atoms that interact to form compounds are said to be chemically bonded
TRANSCRIPT
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Atoms that interact to form compounds are said to be chemically bonded.
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Whether atoms interactdepends almost entirelyon the arrangement oftheir outer energylevel (valence)electrons.
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Only s and p sublevelelectrons are thoughtof as valence electrons.
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The maximum numberof electrons, total, in thes and p sublevels is __
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The maximum numberof electrons, total, in thes and p sublevels is 8.
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Electrons in the d and fsublevels are NEVER in the outer energylevel of an atom.
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Bonding - 7 min
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Electrons are transferredbetween atoms.
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One atom gains electronswhile another atomloses electrons.
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When this happens, thecharges within each atomare no longer balanced...
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the atoms have becomeions - one with a positivecharge, the other negative.
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The force of attraction between these opposite charges hold the ions together in an ionic bond.
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Ionization - the process of removing an electron froman atom to form an ion.
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Ionization energy - the energy needed to removean electron from an atom.
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Electron affinity - the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
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Electron affinity determines the
type of bond formed.
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Metals generally havea low electron affinity.
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Nonmetals generally havea high electron affinity.
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Electrons are sharedbetween atoms.
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Atoms with similarelectron affinities usuallyform covalent bonds.
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Both atoms have an equal attraction for the electrons being shared.
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The force of attraction between the nuclei and the shared electrons holds the atomstogether in a covalent bond.
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Chemical bonds are almost never totally ionicor totally covalent.
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Bond types are oftenexpressed as a percentage of each type of bond.
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The closer two atoms are onthe table, the more covalenttheir bond.
COand
CO2
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The farther apart two atoms are on the table, the more ionictheir bond.
NaCl
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100%Ionic
FrF
100%Covalent
F2
ZnS
50% Each
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The electrons in metals can be thought of as being property of all the atoms.
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The positive nuclei aresurrounded by a "sea" of electrons.
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These loosely-held electronsare responsible for metalsbeing good conductorsof electricity.
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A special type of bondbetween a hydrogen atomin a covalent molecule...
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and an unshared electronin a nearby molecule.
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Since a hydrogen atom isso small, it can get veryclose to other atoms -
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causing electrons in thoseatoms to be attracted to it.
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This is especially important with small, polar moleculeslike water.
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It makes water a VERYGOOD solvent - especially with otherpolar substances.
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Hydrogen bonding isresponsible for water'svery high specific heatcapacity...
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the ability to absorblarge amounts of heatwith little changein temperature...
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and its relativelyhigh boiling point.
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two atoms of the same element covalentlybonded together.
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Seven elements exist in natureONLY as diatomic molecules.
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Know the sevendiatomic molecules!!
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Hydrogen - H2
Nitrogen - N2
Oxygen - O2
Fluorine - F2
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Chlorine - Cl2
Bromine - Br2
Iodine - I2
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Begin with #7
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There are 6 herein the shape of a 7
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And 1 more here
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A group of covalentlybonded atoms that hasan overall charge.
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This group of atomsacts like a single ionwhen combining to form compounds.
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The charge on apolyatomic ion isequal to itsoxidation number.
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Certain electron arrangements are more
stable than others.
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The most stable atomshave a full outerenergy level.
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Octet Rule - the maximumnumber of electrons in theouter energy level is 8.
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Atoms will form compoundsto reach eight electrons intheir outer energy level.
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Remember - hydrogen &helium, with only oneenergy level, can onlyhold 2 electrons.
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Atoms with half-filled sublevels are somewhatstable.
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A way ofdrawing thevalenceelectrons.
p
p
p s
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The chemical symbolrepresents thecenter of animaginary rectangle.
p
p
p s
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The symbol represents the atom's nucleus andall electrons,EXCEPT thevalence electrons.
p
p
p s
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Each side of the imaginaryrectangle represents an orbital within a sublevel of theouter energy level
p
p
p s
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Valence electrons ineach orbital are representedby dots.
p
p
p s
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These arrows show the order in which electrons are added to thediagram - beginning with s.
p
p
p s
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The electron dot diagram for sodium looks like this -with one electronin the s orbital.
Na
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What would the electrondot diagram formagnesium look like?
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What would the electrondot diagram formagnesium look like? Mg
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What would the electrondot diagram forAluminumlook like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forAluminumlook like? Al
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What would the electrondot diagram forSiliconlook like?
Hint: Remember Hund's Rule
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What would the electrondot diagram forSiliconlook like? Si
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What would the electrondot diagram forPhosphoruslook like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forPhosphoruslook like? P
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What can you say aboutthe stability ofan atom ofphosphorus? P
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An atom of phosphorusis somewhat stablebecause ofthe half-filledp sublevel.
P
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What would the electrondot diagram forSulfurlook like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forSulfurlook like? S
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What would the electrondot diagram forChlorinelook like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forChlorinelook like? Cl
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What would the electrondot diagram forArgonlook like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forArgonlook like? Ar
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What can you say aboutthe stability ofan atom ofargon? Ar
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An atom of argon isvery stable becauseits outer energylevel is full. Ar
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What would the electrondot diagram forCopper look like?
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What would the electrondot diagram forCopper look like? Cu
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All transition metals have only two dots - Why?
Cu
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Notice the number ofdots is the same asthe group number.
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Also notice that thesedots are not placedexactly as we discussed.
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Many college chem booksstress symmetry of dotsmore than sublevels.
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Since THIS class stressesthe periodic table,sublevels are important.
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What do you think of?
OH
H
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Can these 3 atom diagrams
OH
H be combined into1 molecule diagram?
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AWater
MoleculeH2O
OH
HAll atoms have a filled
outer energy level.
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This diagram not only showsproperly filledenergy levels,it correctlyshows the shape of a water molecule!!
OH
H
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When 10 cm3 of acetone, C3H6O, are added to 10 cm3 of distilled water, the combined volume is NOT 20 cm3.
Hypothesis:
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Chemical BondingTest Tomorrow
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Whether atoms interactdepends almost entirelyon the arrangement oftheir _____ electrons.
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Only ___ and ___ sublevelelectrons can be valence electrons.
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_____ bonds occur whenelectrons are transferredbetween atoms.
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When atoms gain orloose electrons, theybecome ____.
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The tendency of an atom to attract electronsis called ____.
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Atoms with similarelectron affinities usuallyform ____ bonds.
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Bonding is usuallyexpressed as a ___ of each type of bond.
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There are ___diatomic molecules.
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Diatomic molecules mustbe written with asubscript of ___.
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A group of covalentlybonded atoms withan overall charge iscalled a ___.
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In an electron dot diagram,dots represent ___.
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The ___ states thatthe maximum number of electrons in theouter energy level is 8.
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The valence electrons inthe atoms of a sample ofmetal belong to ___.
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The oxidation number ofa polyatomic ion isequal to its ___.
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Which of these atoms ismost likely to form anionic bond with sulfur?
Lithium, nitrogen, aluminum
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Which of these atoms hasthe highest electron affinity?
Lithium, sodium, carbon
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Which of these atoms willform a negative ion?
iron, tin, chlorine
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How many dots are in theelectron dot diagram of arsenic?
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How many dots are in theelectron dot diagram of mercury?
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Which of these atoms is the most stable?
iron, nitrogen, chlorine
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How many of these atoms do not conform to the octet rule?
hydrogen, helium, argon
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The formula for thephosphate ion is ___.
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The formula for theammonium ion is ___.
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The formula for thesulfate ion is ___.
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Chemical Bonding