雨師), 29, 320, 325–26, 327, 416n250

rain: benevolent, 326; evoking, 330; Garud.a and, 377n47; inducing of, 328–29, 408n70, 417n264; thunder, lightning, wind and, 294–95, 319, 325, 329, 332; inducer, 294. See also ritual; talisman; thunder

rainbow, 325; bridge, 250rainmaker, 325, 409n83rainmaking, 328, 415n235Raising the Alms Bowl (Jiebo tu 揭缽圖),

374n239, 413n194Reading the Stele (Dubei tu 讀碑圖),

382n200Reading the Stele by Pitted Rocks (Dubei

keshi 讀碑窠石), 382n200

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index 489

Realm of Jade Purity (Yuqing jing 玉清境), 274

Record of an Ancient Mirror (Gujing ji 古鏡記), 392n169

Record of Grotto Heavens, Blessed Places, Ducts, Peaks, and Great Mountains (Dongtian fudi yuedu mingshan ji 洞天福地嶽瀆名山記), 369n108

Record of Paintings from the Zhongxing Library (Chongqing guange chucang tuhua ji 中興館閣儲藏圖畫記), 283

Record of the Listener (Yijian zhi 夷堅志), 230–31, 243, 245, 317, 364n240, 366n37, 416n261

Record of the Peach Blossom Spring (Taohua yuan ji 桃花源記), 118, 371n174

Record of the Ten Continents (Shizhou ji 十洲記), 106, 369n116

Records of Famous Paintings of All Dynasties (Lidai minghua ji 歷代名畫記), 158, 367n60

Records of the Soul Returning to the Peony Pavilion (Mudanting huanhun ji 牡丹亭還魂記), 264

Records of the True Realms (Zhenjing lu 真境錄), 285, 405n18

refinement, 272–73, 403n189registers (lu 籙): of Highest Clarity,

381n174; of life, 297, 327; precious, 278; of rebirth, 278, 394n230, 405n235, 405n237; studies of, 352n116, 378n80–81; today, 250. See also charts; diagrams; talismans

Register of the Eight Daunters Summoning the Dragons (Bawei zhaolong lu 八威召龍籙), 150–151

Register of the Sword Alliance with the Powers of the Orthodox Unity, 35

religion: anthropology of, 8; and art, 280; material, 12, 241, 346, 351n79, 351n90, 397n304, 418n5; popular, 7; theory of, 345

Repentance of the Waters of the Samādhi of Compassion (Cibei sanmei shuichan 慈悲三昧水懺), 401n156

rites, external, 270, 274rites: bathing, 263, 265, 401n132–33,

401n139, 401n145; feng and shan, 386n34; of lighting lamps, 120, 247, 256, 372n200, 386n26, 398n25, 399n85; of repentance, 401n156. See also ritual; thunder

Ritual Diagram of the Altar of Refinement, 99

Ritual for Offering to the Gods of Registers of the Three Caverns, the Five Methods, and the Orthodox Unity Covenant, 188

Ritual Manual for the Water Land Ritual for Sages and Commoners in the Dharma Worlds (Fajie shengfan shuilu shenghui xiuzhai yigui 法界聖凡水陸勝會修齋儀軌), 400n112

Ritual for Releasing the Mouth of Flames (fangyankou 放焰口), 267. See also mouth of flames

ritual: actions in, 186; activation of art in, 34; adaptation to, 283; as alterna-tive scripture, 8; of announcement, 394n217; and art, 281, 342; bathing in, 263, 265, 401n132–33, 401n139, 401n145; banners in, 189, 195–96; body gods in, 34–38; canopy in, 107; conclusion of, 277–280; cuisines, 180; cycles in, 364n256; dance, 41; and diagrams, 133 (see also diagrams: ritual); drums in, 331–32, 415n237; external, 274–77; family, 402n168; feeding, 267; food in, 210, 268; imperial, 386n5; inner and outer, 9; instruments in, 397n316; Jiao 醮 offering, 186, 245, 336–37, 385n2–3, 397n13; lamps in, 120; Lighting the Burner (Falu 發爐), 34; manuals of, 14, 22, 346, 402n164; of merit (Gongde 功德), 207, 404n234; objects for, 22; objects in, 2, 213–14; offerings to gods, 397n7, 401n156; paraphernalia (weiyi 威儀), 12, 107, 214; performance, 1, 8, 10, 15, 21–22, 40, 85, 196, 207, 214, 218, 242, 245–46, 249–50, 253, 255, 261, 268, 279, 284, 291, 343, 356n64, 403n211, 405n241; private, 354n14; purgation, 245; rain-making, 253, 291; routines of, 7; of salvation, 17, 133, 207, 216, 218, 259; space of, 21, 106, 189, 207, 242, 342, 385n1; stages in, 199–201, 205, 388n69, 389n81, 390n103; studies of, 351n111; tablets, 207, 210, 237, 242, 250, 274, 388n44; texts in, 16; and theater, 205–6, 296, 321; theory, 350n43; and True Form Charts, 385n271; and visual culture, 189; visualized, 22; walking, 356n55; registers in, 34. See also Calling Forth the Officials (Chuguan 出官); Great Offering of Yellow Register (Huanglu

dajiao 黃籙大醮), 243; Purgation of the Three Primes (Sanyuan zhai 三元齋); Salvation through Refinement (liandu 鍊度); Water Land ritual (Shuilu fahui 水陸法會); Yellow Register Purgation (Huanglu zhai 黃籙齋); and other indi-vidual names of rituals

River Chart (Hetu 河圖), 96–98, 138, 367n56, 367n58, 367n60, 367n63, 385n276, 409n84

River Lord (Hebo 河伯), 378n79robes: in Africa, 397n312; astral, 39, 46,

50, 250, 288, 357n100; funeral, 332; of body gods, 31, 33, 35; bureaucratic, 40, 281, 306; Daoist, 110, 370n161, 397n311; of deities, 28, 35, 46, 244, 277, 285; of demons, 312; designs of, 369n131, 370n161; in detail, 110; of immortals, 9; Mongolian, 130–31, 374n238; of Northern Dipper, 39; of priest, 102, 110, 369n131; official, 240, 294, 376n40; ritual, 22, 114, 240, 242, 248, 251, 259, 397n311; of souls, 270

Robinet, Isabelle, 9 rock excrescenses, 180, 384n244roosters, 61, 118Ruan Gao 阮郜, 111–12, 318 Ruan Zhao 阮肇, 118, 384n247Ruicheng, Shanxi. See Temple of Eternal

Joyruiying tu 瑞應圖. See Picture of Auspicious

Omens Rules and Precepts for Worshiping the Dao

(Fengdao kejie 奉道科戒), 8, 391n136, 391n144

Rules and Precepts Regarding Ritual Garb (Fafu kejie wen 法服科戒文), 9

Rushan jing. See Classic of Entering the Mountains

Sage Mother (Shengmu 聖母), 204–6Sage Record of the Emperor of Primary

Chaos (Hunyuan huangdi shengji 混元皇帝聖紀), 135

Salvation Scripture Inscribed in Cloud Seal; 156

Salvation through Refinement (liandu 鍊度), 242–45, 270–72, 332, 361n201, 361n202, 368n86, 403n181, 403n183, 403n206, 403n211̧ 403n189–90, 403n195, 404n211, 404n234–35

salvation: and art, 345; banquets for, 299;

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490 index

and doors, 322; granting of, 279; in fiction, 264; term for, 210, 319; universal (pudu 普度), 207, 267, 270, 390n114; and water, 319. See also bridges; journey; ritual; Salvation through Refinement

Samantabhadra (Puxian 普賢), 5, 322, 348n25–26, 414n219, 415n223

Sancai dingwei tu. See Illustrated Pantheon of the Three Spheres

Sancai tuhui. See Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers

Sanhuang neiwen. See Esoteric Writs of the Three Sovereigns

Sanli tu. See Illustrations of the Three Ritual Classics

sanshi. See deathbringersSanskrit, 76, 103; pseudo, 91, 93, 142. See

also Brahmā Santian neijie jing. See Inner Explanation

of the Three Heavens Sanyuan pinjie gongde qingzhong jing. See

Scripture on the Prohibitions and Merit of the Three Primes

Sanyuan pinjie zuimu. See Sins against the Precepts of the Three Primes

Scarlet Palace (Jianggong 絳宮), 83, 273Schafer, Edward, 150, 265, 305screens, 190; and curtains, 203; folding,

130, 390n98; karma, 222; motif in art, 130, 171, 204–5, 382n195, 390n98, 390n101; painting, 118, 414n217

Schipper, Kristofer, 18, 28, 167, 231–32, 248script: bird, 96, 154–65, 380n130, 380n135–

36, 380n139; Brahmā, 155; on charts, 139; cloud seal, 91, 379n117–19; compos-ite, 279; dragon, 150, 158, 161, 378n86, 379n115–16; esoteric, 140; fish seal, 158; heavenly, 155, 328, 366n39; hidden, 174; magical, 137, 140, 154, 164; reinvention of, 158; seal, 96, 278, 376n30, 383n204; thunder, 416n259

Scripture for Opening the Heavens and Plotting the Mysterious (Kaitian cexuan jing 開天策玄經), 160–61

Scripture for the Protection of Life (Chu sanshi jiuchong baosheng jing 除三尸九蟲保生經), 53–57, 59, 61, 64

Scripture of Cursing Demons (Zhougui jing 咒鬼經), 311

Scripture of Laozi’s Transformation (Laozi bianhua jing 老子變化經), 365n16

Scripture of Salvation (Lingbao wuliang duren shangpin miaojing 靈寶無量度人上品妙經), 78, 83, 93–94, 263, 299, 364n244, 364n272, 376n301, 366n43, 403n186, 404n211

Scripture of the Eight Effulgences of Jade Brilliance and Golden Truth (Jinzhen yuguang bajing feijing 金真玉光八景飛經), 89, 91

Scripture of the Great Peace (Taiping jing 太平經), 27, 279, 354n17, 364n253, 405n239

Scripture of the Yellow Court (Huangting jing 黃庭經), 6, 67, 73, 84, 354n165, 354n31, 356n76, 360n189, 361n208, 362n210, 362n212, 364n260, 364n271, 378n79

Scripture on Great Offerings (Yujing xuandu daxian jing 玉京玄都大獻經), 267

Scripture on Guarding on the Gengshen Days to Attain Immortality by Laozi (Laozi shou gengshen qiu changsheng jing 老子守庚申求長生經), 55, 359n131

Scripture on the Prohibitions and Merit of the Three Primes (Sanyuan pinjie gongde qingzhong jing 三元品誡功德輕重經), 297

scriptures, 2, 13, 108, 151, 165, 189, 366n30, 369n126–27, 378n96

sculptures, 2–3, 6, 36, 56, 133. See also statues

Sea of Suffering (Kuhai 苦海), 83, 319. See also ocean

Searching [for Demons] in the Mountains (Soushan tu 搜山圖), 312–13, 373n225, 412n183–84

Secret Essentials of the Most High Assisting the People and Saving the Country, 41, 225

Secret Instructions and Illustrations of the Great Visualizations (Da cunsi tu zhujue 大存思圖注), 35, 38

Secret Instructions of Jade Purity (Yuqing jue 玉清訣), 257

Seidel, Anna, 2, 4, 239Seiryōji 清涼寺, 76, 406n40Self-Generating Jade Graphs and Inner

Sounds of All the Heavens (Zhutian neiyin ziran yuzi 諸天內音自然玉字), 93

seven material souls (qipo 七魄), 54, 63, 71, 358n117, 358n122, 360n162

Shaanxi, 4–5, 363n225, 384n227 Shancai tongzi wushisancan tu, 406n30

Shandong, 39, 76, 117, 371n165, 376n39, 379n107, 379n118, 386n22, 415n237

Shang Ting 商挺, 111Shang Xi 商喜, 413n210Shang Yi 尚義, 238, 315–16Shanghai, 18, 278, 334, 363n235, 391n135Shangqing badao miyan tu. See Illustrated

Secrets of the Eight Ways of Highest ClarityShangqing hanxiang jian jian tu. See

Highest Clarity Pictures of the Cosmic Signs Embodied in Mirrors and Swords

Shangqing lingbao dafa. See Great Rites of Highest Clarity and Numinous Treasure

Shangqing taishang longjiao jing. See Shangqing Scripture on the Art of Riding a Chariot

Shangqing tianguan santu jing. See Three Ways to Go Beyond the Heavenly Pass

Shanhai jing. See Classic of Mountains and Seas

Shanxi, 37, 182, 196, 204, 206, 213, 215, 217, 253, 332, 348n22, 370n150, 388n45, 397n311, 371n164, 373n225, 375n22, 382n193, 382n193, 383n224, 390n105, 406n30

Shaoshi shan, Mount Shaoshi Shen Gua 沈括 (1031–95), 392n169Shennong 神農, 182, 363n226, 384n226,

385n250, 412n181Shih Shou-chien, 291Shin Chion’in 新知恩院, 269, 300,

403n175Shishuo xinyu 世說新語, 365n22Shiwang tu. See Ten Kings of Hell Shizhi tu. see Illustrated Rock Excrescenses Shizhou ji. See Record of the Ten Continents Shōsō-in 正倉院, 114–15, 370n155, 411n142Shu Jie 叔介, 243–44, 263Shu. See Sichuan Shuilu faxiang zang. See Eulogies for the

Water Land ImagesShuilu yi. See Manual of the Water Land

RitualSichuan, 6, 15, 35–36, 54–56, 108–9, 112–13,

118–19, 123, 130, 140–41, 171, 190, 291, 292, 302, 312, 317, 326–27, 331–32, 348n23, 358n120, 362n212, 363n238, 367n63, 368n83, 371n166, 371n183, 383n218, 390n118, 400n117, 402n159, 402n164, 406n29, 408n63, 408n70, 414n219, 415n237, 416n245, 417n283, 417n285

salvation (continued)

Huang_final_pages.indd 490 5/25/12 9:21 AM

index 491

sickness. See diseaseSide-View Chart of the Inner Realm

(Neijing cemian tu 內境側面圖), 67–71signifiers, 96, 342signs, 136, 138, 144, 151–52, 155, 160–61,

163, 165, 227, 230, 233, 248, 342, 344; hand, 246, 248, 256, 393n184, 356n64, 398n19

silk: banners, 218–19; blue, 235; brocade, 96; flags, 215; green, 214; manuscripts, 106; mock organs made of, 76; multi-colored, 199, 203, 210, 215; as ritual offerings, 199, 358n108 (see also ritual); ornaments, 297; pennant, 214; spirit money, 239 (see also spirit money; paper: money); tents draped with, 202 (see also curtains: on tents); threads, 199, 235; true form charts on, 167; weav-ing, 330 (see also Pictures of Tilling and Weaving); worms, 330; yellow, 219, 249. See also brocade; colors; embroidery; textiles

Silk Road, 370n162Sima Chengzhen 司馬承禎 (647–735),

179, 227, 369n108Sins against the Precepts of the Three Primes

(Sanyuan pinjie zuimu 三元品戒罪目), 409n105

Sir Immortal Ge’s Method of Honoring the Great Northern Dipper (Ge Xiangong li beidou fa 葛仙公禮北斗法), 39

Sire of the Yellow Primordial (Huangyuan laogong 黃元老公), 361n198

Six Dynasties: calligraphy in, 410n117; Daoists of, 147; paradises in, 154; prac-tices of, 364n260, 376n37; studies of, 351n112, 354n9, 381n171; texts from, 25, 33, 40, 139, 141, 152, 196, 357n77, 375n20, 401n144, 404n217, 411n153, 376n32

Six Harmonies, 170–71Six Jia (Liujia 六甲), 33–34, 329Six Planets (Liuyao 六曜), 51Six Realms, 210, 269, 300, 317, 390n118,

403n175Sixian gongshou, Four Immortals Honoring

the God of Longevity skeleton, 358n115, 362n209, 362n220,

392n169. See also Chart of the Skeleton of Lord Lao; Skeleton Puppet Show

Skeleton Puppet Show (Kulou huanxi tu 骷髏幻戲圖), 362n209

sketches ( fenben 粉本), 127, 284–86, 288, 292, 307, 368n76, 373n224, 382n193, 406n22, 406n25, 406n29, 414n221

Smelly Lung (Choufei 臭肺), 358n122. See also seven material souls

snakes, 61, 78, 310, 313, 331–32, 393n194, 393n196, 413n187, 417n282

soldiers: demon, 312–13, 332, 373n225; divine, 36, 38, 248–249, 329, 335, 378n83

Song dynasty: altar in, 195, 387n40, bibliographies, 381n180, catalogues of, 229; court style of, 46; culture of, 161; Daoism in, 16–17, 93; funerals in, 150; government of, 178; history of, 351n112; imperial family of, 117; literary accounts of, 117; liturgical manuals in, 388n44; monk of, 402n161; period, 207; print-ing in, 17, 352n130, 396n291; records of, 338; ritual in, 239, 245; scholars of, 119; scripts in, 150, 155; shops in, 240; sources of, 297, 397n13; temples in, 108; texts of, 96, 375n16; tombs in, 112, 227, 363n225, 390n95; transition to, 308, 371n164; visual culture of, 339; visual-ization in, 26; and Yuan, 21, 52, 73, 85, 124, 127, 154, 171, 200, 203, 216, 219, 260, 291, 319, 329, 346, 349n35, 373n224, 400n109, 403n189–19, 410n132

Song Wu 宋无 (1260–1340), 309Songshan. See Mount Song Songs of the Numinous Herbs by the

Immortal of the White Clouds (Baiyun xianren lingcao ge 白雲仙人靈草歌), 179–80, 184

soundscape, 95, 366n51; 367n51 souls: ascent of, 325; bathing of, see

bathing; catchers of, see soul catch-ers; deliverance of, 244–46, 262–65, 269, 272, 279, 400n110–12; descrip-tion of, 52–60, 358n117; elimination of, 360n162; feeding of, 267; female, 332–33; food for, 267; ghosts of, 412n169, 417n264; harmful, 27; in hells, 302; kinds of, 265, 417n288; material, 54, 63; names of, 358n122; places for, 207–12; protection of, 317; rites for, 101; in ritual, 207; roaming, 264; saving of, 200 ; sins of, 171; spirit, 54; summoning of, 263; and trees, 317. See also seven material souls

soul catchers, 201, 232, 244, 262, 400n120. See also messengers

Soushan tu. See Searching [for Demons] in the Mountains

South Pole (Nanji 南極), 232, 403n211Southern Dipper, 276 Southern Sacred Peak (Nanyue 南嶽),

381n167, 381n168, 382n193Southern Song dynasty: assemblies

in, 240 ; bibliography of, 377n52; capital of, 299; chart, 207; court of, 52, 283, 393n178, 417n288; dating to, 411n158; diagram, 106, 130, 133, 210–11; divinations in, 416n256; emperor, 78; figurine, 56; handbook, 393n194; handscroll 259, 371n176; illustra-tion, 64; image, 403n211; landscape, 80 ; liturgical manuals, 303; manu-als, 387n43; master, 37; medicine in, 384n230 ; painters of, 177, 384n247, 403n193, 408n63, 408n67, 409n75; painting, 5–6, 22, 31, 46, 49, 59–60, 288, 300–301, 309, 391n135, 393n178, 400n110, 403n176, 409n83, 412n167; patriarch 29, 39; pictures of, 305; prac-tice in, 44, 336; relief, 302; ritual of 269–70, 276–77, 293, 397n8, 416n248; schools in, 404n211; scroll, 409n84; stone carvings, 171; style of, 307–8; talisman of, 156, 173; texts of, 33, 160, 231, 265, 398n24; thunder in, 415n237; tombs of, 55; version, 400n117; visual-ity in, 145; workshop of, 409n76

Sovereign of the Heavenly Perfected (Tianzhen huangren 天真皇人), 94–95, 366n50

space, 12–13, 133, 141; celestial, 401n146; constructions of, 10, 15; cosmic, 165; design of, 7, 21; and government, 372n198; inner, 175, 190, 199 (see also ritual: inner and outer); journey through, 149; lateral, 103; layers of, 195–99; mapping of, 99 (see also maps); materiality of, 189–242 (see also mate-riality); metaphor of, 366n51; portable, 189; private, 281; public, 221, 281; ritual, 15, 21–22, 51, 99, 101, 106, 133, 186, 189–242, 244–45, 253–54, 265, 274, 276–77, 279, 283, 293, 333, 336, 342–43, 367n33, 368n86, 385n1, 386n4, 388n51, 388n52, 389n81, 390n111, 401n139, 402n168, 418n313; sacred, 7, 10, 15, 22, 25, 136, 171, 210, 241, 247, 344, 382n194; secular, 203; temple, 386n3, 389n92;

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492 index

temporal, 372n198; and time, 26, 181, 342, 367n51, 378n79; underground, 129

Sparrow of the Yin (Queyin 雀陰), 54–55, 358n122. See also seven material souls

spells. See chantsspirit money, 189, 239–42, 299, 343,

396n282Spirit Who Comes to Condole Her Bereaved

Family, 333spleen, 27–28, 66–67, 71, 74, 83, 358n115.

See also Yellow Court staff: codes on, 399n97; divine, 258,

400n99; document, 255, 257–259; ritual, 255, 257; talismans in, 399n97

stalactite, 178, 383n219; caves and caverns, 116, 127; an illustration of, 383n220

Standardized Rituals of the Supreme Yellow Register Retreat (Wushang huanglu dazhai licheng yi 無上黃籙大齋立成儀), 125, 189, 212, 231, 277, 279

stars: baleful, 356n62; and body, 11, 42–45; dance on, 250; deities of, 36, 49, 154, 290, 300, 358n111, 405n5; Great Brightness, 143; Honorable, 42; Imperial, 42, Jidu, 223–24; in tombs, 401n146; invisible, 42, 46, 356n66, 356n71; journeys to, 21, 27, 40, 52, 343; maps of, 41–42; and planets, 29–32, 284, 355n36, 379n113, 405n13, 406n34; Purple Tenuity, 226; reports to, 29; symbols of, 380n122; vacuous, 50; Venus, 143; visualization of, 38–40, 85. See also Celestial River; Milky Way; Northern Dipper; Six Planets; Tejaprabhā Buddha and the Nine Planets; Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions

statues, 25, 193, 204, 348n16, 352n117, 363n235, 387n37. See also figurines

Stele Inscription for the Highest Extinction of Tuberculosis (Taishang duanchu fulian beaming 太上斷除伏連碑銘), 358n120

steles, 3, 114, 158, 358n120, 379n117–19, 382n200

Stevenson, Daniel, 268 stone carvings, 35, 130, 171, 302, 348n23,

356n59, 357n98, 362n221, 375n27, 416n245

Stove God (Zhaicao 宅竈), 198Streams and Mountains in Autumn Colors,

117Strickmann, Michel, 93, 181

Su Shi (1037–1111) 蘇軾, 73, 268, 295, 329, 362n212, 402n168, 415n239

Su Xun 蘇洵 (1009–66), 295Su Zhe 蘇轍, 402n168sun and moon, 30, 36, 106, 146, 229, 266,

305, 345, 360n179, 364n260Sun Jue 孫玨, 182–83Sun Long 孫隆, 408n71Sun Simiao (581–682), 54Sun Wei 孫位 (fl. 9th c.), 292, 408n70Sun Xubai 孫虛白 (12th c.), 239Sun Zhiwei 孫知微 (10th c.), 39, 284–85,

292, 405n13–14Supreme Lord of the Three Heavens, 171Sutra of the Great Northern Dipper (Foshuo

beidou qixing yanming jing 佛說北斗七星延命經), 46–47, 57

Swallow Cliff (Yanyan 燕巖), 144–45swords, 205, 228, 242, 314. See also mirrors:

and swordssymbols, 11, 19, 115, 152, 154, 163, 167, 346

Taiping jing. See Scripture of the Great Peace

Taiping shenghui fang. See Imperial Benevolent Classic of Acupuncture

Taishan. See Mount Tai Taishang duanchu fulian beaming. See Stele

Inscription for the Highest Extinction of Tuberculosis

Taishang huanglu zhaiyi. See Liturgical Manual for the Yellow Register Purgation

Taishang lingbao zhicao pin. See Catalogue of Fungi and Herbs

Taishang renniao shanxing zhenxing tu. See Chart of the True Form of the Topography of Most High Man-Bird Mountain

Taiwan, 18, 234, 239, 241, 246, 248, 250, 336–37, 361n204, 385n3, 387n34, 389n84, 395n251, 396n287, 398n24, 398n45, 399n57, 401n139, 404n234, 410n142, 418n306

Talisman for Blocking the Mountain (Jinshan fu 禁山符), 380n146

Talisman for Breaking Open Hells (Poyu fu 破獄符), 257

Talisman for Summoning the Divine Tiger, 262–63

Talisman of the Chorus of the Nine Phoenixes (Jiufeng qichang fu 九鳳齊唱符), 162, 164

Talisman of the Five Spirits Breaking

Open Hells (Wuling poyu cezhang neifu 五靈破獄策杖內符), 257–58

Talisman of the Green Mystery Heavenly Worthy Pardoning the Sinners and Destroying Fengdu (Qingxuan tianzun jiuku po fengdu fu 青玄天尊救苦破酆都符), 255, 257

Talisman of the Heavenly Worthy of the Ten Directions Who Saves from Suffering (Shifang jiuku tianzun fu 十方救苦天尊符), 256, 258

Talisman of the Humming of the Eight Luan Birds (Baluan tongming fu 八鸞同鳴符), 163

Talisman of the Light of the Nine Cranes (Jiu guang baihe fu 九光白鶴符), 163

Talisman of the Mysterious Transformation of the Ten Directions (Shifang xuanhua fu 十方玄化符), 256, 258

Talisman of the True Form of the Marshal (Yuanshuai zhenxing fu 元帥真形符), 417n272

Talisman That Transforms Men’s Clothes (Bian nanyi fu 變男衣符), 267

Talisman That Transforms Women’s Clothes (Bian nüyi fu 變女衣符), 266

Talisman to Invite the Nine Spirits to the Document Staff (Qing jiuling cezhang fu 請九靈策杖符), 399n97

Talisman Worn When Entering the Mountain (Rushan peidai fu 入山佩帶符), 138

talismans ( fu 符): as aniconic, 343–44; at altar, 262; on banners, 392n153; bird-inspired, 164; with black messengers, 417n272; blowing of, 276; in body, 164, 277; of the center, 379n101–2; characters on, 20; and charts, 138; color of, 380n149; curvilinear, 293; in Daozang, 18–19; against deathbringers, 57; description of, 20; of directions, 165; and dragons, 161, 231, 291, 391n148; drawing of, 380n124; ecological, 173; of goddesses, 34; in green jade, 34; and healing, 162; and hells, 390n112, 394n231; imperial, 17; and landscape, 173; language in, 276; location of, 200; for mountain, 138; and orders, 257; of Perfected Warrior and Black Killer, 404n217; for protection, 138; and scripts, 156; and writs, 209; for rain-

space (continued)

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index 493

making, 330; in ritual, 214, 242, 255, 274, 404n230; in staff, 258; symbols in, 382n200; in thunder rites, 329, 400n120; today, 250; in vermilion, 162and visual-ization, 34. See also names of individual talismans; charts; diagrams; registers

Talismans and Diagrams of the Highest Scripture of Universal Salvation (Lingbao wuliang duren shangpin miaojing futu 靈寶無量度人上品妙經符圖), 93–95, 150

Talismans of Five Emperors Breaking Open Hells (Wudi poyu cezhang fu 五帝破獄策杖符), 399n97

Tang dynasty: altars in, 195; artists of, 50, 386n22; Buddhism in, 25, 55, 249; capital, 89, 368n78; court, 107, 367n68, 411n142; cults in, 130; Daoists in, 291; diagrams, 175; hagiographies in, 135; mirrors in, 114, 226; murals in, 414n223; physicians, 54; princesses, 387n36; sculptures, 6; and Song dynasty, 53, 111, 113, 120, 136–37, 144, 146, 151, 154, 158, 167, 175, 199, 221, 226, 228, 288, 297, 326, 393n187, 398n20, 399n70, 405n13, 408n63; tales, 108; texts, 35, 42, 43, 57, 65, 96–97, 223, 305, 411n153

Tang Hou 湯垕 (fl. 1322), 406n40Tang Shenwei 唐慎微 (ca. 1056–1136), 178,

185, 383n224, 385n256Tang Xianzu 湯顯祖 (1550–1616), 264 Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (456–536), 25, 190,

225, 380n150Tao Qian 陶潛 (365–427), 118, 371n174Taohua yuan ji. See Record of the Peach

Blossom SpringTejaprabhā Buddha and the Nine Planets

(Chishengguang jiuyao 熾盛光九曜), 286, 288, 406n34

Temple for Admiring Perfection and Longevity (Chongzhen wanshou gong 崇真萬壽宮), 111

Temple of Celestial Treasures (Tianbao guan 天寶觀), 338

Temple of Eternal Joy (Yongle gong 永樂宮), 35, 37, 73, 109–11, 180–81, 196–9, 211, 213, 215, 217, 302, 305, 313–15, 320–22, 325, 349n35, 356n51, 367n70, 371n164, 379n107, 385n250, 391n133, 391n138, 400n109, 407n48, 407n54

Temple of Heavenly Celebration (Tianqingguan 天慶觀), 243

Temple of Jade Clarity (Yuqing gong 玉清宮), 365n274

Temple of Prosperity (Longxing si 隆興寺), 415n223

Temple of Spectacular Numina (Jinglinggong 景靈宮), 299

Temple of the Central Sacred Peak. See Central Sacred Peak

Temple of the Cloudy Rock (Yunyan si 雲岩寺), 109

Temple of the Eastern Sacred Peak. See Eastern Sacred Peak

Temple of the Jade Bureau (Yuju hua 玉局化), 408n70

Temple of the Northern Sacred Peak, see Northern Sacred Peak

Temple of the Prime Minister (Xiangguo si 相國寺), 75, 286, 362n222

Temple of the Pure Capital (Qingduguan 清都觀), 89, 91, 366n26

Temple of Venerating Goodness (Chongshan si 崇善寺), 406n30

Temple of Virtuous Oneness (Zhenyiguan 貞一觀), 338

temples, 189, 203, 216, 302, 332. See also names of individual temples

Ten Continents, 106–10, 369n135Ten Kings of Hells, 400n114, 400n117,

255, 261, 268, 345, 400n114; paintings of (Shiwang tu 十王圖), 59–60, 222, 260–61, 300, 309, 359n148, 359n150, 373n224, 374n242, 392n151, 400n109, 400n111, 407n43, 409n76; Sutra of, 400n112. See also hells

Tenggong muming. See Tomb Epitaph of Sir Teng

Text of One Thousand Characters (Qianzi wen 千字文), 370n142

textiles, 9, 12, 76–77, 96, 108–9, 140, 193, 203, 233, 285, 385n2, 387n36, 410n114. See also brocade; colors: in textile; embroidery; silk

Three Caverns (Sandong 三洞), 16, 18, 352n123

Three Chancelleries (Sansheng 三省), 51 Three Clarities (Sanqing tian 三清天),

100–101, 367n69–70Three Isles, 110–13, 369n135Three Officials (Sanguan 三官), 51,

124, 193, 199–200, 207, 231–35, 268, 296–300, 328, 333–36, 373n217, 399n65, 409n105, 417n298, 418n313

Three Officials of Heaven, Earth, and Water (Tian di shui sanguan tu 天地水三官圖), 22, 283, 292–95, 338–39, 345, 382n194, 405n5, 409n74–75

Three Primes (Sanyuan 三元), 127, 153, 358n117, 373n217, 379n115, 409n106–7

Three Pure Ones (Sanqing 三清), 17, 110, 207, 209, 296, 302, 35, 336, 399n57, 405n5, 411n152, 414n217

Three Realms Table (Sanjie tan 三界壇), 336, 418n313

Three Tablets of Heaven, Earth and Water (Tian di shui sanjian 天地水三簡), 153

Three Treasures (Sanbao 三寶), 195, 388n44

Three Ways to Go Beyond the Heavenly Pass (Shangqing tianguan santu jing 上清天關三圖經), 123–24, 356n65

Three Worlds (Sanjie 三界), 100–101, 133, 345, 368n89

three worms (sanchong 三蟲), 54thunder: Department of Thunder, 328;

forces of, 294–95; gods, 329–31, 377n47, 415n236, 415n237, 415n240, 416n243, 416n256, 416n261, 417n265, 417n276, 417n282 ; killing by, 416n261; Lord of Thunder (Leigong 雷公), 268, 326–27, 329, 377n47, 415n236, 416n248, 416n256, 417n265; rites (leifa 雷法), 328–30, 400n120, 416n262, 417n264–65; tablet of, 397n315; troops of, 319, 325–32

Thunder Peak Pagoda (Leifeng ta 雷峰塔), 396n277

Thunder Writ in Heavenly Seal Script (Leiwen tianzhuan 雷文天篆), 328

Tian di shui sanguan tu. See Three Officials of Heaven, Earth, and Water

Tian Hongyu 田宏遇 (d. ca. 1644), 418n317

Tianpeng, 223–24, 355n38, 393n178, 404n217

Tiantai shan. See Mount Tiantai Tianzhu lingqian. See Efficacious Sticks of

Tianzhu tigers: chamber of, 401n121; chariot,

376n37; Divine, 212, 262, 389n81; in entourage, 118; as mountain sprites, 138, 147, 310; and mushrooms, 185; officers of, 263; skin bag, 295; talisman of, 262–63

Tixiang yin yang shengjiang tu. See Illustrated Ascent and Descent of the Yin and Yang Energies in the Body

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494 index

toad, 66, 360n179, 393n190 Tomb Epitaph of Sir Teng (Tenggong

muming 滕公墓銘), 161tombs: art in, 232, 303, 386n22; artifacts

in, 13, 331; carvings in, 368n102; cliff, 371n166; Daoist, 303, 383n218, 394n216, 397n311; doors of, 411n219; epigraph in, 162, 411n147; figurines of, 57; Han, 356n65, 358n112, 375n23, 375n27, 376n40, 379n107, 381n180, 383n218, 386n22, 389n91, 394n197, 417n282; images in, 401n146; 414n219; Jin, 397n311, 410n115; Liao, 363n228, 370n150, 371n164, 389n93, 406n22, 412n169; medieval, 356n74, 368n102, 370n150, 376n33, 386n22, 401n146, 417n285; murals in, 374n238, 384n227, 401n146, 406n22; Northern Song, 303–4, 331, 363n225, 376n33, 384n227, 390n95, 390n96, 394n197, 410n117, 417n283; paintings in, 303, 363n225, 370n150, 375n23, 389n87; siting of, 175; Southern Song, 318, 331, 367n63; studies of, 351n76; texts in, 141, 178; Yang family, 55; Yuan, 374n238, 394n216. See also archaeology

Tongbo Perfected Being (Tongbo zhenren 桐柏真人), 371n173

Toronto, 349n28, 349n30tortoises, 70, 310, 360n179Tower, 274, 360n188transmediality, 12–13. See also mediatransmission, 148, 168, 186, 300Transmitted Secrets of the Inner Writs of the

Three Sovereigns, 166Travelers among Mountains and Streams

(Xishan xinglü 谿山行旅), 80–82Traveling Palace of the Lord of the Eastern

Peak (Dongyue jun biegong 東嶽君別宮), 116

Treasure Terrace of Rebirth in Heaven (Shengtian baotai 生天寶臺), 391n124

treasury, celestial, 239, 396n284trees, 79–80, 111, 114, 119, 146, 148, 172–74,

180, 184, 293–95, 307–8, 312, 379n116, 380n148, 393n190; anthropomorphic, 317; goblins, 309, 311–13, 412n174 (see also mountains: goblins in); monster, 294–95, 312–14, 317–18, 332, 339, 413n193; spirit, 295, 310, 312–15; sprite, 310, 314, 412n174; talking, 310; walking, 413n194

trinity, 153, 355n38, 355n50, 367n70

true form (zhenxing 真形), 8–9, 14, 50, 88, 95; charts of, 22, 135–65, 168, 185, 242, 281, 343, 375n11. See also invisible: true form

True Form Chart of Mount Fengdu (Fengdu zhenxing tu 酆都真形圖), 123, 125–26, 129, 133, 257

True Form Chart of the Blood Lake (Xuehu zhenxing 血湖真形), 129

True Form Chart of the Eastern Sacred Peak, 115–16, 120, 166–69, 179, 381n173

True Form Charts of the Five Sacred Peaks (Wuyue zhenxing tu 五嶽真形圖), 115, 136, 138, 153, 167–68, 170–71, 174, 177, 186, 367n60, 372n212, 384n245, 385n252

True Form Chart of the Five Stars (Wuxing zhenxingtu 五星真形圖), 50

True Form Chart of the Man-Bird Mountain (Renniao shan zhenxing tu 人鳥山真形圖), 137, 139, 151, 153, 160–61, 164, 167, 186, 221, 385n272

True Form Chart of the Most High King of Divine Empyrean (Gaoshang shenxiao wang zhenxing tu 高上神霄王真形圖), 366n44

True Form Charts of Mount Kunlun, Mount Zhong, Mount Penglai, and the Divine Continents (Kunlun Zhongshan Penglai shan ji Shenzhou zhenxing tu 崑崙鍾山蓬莱山及神洲真形圖), 369n116

True Form Charts of the Five Sacred Peaks (Wuyue zhenxing tu 五嶽真形圖), 115–16, 137–38, 153, 168–70, 174, 177, 186, 367n60, 372n212, 380n150, 381n158, 381n173, 384n245, 385n252

True Forms of the Three Messengers of the Divine Tiger (Shenhu san shizhe zhenx-ing 神虎三使者真形), 262

True Writ of the Eight Daunters (Bawei zhenwen 八威真文), 151

True Writ of the Thunder Seal Script (Leizhuan zhenwen 雷篆真文), 328

True Writing of the Mysterious Hill of the Phoenix Qi in Nine Heavens ( Jiutian fengqi xuanqiu zhenshu 九天鳳氣玄丘真書), 150

True Writs in Five Tablets (Wupian zhen-wen 五篇真文), 91–92, 141, 153, 186, 193, 195, 231, 236, 247, 378n94, 380n149, 387n34, 388n52. See also Five Talismans of the Numinous Treasure; Five True Writs

Tuhua jianwenzhi. See Experiences in Painting

Tuhui baojian. See Precious Mirror of Painting

Tuoluoni zhenyan. See Dhāranī Chart of the True Words

turtles, 29, 59, 61, 96, 135, 294–295, 320, 325, 331, 393n194, 409n84

Twenty-four True Diagrams (Ershisi zhentu 二十四真圖), 181, 384n245

Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions (Ershiba su 二十八宿), 50, 56, 102, 105, 143, 198, 355n50, 356n50, 357n98, 357n100. See also Picture of the True Form of the Five Planets and Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions; stars

Two Realms of the Heaven of the Grand Network (Daluo er jing 大羅二境), 99

Ullambana Sutra Spoken by the Buddha (Foshuo Yulanpen jing 佛說盂蘭盆經), 130, 267, 402n159

underworld. See hells Upper Palace of Southern Prosperity

(Nanchang shang gong 南昌上宮), 278, 403n211

Vaiśravana (Bishamen tianwang 毗沙門天王), 322, 411n165, 414n221

Verellen, Franciscus, 18–20 Vermilion Mound (Zhuling 朱陵), 101,

211–12, 232, 273–74, 277, 368n88, 403n211, 404n211

Virgin Mary, 296visible, 5, 8–10, 40, 42, 84, 118, 135, 142,

150, 154, 214, 223, 241, 279, 306, 339, 341–43, 356n66, 374n7. See also invisible

visuality: 173, 192, 242, 263, 300, 322, 382n200; aniconic, 185; Buddhist, 348n10; definition of, 2–7; Daoist, 154, 177, 185, 339, 342, 344; dynamic, 15, 254; Japanese, 405n13; and materiality (see also materiality), 12; and mysticism, 154, 177, 342; of ghosts and souls, 269; of imperial processions (see also proces-sions), 302; of the mountain goblin and ape monster, 311; of mushrooms, 185; of thunder troops, 327; of the true form charts, 165; and performativity of texts, 12

visualization (cunsi 存思): and breathing practices, 63; and mirrors, 221–22; and

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index 495

painting, 341; and scrolls, 293; and true form, 135, 147; as Daoist practice, 5–6, 10, 14–17, 21, 35, 42, 149, 170, 305–7; illustrations for, 11, 18–19, 29–31, 47, 80; internal, 272; of deities, 27, 34, 171, 246, 276, 406n41; of fire and water, 270; of images, 281; method of, 14; manual, 35; of disease, 59; of mountain, 147; pictures for, 11, 44, 81, 84–85, 249, 305, 342–43; of Queen Vaidehi, 406n25; in ritual, 26, 43, 85, 186, 247–51, 259, 270, 272–74, 276, 279, 293, 339; of stars, 38–42, 52; studies of, 354n8; of thunder qi, 328; against worms, 63

Visualization Diagram (Cunsi tu 存思圖), 25–26, 191

Wang A’shan 王阿善, 3–4, 348n14Wang Chongyang 王重陽 (1113–79), 73Wang Chong 王充 (27–ca. 100), 415n237Wang Chou 王儔, 365n16Wang Chuzhi 王處直, 370n150Wang Daozhen 王道真 (fl. ca. 977–ca.

1014), 290Wang, Eugene, 7, 145, 222, 228 Wang Jie 王介 (13th c.), 384n230Wang Jingsheng 王景昇, 408n63 Wang Ka, 90Wang Qin 王勤, 238, 315–16Wang Qiu 王俅 (fl. 12th c.), 161, 380n144Wang Qizhen 王契真, 364n273, 387n39,

398n37, 403n206Wang Sanlan 王三郎, 285Wang Tuozi 王陀子, 368n78Wang Weiyi 王惟一 (ca. 987–1067), 75 Wang Wei 王維, 386n22Wang Wenqing 王文卿 (1093–1153), 93,

366n47Wang Xizhi 王羲之 (303–61), 73, 362n210Wang Yanda 王彥達, 390n104Wang Yi 王儀, 326Wang Yucheng, 225, 232, 376n40, 393n187Wang Zhenpeng 王振鵬 (ca. 1270–after

1330), 407n53Wang Zhen 王鎮, 292Wang Zhuo 王拙, 290 Wang Ziqiao 王子喬 (fl. 565–549 bce),

158, 371n166, 380n131. See also Prince Qiao

Wangxian yingjia. See Expecting the Wise One and Welcoming the Entourage

Washington, 407n53, 410n133, 416n248

Water God Temple (Shuishen miao 水神廟), 20–206, 253

Water Land Building (Shuilu yuan 水陸院), 268

Water Land paintings (shuilu hua 水陸畫), 268, 314–17, 332–33, 338, 357n100, 357n104, 374n238, 374n241, 393n178, 402n168, 413n195–96, 416n248

Water Land ritual (Shuilu fahui 水陸法會), 22, 237, 244, 260, 267–70, 302, 345, 372n205, 374n242, 90n111, 390n121, 397n8, 400n112, 401n156, 402n159–61, 402n164, 402n166–68, 402n170–73

water: for bathing, 265; in Buddhism, 345; Water Bureau, 273; crossing of, 319; divine, 360n187; as earth blood, 364n253; official of, 238, 283, 293, 415n240; refinement through, 274–76, 404n212; talisman for, 329. See also diagram; Eulogies for the Water Land Images; Manual of the Water Land Ritual; Water Land painting; Water Land Building

Waterfall of the Pending Cloud Sea, 174Wei Wenlang 魏文朗, 348n21Welcoming the Carriages (Yingluan tu

迎鑾圖), 391n135Wen Fong, 291Wen Tong 文同 (1018–79), 118Wen Zhengming, 412n168Wenxian tongkao, 121Western Sacred Peak: magical mushrooms

from, 180; Talisman, 162, 380n150; White Cloud Temple (Baiyun guan 白雲

觀), 18, 64, 353n143, 357n86, 367n66Wind Lord (Fengbo 風伯), 29, 295, 320,

326–27Wolfthal, Diane, 374n242, 388n67wolves, 138, 147, 310women, 1, 29, 312, 317; adepts, 28; in

Buddhism, 365n18; and children, 130–31, 377n47; and demons, 313, 318; deities, 33, 111, 329, 354n26, 371n176; figures of, 417n288; ghost of, 295; in hells, 129–34, 261, 345, 373n235, 374n242; immortals, 183; and mercury, 361n200; and monsters, 317, 374n241, 412n186; and mushrooms, 182; in painting, 182, 416n248; picking herbs, 182, 385n250; and silk, 330; souls of, 243, 270–271, 319, 332–33, 400n118; and stars, 143; Talisman that Transforms

Women’s Clothes, 266–67. See also erotic; feminine; gender

Wondrous Scripture of Divine Incantations for Subduing Demons of the Emperor of the North, 225

workshop, 4–5, 239–240, 288, 296, 307, 348n22, 349n35, 407n43, 412n182; monastic, 230; Ningbo, 270–271, 300–301, 307, 309, 312, 324, 359n150, 373n224, 374n242, 386n22, 400n109, 400n110, 403n176, 409n76, 412n171, 415n231

worms, 27, 52–62, 343, 358n120; See also nine worms; three worms

Worthy of Plain Stupidity (Danchi zunzhe淡痴尊者), 400n117

Writing, utensils for, 229–31, 249, 343, 394n216, 394n220; knife, 191–92, 229–30, 249, 394n205, 394n213, 394n216, 394n220

writings (shu 書): 20; carved, 382n200; heavenly, 11, 138, 151 165; magical, 19, 343; talismanic, 376n40

Wu Hung, 202, 317Wu Liang Shrine (Wu Liang ci 武梁祠),

38–39, 356n59Wu Yue Kingdom, 236–37, 368n102,

395n266, 396n277Wu Zhong 鄔忠, 89, 91Wu Zongyuan 武宗元 (fl. 1004–50),

289–90, 302, 403n211, 407n55, 407n46, 407n55, 407n58, 411n142, 411n148, 411n152

Wudou sanyi tujue. See Illustrated Instructions for Visualizing the Three Ones in the Five Phases of the Northern Dipper

Wulao chishu yupian zhenwen tianshu jing. See Perfected Script in Five Tablets Written in Red Celestial Writing on the [Heavenly Worthy of] Original Commencement and the Five Ancient Lords

Wumi daoren 勿迷道人 (Master Who is Not Beguiled), 400n117

Wupian zhenwen. See True Writs in Five Tablets

Wushang biyao. See Essence of the Supreme Secrets

Wushang huanglu dazhai licheng yi. See Standardized Rituals of the Supreme Yellow Register Retreat

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496 index

Wutai shan. See Mount Wutai Wuying 無英, 83

Xi Xia, 322–23, 365n18, 396n283, 409n84, 411n165, 414n219, 416n243, 416n248

Xia Wenyan 夏文彥 (fl. 14th c.), 341Xiangzhai yuandi tu. See Chart of the

Siting of the Household and Garden Xianyang, 158, 380n128, 401n146Xiao tang jigu lu, 162Xiao Yingsou 蕭應叟 (early 1200s), 78,

80, 84Xiaojing. See Classic of Filial PietyXingdao tianwang 行道天王, 414n221Xingming guizhi. See Dignified Pointers to

Inner Nature and DestinyXiuzhen taiji hunyuan zhixuan tu. See

Illustrations of the Mystery of the Cultivation of Perfection

Xiuzhen tu. See Chart of Cultivating Perfection

Xu taishi zhenjun tuzhuan. See Illustrated Hagiography of Xu Zhenjun

Xu Xun 許遜 (239–336), 119, 254, 372n184Xu Zhichang 徐知常, 408n63Xuandu daxian Yushan jinggong. See Great

Offerings of the Mysterious Capital, Pure Feast of the Jade Mountain

Xuanhe huapu. See Xuanhe Painting Catalogue

Xuanhe Painting Catalogue (Xuanhe huapu 宣和畫譜), 39, 50, 52, 283, 407n46

Xuanmen maijue neizhao tu, 362n218Xuanzang 玄奘 (ca. 600–664), 100, 359n131Xuepen jing. See Blood Bowl Sutra

Yakushi shō. See Memoir on Several Varieties of Drug Plants

Yan Deyuan 閻德源, 397n311Yan Geng 顏庚, 412n168Yan Hui 顏輝, 412n168Yan Liben 閻立本 (ca. 600–673), 295, 329Yan Wengui 燕文貴, 407n62Yang Erzeng 楊爾曾 (17th c.), 377n58Yang E 楊鍔 (1032–98), 402n164Yang Jie 楊介 (12th c.), 74Yang Wangxiu 楊王休, 405n6Yang Weizhen 楊維楨 (1296–1370), 341,

418n1Yang Xi 楊羲 (330–86), 16, 155Yang Yunsong 楊筠松 (834–906), 175,

383n210

Yangshan. See Mount Yang Yanluozi 煙蘿子 (10th c.), 63–64, 67–68,

71, 73–74, 361n191, 361n208, 362n212Yellow Court (Huangting 黃庭), 66, 70,

83, 361n198, 361n207. See also spleenYellow Emperor, 154Yellow Register Painting (Huanglu hua 黃

籙畫 or Huanglu tu 黃籙圖), 338Yellow Register Purgation (Huanglu

zhai 黃籙齋), 22, 199–200, 207, 210, 231, 244–245, 247, 249, 254–255, 261, 265, 267–268, 270, 279, 293, 299, 333, 338, 345, 373n218, 388n69, 397n8, 398n13, 398n20, 401n156, 416n248. See also Liturgical Manual for the Yellow Register Purgation; Memorial to the Ten Kings Announced in the Yellow Register Purgation; Yellow Register paintings

Yellow River, 96, 142Yellow Springs (Huangquan 黃泉), 120,

372n187Yemaotai 葉茂台, 370n150, 371n164Yi Songyao 易宋堯, 364n248Yiheming. See Eulogy on Burying Cranes Yijian zhi. See Record of the Listener Yijing. See Book of Changes yin and yang: 54, 66, 78–79, 88–89, 155,

175, 185, 247, 343, 377 n 52; cosmology of, 26, 365n9–10

Yin Wencao 尹文操 (d. 688), 374n4Ying’er chushui tu. See Illustration of an

Infant Emerging from the Water Yingluan tu. See Welcoming the Carriages Yingxian Pagoda (Yingxian muta 應縣木

塔), 182, 416n243Yingzao fashi. See Building StandardYinlu pusa. See Avalokiteśvara as Guider

of SoulsYinshan zhengyao. See Orthodox Essentials

of Eating and Drinking Yishan. See Mount Yi Yixing一行 (d. 727), 56Yizhou minghua lu. See Painting Record of

Yizhou Yongle dadian. See Great Encyclopedia of

the Yongle Reign Yu Gongzhu 虞公著 (d. 1226), 112–13, 318Yuan dynasty: appraisal of, 406n40;

court of, 111; murals, 205, 253; painters 407n53, 408n67; paintings, 37, 182, 408n67; priests, 408n63; print, 391n135; scholars, 341; statues, 205; texts, 46,

418n1; theater, 390n105; woodblock, 62. See also Temple of Eternal Joy

Yuan Haowen 元好問 (1190–1257), 294Yuan Miaozong 元妙宗, 356n70Yuan Yi 元乂 (d. 526), 266, 401n146Yuanchen zhangjiao licheng li. See Practical

Almanac for the Offering of the Memorial of the Original Star

Yujing xuandu daxian jing. See Scripture on Great Offerings

Yuli baochao. See Precious Copies of the Jade Almanac

Yulu zidu jietan yi, 394n220Yunji qiqian. See Bookcase of the Clouds

with Seven LabelsYunnan, 130, 406n29Yuqing jue. See Secret Instructions of Jade

Purity Yushu baojing. See Precious Scripture of the

Jade PivotYutang dafa. See Great Rites of the Jade HallYutang zhengzong gaoben neijing yushu. See

Precious Text of Flying High in the Inner Landscape, from the Correct Tradition of the Jade Hall

Zangshu. See Books of BurialZangwai daoshu, 234, 255Zhaijing. See Books of ResidenceZhang Daoling, 231, 291, 408n67Zhang family, 321Zhang Maocheng 張懋丞 (1387–1444),

292Zhang Nanben 張南本 (9th c.), 268,

382n193Zhang Shangying 張商英 (1043–1121), 103,

368n98Zhang Shengwen 張勝溫 (ca. 1180), 130,

132, 390n98Zhang Wanfu 張萬福, 186, 193–94, 199,

236, 366n26, 385n275, 387n35–36, 389n69

Zhang Xubai 張虛白 (12th c.), 179Zhang Xujing 張虛靖 (fl. 12th c.), 317–18,

413n204Zhang Xunliao, 150, 165Zhang Yanyuan 張彥遠 (815–ca. 875), 158,

380n136Zhang Yucai 張羽材 (ca. 1295–1316), 291,

408n67Zhang Zengyou 張僧繇 (ca. 500–550),

50, 143

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index 497

Zhao Boju 趙伯駒 (d. ca. 1162), 117, 371n164

Zhao Cangyun 趙蒼雲 (fl. late 13th c.), 118, 384n247

Zhao Keyan 趙可言, 291Zhao Zhifeng 趙智鳳 (b. 1159), 326–27Zhejiang, 76, 117, 125, 130, 377n58,

404n211, 408n63Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (1178–1235), 261,

400n116Zheng Qiao 鄭樵 (1114–62), 20Zheng Sixiao 鄭思肖 (1241–1318), 403n193,

403n211

Zhengao. See Declarations of the PerfectedZhengyi 正一 (Orthodox Unity), see

Celestial MastersZhengyi lu. See Orthodox Unity Register Zhenjing lu. See Records of the True Realms zhi. See mushrooms Zhipan 志槃 (ca. 1260), 269, 402n172Zhong Kui 鍾馗, 308–10, 332, 412n167–

68, 412n172. See also demons: quellersZhongnan shan. See Mount Zhongnan Zhou Fang 周昉 (ca. 730–800), 50Zhou Jichang 周季常, 271, 300–301, 324,

403n176, 409n76Zhou Mi 周密 (1252–98), 71, 73, 362n223

Zhou Si 周四, 243, 333Zhougui jing. See Scripture of Cursing

Demons Zhu Yao 朱繇, 292, 294Zhuangzi, 88, 365n14Zhutian neiyin ziran yuzi. See Self-

Generating Jade Graphs and Inner Sounds of All the Heavens

Zong xing tan tu shi. See Convention of the Overall Stars

Zongyi 宗頤, 402n161Zuisenji 瑞泉寺, 49–50, 300, 357n95Zuo Li 左禮, 292

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