Attitude

Attitude express our our feeling , thoughts ,negative or positive reactions towards any person,place,event or thing,

Attitudes- Behaviour relationship

Cognitive dissonanceIs the mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more opposing beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time.

example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition).

Economy of effort/ knowledge function of attitudes

The tendency to act efficiently and to minimize energy expenditure

Example

Economy of effort we can say that it is our attitude that organize our world, when we want to do something in our daily life we already know that what we are going to do.

Ego-defence function of attitudes

Attitudes that are formed to protect the person, either from external threats or internal feelings of insecurity, perform an ego-defensive function.

Expectancy – Valence Theory

Expectancy theory is about how individuals behave in a certain way,

Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. what’s going to be happen how important is that thing and what are the expectations. And how social pressure forces an individual to do or not to do anything

Health belief model

The health belief model is a psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.

The health belief model suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, real benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-effectiveness explain engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior.

Instrumental and terminal values

Instrumental values are the values, Which describe the doing stage of something ,which describe our actions

EXAMPLE: we have to play good to win soccer match

Terminal values are the things that we think are most important and we feel are most desirable, this will be our ending decision.

EXAMPLE: National securities are necessary to have protections from attacks.

Persuasive message 

a persuasive message occurs when a person attempts to convince an individual or group to take certain specific actions.by using written or spoken words to convey information, feelings, or reasoning, or a combination thereof. Persuasion can also be interpreted as using one's personal or positional resources to change people's behaviors or attitudes.

Prejudice

 is an incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based only on the individual

belongs to a specific of a social group.

For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender or

Racism

Schemata

A schema is a mental concept which informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. Or organizing our thoughts, behaviors and feelings like attitudes Example ATTITUDE

Stereotype

A fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.

The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we meet a new person.

Example: Girls are not good at sports, Italians are good lovers, All Asians know kung fu

Thurstone method for measuring attitudes

In psychology and sociology, the Thurstone scale was the first formal technique to measure an attitude. It is made up of statements about a particular issue, and each statement has a numerical value indicating how favorable or unfavorable it is judged to be. People check each of the statements to which they agree, and a mean score is computed, indicating their attitude.

Example: If Turkey joins European union?

Social influence

Compliance

Compliance is a type of social influence where an individual does what someone else wants them to do, following his or her request or suggestion.The Foot in the Door TechniqueThe Door in the Face TechniqueThe Low-Ball Technique

Conformity (majority influence)

The social influence resulting a decision is taken is taken by majority of a group or the opinion of majority

of a group.

Consistency

Is define as to be consistence and unchanged in our opinions

People are motivated to be consistent in all areas of life — in their words, deeds, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values, habits, and promises. Once a person makes a decision, takes a stand.

(a) Diachronic Consistency – i.e. consistency over time – the majority stocks to its guns,

doesn’t modify its views.

(b) Synchronic Consistency – i.e. consistency between its members – all members agree

and back each other up.

Conversion

The social influence results the change is in the behavior of an individual by accepting the decision taken by the others .

Group polarization

A phenomenon where the decisions and the opinion of people became more extreme than their actual.

EXAMPLE: after a decision about racism the members of the group who are recist will defend their attitude more strongly than they would have before.

Informational Influence

When we do not know how to behave, we copy other people. They thus act as

information sources for how to behave as we assume they know what they are doing.

Also because we care a great deal about what others think about us, this provides a

safe course of action.

Some times we follow other people who are more experience than us.

Innovation (Minority influence)

How minority change the attitude of a group

How consistent opinion of minority make an influence in a group.

Normative influence

Sometimes people behave in ways just to gain approval from others, even if they don't necessarily believe in what they are doing. This is normative social influence .

To be accepted by a group

Obedience to Authority

We can say that ordered given by the authority to a group then every member must obey the order given by authority whether it good or bad.

Social Comparison

Social comparison is the comparison of our belief and behaviors with other people who are in our same group to know that how much our behaviors are correct or wrongupward comparison and downward comparison

Group Performance

Additive task

group task in which performance depend on the sum of each individual’s effort.

Brainstorming

Brainstorming helps us to develop creative solutions to a problem, and generate new ideas.

Common knowledge effectKnowledge relevant to the decision is shared by every group member before discussion

The number of members who know a particular piece of information—can affect group decisions, information known by everyone have more powerful influence in decision making than the unshared information.

Competitive interdependence

In a group task in which one (or more ) member of the group succeed just in one case when other member did not succeed,

Conjunctive task

A task can be completed successfully only when all the members of the group contribute or success.

Everyone must finish their task successfully

Diffuse status and Specific status characteristics

The information that’s is not directly related with the group task i.e Age,sex Etc

Specific status characteristics are the information which are related with the personal knowledge, ability etc of the member which are directly related with the group tasks.

Dominant Reponses

Dominant reponses are the responcces which are very quickly come to us and we react very quickly without thinking

Reflexive actions

Eureka Task

In a task when someone suddenly understand a previously complex problem and seems obvious to all.

also known as the aha! Moment.

Hidden Profile

It’s a group problem where there is no good solution for that problem is not discovered because the key points are not clear or key information’s are not recognize.

Motivation losses

Loss of motivation of a group which cause the decrease in group efforts to achieve success.

Process losses

Group process or works that’s fails to achieve best performance because of less motivation , Bad Equipments etc

Production blocking

Production blocking is a common problem in brainstorming groups. It is a tendency for one individual to block or inhibit other people during a group discussion. For example, if six people are in a group and one person is talking about his or her idea, then the other five people are `blocked` and less able to provide their own creative input