augmented reality in civil engineering

8/18/2019 Augmented Reality in civil engineering

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CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF

AUGMENTED REALITYGUIDE : VIDHYA KANAKARAJ ATHUL VASNIK RAHMAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ROLL NO. :11

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT S8 CE


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OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

AUGMENTED REALITY

APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN CIVIL ENGINEERIN

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE


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INTRODUCTION

The o!"!# o$ %o!'%!(o& (&$o')*!(o& "'o%e##e# +e#(-, "* *& #%

!he %o&!'o (&$o')*!(o& $o' !he )*!e'(* "'o%e##e# (& %o!'%!(o&.

The )e(* !o '(&- !he (&$o')*!(o& $'o) !he (-(!* )oe# !o %o!'%

o%)e&!# #%h *# $oo' "*, %'o## #e%!(o, #e!%he#, e!%.

S(!*!(&- (&$o')*!(o& *& e#!*(#h(&- !he 'e*!(o& e!3ee& !he 'e*

%o!'%!(o& #(!e *& e#(-& (&$o')*!(o& (# 'e(e o& !he #"*!(* *3*'e&e##


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Continued…

A-)e&!e 'e*(!5 +AR/ %*& e #e !o $o') * #5&!he!(% e&0('o&)e&! !

(&!e-'*!(o& o$ 6D ((&- (&$o')*!(o& )oe# (&!o !he (0e "(%!'e o$ 'e*

AR *#o h*# &)e'o# o!he' %(0( e&-(&ee'(&- *""(%*!(o.


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AUGMENTED REALITY

A-)e&!e 'e*(!5 +AR/ (# * $(e o$ %o)"!e' 'e#e*'%h 3h(%h

%o)(&*!(o& o$ 'e*73o' *& %o)"!e'7-e&e'*!e *!*.

AR #e# (0e 0(eo ()*-e'5 3h(%h (# (-(!*5 "'o%e##e *& *-)

*(!(o& o$ %o)"!e'7-e&e'*!e -'*"h(%#.

A0*&%e# (&%e# !he #e o$ )o!(o&7!'*%(&- *!*, $(%(* )*'e' 'e

)*%h(&e 0(#(o&, *& !he %o!'%!(o& o$ %o&!'oe e&0('o&)e&!# %o&!*(&

o$ #eo'# *& *%!*!o'#.


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Exampe o! au"mented #eait$ u%in" a ta&et PC

Source: http://www.augment.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/architecture-2.png


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COMPONENTS OF AR SYSTEM

T'*%e'#: ;*% *& 3h(!e $(%(* )*'e'#, GPS


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Component% o! an au"mented #eait$ %$%tem


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APPLICATIONS

V*'(o# *""(%*!(o o$ A-)e&!e 'e*(!5 (&%e:

E%*!(o&:

' I&!e'*%!(0e e*'&(&-' S""e)e&!(&- !e>! oo#

' Le*'&(&- 0(* 'e)o!e %o*o'*!(o&

' E&-(&ee'(&- -'*"h(%#


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APPLICATIONS

I&#!'(* e#(-&:

Co)"*'(#o& o$ "h5#(%* *& (-(!* )o%7"#.

E>"e'(e&%e * "'o%!# e#(-& *& o"e'*!(o& e$o'e "'o%!(o&.

Me(%* :

P'o@e%!(o& o$ "#e '*!e, oo "'e##'e, e!%. '(&- #'-e'5.

V('!* >7'*5 0(e3 o$ (&!e'&* o'-*.


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APPLICATIONS

M((!*'5:

Re* !()e *!* $o' #o(e'# (& *!!e $(e.

T'*(&(&- o$ #o(e'#, "(o!# e!%.

A0e'!(#e)e&! *& )*'e!(&-:

P'o)o!(o& #(&- AR *""(%*!(o.

A##(#!(&- %o)e'#.


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APPLICATIONS

Architecture an

V(#*(*!(o& o$ ((&- "'o@e%!#, &e'-'o& #!'%!'e# e!%.

So!(o& o$ o& #(!e %o!'%!(o& %h*e&-e#.

P*&&(&- *& #()*!(o& o$ %o!'%!(o& #(!e.

D*)*-e *& $*('e *##e##)e&!.

O(!e )*%h(&e'5 *& 3o' !'*(&(&-.

Co!'%!(o& )*&*-e)e&! #(&- ;IM.


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APPLICATIONS

O!he' *""(%*!(o (&%e *'!, e&!e'!*(&)e&!, #"o'!#, &*0(-*!(o&, #()

e!%.


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A""(%*!(o o$ *-)e&!e 'e*(!5


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ADVANTAGES

E##e&!(* *!* %*& e (&%o'"o'*!e (&!o !he 'e* 3o' %o&(!(o.

H(-he' *%%e##(((!5 !h'o-h )o(e "ho&e#.

E&h*&%e# !he #e'B# %''e&! "e'%e"!(o& o$ 'e*(!5.

H(-he' e$$(%(e&%5 (& %o)"e!(o& o$ !*##.

S)oo!h !'*(!(o& *o&- !he 'e*(!570('!*(!5 %o&!(&).

E&h*&%e %o*o'*!(0e !*##.

Moe# %*& e !e#!e e$o'e "'o%!(o&.


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DISADVANTAGES

I))*!'e %o'e 0('!* 'e*(!5 !e%h&oo-5.

P'(0*%5 %o&!'o.

The *% o$ *!* "o'!*((!5 e!3ee& AR e&0('o&)e&!#.

H-e )*'-(& o$ e''o'# e !o e''o' (& GPS.

A#e&%e o$ o"e& #!*&*'#


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CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

V(#*(*!(o& o$ ((&- )oe#.

Co!'%!(o& #(!e "*&&(&-.

Co!'%!(o& )*&*-e)e&!.

T'*(&(&-.

S#'$*%e (&$'*#!'%!'e 0(#*(*!(o&.


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CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

I"e%!(o.

D*)*-e *##e##)e&!#.

F*%((!5 )*&*-e)e&! *& ($e %5%e (&!e-'*!(o&.

;IM (&!e-'*!(o&.


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SU(SURFACE VISUALI)ATION

S#'$*%e $e*!'e# o0e'*( o& 'e*73o' 0(e3#.

Fe*!'e# (&%e

)*@o' -eoo-(%* #!'%!'e#.

-*# o' 3*!e' "("e73o'.

o&e# o$ %o&!*)(&*!e *&.

D(-(!*5 #!o'e (&$o')*!(o& 'e*(5 *%%e##(e !o $(e e&-(&ee'#.


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P'e#e&!*!(o& o$ *!* #(&- HMD#, L*"!o"#


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E>(#!(&- (-(!* )*"#, "o#(!(o& (&$o')*!(o& *& #'0e5 *!* )#! e (&!e-'*

Co!*&! o$$#e!# %*& e *%%o&!e $o' (& !he $(e.

Mo*' &*!'e o$ #5#!e) e&*e# #3(!%h(&- e!3ee& h(-h *& o3 *%%'*%5


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The "o##(e *""(%*!(o o$ * ##'$*%e 0(#*(*!(o& #5#!e) *'e (#!e

T'e&%h ("e%!(o& !*##

P*&&(&- *& "'e"*'*!(o& o$ (--(&- *%!(0(!(e# o& #(!e

V(#* -(*&%e 3h(e (--(&- Lo%*!(&- o$ *)*-e '(e %*e#

O&7#(!e 0e'($(%*!(o& o$ *##e!# "'o@e%!e *! !he o$$(%e

O&7#(!e %o''e%!(o& o$ e-*%5 *!*#e!#

A##(#!*&%e $o' o"e'*!(o& *& )*(&!e&*&%e 3o'#

Mo(e M*""(&-


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Vidente* An AR %$%tem !o# %u&%u#!a+e ,i%uai-ation


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Vi#tua ex+a,ation %.o/in" %u&%u#!a+e a%%et%


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INTEGRATION 0IT1 (UILDING

INFORMATION MODELLING 2(IM3

;((&- (&$o')*!(o& )oe(&- +;IM/ (# * #e! o$ (&!e'*%!(&- "o(%(e#, "'

!e%h&oo-(e# !h*! -e&e'*!e# * )e!hooo-5 !o )*&*-e !he e##e&!(* (

*& "'o@e%! *!* (& (-(!* $o')*! !h'o-ho! !he ((&-# ($e %5%e.

;IM %*& #!*'! 3(!h "*'*)e!'(% 4D %o)"!e'7*(e7e#(-& +CAD/ !e%h&o

"'o%e##e# !o e#(-& *& 'e"'e#e&! * $*%((!5.

. I! %*& *#o (&%o'"o'*!e 6D *& 9D ()e(o 3he'e 6D (&%e# * !()

*& 9D !()e7*#e %o#!#.


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Th'ee )e&!* *#"e%!# !h*! &ee !o e *'e##e 3he& *##e##(&- !he $e*#

AR $o' %o!'%!(o& 'e*!e 3o' "'o%e##e#:

I&$o')*!(o& #e*'%h(&- *& *%%e##(&-

'e*!e# !o ho3 (&$o')*!(o& (# o!*(&e.

A!!e&!(o& *o%*!(o&,

'e*!e# !o !he (#!'*%!(o& $'o) o!he' !*##.

Me)o'5,

'e*!e# !o #eo'5, #ho'!7!e') *& o&-7!e') )e)o'5 $&%!(o&.


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To e)o!'*!e ho3 ;IM *& AR %*& e (&!e-'*!e *& #e o&7#(!e

e>*)"e# !h*! $o%# o& !he $oo3(&- *'e*# *'e (#%##e:

I&!e'e"e&e&%5

Ie&!($(%*!(o& o$ !*# *& "'o%e## (&!e'e"e&e&%e 5 I&!e-'*!(

"'o@e%! *!* 3(!h(& * (-(!* e&0('o&)e&!.

S"*!(* #(!e *5o! %o(#(o& *&*5#(# *& )*&*-e)e&!

%o(#(o *'(#(&- '(&- !he %o!'%!(o& "'o%e## e !o !he %h

e''o'# %*& e *'e##e 5 'e!'(e0(&- *& 0(#*(#(&- *!* $'o) ;IM


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L(& (-(!* !o "h5#(%*

AR 0(#*(*!(o& %*& "'o0(e o&7#(!e "e'#o&&e 3(!h *& ()"'o0e

o$ %o!'%!(o& #ee&%(&-, 3h(%h 3( 'e%e !he (&%(e&%e o$ *

P'o@e%! %o&!'o

;e(&- *e !o 0(#*(e !he ($$e'e&%e e!3ee& *#7"*&&e *& *#7

e&*e# %''e&! *& $!'eB "'o-'e## !o e )o&(!o'e *& !he'e*""'o"'(*!e e%(#(o&7)*(&-.


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P'o%'e)e&!: )*!e'(* $o3 !'*%(&- *& )*&*-e)e&!

The (&$o')*!(o& "'o"*-*!e $'o) *& ERP #5#!e) (& !he "'o%!(o& $*%!o

%*& !he& e 0(#*(e o&7#(!e 3(!h AR.

Th(# 'e*7!()e e0**!(o& 3( "'o0(e * #(!e )*&*-e' 3(!h * 'e*7!()e 5

e&0('o&)e&!.

V(#*(*!(o& o$ e#(-& '(&- "'o%!(o&.

;IM *& AR %*& "'o0(e * $ 4D (&!e'*%!(0e #o( )oe

"'o0((&- #%o&!'*%!o'# 3(!h 0(#* &e'#!*&(&- o$ e!*(#.


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;IM INTEGRATION ITH AR


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COOPERATIVE REINFORCING (AR

ARRANGEMENT AND C1EC4ING SYST

Re(&$o'%(&- *' *''*&-e)e&! *& %he%(&- *'e 0e'5 ()"o'!*&! *# !he5 *'e

!o !he #!'e&-!h o$ * #!'%!'e.

I! (# o$!e& ($$(%! $o' (&e>"e'(e&%e 3o')e& !o 0(#*(e !he 'e(&$o'%(&-

*''*&-e)e&! *& #ee&%e (& !he(' )(&#.

I"e%!o'# o$!e& $(& (! ($$(%! !o %he% 3he!he' 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# *'e *'

%o''e%!5.

He&%e, * %oo"e'*!(0e e&-(&ee'(&- e&0('o&)e&! $o' 'e(&$o'%(&- *' *''*&-e)

*-)e&!e 'e*(!5 +AR/ (# "'o"o#e.


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M!("e 3o')e& 3e*' he* )o&!e (#"*5# +HMD#/ 3(!h 0(eo %*)

%o&&e%!e 3(!h !he(' %o)"!e'#.

The5 -'* *& )o0e )*'e'#, e*%h o$ 3h(%h (# (&e !o 4D )oe *!* o

*'#.

;5 #(&- *& AR !oo %*e AR Too(!, #e'# %*& 0(e3 !he 0('!* 'e(&$o'

'e"'e#e&!e 5 %o)"!e' -'*"h(%# o& !he(' HMD#. The5 %*& (#%## ho3 !o *''*&-e 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# 5 )o0(&- !he )*'e'#

4D 3o'.


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Coope#ati,e Rein!o#+in" (a# A##an"ement

Suppo#t

A %o*o'*!(0e #5#!e) 3he'e )!("e #e'# %*& )o0e !*&-(e )*'e'#

'e"'e#e&!# #(&-e o' * #e! o$ 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# (& *& *-)e&!e 'e*(!5 e&0

A "'o!o!5"e 3*# )*e *& !e#!e (& !he *o'*!o'5.


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Eperiment 1

A #e! o$ $(0e 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# %o)"'(#(&- * #e%!(o& o$ * "'e#!'e##e %o&%'e!

3*# #ee%!e. The #e%!(o& 3*# 'e"'e#e&!e 5 #(&- IFC7;RIDGE "'o%! )oe.

F(0e )*'e'#, A, ;, C, D, *& E, 3e'e #%*!!e'e o& !he !*e.

T3o -'**!e #!e&!# )*@o'(&- (& %(0( e&-(&ee'(&-, #()*!(&- 3o')e&

HMD# 3(!h 0(eo %*)e'*#.

The !3o 3o'e'# (#%##e #ee&%e o$ *''*&-(&- !he $(0e 'e(&$o'%(&- *'#

The5 ooe *! !he #*)e 4D 0('!* 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# $'o) ($$e'e&! *&-e#

)*&5 "o##(e #ee&%e#, )o0(&- !he )*'e'# (&!(!(0e5.


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Coope#ati,e #ein!o#+in" &a# a##an"ement u%in" ARSource: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220!"#11$ %ooperati&e 'ein(orcing )ar Arrangement and %hec*ing b+ ,sing

Augmented 'ealit+


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Coope#ati,e Rein!o#+in" (a# C.e+5in"

Suppo#t

Re(&$o'%(&- *'# *'e 'e"'e#e&!e 5 IFC7;RIDGE *& (!# %o)"!e' -'*"

(&e 3(!h * )*'e'.

The )*'e' (# "*%e (& $'o&! o$ !he 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# *! (!# e#(-&*!e o%

3e*'(&- * HMD 3(!h * 0(eo %*)e'* ooe *! !he )*'e' *& !he 'e(&$o The #e' %*& %he% 3he!he' !he 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# *'e %o''e%!5 *''*&-e o

%he%(&- !he o0e'*""e %o)"!e' -'*"h(%# ()*-e o0e' !he *%!* 'e(&$o

o& !he HMD )o&(!o'#.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116


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Eperiment 2 : ndoor test

T3o #)* 3oo $'*)e# 3e'e %'*$!e.

O&e 3*# )*e @#! *# e#(-&e 3h(e !he o!he' 3*# )*e "oo'5 3(!h e''o ;o!h )oe# 3e'e %he%e 3(!h AR

Eperiment ": utdoor test

A "*'! o$ * "'e#!'e##e %o&%'e!e '(-e -('e' 3*# #ee%!e *& 3*# 'e"'e#e

;RIDGE "'o%! )oe.

I"e%!o' 3o'e !he HMD 3(!h * 0(eo %*)e'* *& ooe *! !he )*'e' *!!

'e(&$o'%(&- *'#.


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0ood Mode% O,e#apped /it. CG ima"e%Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220!"#11$ %ooperati&e 'ein(orcing )ar Arrangement and %hec*ing b+ ,sing Augmented 'ealit+


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Rein!o#+ement +.e+5in" And AR Vie/ o! Rein!o#+ement +a"eSource: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220!"#11$ %ooperati&e 'ein(orcing )ar Arrangement and %hec*ing b+ ,sing

Augmented 'ealit+

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116


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'esults

E>"e'()e&! 1: The !e#! #ho3e !he e$$(%(e&%5 *& e$$e%!(0e&e## o$ !he #5#!!'*(!(o&* "e&%(7*&7e'*#e' )e!ho.

E>"e'()e&! 2 : The -oo %'*$! )oe 3*# o0e'*""e "'o"e'5 3(!h !he %o

()*-e, 3h(e !he "oo' )oe 3*# &o! o0e'*""e 3(!h !he 0('!* 'e(&$o'%(&

E>"e'()e&! 4: The'e 3*# &o! (- ($$e'e&%e e!3ee& !he 0('!* %o)"!e'

'e* 'e(&$o'%(&- *' ()*-e#. He&%e !he *%!* 'e(&$o'%(&- *'# %o e @

%o!'%!e

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220938116


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RAPID ASSESSMENT OF EART16UA4E

INDUCED (UILDING DAMAGE

A%%'*!e e0**!(o& o$ *)*-e ##!*(&e 5 ((&-# '(&- %*!*#!'o"h(

%'(!(%* !o e!e')(&e !he ((&-#B #*$e!5.

C''e&! "'*%!(%e# o$ e0**!(&- *)*-e !o ((&-# *$!e' %*!*#!'o"h(% e0e

(&!e(0e, !()e %o)(&- *& e''o' "'o&e.

The )*&"o3e' 'e('e $o' !he "'o%e## (# ##!*&!(* (& *'-e %(!(e#.

S#!*(&e ((&- *)*-e %*& e e0**!e 5 )e*#'(&- ($$e'e&%e# e

*-)e&!e *#e(&e ()*-e *& !he 'e* 0(e3.

%omputation o( 'esidual nterstor+ ri(t 'atios


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%omputation o( 'esidual nterstor+ ri(t 'atios

The (&!e'#!o'5 '($! '*!(o +IDR/ (# * -o* )e*#'e !h*! %*& e %o)"!e $

((&- ()e(o *& #e !o *&!($5 *)*-e.

The 'e#(* IDR (# * )e*#'e o$ ho3 $*' e*%h ((&- $oo' h*# )o0e "

'e*!(0e !o !he o&e e&e*!h (0(e 5 !he #!o'5 he(-h!.

The 'e#(* IDR *! e*%h $oo' o$ * ((&- %*& e )e*#'e #(&- * %o)"

*#e o& AR 5 %o)"*'(&- * *#e(&e ()*-e !o !he *%!* #h*"e o$ * #!'%!#e(#)(% e0e&!.

;5 %o)"*'(&- %o)"!e IDR# !o "'ee!e')(&e !h'e#ho#, * (% ! !h

*##e##)e&! o$ !he e0e o$ #!'%!'* *& &o&7#!'%!'* *)*-e %*& e )*


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escription o( Eperimental Setup

S"e%()e&: #e&e' $('e7'e(&$o'%e #!'%!'* %o&%'e!e 3*#.

D()e(o: 4,494 )) h(-h *& 1?2 )) !h(%.A *#e -('e' h*0(&- * 1?1? )) %'o## #e%!(o& *! * (#!*&%e o$

1,21 )) *3*5 $'o) !he 3*.

To" e*): 6?6? )) C


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C*)e'* %*"!'e# 0(eo o$ #"e%()e& e$o'e *& *$!e' o*(&-.

The %*)e'* 3*# o%*!e 6,2?= )) *o0e !he $oo' *& 6,8= )) *3*5 $'o

The %*)e'* %e*'5 $o%# o& !he "o(&! *o&- !he 3*B# e-e 3he'e ho'(o&

)e*#'e)e&!# 3e'e !o e !*e&.

The "o#(!(o& *& o'(e&!*!(o& o$ !he %*)e'* 3*# %o!*&! *! e*%h #!e" !h'o-

'*!(o& o$ !he e>"e'()e&!. A-)e&!e -'*"h(%# (# "*%e o0e' !he 0(eo *& !he '($! (# )e*#'e 5 %

&)e' o$ "(>e# (& *& ()*-e 3(!h ho'(o&!* (#!*&%e.


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O#e'0*!(o 3e'e )*e *! !he e-(&&(&- *& e& o$ !e& *%!*!o' o*(&-

#!5 !he "e'$o')*&%e o$ !he "'o"o#e AR !e%h&(e *! ($$e'e&! '($! e0


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D#i!t% Mea%u#ed U%in" U%e# Po%ition and O#ientation7

(a%ed T#a+5in"

oading Stro*emm

3easured dri(tmm

Actual ri(tmm

4 error

1 84 8 7=.2

2 86 ? 7.1

4 112 12? 7.=

6 14= 16 79.

9 1=1 18? 79.2

18? 12 7.1

= 21? 216 72.1

8 22? 24? 76.9

22 2 72.9

1? 2=9 284 72.8

'esults


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'esults

The e#! o#e'0*!(o& o$ '($! e!3ee& !he CAD ()*-e *& !he 3* o%%''e

S!'oe =, 3he'e * '($! o$ 21? )) 3*# o#e'0e

Th(# %o''e#"o&e !o *& *%!* (#"*%e)e&! o$ 216 )). The AR )e!ho !h

"'e(%!e !he '($! 5 2.1.

The 3o'#! o#e'0*!(o&, (.e., h(-he#! e''o' o%%''e $o' Lo*(&- S!'oe 1 3

3*# %o)"!e !o e 84 )) (& AR %o''e#"o&(&- !o *& *%!* (#"*%e)e&! I& * o#e'0*!(o, !he AR )e!ho &e' "'e(%!e !he *%!* ##!*(&e (#"


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O,e#,ie/ o! expe#imenta %etupSource : E&aluation o( Augmented 'ealit+ (or 'apid Assessment o( Earthua*e-nduced )uilding amage6

iet '. 8amat and Sheri( El-9awil


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CONCLUSION

The'e *'e &)e'o# o""o'!&(!(e# $o' (&!e-'*!(&- AR *& ()"'o0(&- %o&

)e!ho# #e (& !he $(e# o$ AEC


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CONCLUSION

AR 3*# *#o #e $o' ##'$*%e (&$'*#!'%!'e 0(#*(*!(o& 5 o0e'*""

*5o! o$ &e'-'o& (&$'*#!'%!'e o0e' !he 'e* 3o' (0e 0(eo# !h'o

A& AR *#e #5#!e) 3*# e0eo"e !o *##e## e*'!h*e (&%e

*)*-e#. I! 3*# $o& $e*#(e $o' (% *##e##)e&! o$ #!'%!'e# !h'o-

!e#!(&- #(&- #e' "o#(!o& *& o'(e&!*!(o& !'*%(&-.


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CONCLUSION

The )*(& *''(e'# !o !he *o"!(o& o$ AR !e%h&oo-(e# *'e

I))*!'e %o'e 0('!* 'e*(!5 !e%h&oo-5

Coe'0*!(0e &*!'e o$ %o!'%!(o& #(&e##e#

S(e o$ ((&- (&$o')*!(o& )oe#.


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REFERENCES

Se*#!@*& Me*, (-* T', M*!e0 Doe&% +2?19/, Me*#'(&- !he "o!e&!('e*(!5 (& %(0( e&-(&ee'(&-, A0*&%e# (& E&-(&ee'(&- So$!3*'e, ? +171?/

H&-7L(& Ch(, Sh(h7Ch&- K*&-, (*&- 5 *&- +2?14/, Re#e*'%h !'e&

o""o'!&(!(e# o$ *-)e&!e 'e*(!5 *""(%*!(o (& *'%h(!e%!'e, e&-(&ee'(&-

%o!'%!(o&, A!o)*!(o& (& Co!'%!(o&, 44 +117122/

(*&-5 *&-, M( Jeo&- K(), Pe!e' E.D. Lo0e, Sh(h7Ch&- K*&- +2?14/

Re*(!5 (& (! e&0('o&)e&!: C*##($(%*!(o& *& ()"(%*!(o $o' $!'e 'e#e

A!o)*!(o& (& Co!'%!(o&, 42 +1714/


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REFERENCES

No5o#h( Y*(1 *& h*&!*o L( +2??=/, Coo"e'*!(0e Re(&$o'%(&- ;

*& Che%(&- 5 U#(&- A-)e&!e Re*(!5, Co&$e'e&%e "*"e'

V(&ee! R. K*)*! *& She'($ E7T*3( +2??=/, E0**!(o& o$ A-)e&!e

R*"( A##e##)e&! o$ E*'!h*e7I&%e ;((&- D*)*-e, Jo'&* o$

%(0( e&-(&ee'(&-, ASCE.

333.3(("e(*.o'-


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8

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