august 2009 preview
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Preview of the printed Track & Race Cars Magazine, Issue 64TRANSCRIPT
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THE ESSENTIAL MOTORSPORT MONTHLY - WRITTEN BY THE RACERS FOR THE RACERS
BUILT FROM SCRATCH: FEATURING A SPACE-FRAME CHASSIS, INTEGRALE ENGINE AND FULL AERO
GROUP 5 TURBOw
ww
.trcm
agaz
ine.
com
AUGUST 2009/ISSUE 64/£3.99
ALSO INSIDEALSO INSIDESUPERLIGHTTHRASH£30KTRACK TOYS£30KTRACK TOYS
THE LATEST KTM X-BOW TRACK TESTEDAGAINST THE LOTUS 211 GT4 AND CATERHAM R300
THE ESSENTIAL MOTORSPORT MONTHLY - WRITTEN BY THE RACERS FOR THE RACERS
LANCIA MONTECARLO
THE ESSENTIAL MOTORSPORT MONTHLY - WRITTEN BY THE RACERS FOR THE RACERSTHE ESSENTIAL MOTORSPORT MONTHLY - WRITTEN BY THE RACERS FOR THE RACERS
NISSAN& PORSCHE TRACK DAY
BUILDSINSIDE
TURBOTURBOTURBOTURBO
OULTON PARK CIRCUIT GUIDE
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SPORT
TRACK
7 NEWSAll the latest paddock gossip
12 LANCIA BETA MONTECARLOA wild Integrale turbocharged replica of the orginal Group 5 bad boy from Italy dressed in its battle colours
43 HANS DEVICE TESTAll the facts from the fiction. TRCs John Hayman talks us all you need to know before buying a HANS Device
72 RACE REPORTSThe latest race round-ups from the TRC sponsored Pre-93 Touring Cars and Mono Championship
94 CLASSIFIEDPick up a track and race bargain
CONTENTS / AUGUST 200912
19
29
TECH
TEACH
4 TRCMAGAZINE.COM - AUGUST 2009
19 KTM V CATERHAM V LOTUS300bhp-per-tonne track specials
29 CARLIN DRIVER DAYWe visit the first timed track day
34 FOCUS RSThe only RS track test worth reading
47 RADICAL CRASH TESTBehind the scenes with Radical
54 NISSAN 200SX BUILDBritish built track day toy
58 PORSCHE 944 BUILDOur new road legal track day car
60 ALFA ROMEO ALFETTA RESTOBargain Alfetta restoration project
62 ALFA & LANCIA RACE RESTO2600 Sprint and Fulvia return
77 NEW PRODUCTSTesting the latest gear
46 OULTON PARK GUIDE The most comprehensive circuit guide
86 GO RACINGSee how easy it is to start racing
86 GO TRACK DAYSA rough guide to your first track day
Visit us online for updates on what’s coming up in the next issue:
www.trcmagazine.com
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3747
4358
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WELCOME TO / TRC MAGAZINE
R ace replicas don’t get any more serious than that of our cover car this month; a full-on Group 5 Lancia Beta Montecarlo (p12). Although I’ve seen body kit conversions for the lackluster, but rare, Lancia Beta this is much more than a kit, it’s a full-scale space-frame chassis entirely hand-buit from dimensions taken from the original 80s icon and
finished in the distinctive Lancia Battle Dress colour scheme.Sadly it wasn’t running at its usual rude health - which was subsequently tracked
down to a failed spark plug - but I still managed to enjoy my time behind the wheel. Although, I have to say, not nearly as much as I did in the three track specials over on page 19. A Caterham Superlight R300, a Lotus 211 and the latest KTM X-Bow Clubsport were my toys for a track day evening at Snetterton and to my surprise the KTM was exceptional.
Also in this issue be sure not to miss the insightful read on buying an HANS Device (p43) or our circuit guide to Oulton Park’s Island Circuit (p37). Oh, we also spent the day with Radical, crash testing its SR8 chassis (p47) which was eye opening to say the least. To top things off we introduce you to our two new additions to the growing list of project cars, a Porsche 944 and an Alfetta Saloon. Enjoy!
Keith Wood
Editor
ISSUE 64
Roberto GiordanelliEuro Correspondent
Has mostly been?Busy instructing the next Stig. If you want driver coaching then give him a call on:07973 508132
Andrew BrownPhotographer
Has mostly been?Dunking his tea bag and training to be a paparazzi press agent. Yar, yar, yar, no photos, that’s more money…
John HaymanSpecial Correspondent
Has mostly been?Smoking. Oh, and fixing the Lancia Fulvia’s head. That’s the last time the head is coming off or he will scream very loudly
Tom SaundersAd Manager
Has mostly been?In the TRC office! Work could not commence until his desk was bleached. Kim and Aggie would be proud.
TEAM TRC
PublishingFounding Directors: Keith Wood, Andrew Brown
Printing & Distribution: Warners Group Publications Plc, West Street, Bourne, Lincolnshire, PE10 9PH
Special thanks to: MotorSportVision, Radical Sportscars
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Email: [email protected] Website: www.trcmagazine.com
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Pit Stop© 2009 P1 Media Ltd ISSN:1742193
Track & Race Cars Magazine is published twelve times a year by P1 Media Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without prior written consent of the publishers is strictly prohibited. While every effort is made in compiling Track & Race Cars, the publishers
cannot be held responsible for errors or omissions. All prices correct at time of going to press but subject to
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P1www.p1-media.com
5AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
123
DON’T MISS INSIDE……the start of our race restoration feature. We show you what to look out for when buying cheap on p60
…our Nissan 200SX over on p59 - it has a set of suspension specially created by BAD. Whose BAD?
…our Nissan 200SX over on p59 - it has a set of suspension specially created by BAD. Whose BAD?…book your place at the Track & Race Cars Action Day at Snetterton! Flick to p68 now
…book your next couple months of track days via the most comprehensive listings on p89
TEAM TRC CONTRIBUTORS: Ben Birch, Tony Murray, Andy Glenister, Paul Williams, Simon Davey, Jakob Ebrey, Norwich Photo
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12
SPORT / Lancia Beta Montecarlo
TRCMAGAZINE.COM - AUGUST 2009
EXTREMEMACHINESome people build Tamiya models, some build kit cars but for Martin Kift and John Day they built a replica of the simply stunning eighties Group 5 Lancia Beta Montecarlo. Keith Wood assess its on track ability around Brands Hatch.Photography: Andrew Brown
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13AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
Above: Styled on the Battle Dress coloured Group 5 Lancia Beta Montecarlo Turbo, this replica is much more than just a pretty faceA
t the tail-end of the
Seventies a new class
for the World Sports Car
Championship was born
and titled: Group 5. From
1976 to 1980 it would be tagged the
World Championship for Makes series
and subsequently the World Endurance
Championship from 1981 and 1982, until
it came to a grinding halt… only to be
replaced by the Group C category the
following season. For the future of the
sport it was a good move by the FIA
although the Group 5 category produced
a plethora of extraordinary racing
cars from the likes of Ford and its wild
Zakspeed Capri and, of course, the iconic
Porsche’s 935/78. Although the most
successful was the entry from Lancia and
its wild Beta Montecarlo Turbo.
These were far from the production
cars the Championship was previously
akin to, for the then new Group 5 class
was essentially a ‘silhouette’ formula
albeit one with two classes; up to 2000cc
and over 2000cc. Rather cleverly the
Montecarlo would run in the ‘up to’ class
courtesy of the 1.4-litre 16v Beta engine
which was blown by a KKK turbocharger
producing 1.25 bar of boost for 410bhp
at a staggering 9000rpm. The then
equivalence factor, used to ensure
that there was at least a semblance of
fair competition between the forced
induction and naturally aspirated rivals,
was 1.4:1. And 1.4 x 1425cc gives an
effective capacity of 1995cc. Perfect.
The chassis wasn’t that bad either.
Before the Montecarlo project Lancia
was already competing in the Group 5
category with its Stratos. Remembered
for its outings in the forest stages rather
than the circuit, the Stratos provided
Lancia with a considerable amount of
circuit knowledge. It was more like a
test mule for the Montecarlo. So taking
its standard Beta monocoque (chopped
just ahead of the windscreen and
immediately behind the rear window)
the front and rear featured a space-
frame design which resembled that of
its older Group 5 brother, although with
its past niggles ironed out. Driven by
such motor racing royalty as Riccardo
Patrese, Walter Röhrl, Eddie Cheever and
Michele Alboreto the final results spoke
for themselves, winning the 1979, 1980
and 1981 Championships until its World
Sportscar duties were handed to Lancia’s
achingly good looking Lancia LC1.
Fast forward 30 years and I find
myself strapped into a replica of this
original Lancia Beta Montecarlo at
Brands Hatch during a blisteringly hot
day in June. Wiping the sweat from my
brow and tightening the race harnesses
I can already feel the heat radiating
from behind me as the engine is being
warmed (!) before my run. Although
the power-unit cooking my back isn’t a
replica 1.4-litre Beta engine but rather a
2.0-litre 8v Integrale turbo engine with
just over 300bhp. Cost effective and
more reliable, a very wise move although
its not any cooler for me in the cockpit
so I push down the heavyweight triple
plate clutch, engage first gear - which
transmits a reassuring ‘clunk’ - and peel
GRP5 LANCIA
CORNER WEIGHTS
195.5kg 219.5kg
282kg 311.5kg
FL FR
RL RR
TOTAL WEIGHT: 1008.5kg (DRIVER: 80kg, FUEL: 19.25kg)
41.2%
58.8%
47.3% 52.7%
WATCH ONLINE
www.trcmagazine.com
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For Sale Two Lotus 2-Eleven GT4 Supersport Race Cars
Factory built new race cars, 1 x LHD in white, 1 x RHD in yellow, delivery mileage only. Specification includes full FIA roll cage and safety equipment, supercharged and intercooled Toyota engine, 6 speed
sequential race gearbox and Ohlins fully adjustable suspension.
Prices start from
£66,600 + VAT** Options available at extra cost including UK only road homologation.
Competitive spares packages also available, please enquire.
Lotus terms and conditions apply if buying from Lotus, dealer terms and conditions apply if buying from dealer
Vehicle shown not for sale
For more information please contact:
Russell Gibbons at Lotus Sport Tel +44 (0) 1953 608507 • Email [email protected]
Andy Bryan at JCT600 Tel +44 (0) 113 3890700 • Email [email protected]
Jamie Matthews at Bell and Covill Tel +44 (0) 1483 281000 • Email [email protected]
p003_TRCMagAug09AD.indd 1 15/7/09 20:40:58
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TRACK SPECIALS
AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
Photography: Andrew Brown
If you want a lightweight sportscar with 300bhp-per-tonne then you really are spoilt for choice and three of the best are from Caterham, KTM and Lotus. Keith Wood track tests three of their best back-to-back at Snetterton.
THREE 300S
19
Just a few issues ago (May 2009,
Issue 61) we took Caterham’s
latest Superlight R300 to
Brands Hatch along with its
predecessor; the original, best
selling K-Series model and
the equally legendary Superlight R500.
Surprisingly the less buzzy yet torque
happy Duratec did more than add useful
weight over the nose of the chassis, it was
the key component that contributed to
not only rejuvenating the wonderful R300
model but, according to John Hayman,
helped contribute in creating the
greatest Caterham ever made. I have to
agree wholeheartedly with Hayman, even
among Caterham’s long and illustrious
history of creating some of the world’s
greatest drivers’ cars.
It’s one thing being the ‘best of
Caterham’, but what about among the
now very fraught competition? There’s
no denying the Superlight R300 is a
good car, but what about against the
might of KTM and Lotus? These two
manufacturers have both produced two
very, very competitive contenders for
the track day market and over the last
year have also raced against one-another
in the flamboyant FIA GT4 Superlight
Championship. It was KTM with its X-Bow
model - who completed a full season
- that eventually took the inaugural
Championship win but the 211 from
Lotus certainly performed well - and also
won - at the rounds it entered.
So, together all three of these cars
derive from a race variant of some
kind which, more normally than not,
hone the chassis while highlighting any
potential niggly problems far quicker.
Running the cars to their maximum
capabilities is always a great way of
pushing components to their breaking
point. Every single product is truly
tested; the engine, the gearbox, the
brakes, the suspension, everything gets
run to destruction, if that’s what it takes.
If something doesn’t break, then there’s
a good chance the road car will be more
than tough enough and quick too…
Above: Three of the newest track day specials battle it out head-to-head around Snetterton
KTM X-BOWCATERHAM R300
LOTUS 211 GT4
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29AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.CoM
EVoLUTIoN NoT REVOLUTIONTiming at track days has never been allowed… until now. John Hayman attends the first Carlin Driver Development evening track day which timed its attendees using race style TSL timing software.Photography: Jakob Ebrey
We sampled a
selection of Track-
Clubs ‘arrive n
drive’ fleet of
track focused
cars around Silverstone‘s GP circuit in
issue 61. And we sampled Palmersports
comprehensive array of likewise track
focused (and single seater) cars at their
bespoke facility at Bedford Autodrome
in issue 62 - the third in our series of
‘arrive n drive’ alternatives to taking
your own car on a track-day is a mix of
both the above with some very attractive
additions.
Carlin Motorsport‘s, Car and Driver
Development ‘arrive n drive’ package
isn’t as varied regarding the machinery
on offer as the previous two we’ve
sampled, but don’t be put off, that’s not
what these events are primarily about.
For unlike standard format track-days,
those that many thousands of us attend
on a regular basis, and just like the one
we attended when sampling Track-
club’s cars at Silverstone for instance,
these Carlin events are a bespoke track
booking aimed fairly and squarely at
those who want more from their track
driving experiences - without having
Above: Arrive and drive a fleet of Carlin’s own KTM X-Bows or bring your own car along. Below: Carlin’s first event was held at Bedford Autodrome
CARLIN DAY
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40 TRCMAGAZINE.COM - AUGUST 2009
DENTONSCASCADES
TRACK / Oulton Park Circuit Guide
DRIVE ITPowering all the way through Old
Hall will naturally push you and the
car over to the left. This is perfect for the
run down to Cascades but beware, there
is a slight bend just at the crest called
Dentons which hides the impending
corner and almost instantaneously drops
away as you mount it. As the road starts to
fall from beneath you, Cascades comes
into sight. It’s a fast entry made difficult
by the downhill braking zone and is,
surprisingly, a lingering left hander that
cambers over to left and rolls over to the
right by the exit. It’s real ‘grit your teeth
and hang on’ cornering which rewards
the brave but spits you off if you get it
wrong. Gulp…
As you come out of Old Hall you must
line yourself up for a smooth run across
to the right of the circuit. Time this well
with the drop at Dentons so you don’t
find yourself too far over on the left soon
after and before you rapidly approach
Cascades. On your first few attempts I
suggest an early braking marker and
with your car positioned more in the
middle of the circuit. The downwards run
can easily lock your brakes if you’re over
exuberant or miss your braking marker.
The following section of tarmac bends
around to the left and slowly cambers
over in the same direction so it pays to
enter into the corner slightly earlier and
with a fair amount of power applied. This
will take time and patience to get right,
oh and plenty of confidence too. Because
you’ll be going in quicker it’s possible to
hug the corner much earlier. Diving in
too early will result in your car running
wide and, as soon as the road cambers
the opposite direction, it will fire you
off without any respect - leaving you to
bounce your way along the grass verge.
DENTONSAUGUST 09/ISSUE 64
CASCADESAUGUST 09/ISSUE 64
OLD HALLAUGUST 09/ISSUE 64
Like with Old Hall, you want to aim
along the exit kerbs, not over and
beyond them. This (along with Druids)
will catch most new Oulton Park drivers
out and it’s very common to see cars
exiting wide, hitting the grass… which
is swiftly followed by a spin backwards
and towards the impending line of traffic.
So, please do take your time to learn this
fabulous corner, especially during your
early stages of your track or test day. Do
so by aiming for an apex much further
around than you will eventually use.
Above: Oulton Park is a great place to spectate and the fans flock to the circuit in their thousands
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AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
CIRCUIT GUIDE
41
NEXT MONTH :ISLAND HAIRPIN NEXT MONTH :ISLAND HAIRPIN KNICKERBROOKKNICKERBROOK
RACE ITAt the start of your race the first real
overtaking opportunity after Old
Hall will be Cascades. Because the cars
are cold that means the brakes and
nearside tyres are only lukewarm. The
offside tyres (right side) will take a good
two laps to get up to temperature, so
Cascades is a scene for many a collision
as failed ‘dives’ up the inside result in the
two or three cars coming into contact.
If you are going to make a move on the
first lap then do so by telegraphing your
move at Dentons, before your competitor
has time to squeeze you out. Come the
later stages of the race it’s The Avenue
which, believe it or not, becomes the
hotspot for race accidents as tiring
drivers exiting out of Old Hall - on the
ragged edge (and the grass) - spin into
the helpless traffic. ■
START & FINISHAUGUST 09/ISSUE 64
Above: Cascades can get lairy on the first few laps so watch out for over zealous driving tactics
Right: Coming out of Cascades could fire you off towards the lake… luckily there’s a nice hard crash barrier to halt your progress into the cold water
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43AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.CoM
HANS DEVICETHE TRUTHSafety in motor racing is paramount and the HANS Device is another component we must invest in as John Hayman explains the facts and expels the myths…Photography: Andrew Brown
HANS DEVICE
There’s no denying
that the wearing of a
HANS device makes
racing a considerably
safer activity - by quite
a considerable margin actually, for
shockingly an estimated 50% of racing
deaths are directly attributable to basal
skull fractures, those being exactly what
the HANS device is designed to alleviate.
And likewise, there’s no denying that
the HANS device has slowly but surely
become a ‘must have’ within the UK
Club Motorsport scene in recent times -
only this year for instance The Masters,
Legends and Sports Maxx have all made
the wearing of one compulsory, many
others too, and many more will follow
very shortly. Internationally it’s pretty
much a mandatory requirement already.
So its inevitable that we are all going
to have to wear one sooner rather than
later, but I like many others have to date
found the subject rather confusing - so
with help from MSAR Safety’s Sales
manager, Jennifer Grace, who joined
us at Brands Hatch with a selection of
SCHRoTH HANS devices, along with TRC
contributor, Tony Murray, and his trusty
old Alfa Romeo for demonstration and
modelling purposes, here once and for
all we are going to spell out the facts and
dispense with all the myths - in a simple
and easily digestible format.
If you want all the technical ins and
outs, then go online to www.fia.com
or www.msar-safety.com where you’ll
find facts and figures along with some
brilliant videos.
BASIC FAcTS:We drivers weigh a considerable
amount, and when the worst happens
that is one hell of a lump that is being
propelled by inertia alone when the car
itself has come to an abrupt halt. our
weighty torso however is restrained by
a harness that has been put through
an intense testing programme before
being granted its FIA approval - our head
though is free to continue on its forced
trajectory unaided, add the weight of a
helmet into that equation and it’s likewise
one hell of lump that is continuing at
speed when everything else has stopped
- and there lies the problem, there’s only
a fragile organic link between our skull
and our spine, one which can be very
easily severed, and there’s no easier way
of doing so than in the above scenario.
Its called a basal skull fracture, and
the result is either fatal or at best being
paralysed… not nice. The reality is it
can and does happen with unnerving
regularity. So a way of restraining the
head is vital, which is what a HANS
device does. In layman’s terms it’s a
harness for your head and works in
conjunction with the straps on your torso.
So when a racing car comes to an
abrupt halt our whole body continues at
speed via inertia - the webbing straps
on the harness and likewise on the
HANS device’s tethers take up the slack,
stretch a little when under load too, and
thus bring us to a similar abrupt halt.
The important part here being, we as a
whole come to an abrupt halt, not just our
middle section!
BASIC MyTHS:A Hans device does not, nor is it in
anyway designed to stop one’s helmeted
head from tipping forward, so the
chin piece can still dig in one’s chest -
however the main thing it does is control
one’s helmeted head on the horizontal
plane, from forward momentum in
unison with the harnessed torso. A HANS
device will not 100% guarantee you
won’t suffer from a basal skull fracture
during a collision, it will though reduce
the likelihood of one by a considerable
margin.
A foam neck brace is not an
alternative to a HANS device, many
believe they support the neck and thus
would achieve similar results to a HANS.
Incorrect. A neck brace (with its rather
misleading name) is primarily a helmet
support. Rather than ones head and
neck supporting the weight of a helmet
during braking and cornering, instead it
transfers that load onto ones shoulders
instead - basically filling the gap
between the helmets base and the top of
the shoulders.
WHAT HANS? FAcT:10˚, 20˚, 30˚ or 40˚?
The simple rule of thumb is: 10˚ -
extreme upright (Rally and Sprint car
type of applications). 20˚ - upright
(GT and Sports cars with racing shell
seats). 30˚ - semi reclined (Single seater
formula cars and Sports-prototypes). 40˚
- extreme reclined (extreme Formula and
Sports-prototypes).
Above: Buying an HANS Device is as expensive as buying a crash helmet, so make sure you get fitted for yours properly
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p058_TRCMagJune09AD.indd 1 16/5/09 14:38:23
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47
CRASH TESTING
AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
Motorsport is dangerous but Radical is constantly striving to make it safer. Michael Wood spent a day witnessing an SR8 chassis being FIA crash tested.
From an early age I have
witnessed numerous
different cars battle at
Brands Hatch, more often
than not at the bottom
of Paddock Hill Bend. Here you could
almost guarantee an accident unfolding,
whether in the middle of the corner or
washing wide and impacting the tyre
wall with a sickening thud. Although
many would safely come to a halt in the
gravel trap, the odd exception would
end up buried in the tyres with the St
Johns Ambulance crew in hot pursuit.
With the driver evacuated it was then
the job of the recovery vehicles to pull
the mangled wrecks out of the wall and
reveal squashed body panels and a
bent chassis. Innocently looking on I just
hoped the driver was ok.
Although the incidents requiring the
help of the St Johns Ambulance were
not a too common occurrence at Brands,
when they called for I, and everybody
around me, eerily knew it was serious.
We are constantly reminded that
‘motorsport is dangerous’ but only when
a driver is carted off in an ambulance
with the sirens blaring do you fully
appreciate the real danger first hand. In
the UK there are 34,000 licence holders,
some professional but the majority are
not. Most are people with full time jobs,
and motor racing is simply their hobby.
With the amount of people competing
each weekend race car manufacturers
have a big responsibility to the people
that drive them.
Radical Sportscars is one of the
manufacturers taking their responsibility
seriously and the clever guys from
the R&D department invited us along
to watch them complete a full FIA
crash test at Cranfield Impact Centre.
With those images of the high impact
crashes from Brands scarred in my
head I duly accepted and headed to
Cranfield University. Hollyoaks it isn’t, but
driving through the maze of buildings
- that confine the university - we’re
eventually confronted with airplanes
TESTING TIMES
Above: Strapping down the SR8 chassis shortly before having its nose cone fitted and followed by driving head first into a wall at Cranfield University
Photography: Andrew Brown
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Facet fuel pump, fast road £31.99Facet fuel pump, fast road kit £38.19Facet fuel pump, competition £39.95Facet fuel pump, competition kit £47.50Red top comp. pump kit £77.75Mechanical fuel pump uprated £31.66Fuel pressure regulator (adj) £21.09Fuel fuel filter, inline, washable £21.09Braided fuel line 8mm p/mtr £8.26Fuel Pump blanking Plate £4.50Twin HS2 £365.00Twin HS4 £365.00HS4 Carb From £174.99HIF44 carb From £185.00HIF44 carb turbo From £265.0045DCOE/W Price From £299.00NGK Road Plugs x 4 £6.40NGK Fast Road Plugs x 4 £11.20NGK Track Day Plugs x 4 £15.40NGK Rally Plugs STD x 4 £16.80NGK Turbo Plugs x 4 From £22.40SU Repair Kits From £29.95
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MK.indd 1 13/2/09 17:17:36p006_TRCMagMay09AD.indd 1 15/7/09 21:11:36
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53AUGUST 2009 - TRCMAGAZINE.COM
OU
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AR
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REAL WORLDWe talk-the-talk and walk-the-walk…
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NEXT MONTH……IN THE SEPTEMBER 2009 EDITION
ON SALE - 27 AUG AVAILABLE IN ALL GOOD NEWSAGENTSTRC IS PUBLISHED ON THE FOURTH THURSDAY OF THE MONTH
(Contents may change due to unforseen circumstances, cars have been known to breakdown on occasions)
TRACK TESTINGTHE ICONIC CSL
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Untitled-1 1 21/11/08 11:39:36
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LAST CHANCE SALOONTRC ACTION DAY
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