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A Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer HDO/H 2 O retrieval simulator for climate models Robert Field, Camille Risi, Gavin Schmidt, John Worden, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Allegra LeGrande, Adam Sobel, Rick Healy JPL

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Page 1: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

A  Tropospheric  Emission  Spectrometer  HDO/H2O  retrieval  simulator  for  climate  models  

Robert  Field,  Camille  Risi,  Gavin  Schmidt,  John  Worden,  Apostolos  Voulgarakis,  Allegra  LeGrande,  Adam  Sobel,  Rick  Healy    

JPL  

Page 2: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Stable  isotopes  (isotopologues)  of  water  

16O  

1H   1H  

99.73%  

18O  

1H   1H  

0.20%  

16O  

2H   1H  

0.03%  

There  are  different  isotopes  of  water,  each  with  a  slightly  different  mass.  H2

16O  is  by  far  the  most  abundant,  but  H2

18O  and  HDO  exist  in  measurable  quanUUes.    

The  heavy  isotopes  of  water  evaporate  less  readily  and  condense  preferenUally.    

Page 3: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

The  isotopic  composiUon  of  a  sample  is  described  as  a  raUo  of  heavy  to  light  isotope  concentraUons.    

Measurements  are  usually  expressed  relaUve  to  an  ocean  water  standard,  in  units  of  permil  (‰).    

Stable  isotopes  (isotopologues)  of  water  

Page 4: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

TES  q  and  δD  over  500-­‐800  hPa,  2006-­‐2009  

Page 5: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

MoLvaLon  

•  A  model  must  be  able  to  reproduce  moisture  amount  and  its  isotopic  composiUon.  

•  Discrepancies  in  the  modeled  isotopic  composiUon  are  more  likely  due  to  ‘errors’  in  the  the  cloud  physics  than  to  errors  in  isotopic  physics  (which  are  much  simpler).  

•  There  are  now  sufficient  measurements  in  the  troposphere  to  evaluate  models  this  way:    –  TES:  verUcal  profiles,  most  sensiUve  in  lower  trop.  –  SCIAMACHY:  total  column,  mainly  over  land  – ACE-­‐FTS:  UT/LS  

Page 6: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

TES  vs.  ModelE  δD  over  500-­‐800  hPa,  2006-­‐2009  

δDRaw  -­‐  δDTES  

δDTES  

The  model  δD  is  significantly  lower  than  the  TES  measurements,  especially  over  land.  

Page 7: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

However  •  Certain  features  of  the  satellite  retrieval  must  be  taken  into  account  in  any  quanUtaUve  comparison.    

•  Namely:  – Model  profiles  that  would  be  poorly  retrieved  by  the  satellite  instrument  need  to  be  excluded.  

–  An  instrument  operator  must  be  applied  to  the  remaining  profiles.  This  takes  into  account  the  verUcal  sensiUvity  of  the  retrieved  to  actual  profile.  

•  The  goal  is  to  produce  a  new  instrument-­‐equivalent  model  field:  “what  would  the  instrument  retrieve  if  it  were  flying  inside  the  model?”  

Page 8: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

•  CharacterisUcs  of  the  TES  HDO/H2O  operator  •  The  standard  approach  to  applying  the  operator  for  prescribed  meteorology,  and  why  this  may  not  work  in  some  cases  

•  A  new  approach    •  Effects  of  either  approach  on  the  modeled  HDO/H2O  fields  

•  Brief  comparison  with  HDO/H2O  observaUons  

Outline  

Page 9: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Aura  TES  HDO/H2O  nadir  retrieval  

•  A-­‐train,  repeat  cycle  of  16  days  •  HDO/H2O  retrieval  based  on  emission  spectra  in  thermal  IR  

•  The  retrieved  profiles  represent  an  adjustment  from  prior  H2O  and  HDO  constraint  profiles.    

•  The  adjustment  is  esUmated  iteraUvely  to  minimize  the  difference  between  the  measured  spectra  and  that  predicted  by  a  forward  radiaUve  transfer  model  using  the  esUmated  profiles  as  input.    

Page 10: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

TES  HDO/H2O  operator  •  Using  the  notaUon  of  Worden  et  al.  (2011),  the  model  profile  

of  HDO/H2O  raUo              suitable  for  comparison  with  satellite  measurements  is  expressed  as:  

•  The  averaging  kernel  matrices  represent  the  sensiUvity  of  the  retrieved  profile  to  the  actual  profile.    

•  Suitable  averaging  kernels  and  H2O  priors  must  be  chosen  each  Ume  the  TES  operator  is  applied.  

New  model  isotopic  raUo    

Prior  amount  profiles  

Raw  model  amount  profiles  

Averaging  kernels  from  radiaUve  transfer  model  

Prior  isotopic  raUo  

Page 11: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Example  HDO  averaging  kernel  rows  

Peak  sensiUvity  is  near  700  hPa  

We  adopt  the  pressure  of  peak  sensiLvity  (pD)  as  the  defining  averaging  kernel  characterisLc  

Page 12: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Example  averaging  kernels  

Cancel  each  other  out  

Small  

Important  

Page 13: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Applying  the  TES  operator  •  The  standard  approach  is  to:  

–  sample  the  model  fields  at  individual  measurement  points  –  skip  the  poor  quality  retrievals  –  for  those  remaining,  use  the  averaging  kernels  from  individual  measurements  

TES  sampling  on  9  December,  2006  for  dayUme,  high-­‐quality  retrievals  only    

Page 14: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Applying  the  TES  operator  

•  This  approach  assumes  that  there  is  agreement  between  the  satellite  and  model  in  the  condiUons  which  influence  retrieval  quality  and  averaging  kernel  structure  

Worden  et  al.  (2007,  JGR)  

•  But  what  if  they  do  not?  For  a  free-­‐running  atmosphere,  there  is  no  expectaUon  that  they  will  at  short  Ume  scales.  

•  We  have  tried  to  develop  an  approach  that  predicts,  empirically,  retrieval  quality  and  averaging  kernel  structure  from  model  condiUons,  rather  than  relying  on  collocated  satellite  measurements.  

Page 15: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Retrieval  quality  and  pD  from  observaLons  

Page 16: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Controls  on  retrieval  quality  and  pD  

Palern  correlaUon  with  underlying  meteorological  fields  

Page 17: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Controls  on  retrieval  quality  in  observaLons  

Ocean  

Land  

Retrieval  quality  over  the  ocean  decreases  most  strongly  with  increasing  cloud  cover  

Retrieval  quality  over  land  decreases  most  strongly  with  surface  temperature  

Page 18: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Controls  on  pD  in  observaLons  

Ocean  

Land  

pD  over  the  ocean  moves  closer  to  the  surface  with  decreasing  mid-­‐tropospheric  moisture  

pD  over  the  land  moves  closer  to  the  surface  with  increasing  temperature  

Page 19: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

ModelE  configuraLon  •  AR5  version  run  from  2006-­‐2009    •  Prescribed,  monthly-­‐varying  SSTs  and  sea-­‐ice  

•  Horizontal  winds  nudged  to  NCEP/NCAR  reanalysis  

•  TES  operator  applied  ‘in-­‐line’  using  both  the  standard  and  new  approaches  

•  See  TES_SIMULATOR.f  &  TRACER_PRT.f  

Page 20: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

The  TES  observaUons  were  binned  using  the  variables  that  influenced  retrieval  quality  and  AK  structure  

Big  lookup  tables  

Page 21: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

How  it  works  At  each  model  Ume  step  and  locaUon  along  the  satellite’s  orbital  path:  -­‐  Sample  the  modeled  categorical  variable  fields  (Tsurf,  clouds,  precipitable  water)  in  the  model  

-­‐  Look  up  the  associated  category  from  the  TES  observaUons  

-­‐  Include  the  model  profile  with  probability  equal  to  the  category’s  retrieval  quality  

-­‐  If  included,  apply  the  instrument  operator  using  the  mean  averaging  kernels  and  H2O  priors  from  that  category.  

Page 22: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

SeparaLon  of  retrieval  quality  How  different,  on  average,  is  the  retrieval  quality  within  different  categories  from  the  overall  mean?  

Clouds   Clouds  +  temp  

Page 23: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Example  mean  averaging  kernels  Clear  sky  averaging  kernel  rows  at  619  hPa  for  decreasing  free-­‐tropospheric  moisture  

As  free-­‐tropospheric  moisture  decreases,  the  mid-­‐tropospheric  retrievals  become  more  sensiUve  to  boundary  layer  HDO/H2O  composiUon  

Page 24: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

SeparaLon  of  pD  How  does  the  total  within-­‐group  pD  variance  vary  within  different  categories?  

Precipitable  water  

Page 25: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Predicted  retrieval  quality  

More  com

plicated  categorizaUons  Obs.  

*  

Page 26: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Predicted  controls  on  retrieval  quality  

Ocean  

Land  

Black  dashed  lines  show  regression  lines  from  observaUons  

*  

Page 27: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Predicted  pD  

More  com

plicated  categorizaUons  Obs.  

Page 28: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Predicted  controls  on  pD  

Ocean  

Land  

Black  dashed  lines  show  regression  lines  from  observaUons  

Page 29: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Effects  of  TES  operator  on  modeled  δD  fields  

More  com

plicated  categorizaUons  

δDRaw  

δDRetrAK  -­‐  δDRaw  

δDCatAK  -­‐  δDRaw  

Page 30: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

SensiLvity  tests  

Orbital  path  sampling:  except  for  more  smooth  fields,  operator  insensiUve  to  effects  of  orbital  sampling  (over  four  years)  

H2O  prior  selecLon:  also  insensiUve  to  selecUon  of  H2O  prior  profile  

Page 31: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Performance  outside  tropics  As  implemented,  poor.  

Page 32: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

TES  vs.  ModelE  δD    

δDRaw  -­‐  δDTES  

δDTES  

δDRetrAK  -­‐  δDTES  

δDCatAK  -­‐  δDTES  

Page 33: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

pD  controls  for  free  running  simulaLons  

Page 34: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Interannual  variability  over  Indonesia  

Monthly  Q     Monthly  δD    

Page 35: ATroposphericEmissionSpectrometerHDO/H 2O ... · 11/14/2012  · Stableisotopes(isotopologues)ofwater" 16O 1 H1 99.73% 18 O 1 H1 0.20% 16 2 H1 0.03% There’are’differentisotopes’of’water,’each’with’a

Conclusions  •  Cloud  characterisUcs,  surface  temperature  and  free-­‐tropospheric  moisture  were  the  most  important  predictors  of  retrieval  quality  and  averaging  kernel  structure  

•  ApplicaUon  of  the  TES  operator  resulted  in  increases  of  up  to  30  ‰  over  the  ocean  and  decreases  of  up  to  40  ‰  over  land  

•  ApplicaUon  of  the  TES  operator  significantly  reduced  the  difference  in  δD  between  TES  and  ModelE  

•  The  categorical  operator  can  be  used  for  arbitrary  model  configuraUons,  and  requires  no  agreement  between  satellite-­‐retrieved  and  model  meteorology  at  short  Ume  scales  

•  Refinements  are  needed  for  applicaUon  outside  of  the  tropics