attachment: an enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)
![Page 2: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Attachment Behaviors:
– Behaviors that function to bring the infant/child physically closer to the caregiver
• Exs: crying, smiling, clinging, following
![Page 3: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Evidence (Ethological Attachment Theory):
• Animals that stray from a group are much more vulnerable to attack
• Attachment behavior in animals and humans:
– Occurs more frequently in those most vulnerable to predators (e.g., the young)
– Increases in frightening situations
![Page 4: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Individual Differences in Attachment Security
Infancy: Strange Situation
Mother and infant in laboratory playroom Stranger enters, talks to mothers, engages infant Mother leaves (stranger stays) Mother returns (stranger leaves) Mother leaves (baby alone) Stranger returns Mother returns
![Page 5: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Secure (B)
– About 60-65% of American middle-class samples
– May or may not be distressed by separation
– Respond positively to parent’s return• If distressed by separation, easily
comforted by parent and able to return to play (parent = secure base)
![Page 6: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Insecure-Avoidant (A)
– 15-20% of American middle-class samples
– Usually not distressed by separation from parent
– Avoid the parent during reunion (to different degrees)
![Page 7: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Insecure-Resistant or Ambivalent (C)
– 10-15% of American middle-class samples
– Usually distressed by separation
– Show a combination of angry, resistant behavior and proximity-seeking behavior during reunion with parent
– Have difficulty being comforted by parent and returning to play
![Page 8: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Insecure-Disorganized (D)
– 10-15% of American middle-class samples
– More common in infants who have been maltreated
– Infants’ behavior does not reflect an organized strategy for dealing with the stress of separation
• Contradictory behaviors
• Expressions of fear or disorientation when caregiver returns
![Page 9: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Influences on Infant Attachment Security
• According to attachment theory, the major influence is parental behavior (especially sensitivity)
– Sensitivity: Consistent, prompt, and appropriate responses to infant signals
![Page 10: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Infants develop expectations about how caregivers are likely to respond to their signals
• Expectations form the basis of an internal working model
– IWM: Expectations about the nature of relationships and beliefs about the self
![Page 11: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Expectations result from the quality of mother-infant interaction:
– Sensitive Care: Infants expect caregiver to be available and responsive
– Insensitive Care: Infants expect caregiver to be unresponsive/inconsistent or rejecting
![Page 12: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Infants’ behavior in the Strange Situation reflects their expectations (early IWM)
– Secure infants expect caregiver to be responsive
– Insecure infants expect caregiver to be unresponsive/inconsistent or rejecting
![Page 13: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Evidence for Parental Behavior as the Major Influence on Infant Attachment Security:
– Parental sensitivity is correlated with infant attachment security, but the correlation is not strong
• Disagreement about the importance of parental sensitivity in influencing attachment security
– Other factors also affect attachment security
![Page 14: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Temperament and Attachment Security
– Some studies find that insecure infants are higher in distress during the first year of life
• Difficult to know if this reflects temperament or parental behavior
– In general, temperament is not strongly related to attachment security
![Page 15: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Attachment and Later Development
• A secure attachment in infancy is related to:
– More positive interactions with parents in the second year of life
– More positive relationships with others (e.g., day care teachers, peers) when children are toddlers and preschoolers
![Page 16: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Infant attachment security is not strongly related to the quality of older children’s relationships (in most studies)
– Debate about how strongly infant attachment security relates to later social development
![Page 17: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Why does infant attachment security predict later behavior (at least short-term)?
![Page 18: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Attachment Theory Perspective:
• Attachment security reflects infants’ internal working models
![Page 19: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• IWM generalizes to new relationships
– Children with secure attachments:
• Expect others to respond positively to them
– Children with insecure attachments:
• Expect others to respond negatively to them (e.g., by ignoring or rejecting them)
![Page 20: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• IWMs tend to be self-perpetuating
– Children behave in ways that elicit certain responses from others
– Others’ responses confirm children’s internal working models
![Page 21: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Continuity of Care Perspective:
• Parents who are sensitive in infancy are likely to remain sensitive as children grow older
• Sensitivity is related to secure attachment in infancy and to more positive adjustment as children get older
![Page 22: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Secure attachment in infancy does not CAUSE more positive later adjustment (no IWM)
![Page 23: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Relevant Evidence:
• Most evidence indicates that infant attachment classifications do not predict later behavior if quality of caregiving does not remain stable
![Page 24: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Parent-Child Relationships After Infancy
• Baumrind’s Parenting Styles:
– Parental behavior varies along at least two dimensions
• Sensitivity/Acceptance
• Control (“Demandingness”)
![Page 25: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Authoritarian
• High control
• Low acceptance/responsiveness
• Power-assertive discipline
• Ex: “Do it because I say so”• More likely to use physical punishment
![Page 26: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Authoritative
• High acceptance/responsiveness
• Moderate control– Set clear standards and consistently enforce
rules– Responsive to children’s needs and point of
view
![Page 27: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Discipline based on reasoning/explanation and less power-assertive punishment (e.g., “time out”, loss of privileges)
– “It’s not ok to hit people because it hurts them.”
![Page 28: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Permissive
• High acceptance/responsiveness
• Low control– Make few demands for mature behavior
![Page 29: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Neglecting/Disengaged
• Low acceptance/responsiveness
• Low control
• Parents often overwhelmed by stress; have little time/energy for children
![Page 30: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Authoritarian
Childhood:
• Anxious
• Unhappy
• Dependent/Easily Frustrated (esp. girls)
• Hostile/Aggressive (esp. boys)
![Page 31: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Authoritarian
Adolescence:
• Poorer social skills and lower academic achievement than children of authoritative parents
• Better school performance and less problem behavior (e.g., drug use, truancy) than children of permissive or neglecting parents
![Page 32: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Authoritative
Childhood:
– High self-esteem
– High self-control
– Generally positive mood
![Page 33: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Authoritative
Adolescence:
– Good social skills
– High academic achievement
– Low in problem behaviors (e.g., drug use, truancy)
![Page 34: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Permissive
Childhood:
• Low self-control
• Overly demanding and dependent on adults
![Page 35: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Permissive
Adolescence:
– Low academic achievement
– More problem behaviors (e.g., truancy; drug use)
![Page 36: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Neglecting/Disengaged
• Childhood:
– Low self-control
– Low self-esteem
– Disturbed attachment relationships (disorganized)
![Page 37: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Neglecting/Disengaged
• Adolescence:
– Low academic achievement
– Poor social skills
– Many problem behaviors• Truancy, drug use, delinquency, sexual
promiscuity, depression
![Page 38: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Issues Related to Parenting Research
Bidirectional Influences
• How do children’s characteristics and behavior affect parenting style?
• General agreement that socialization processes are bidirectional rather than unidirectional
– Parental behavior influences children’s behavior, but children’s behavior also affects parental behavior
![Page 39: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example:
• Infants and children with “difficult” temperament characteristics receive less “optimal” parenting under some conditions
• Less “optimal” parenting may increase children’s problem behaviors
![Page 40: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Correlation vs. Causation
• Most research on parenting styles is correlational– Can’t randomly assign kids to different kinds
of parents– Therefore, can’t infer cause-and-effect
relationships• Can’t say that parenting style CAUSES children’s
behavior (positive or negative)
![Page 41: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• However, some research has examined experimental parenting interventions
– Designed to improve parenting behavior
• Use random assignment—some families receive the intervention and others do not
• Can infer cause-and-effect relationships
![Page 42: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Experimental parenting interventions have shown improvements in parenting behavior and improvements in children’s adjustment
![Page 43: Attachment: An enduring emotional tie that unites one person to another, over time and across space (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ed15503460f94bdf63d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Parenting styles (and their “effects”) may not generalize to all ethnic/cultural groups
• Example:
– Chinese parents more likely to be classified as authoritarian (high control)
– Authoritative parenting and authoritarian parenting show equally positive relations with children’s adjustment (for 1st generation Chinese-American children)