atomic beta decay by electron...

Atomic beta decayby electron capture

Tuesday, 05 February, 2013


The e-neutrino mass(es)



The e-neutrino mass(es)x Maurizio Lusignoli




Calorimetric measurements



Progress: Galeazzi et al., Ranitsch et al., Gastaldi et al. ... &

talks by Koester, Lahiri, Rabin, Engle ...


Calorimetric measurements


. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

1S


�IBEC

. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

1S


. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

1S


. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

(Z � 1)1P

�X

2P

1S


. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

(Z � 1)1P

�X

2P

1S

�IBEC

⌫


. . .

2S

2S

2P

p n⌫

Z (Z � 1)1S

e

(Z � 1)1P

�X

2P

Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)

Same initial and final statesQM: the same (Feynman 1949)

2P

1S

�IBEC

⌫


IBEC: Internal Bremsstrahlung in Electron Capture

e.g. Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)2P

2PTuesday, 05 February, 2013

Q ⌘ M(Z)�M(Z � 1)HOLE


e.g. Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)2P

2PTuesday, 05 February, 2013



e.g. Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)2P

2P

kmax

(1P) = Q� E(1P)�m⌫2P 2P


d!

dk|k⇠k

max

/ k (k � kmax

)p(k � k

max

)2 �m2

⌫



e.g. Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)2P

2P

kmax

(1P) = Q� E(1P)�m⌫2P 2P


d!

dk|k⇠k

max

/ k (k � kmax

)p(k � k

max

)2 �m2

⌫



e.g. Z ! (Z � 1)1P + �(k) + ⌫(E⌫)2P

2P

kmax

(1P) = Q� E(1P)�m⌫2P 2P

k2e ! k� : IR DIVTuesday, 05 February, 2013

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)


Glauber &Martin (58)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)



ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)



ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)

Low Q: Gigantic enhancement,good fraction of events ~ endpoint



ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)

16367Ho

19378PtLow Q: Gigantic enhancement,

good fraction of events ~ endpointTuesday, 05 February, 2013


ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)

16367Ho

19378Pt

19378Pt

205 210 215 220 2250

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

pd!

/kdk 2P

3P




ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV)

m⌫ 6= 0

16367Ho

19378Pt

19378Pt

205 210 215 220 2250

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

pd!

/kdk 2P

3P




ADR (80)

0 50 100 150 2000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

55Fe

1S

2S

2P

d!/d

k

k(keV) Need X-ray coincidenceto tell the HOLE !

TOUGH NOODLES

m⌫ 6= 0

16367Ho

19378Pt

19378Pt

205 210 215 220 2250

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

pd!

/kdk 2P

3P



Solution: Calorimetry


Solution: CalorimetryIn a calorimetric measurement all

endpoints of all decay channels coincide




This includes all photon- or electron-emission atomic de-excitations (EEEC)


n2

n1

Auger





n2

n1

Auger

n1n1

Coster-Kronig





n2

n1

Auger

n1n1

Coster-Kronig

n1n1

n1

Super-Coster-Kronig





n2

n1

Auger

n1n1

Coster-Kronig

n1n1

n1

Super-Coster-Kronig




ADR 1980Tuesday, 05 February, 2013

n2

n1

Auger

n1n1

Coster-Kronig

n1n1

n1

Super-Coster-Kronig




ADR 1980 But: Fiorini ....Tuesday, 05 February, 2013

“Effective” calorimetric theory, Lusignoli & me (1982)


Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H



Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H


Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1


Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = M[det.,before] - M[det.,after](Chem. pure detector)


Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = E⌫ + Ec



Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = E⌫ + Ec

No matter whatstate H was !!!!



Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = E⌫ + Ec

dW

dEc= � dW

dE⌫|E⌫=Q�Ec




Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = E⌫ + Ec

dW

dEc= � dW

dE⌫|E⌫=Q�Ec

} No matter whatstate H was !!!!



Z, A Z-1, A

e

Z (Z � 1)H

⌫H


Z

⌫

(Z � 1)H

Ec

Z � 1

Q = E⌫ + Ec

dW

dEc= � dW

dE⌫|E⌫=Q�Ec

}dW

dEc/ (Q� Ec)

p(Q� Ec)2 �m2

⌫

X

H

'2H(0) �

H

(Ec � EH)2 + �2

H/4




M

N

N

M

MM

O


M

N

N

M

MM

O Q = 2.58 keV

�Ec(FWHM)

= 100 eV


M

N

N

M

MM

O Q = 2.58 keV

�Ec(FWHM)

= 100 eV 1982 !!


M

N

N

M

MM

O Q = 2.58 keV

�Ec(FWHM)

= 100 eV 1982 !!End-point


M

N

N

M

MM

O Q = 2.58 keV

�Ec(FWHM)

= 100 eV

Q = 2.58 keV

Q = 2.30 keV

1982 !!End-point


M

N

N

M

MM

O Q = 2.58 keV

�Ec(FWHM)

= 100 eV

Q = 2.58 keV

Q = 2.30 keV

Peak-hight ratiosQ-value

1982 !!End-point


16367Ho Q = 2.3 to 2.8 keV


16367Ho Q = 2.3 to 2.8 keV

Q = 2.58± 0.10 keV; T1/2 = (7± 2) 103 y

Q = 2.30± 0.15 keV; T1/2 = 900+500

�200y

Anderson et al. 1982

Yasumi et al. 1982


16367Ho Q = 2.3 to 2.8 keV

Q = 2.58± 0.10 keV; T1/2 = (7± 2) 103 y

Q = 2.30± 0.15 keV; T1/2 = 900+500

�200y


Yasumi et al. 1982

K(n = 1), L(n = 2)Capture forbidden


16367Ho Q = 2.3 to 2.8 keV

Q = 2.58± 0.10 keV; T1/2 = (7± 2) 103 y

Q = 2.30± 0.15 keV; T1/2 = 900+500

�200y


Yasumi et al. 1982


M1 (3S1/2), M2 (3P1/2)N1 (4S1/2), N2 (4P1/2)

etc allowedTuesday, 05 February, 2013

16367Ho Q = 2.3 to 2.8 keV

Q = 2.58± 0.10 keV; T1/2 = (7± 2) 103 y

Q = 2.30± 0.15 keV; T1/2 = 900+500

�200y


Yasumi et al. 1982


M1 (3S1/2), M2 (3P1/2)N1 (4S1/2), N2 (4P1/2)

etc allowed [keV]cE

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

]-1

[k

eV

c/d

E!

d!

1/

-310

-210

-110

1

10

210

M1

M2

N1

N2

O Galeazzi et al. 2012Q = 2.5 keV


Bennett et al. 1981163Ho

X-ray


163HoGatti et al.1997


X-ray



163Ho

144Pm

Gastaldo et al. 2012


X-ray



163Ho

144Pm

Gastaldo et al. 2012


X-ray

Talks aplentyat -Mass 2013⌫


Pile-up Spectrum: 2 events in same time gate

Ec in keV

ADR & Lusignoli 1982



Ec in keV

Measurable: artificially varying time gate




Ec in keV

Measurable: artificially varying time gateCurable: Multiple micro-bolometers

Galeazzi et al., Ranitsch et al. & Gastaldi et al.



DOUBLE Electron Capture



Winter 1955Georgi, Glashow & Nussinov 1981: Resonant.




Bernabeu, ADR & Jarlskog 1983




Bernabeu, ADR & Jarlskog 1983Effective Theory of resonant ee-Capture


* Excited NucleusH, H’ e-Holes


MixingG2F



K0 ! K̄0

MixingG2F



K0 ! K̄0

MixingG2F

SmallResonantEnhancement

�M



K0 ! K̄0

MixingG2F


�M


� ⌘ �M= Q� E


K0 ! K̄0

MixingG2F


�M


Signatures: HH’ de-excitationE* gamma-ray(s)

� ⌘ �M= Q� E


K0 ! K̄0

MixingG2F


�M


Phase space:suppressed2 ⌫

Signatures: HH’ de-excitationE* gamma-ray(s)

� ⌘ �M= Q� E


BDJ


110Sn

BDJ


110Sn

152Gd

BDJ


Eliseev et al. 2011, 2012152Gd

� =



0.91± 0.18 keV4± 4 keV !

� =



0.91± 0.18 keV4± 4 keV !

� =

REF =�2h

�2 + �22h

/ 54Fe



Calorimetry ?Monochromatic, No backgr.2 ⌫

0.91± 0.18 keV4± 4 keV !

� =

REF =�2h

�2 + �22h

/ 54Fe



Calorimetry ?Monochromatic, No backgr.2 ⌫

0.91± 0.18 keV4± 4 keV !

⌧ ⇠ 1026 y1 eV2

hm⌫i2� =

REF =�2h

�2 + �22h

/ 54Fe


3 |||Parameters of our universe chosen

⌫ Physics



⌫ Physics�m2

ij , ✓ij, �?



⌫ Physics�m2

ij , ✓ij, �?

E(CRs), h(atms); ⇢(atms), ⌧(µ)



⌫ Physics�m2

ij , ✓ij, �?


R�, ⇢�, R⌦, ⇢⌦



⌫ Physics�m2

ij , ✓ij, �?


R�, ⇢�, R⌦, ⇢⌦ 9 Reactors



⌫ Physics

EC measurements of e-neutrino “mass” ??

�m2ij , ✓ij, �?





⌫ Physics

EC measurements of e-neutrino “mass” ??(Gregers Hansen)

�m2ij , ✓ij, �?





⌫ Physics


Cosmology VX

i

mi = O(1) eV

�m2ij , ✓ij, �?





⌫ Physics


Cosmology VX

i

mi = O(1) eV

�m2ij , ✓ij, �?



MassesDegenerate



⌫ Physics


Cosmology VX

i

mi = O(1) eV

9 Hope for m(⌫e) experiments

�m2ij , ✓ij, �?



MassesDegenerate


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