attaining raccoon rabies management goals: history and challenges dennis slate, charles rupprecht,...
TRANSCRIPT
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ATTAINING RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS: HISTORY AND CHALLENGES
Dennis Slate, Charles Rupprecht, Dennis Donovan, Jacqueline Badcock, Alain Messier, Richard Chipman, and Martin Mendoza
Joint OIE/WHO/EU International ConferenceParis, FranceMay 27-30, 2007
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RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS
Phase 1: Prevent spread beyond current range of raccoon rabies
Phase 2: Eliminate raccoon rabies locally, regionally, nationally, continentally
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© Roger Barbour/ www.discoverlife.org
Raccoon
Striped skunk
Potential for broad geographic spread inNorth America
Raccoonvariant
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Raccoon Rabies ORV History1997-2006
~8 million baits in 2006Raboral V-RG®
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CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS ON INITIATIVES
Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance Improve existing bait-oral vaccine/new more effective bait-oral vaccineLocal elimination of raccoon variantContinental approach to rabies management
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dRIT- direct rapid immunohistochemical test
negative positive
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• Central repository for:
– Public health surveillance data provided by states
– Enhanced surveillance data provided by U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Wildlife Services
• Surveillance shared via interactive mapping on the Internet
• Phased in, includes 8 states
RabID
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Current Raccoon Rabies Front
Enhanced Rabies Sampling
Strange acting animalsSuggestive lesionsRoad killsAnimals found deadFocal trap or shoot
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ORV NAÏVE w/raccoon rabies ORV NAÏVE w/out raccoon rabies POST ORV one event POST ORV 2+ events
% A
nti
bo
dy
Po
siti
ve
ALL STATES% POSITIVE (x±SD) RABIES ANTIBODY RESPONSE
7.7±6.4%
ne=11ns=7
na=1,468
8.3±11.4% 26.9±12.0% 30.3±11.1%
ne=7ns=6
na=302
ne=54ns=11
na=8,431
ne=37ns=10
na=6,813
ne = # eventsns= # statesna= # animals
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…role of striped skunk in raccoon rabies dynamics?
SkunksSkunks infectedwith raccoon rabies
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ORV ZoneORV Zone
Contingency Action Taken
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Contingency Action Planningfor Specific Rabies Variant
beyond ORV zone (>80km)beyond but near ORV zonewithin an ORV zonepersisting within contingency zonespreading toward an ORV zonespreading-no ORV zone established
Raccoon rabies is…
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Contingency Actions
Integrated actionenhanced surveillance localized population reduction trap-vaccinate-release (TVR) ORV
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Quebec
Vermont
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Vermont TVR, May 9 - May 23, 2007 Unique Raccoons Captures: 651 Total trap nights: 4772 10 trappers for 94 days total/trapping 12 hours/day Vaccinated Raccoons: 605 Vaccinated Foxes (Red) 6 Vaccinated Fisher 2 Vaccinated Domestic Cats 61 Euthanized Raccoons 46 Euthanized Skunks 27 Animals Trapped Testing Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 10 Skunks: 0 Road Kills Collected During TVR Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 4 Fox, Red 1
Ohio TVR, May 9 - May 19, 2007 Unique Raccoons Captures: 665 Total trap nights: 4043 12 trappers for 104 days trapping14 hours/day Vaccinated Raccoons: 427 Vaccinated Foxes (Red) 0 Vaccinated Skunks 1 Vaccinated Domestic Cats 0 Euthanized Raccoons 238 Euthanized Skunks 0 Animals Trapped Testing Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 1 Skunks: 0 Road Kills Collected During TVR Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 0 Fox, Red 0
Trap-Vaccinate-Release
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oral rabies vaccine
bait/attra
ctant
delivery mode
bait distribution pattern
baitin
g fre
quen
cy
time of baiting
ORV area size and shape
bait density
target species
habitat preferences
population density
population structure
popu
latio
n dy
nam
ics
natural movement patterns
r
iver
s
lakes
mountainous habitat
major road systems
metropolitan areas
inner coastal plain pine habitat
Challenges….
translocationnon-target competition for baits
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Role of vaccine spillage???
Fishmeal polymer
Coated schet
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Canine Adenovirus2—Rabies Glycoprotein
Other candidates (e.g., reverse genetics modified live)
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines
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Human Adenovirus vector
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines
ONRAB(AdRG1.3)
Encouraging results in skunks and
raccoons from field trial August 2006
Field trials continue in 2007
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Local Elimination (?) of Raccoon Variant of Rabies
13
48
30 0 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0
510
15
20
2530
35
40
4550
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
OntarioRaccoon cases
New BrunswickRaccoon and skunkcases
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Success Characteristicsin Ontario and New Brunswick
Rabies Emergencenorthern periphery of raccoon rabies range
raccoon densities ~ 7-10/km2
adjacent to ORV zones in US
Integrated Control Strategyheavily dependent population reduction and TVR
ORV not used in New Brunswick
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Ottawa, Canada, October 2005 RITAJacksonville, FL March 2006 Brasilia, Brazil October 2006 RITAMexico City, Mexico November 2006San Antonio, TX March 2007
North American Rabies Management Plan
Planning Team Representation: Border states and provincial agencies, federal agencies, Native peoples, Universities
Wildlife
PublicHealth
Agriculture
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Information transferSurveillance and monitoringResearchRabies control
North American Rabies Management Plan
…potential areas for collaboration
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Ontario Red Fox - ORV U.S. Raccoon- ORV
Ontario and New Brunswick Raccoon - TVROntario Raccoon - ORV
International Cooperation
Northeast U.S. and Canada Rabies Vaccination Zones
Canada-U.S.
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SUMMARY
Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance
Baits/vaccine
Local elimination of raccoon variant
Continental approach to rabies management
Relative Progress Scale: low to high 1 2 3 4 5
4………….
2………….
1………….
3………….
Progress Challenge/Initiative