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TKL 134 TKL 134 –– PencemaranPencemaran UdaraUdara

Atmosphere & Air Pollution Atmosphere & Air Pollution

ByBySri Sri HapsariHapsari BudisulistioriniBudisulistiorini

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Earth?Earth?

Earth consists of layers (UCAR 2004): 1. Atmosphere a mixture of gases that surrounds

another planet or a star2. Hydrosphere all of the water on or over the earth’s

surface3. Lithosphere the layer of rock that forms the outer

part of the earth; up to 100 km below the surface4. Mantle the layer in Earth's interior between the crust

and the core5. Core composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot

that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur(S)

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Atmosphere CompositionAtmosphere Composition

N (78%) O2 (21%)others 1% → argon (0,9%), CO2 (0,03%), H2O, H, O3, CH4, CO, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.

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Atmosphere Layers:Atmosphere Layers:TroposphereTroposphere

75-80% of the atmosphere Heated from below warm air tends to rise stirred up

quite coldTemperature around -55° C Temperature decrease 6,5°C per 1000 m

Source: UCAR (2004)

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Atmosphere Layers:Atmosphere Layers:StratosphereStratosphere

Very stable Ozone absorb UV radiation Temperatures rise opposite of troposphereLittle convection & mixing in the stratosphere materials stay longer global climateLittle water vapor Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) increase the effect of ozone hole Source: UCAR (2004) 6

Atmosphere Layers:Atmosphere Layers:MesosphereMesosphere

Temperature decrease (the coldest part -90° C)Weather balloons & jet planes cannot reach Most meteors burn up Noctilucent clouds forms near the North and South Poles All gases are mixed Above the mesosphere air is so thin no gases mixingAir waves start in troposphere, stratosphere, and move upward into mesosphere carry energy

air movementSource: UCAR (2004)

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Atmosphere Layers:Atmosphere Layers:ThermosphereThermosphere

Temperatures climb sharply then level off & steady Low air density Space shuttle and the International Space StationInfrequent gas particles collision UV & X-ray break apart molecules Main components: O, N & HeHigh-energy solar photons tear electrons electrically-charged ions of atoms & moleculesAurora collision of charged particles from space & atoms & molecules in the thermosphere photons

Source: Huboyo & Budihardjo 8

Atmosphere Layers:Atmosphere Layers:ExosphereExosphere

Atmosphere becomes very thin Atoms and molecules escape into space

The clouds troposphere & stratosphere

The dark blue curve/edge mesosphere &

thermosphere

The dark blue to black region of space exosphere extends outSource: NASA in UCAR (2004)

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FunctionsFunctions

Radiation protectionHydrological cycleEnergy resourceMedia for emission reaction

Meteorological effect to pollutant dilutionAtmosphere interaction with altitude and landscape

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Air pollutionAir pollution

Masuknya satu atau lebih kontaminan/polutan sepertidebu, asap, bau, gas, dan uap ke atmosfer dalam jumlahtertentu dan karakteristik tertentu serta dalam waktutertentu pula yang dapat membahayakan kehidupanmanusia, hewan, tumbuhan, dan menggangukenyamanan dalam kehidupan (Peavy, 1985)Sebagian udara yang mengandung satu atau lebih bahankimia konsentrasi yang cukup tinggi untukmembahayakan manusia, hewan, vegetasi atau material (Tyler 1982)

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Clean & Polluted AirClean & Polluted Air

Indonesia was the 3rd most polluted country in the world after Mexico and Thailand (UNEP, 2007).

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Types of Types of PoluutionPoluution (Warner 1981)(Warner 1981)

Primary direct emissionEx: PM 10, SO2, NO2, CO & Pb

Secondary reaction of primary gases in the atmosphere

Ex: ozone from photochemical oxidation, nitrate, etc

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Classification of SourcesClassification of Sources

Sumber : Colls, 2002 14

Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

Primary: Motor vehicles emission & industrial flue gasSecondary: gas condensation & chemical reactionCharacteristics:

Physical size, formation, settling velocity, etcChemical organic & inorganic composition (Hinds C. W, 2000)

Size:Fine particle ≤2,5 µm Coarse particle >2,5 µm

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Particles Formation

Dust solid aerosol from mechanical crushing & grinding of larger materialFume solid aerosol from vapor condensation and combustion flue gas (<1 µm)Smoke visible solid & liquid aerosol from incomplete combustion (< 1 µm)Mist liquid aerosol from condensation or chemical reaction (up to 20 µm)Fog or smog photochemical reaction and water vapor (1-2 µm lesser than smokeFly ash from coal combustion

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ReferenceReference

Neiburger, Morris. 1995. Memahami Lingkungan AtmosferKita-Terjemahan. Ardino Purbu. Bandung. ITB.Ostro (1994) and Resosudamo (1996) presented in the Integrated Vehicle Emission Strategy Workshop October 16-18, 2001, Jakarta, IndonesiaSoemarno, Sri.H (1999), Meteorologi Pencemaran Udara, diktat kuliah GM ITB, Penerbit ITBUCAR 2004, Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/