atoms and elements - scitech-expert.com · example 2.5 if copper is 69.17% cu-63 with a mass of...
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![Page 1: Atoms and Elements - SCITECH-EXPERT.COM · Example 2.5 If copper is 69.17% Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9396 amu and the rest Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu, ... 0.3083 64.9278 amu Atomic](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021706/5b8697ac7f8b9a2e3a8d3ccb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Atoms and
Elements
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Dalton developed the atomic
theory of matter as a
consequence of his researches
on the behaviour of gases. He
developed the laws of definite
and multiple proportions. A
complete scientist, Dalton also
made important observations on
the aurora borealis, rain, trade
winds, and color blindness. The
atomic mass unit, the Dalton, is
named for him.
MSU Gallery of Chemists' Photo-Portraits and Mini-
Biographies
http://poohbah.cem.msu.edu/Portraits
John Dalton
1766-1844
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Scanning Tunneling Microscope1986 Nobel Prize
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Operation of a STM
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Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7
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Early Philosophy of Matter
• ultimate, tiny, indivisible particle
Leucippus and Democritus
• infinitely divisible
Plato and Aristotle
• best debater was the person assumed correct,
i.e., Aristotle
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Scientific Revolution
• late 16th century, the scientific approach to
understanding nature
• next 150+ years, observations about nature were
made that could not easily be explained
Aristotelian approach
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Law of Conservation of Mass
total m reactants = total m of products
Antoine Lavoisier
1743-1794
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Reaction of Sodium with Chlorine to
Make Sodium Chloride
7.7 g Na + 11.9 g Cl2 19.6 g NaCl
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LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
All samples of a given
compound, regardless of
their source or how they
were prepared, have the
___________________
___________________
Joseph Proust
1754-1826
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Proportions in Sodium Chloride
54.1g 39.3
g 7.60
Na of mass
Cl of massa 100.0 g sample of sodium chloride contains 39.3 g of sodium and 60.7 g of chlorine
a 200.0 g sample of sodium chloride contains 78.6 g of sodium and 121.4 g of chlorine
54.1g 78.6
g 21.41
Na of mass
Cl of mass
a 58.44 g sample of sodium chloride contains 22.99 g of sodium and 35.44 g of chlorine
541.1g 22.99
g 5.443
Na of mass
Cl of mass
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LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
When two elements A
and B form two
different compounds,
the masses of B that
combine with 1 g of A
can be expressed as
a _________________
John Dalton
1766-1844
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Oxides of Carbon
• carbon monoxide contains 1.33 g of oxygen for every 1.00 g of carbon
• carbon dioxide contains 2.67 g of oxygen for every 1.00 g of carbon
• since there are twice as many oxygen atoms per carbon atom in carbon dioxide than in carbon monoxide, the oxygen mass ratio should be 2
2g 1.33
g 2.67
monoxide carbon in carbon of g 1 withcombines that oxygen of mass
dioxide carbon in carbon of g 1 withcombines that oxygen of mass
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DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1) Each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms …still correct?
2) All atoms of a given element has the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from atoms of other elements…still correct?
3) Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form molecules of compounds
4) In a chemical reaction, atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element
they simply rearrange the way they are attached
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Some Notes on Charge
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Cathode Ray Tubes
cathode
anode
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J.J. THOMSON
cathode ray was composed of tiny particles
with an electrical charge
measured the amount of _____ it takes to
deflect their path a given amount
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Thomson’s Experiment
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THOMSON’S RESULTS
the cathode rays are made of tiny particles
these particles have a ____________charge
because the beam always deflected toward the + plate
the amount of deflection was related to two factors______________ and ______________
every material tested contained these same particles
the charge/mass of these particles was -1.76 x 108
C/g
the charge/mass of the hydrogen ion is +9.58 x 104 C/g
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THOMSON’S CONCLUSIONS
if the particle has the same amount of charge as a hydrogen ion, then it must have a mass almost 2000x smaller than hydrogen atoms! later experiments by Millikan showed that the particle did
have the same amount of charge as the hydrogen ion
the only way for this to be true is if these particles were pieces of atoms apparently, the atom is not unbreakable
Thomson believed that these particles were therefore the ultimate building blocks of matter
these cathode ray particles became known as ________
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Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
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Electrons
• electrons are particles found in all atoms
• cathode rays are streams of electrons
• the electron has a charge of -1.60 x 1019 C
• the electron has a mass of 9.1 x 10-28 g
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A New Theory of the Atom
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Atom
or maybe a raisins in oatmeal model
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Predictions of the Plum Pudding Atom
• the mass of the atom is due to the mass of the
electrons within it
electrons are the only particles in Plum Pudding
atoms
• the atom is mostly empty space
cannot have a bunch of negatively charged particles
near each other as they would repel
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RADIOACTIVITY
in the late 1800s, Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie
certain elements emit small, energetic particles or rays
these energetic particles could penetrate matter
Ernest Rutherford discovered that there were three
different kinds of emissions
____________particles with a mass 4x H atom and + charge
_______particles with a mass ~1/2000th H atom and – charge
_______________that are energy rays, not particles
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Rutherford’s Experiment
How can you prove something is empty?
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Rutherford’s Experiment
Lead Box
Radioactive
Sample
Gold
Foil
Fluorescent
Screen
Alpha Particles
Striking Screen
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Rutherford’s Results
• Over 98% of the particles went straight through
• About 2% of the particles went through but were deflected by large angles
• About 0.01% of the particles bounced off the gold foil
“...as if you fired a 15” cannon shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.”
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RUTHERFORD’S CONCLUSIONS
Atom mostly _______________________
because almost all the particles went straight through
Atom contains a dense ______ that was small in volume compared to the atom but large in mass
because ________________________________
This dense particle was __________ charged
because of the large ______________ of some of the particles
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.
.
.
Nuclear Atom
•
•
••
• ••
• ••
•
•
•
•
• •
••
•
••
•
Plum Pudding
Atom
if atom was like
a plum pudding,
all the particles
should go
straight through
most particles
go straight through
some particles
go through, but are deflected
a few of the
particles
do not go through
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RUTHERFORD’S INTERPRETATION –
THE NUCLEAR MODEL1) The atom contains a tiny dense center called the
______________________ the amount of space taken by the ________ is only about
1/10 trillionth the volume of the atom
2) The _______ has essentially the entire ____ of the atom the _______ weigh so little they give practically no mass
to the atom
3) The ______ is _________ charged the amount of positive charge balances the negative
charge of the electrons
4) The electrons are dispersed in the empty space of the atom surrounding the nucleus
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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
same amount of charge as an electron but opposite sign
based on measurements of the nuclear charge of the elements
protons
charge = +1.60 x 1019 C
mass = 1.67262 x 10-24 g
For an atom to be neutral there must be equal ________________________
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Relative Mass and Charge
• we generally talk about the mass of atoms by
comparing it to 1/12th the mass of a carbon atom
with 6 protons and 6 neutrons, which we call 1
atomic mass unit
protons have a mass of 1amu
electrons have a mass of 0.00055 amu,
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Some Problems
• How could beryllium have 4 protons stuck
together in the nucleus?
• If a beryllium atom has 4 protons, then it
should weigh 4 amu; but it actually weighs
9.01 amu! Where is the extra mass coming
from?
each proton weighs 1 amu and the mass of the
electrons is trivial
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THERE MUST BE SOMETHING ELSE THERE!
to answer these questions, Rutherford
proposed that there was another particle in
the nucleus – it is called a _____________
______ have no charge and a mass of 1
amu
mass = 1.67493 x 10-24 g
slightly heavier than a proton
no charge
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ELEMENTS
each element has a unique number of protons
in its nucleus
the number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom is called the _______________= Z
the elements are arranged on the current Periodic
Table in order of their __________________
each element has a unique name and symbol
symbol either one or two letters
one capital letter or one capital letter + one lowercase
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STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS
Soddy discovered that the same element could have atoms with different masses, which he called _______________ there are 2 ___________of chlorine found in
nature, one that has a mass of about 35 amu and another that weighs about 37 amu
The observed mass is a weighted average of the weights of all the naturally occurring atoms the percentage of an element that is 1 _____ is
called the isotope’s natural abundance
the atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45 amu
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all ______ of an element are chemically identical
undergo the same chemical reactions
all _______ of an element have the same number of protons
________ of an element have different masses
______ of an element have different numbers of neutrons
• ________ are identified by their integer ______number = # protons + # neutrons
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Mass Spectrometer
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Mass Spectrometer
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Mass Spectrum Result
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• a mass__________is a graph
that gives the relative mass
and relative abundance of
each particle
• relative mass of the particle is
plotted in the x-axis
• relative abundance of the
particle is plotted in the y-
axis
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ATOMIC MASS
we previously learned that not all atoms of an
element have the same mass
isotopes
we generally use the average mass of all an
element’s atoms found in a sample in calculations
however the average must take into account the
abundance of each isotope in the sample
we call the average mass the __________________
nn isotope of massisotope of abundance fractional MassAtomic
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NEON
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Example 2.5 If copper is 69.17% Cu-63 with a mass of 62.9396 amu and
the rest Cu-65 with a mass of 64.9278 amu, find copper’s atomic mass
the average is between the two masses,
closer to the major isotope
Check:
Solution:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Cu-63 = 69.17%, 62.9396 amu
Cu-65 = 100-69.17%, 64.9278 amu
atomic mass, amu
Given:
Find:
isotope masses,
isotope fractionsavg. atomic mass
nn isotope of massisotope of abundance fractional Mass Atomic
amu 63.5563.5525 MassAtomic
amu 9278.640.3083
amu 9396.620.6917 MassAtomic
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CHARGED ATOMS
Ions
+ Ions Called______________
Originate from _________
- Ions Called______________
Originate from _________
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ATOMIC STRUCTURES OF IONS
Anions are named by changing the ending of
the name to -_____________
fluorine F + 1e- F─ _________________
oxygen O + 2e- O2─ ___________
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ATOMIC STRUCTURES OF IONS
Cations are named ___________________
sodium Na Na+ + 1e- _________
calcium Ca Ca2+ + 2e- __________
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D.MENDELEEV (1870) AND
H.MOSLEY (1914)
_________ Law – When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic (mass) number, certain sets of properties recur periodically
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Periodic Pattern
H
nm H2O
a/b
1 H2
Li
m Li2O
b
7 LiH
Na
m Na2O
b
23 NaH
Be
m/nm BeO
a/b
9 BeH2
m MgO
b
24 MgH2
Mg
nm B2O3
a
11 ( BH3)n
B
m Al2O3
a/b
27 (AlH3)
Al
nm CO2
a
12 CH4
C
nm/m SiO2
a
28 SiH4
Si
nm N2O5
a
14 NH3
N
nm P4O10
a
31 PH3
P
nm O2
16 H2O
O
nm SO3
a
32 H2S
S
nm Cl2O7
a
35.5 HCl
Cl
nm
19 HF
F
a = acidic oxide, b = basic oxide, a/b = amphoteric oxide
m = metal, nm = nonmetal, m/nm = metalloid
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Chart
1871
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Mendeleev’s Predictions for Ekasilicon (Germanium)
Property Silicon’s
Props
Tin’s
Props
Predicted
Value
Measured
Value
Atomic
Mass
28 118 72 72.6
Color Grey White
metal
Grey Grey-
White
Density 2.32 7.28 5.5 5.4
Reaction
w/ Acid &
Base
Resists
Acid,
Reacts
Base
Reacts
Acid,
Resists
Base
Resists
Both
Resists
Both
Oxide SiO2 SnO2 Eks1O2 GeO2
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METALSList typical or descriptive properties
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Give the operational definition of a metal:
________________________________
________________________________
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NONMETALS ARE FOUND
IN ALL 3 ______________
List typical or descriptive properties
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Give the operational definition of a nonmetal:
________________________________
________________________________
Sulfur, S(s)
Bromine, Br2(l)
Chlorine, Cl2(l)
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METALLOIDS
show some
properties of
metals and some
of nonmetals
also known as
_______conductors Properties of Silicon
shiny
conducts electricity
poorly
does not conduct heat
well
brittle
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Patterns in Metallic Character
= Metal
= Metalloid
= Nonmetal
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THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Elements with similar chemical and
physical properties are in the __________
_________ are called Groups or Families
designated by a number and letter at top
rows are called _______________
each ______ shows the pattern of
properties repeated in the next period
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The Modern Periodic Table
• Main Group = Representative Elements = “A” groups
• Transition Elements = “B” groups
all metals
• Bottom Rows = Inner Transition Elements = Rare Earth Elements
metals
really belong in Period 6 & 7
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= Alkali Metals
= Alkali Earth Metals
= Noble Gases
= Halogens
= Lanthanides
= Actinides
= Transition Metals
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Important Groups - Hydrogen
• nonmetal
• colorless, diatomic gas
very low melting point and density
• reacts with nonmetals to form molecular
compounds
HCl is acidic gas
H2O is a liquid
• reacts with metals to form hydrides
metal hydrides react with water to form H2
• HX dissolves in water to form acids
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Important Groups - Alkali Metals
• Group IA = Alkali Metals
• soft, low melting points, low density
• flame tests
• very reactive
• water-soluble compounds, colorless
• react with water to form basic (alkaline) solutions and H2
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
releases a lot of heat
lithium
sodium
potassium
rubidium
cesium
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Important Groups - Alkali Earth Metals
• Group IIA = Alkali Earth Metals
• harder, higher melting, and denser than alkali metals
Mg alloys used as structural materials
• flame tests
• reactive
• form stable, insoluble oxides from which they are normally extracted
• oxides are basic
• reactivity with water to form H2
Be = none; Mg = steam; Ca, Sr, Ba = cold water
magnesium
calcium
beryllium
strontium
barium
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Important Groups - Halogens
• Group VIIA = Halogens
• nonmetals
• all diatomic
• very reactive
• Cl2, Br2 react slowly with water
Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr
• react with metals to form ionic compounds
• HX all acids
HF weak < HCl < HBr < HI
bromine
iodine
chlorine
fluorine
astatine
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Important Groups - Noble Gases
• Group VIIIA = Noble Gases
• all gases
very low melting and boiling
points
• very unreactive, practically
inert
• BECAUSE IT IS
• very hard to remove electron
from or give an electron to
helium
neon
argon
krypton
xenon
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ION CHARGE AND THE PERIODIC
TABLE the charge on an ion of a representative
element can often be determined from an
element’s position on the Periodic Table
metals _________________
Nonmetals_____________________
main group metals, Charge = _______
nonmetals, charge = ________________
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Li+1
Na+1
K+1
Rb+1
Cs+1
Mg+2
Ca+2
Sr+2
Ba+2
Al+3
O-2
S-2
Se-2
Te-2
F-1
Cl-1
Br-1
I-1
N-3
1A
2A 3A 7A6A5A
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The Mole
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Counting Atoms by Moles
WHY?
• The number of atoms we will use is 6.022 x 1023
and we call this a mole 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 things Like 1 dozen = 12 things
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Chemical Packages - Moles• mole = number of particles equal to the
number of atoms in 12 g of C-12
1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12 amu
1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12 g
• The number of particles in 1 mole is called
Avogadro’s Number = 6.0221421 x 1023
1 mole of C atoms weighs 12.01 g and has
6.022 x 1023 atoms
the average mass of a C atom is 12.01 amu
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Example 2.6 Calculate the number of atoms
in 2.45 mol of copper
since atoms are small, the large number of atoms
makes sense
1 mol = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
2.45 mol Cu
atoms Cu
Check:
Solution:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Given:
Find:
mol Cu atoms Cu
mol 1
atoms 10022.6 23
Cu atoms 101.48
mol 1
atoms 10022.6Cu mol 45.2
24
23
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MOLES AND MASS
The mass of one mole of atoms is called the
_____________
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Mole and Mass RelationshipsSubstance
Weight of
1 atom
Pieces in
1 mole
Weight of
1 mole
hydrogen 1.008 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 1.008 g
carbon 12.01 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 12.01 g
oxygen 16.00 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 16.00 g
sulfur 32.06 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 32.06 g
calcium 40.08 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 40.08 g
chlorine 35.45 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 35.45 g
copper 63.55 amu 6.022 x 1023
atoms 63.55 g
1 mole
sulfur
32.06 g
1 mole
carbon
12.01 g
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Example 2.7 Calculate the moles of carbon
in 0.0265 g of pencil lead
since the given amount is much less than 1 mol C,
the number makes sense
1 mol C = 12.01 g
0.0265 g C
mol C
Check:
Solution:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Given:
Find:
g C mol C
g 12.01
mol 1
C mol 102.21
g 12.01
mol 1C g 0265.0
3-
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Example 2.8 How many copper atoms are in
a penny weighing 3.10 g?
since the given amount is much less than 1 mol Cu,
the number makes sense
1 mol Cu = 63.55 g,
1 mol = 6.022 x 1023
3.10 g Cu
atoms Cu
Check:
Solution:
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
Given:
Find:
g 63.55
mol 1
Cu atoms 102.94
mol 1
atoms 10022.6
Cu g 63.55
Cu mol 1Cu g .103
22
23
g Cu mol Cu atoms Cu
mol 1
atoms 106.022 23
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What element is defined by the following information?
• p+ = 11 n° = 12 e- = 11
• A) sodium
• B) vanadium
• C) magnesium
• D) titanium
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• p+ = 11 n° = 12 e- = 11
• A) sodium
• B) vanadium
• C) magnesium
• D) titanium
• Answer: A
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What element is defined by the following information?
p+ = 17 n° = 20 e- = 17
• A) calcium
• B) rubidium
• C) chlorine
• D) neon
• E) oxygen
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p+ = 17 n° = 20 e- = 17
• A) calcium
• B) rubidium
• C) chlorine
• D) neon
• E) oxygen
• Answer: C
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What does X represent in the symbol?
• A) mercury
• B) chlorine
• C) scandium
• D) bromine
• E) selenium
80X35
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• A) mercury
• B) chlorine
• C) scandium
• D) bromine
• E) selenium
• Answer: D
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40X18
• A) p+ = 18 n° = 18 e- = 22
• B) p+ = 18 n° = 22 e- = 18
• C) p+ = 22 n° = 18 e- = 18
• D) p+ = 18 n° = 22 e- = 40
• E) p+ = 40 n° = 22 e- = 18
• Answer: B
Determine the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in :
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A) p+ = 18 n° = 18 e- = 22
B) p+ = 18 n° = 22 e- = 18
C) p+ = 22 n° = 18 e- = 18
D) p+ = 18 n° = 22 e- = 40
E) p+ = 40 n° = 22 e- = 18
Answer: B
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What species is represented by the
following information?
• p+ = 12 n° = 14 e- = 10
• A) Si4+
• B) Mg
• C) Ne
• D) Si
• E) Mg2+
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p+ = 12 n° = 14 e- = 10
A) Si4+
B) Mg
C) Ne
D) Si
E) Mg2+
Answer: E
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What species is represented by the
following information?
• p+ = 17 n° = 18 e- = 18
• A) Cl
• B) Cl-
• C) Ar
• D) Ar+
• E) Kr
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p+ = 17 n° = 18 e- = 18
A) Cl
B) Cl-
C) Ar
D) Ar+
E) Kr
Answer: B
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Which of the following elements is a
metal?
• A) As
• B) C
• C) I
• D) Sn
• E) Se
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A) As
B) C
C) I
D) Sn
E) Se
Answer: D
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Which of the following elements is a
halogen?
• A) Ne
• B) I
• C) O
• D) Mg
• E) K
• Answer: B
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A) Ne
B) I
C) O
D) Mg
E) K
Answer: B
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Predict the charge that an aluminum ion
would have.
• A) 5-
• B) 1+
• C) 1-
• D) 2+
• E) 3+
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A) 5-
B) 1+
C) 1-
D) 2+
E) 3+
Answer: E
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Two samples of potassium iodide are decomposed into
their constituent elements. The first sample produced 13.0
g of potassium and 42.3 g of iodine. If the second sample
produced 24.4 kg of potassium, how many kg of iodine
were produced?• A) 13.3 kg
• B) 22.5 kg
• C) 79.4 kg
• D) 44.4 kg
• E) 92.4 kg
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A) 13.3 kg
B) 22.5 kg
C) 79.4 kg
D) 44.4 kg
E) 92.4 kg
Answer: C
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Calculate the atomic mass of silver if silver has 2
naturally occurring isotopes with the following masses
andatural abundances:
Ag-107 106.90509 amu 51.84%
Ag-109 108.90476 amu 48.46%
• A) 107.90 amu
• B) 108.00 amu
• C) 107.79 amu
• D) 108.32 amu
• E) 108.19 amu
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A) 107.90 amu
B) 108.00 amu
C) 107.79 amu
D) 108.32 amu
E) 108.19 amu
Answer: E
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How many xenon atoms are contained
in 2.36 moles of xenon?
• A) 3.92 × 1024 xenon atoms
• B) 2.55 × 1023 xenon atoms
• C) 1.42 × 1024 xenon atoms
• D) 7.91 × 1025 xenon atoms
• E) 1.87 × 1026 xenon atoms
• Answer: C
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A) 3.92 × 1024 xenon atoms
B) 2.55 × 1023 xenon atoms
C) 1.42 × 1024 xenon atoms
D) 7.91 × 1025 xenon atoms
E) 1.87 × 1026 xenon atoms
Answer: C
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What mass (in mg) does 2.63 moles of nickel have?
• A) 44.8 mg
• B) 2.23 × 104 mg
• C) 129 mg
• D) 3.56 x 105 mg
• E) 1.54 x 105 mg
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A) 44.8 mg
B) 2.23 × 104 mg
C) 129 mg
D) 3.56 x 105 mg
E) 1.54 x 105 mg
Answer: E
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How many moles of Cs are contained in 595 kg of Cs?
• A) 2.23 × 102 moles Cs
• B) 4.48 × 103 moles Cs
• C) 7.91 × 104 moles Cs
• D) 1.26 × 103 moles Cs
• E) 5.39 × 102 moles Cs
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A) 2.23 × 102 moles Cs
B) 4.48 × 103 moles Cs
C) 7.91 × 104 moles Cs
D) 1.26 × 103 moles Cs
E) 5.39 × 102 moles Cs
Answer: B