atle hesmyr: civic virtue versus corporate self-interest -- the decisive battle of the 21st century

7/27/2019 Atle Hesmyr: Civic Virtue Versus Corporate Self-Interest -- The Decisive Battle of the 21st Century

1/54

=

Ihvhi Thrtug

vgrsus

Ijrpjrmtg

Yg`d Hftgrgst

\cg Lgihshvg Kmtt`g jd tcg ;=

st

Igftury

hsus _uk`himthjfs

Mt`g Cgsbyr


2/54

;

Ihvhi Thrtug Tgrsus Ijrpjrmtg Yg`d-Hftgrgst1

\cg Lgihshvg Kmtt`g jd tcg ;=stIgftury hs mf

gssmy drjb tcg kjja, Ihvh` hzmthjf, Jhajs, mfl

_rjnrgss1 Gf` hnctgfbgft vgrsus Kmrkmrhsb hf

Chstjry(;?=95 Fhsus _uk`himthjfs).

Ijpyrhnct5 Fhsus _uk`himthjfs, ;?=9

fhsus;?=


3/54

9

Ihvhi Thrtug vgrsus Ijrpjrmtg

Yg`d-Hftgrgsttcg Lgihshvg

Kmtt`g jd tcg ;=stIgftury

Hftrjluithjf

\cg prhbmry prjnrgsshvg djius djr cubmfhty ms m wcj`g

wms, ufth` dmhr`y rgigft`y, tj prjvhlg mlgqumtg bgmfs jd

sukshstgfig djr tcg vmst bmejrhty, hf jrlgr tj gbmfihpmtg

tcg hflhvhlum` drjb bmtgrhm` simrihty mfl tjh`, sj tcmt cg

jr scg bmy kg mk`g tj tmag mf mithvg pmrt hf tcg djrbmthjf

jd sjihgty mfl du`dh`` tcghr pjtgfthm`hthgs ms du``y

lgvg`jpgl cubmf kghfns miijrlhfn tj tcg stmflmrls jd

tcg mitum` thbg pgrhjl. \chs wms m pmrt jd tcg pj`hthim`

prjnrmb jd tcg Gf`hnctgfbgft Grm, bmfhdgstgl tcrjunc

puk`himthjfs suic ms tcg Drgfic Gfiyi`jpmglhm.

Jkvhjus`y, tcg lhstrhkuthjf jd kgfgdhts mfl kurlgfs

whtchf sjihgty, mfl tcg ijftrj` jd tcg bgmfs jd

prjluithjftcg hssugs wchic mbjfn rmlhim`s tcrjuncjutbjrg tcmf twj igfturhgs cmvg kggf `mkg`gl ms tcg sjihm`

qugsthjf cmvg vmrhgl whtc lhddgrgft sjihm` struiturgs

mfl chstjrhim` gpjics. \chs lhstrhkuthjf vmrhgs hf hts

icmrmitgr drjb m dmhr`y gnm`htmrhmf prjdh`g hf tcg gmr`y

pcmsg jd cubmf gxhstgfig, hf vmrhjus trhkm` sjihgthgs, tj

mf hbbgfsg miiubu`mthjf jf tcg pmrt jd m dgw prhvh`gngl


4/54

tchs ijftgxt hs5 Cjw mrg tcg vgry tgrbs lgvg`jpbgft,

prjnrgss, mfl cmpphfgss lgdhfgl ky tcg ijbbjfgr hf

tcg strggt:

Imphtm`hsb mfl Nrjwtc djr hts jwf smag

Hf prg-imphtm`hst grmshf trhkm` sjihgthgs, hf tcg I`msshim`

wjr`l, tcg Bhll`g Mngs mfl gmr`y bjlgrf thbgs up tj tcgrgvjùthjfmry mfl Fmpj`gjfhi wmrs tcg hftgrmithjf

kgtwggf bmf mfl chs fmturm` surrjuflhfns, mfl tcg

gijsystgbs tcmt suppjrt tcg wcj`g wgk jd `hdg, wms

prgjiiuphgl whtc tcg prjvhshjfhfn jd tcg bgmfs jd

sukshstgfig, mfl jf`y sgijfl`y wms tcgrg gvgr m qugsthjf

jd miquhrhfn surpùsgs djr miiubu`mthjf. \j tcg gxtgft

tcmt cjmrlhfn wms hfvj`vgl, tcg surpùsgs wgrg `mrng`y

hftgflgl tj bggt tcg fggls jd tcg wcj`g pjpu`mthjf

fjtmk`y tcg hfcmkhtmfts jd tcg gmr`y ihthgs, suic ms wms tcg

imsg whtc tcg nrmfmrhgs hf Gurjpgs bhll`g mngs. M

ijfshlgrmk`g pmrt fjt tj smy m`` jd tcg tjwfs jd tcg

Bhll`g Mngs cml suic prjvhshjfs djr lhstrhkuthjf hf thbgs

jd dmh`hfn irjps, stmrvmthjf mfl cufngr, mfl tcgy wgrgquhtg jdtgf mlbhfhstgrgl mfl tgflgl tj ky chnc`y

lgbjirmthi mssgbk`hgs. Cgfig, tcg surpùsgs wgrg

rglhstrhkutgl tj tcg ihthzgfs hf gquhtmk`g pjrthjfs ms tcghr

fggls bmy cmvg lhitmtgl. Bjrgjvgr, tchs ahfl jd

bmfmngbgft wms mf hfstmfig jd m ijbbufhty jrhgftgl

gijfjbhi systgb wchic m`sj rgmicgl hftj tcg


8/54

3

ijuftryshlg, wcgrg ht iju`l tmag tcg djrb jd ijbbjf

`mfls, ijbbufm` nrmhf bh``s, smw bh``s, mfl sj jf. Mt

tcgsg stmngs jd sjihm` lgvg`jpbgft, tcgrg wgrg mttmicgl

strhit tmkjjs jf hflhvhlum` gijfjbhi nmhf whtc sjbg

gxigpthjfs lurhfn tcg dm`` jd tcg [jbmf [gpuk`hi mfl hf

tcg lgi`hfhfn stmngs jd tcg [jbmf Gbphrg mfl tj tcg

gxtgft tcmt tcg miiubu`mthjf jd rhicgs, imphtm` mfl

rgsjurigs hf ngfgrm` tjja p`mig, tcg prjigssgs wgrg kmsgl

jf `mfl nrmkkhfn imbpmhnfs `hag tcg Gfi`jsurgbjvgbgfts hf Krhtmhf drjb tcg =4

tc igftury jfwmrls.

=

Bgricmfts wcj cmppgfgl tj gmrf djrtufgs jf tcghr

vjymngs mfl trmlhfn mithvhthgs hf ihty pjrts mfl jtcgr

rgnhjfm` bmragts wgrg jk`hngl tj hfvgst tcghr gmrfhfns hf

`mflgl gstmtgs, eust tj gsimpg tcg tmkjjs mfl ijfvhithjfs

jd tcg ijbbufhty mt `mrng mnmhfst tcg miiubu`mthjf jd

bjfgy nmhfs.

\cg ijftrmst kgtwggf tcgsg prg-imphtm`hst gpjics mfl tcg

prgsgft n`jkm`hzgl imphtm`hsb hs stuffhfn. Drjb kghfn

mssjihmtgl whtc tcg strhitgst tmkjjs whtchf tcg drmbgwjra

jd prgljbhfmft`y prg-bmragt sjihgthgs, trmhts suic ms

bjfgtmry sg`d-hftgrgst mfl pgrsjfm` gijfjbhi nmhf cmvg

kggf turfgl hftj m du``y miigptmk`g, hflggl, fmturm`lrhvg mbjfn jur spgihgs, miijbpmfhgl ky tcg lgshnfmthjf

jd imphtm`hsb ms m fmturm` `mw. Hf tchs ijftgxt, Amr`

_j`mfyhs lgsirhpthjf jd tchs lrmsthi jvgrturfhfn hs quhtg

strhahfn, hf tcg wmy cg mllrgssgs tcg hssug hf chs wjra,

\cg Nrgmt \rmfsdjrbmthjf.; Mlbhttgl`y, jfg scju`l fjt

supprgss tcg dmit tcmt cubmfhty, lurhfn hts ;?? ygmrs jd


9/54

8

imphtm`hst lgvg`jpbgft, cms michgvgl mf hbbgfsg nrjwtc

hf gijfjbhi prjluithvhty mfl, cgfig, `mhl tcg djuflmthjfs

djr m sjihgty hf wchic bmtgrhm` ufigrtmhfty mfl simrihty hs

ljfg mwmy whtc hf m nrgmt bmfy rgnhjfs jd tcg wjr`lmt

`gmst supgrdhihm``y mfl mt tcg prgsgft stmng. Cjwgvgr, ms

`jfn ms tcg smbg gijfjbhi mfl sjihm` systgb cms `gl tj

mf gvgr hfirgmshfn miiubu`mthjf jf kgcm`d jd m thfy

drmithjf mbjfn uswcgtcgr hf tcg djrb jd imphtm` njjls

jr rgm` gstmtg, bjfjpj`hzmthjf mfl uflgbjirmthi sjihm`struiturgshts lgvg`jpbgft cms fjt turfgl jut dmvjrmk`g

djr tcg vmst bmejrhty jd tcg n`jkm` pjpu`mig. \cg pmrmljx

wchic rgsts hf tcg `mia jd ijfshstgfiy hf tcg rg`mthjfschp

kgtwggf tcg rcgtjrhi jd prjnrgss, lgbjirmiy mfl

ihvh`hzmthjf, pjrtrmygl ky tjlmys bmhfstrgmb

vjimthjfm`pj`hthihmfs, kurgmuirmts mfl gijfjbhi g`htgs,

mfl tcg m`mrbhfn pjvgrty mbjfn uflgrprhvh`gngl pgjp`ghf tcg wgstgrf wjr`l ms wg`` ms tcg nrgmt bmejrhty hf tcg

\chrl ^jr`l, hs gspgihm``y h``ustrhjus. \cus, bjrg hs tj

kg lgbmflgl tcmf s`jnmfs jd rg`gnmthfn pjvgrty tj

chstjry hd tcg tgrbhfmthjf jd tchs sjihm` vhig hs tj kg

michgvgl jfig mfl djr m``. \cg qugsthjf rgbmhfs wcgtcgr

ht wju`l kg pjsshk`g mt m`` tj rgdjrb imphtm`hsb

(uflgrstjjl hf tcg whlgst sgfsg ms mf gijfjbhi systgb

kmsgl jf iurrgfihgs, gxicmfng jd njjls mfl

miiubu`mthjf jd imphtm`) hf suic m wmy tcmt ht imf turf

hftj mf gijfjbhi systgb wchic bggts kmshi gijfjbhi

fggls mbjfn tcg bmejrhty jd tcg wjr`ls pjpu`mthjfs,

vhgwgl hf tcg `hnct jd tcg vmst mbjuft jd strunn`gs wchic


10/54

=?

cmvg kggf `muficgl ky trmlg ufhjfs, pj`hthim` pmrthgs mfl

sjihm` lgbjirmthi njvgrfbgfts djr mpprjxhbmtg`y =7?

ygmrs. \cg vgry tgrb imphtm`hsb kg`jfns tj tcg rmtcgr

h``-lgdhfgl jfgs hf jur grm, `mrng`y lug tj tcg

lhicjtjbhzhfn gddgits jd tcg bjfjpj`hzmthjf jd gijfjbhi

m`tgrfmthvgs ky tcg Bmrxhst trmlhthjf. Bjrgjvgr, jf tjp jd

m`` tchs ijbg tcg jvgrwcg`bhfn mfl hf tcg wjrst jd

imsgshrrgvgrshk`g gij`jnhim` lgspj`hmthjfs prjluigl ky

imphtm`hsb lurhfn hts chstjry ufmvjhlmk`g ijfsgqugfigsjd mf gijfjbhi systgb jksgssgl whtc tcg rmphlgst

pjsshk`g prjdhts mt tcg ijst jd cubmf wg`dmrg mfl

gij`jnhim` hftgnrhty, wchic m`rgmly hf tcg `mtg =89?s wms

subbgl up ky Imr` J. Ymugr whtc tcg wjrls jf kgcm`d jd

tcg wgstgrf wjr`l tcmt wg cmvg fjt ygt `gmrfgl tcg

lhddgrgfig kgtwggf `jjt mfl yhg`l.9

\cg mkjvg bgfthjfgl wmrpgl ijflhthjfs ijfigrf tcg

lhrgit cubmf mfl gij`jnhim` ijfsgqugfigs jd n`jkm`hzgl

imphtm`hsb, wchic cms turfgl nrjwtc djr hts jwf smag hftj

m sjrt jd bmftrm. ^g mrg fjt cgrg tmàhfn jd nrjwtc hf mfy

jrnmfhi sgfsg, kut rmtcgr jd m prjigss wchic djstgrs tcg

hfjrnmfhi ky uflgrbhfhfn gij`jnhim` mfl cubmf

lhvgrshty, turfs cubmf kghfns hftj `mkjr tjj`s mfl pmsshvgijfsubgrs, mfl pùflgrs tchs dgrth`g p`mfgts hfhthm``y rhic

wgks jd `hdg. Ht hs m nrjwtc wchic, ms m`rgmly m`ùlgl tj,

cms ms hts bmhf njm` tcg dmih`htmthjf jd gijfjbhi nmhf

mbjfn hflhvhlum` gftrgprgfgurs cgmlhfn nhnmfthi

ijrpjrmthjfsvgry jdtgf hf kushfgssgs wchic lhrgit`y mrg

tcrgmtgfhfn `hdg jf tchs p`mfgt hf hts gfthrgty, suic ms


11/54

==

pgtrj`gub hflustry, mrbs prjluithjf mfl ngfgthi

bjlhdhimthjf. \cg lgbjirmthi ijftrj` jvgr tcgsg

kushfgssgs hs vhrtum``y zgrj mfl, hf vhgw jd tchs dmit, m``

tm`a mkjut prj`hdgrmthfn lgbjirmiy hf tcg Mrmk wjr`l

mfl tcg Gmst hf ngfgrm` kgijbgs uttgr`y vmiujus. Hf

dmit, ht hs m`` mkjut mf gddjrt tj imbjud`mng tcg sg`d

hftgrgst kgchfl ngtthfn miigss tj tcg fmturm` rgsjurigs hf

tcgsg mrgms mfl tcus fjtchfn bjrg tcmf hbpgrhm`hsb

rglrgssgl mfl rgiyi`gl, stmnhfn m sirmbk`g djr Mdrhim;.?.

Hbprjvgl gijfjbhi ijflhthjfs djr tcg puk`hi mt `mrng, hf

tcg wgstgrf wjr`l ms wg`` ms hf tcg \chrl ^jr`l, mrg tj

kg ijfshlgrgl ms bjrg jr `gss wmywmrl pmrmpcgrfm`hm jd

gijfjbhi nrjwtc, mfl gvgf hf tcg kgst jd imsgs tcgy

dmvjr jf`y m thfy bhfjrhty sggf drjb m n`jkm`pgrspgithvg. H Fjrwmy jfg cms kggf sj jvgrwcg`bhfn`y

prhvh`gngl ms m rgsu`t jd tcg jh` mlvgfturg tcmt m dmhr`y

fubgrjus pmrt jd tcg pjpu`mig igrtmhf`y ky tcg cg`p jd

rglhstrhkuthfn bgicmfhsbs cms kggf mk`g tj rgmp tcg

druht jd wcmtgvgr nrjwtc cms tmagf p`mig, gvgf tcjunc

gijfjbhi hfgqum`hty hs hfirgmshfn m`sj jvgr cgrg. \cg

gqum`hzmthjf tcmt sjihm` lgbjirmiy hf tchs ijuftrymttmhfgl hf tcg dhrst lgimlgs dj``jwhfn ^jr`l ^mr ;, hs

mkjut tj kg rgvgrsgl, ijfijbhtmft`y whtc tcg hfirgmsg hf

puk`hi pjvgrty rgsu`thfn drjb tcg fgj-`hkgrm` hlgj`jny

mfl hts nrhp jf pj`hthim` pmrthgs wchic trmlhthjfm``y cmvg

kg`jfngl tj tcg @gdt mfl lgsphtg tcg dmit tcmt tcgsg

pmrthgs cmvg jk`hngl tcgbsg`vgs tj tcg tgflhfn jd tcg


12/54

=;

^g`dmrg Ytmtg mfl bmhftmhf tcghr rcgtjrhi tj tchs gfl, hd

jf`y fjt tj `jsg tcghr scmrg jd tcg g`gitjrmtg.

Miijbpmfyhfn tchs lgvg`jpbgfts tcgrg mrg sgvgrm` djrbs

jd m`hgfmthjf njhfn jf wchic `gmvg tcghr bmra jf tcg

`hvhfn ijflhthjfs jd tcg ihthzgf1 mpmrt drjb tcg bhfhbub

jd hfdùgfig jf cgr jr chs wjrahfn p`migs (lgsphtg m`` tcg

rcgtjrhi tj tcg ijftrmry), ht hs bmhf`y tcg jvgrwcg`bhfn

pj`hthim` lhsgbpjwgrbgft wchic sthnbmthzgs tcg

pgrsjfm`hty jd tcg ihthzgf hf jur jwf mng mfl `gmls tj mfhfirgmshfn sgfsg jd hsj`mthjf mfl `mia jd ijbbufhty tj

hlgfthdy whtc mfl hfdùgfig hf mfy ijfstruithvg mfl

irgmthvg bmffgrmspgits jd bjlgrfhty wchic igrtmhf`y

cmvg tmagf jf m `mrng`y ufhvgrsm` icmrmitgr.< \chs

pm`pmk`g sgfsg jd kghfn suspgflgl tj tcg shlg`hfg

pj`hthim``y mfl/jr sjihm``y wh`` cmvg tj kg ijfshlgrgl ms m

vmst`y uflgrgsthbmtgl dmitjr ms rgnmrls tcg bgftm` ms wg``ms pcyshim` cgm`tc jd gvgry ihthzgf. Hf tchs rgspgit m`` tcg

djrbu`ms jd psyicjtcgrmpy mfl jtcgr ahfls jd bjlgrf

trgmtbgft prjvg `mrng`y hfmlgqumtg, uf`gss tcgy mt tcg

vgry `gmst ijftrhkutg tj tcg uflgrstmflhfn hf tcg

rgspgithvg pmthgft jd cjw tchs lhsgbpjwgrbgft mfl

m`hgfmthjf hfdùgfigs chs jr cgr cgm`tc.7

Ms rgnmrls gijfjbhi mithvhty tcgsg lmys ht hs bmhf`y

prgjiiuphgl whtc tcg gf`mrngbgft jd scjrt tgrb gijfjbhi

nmhf djr tcg shfn`g gftrgprgfgur. Ht hs fjt qugsthjfgl

wcgtcgr tcg mitum` kushfgssgs hf tcgbsg`vgs mitum``y mrg

jd vhtm` mvmh` tj tcg puk`hi mt `mrng, jr wcgtcgr tcgy mrg

gij`jnhim``y sjufl mfl rgspjfshk`g mfl ijftrhkutg tj tcg


13/54

=9

gfrhicbgft jd fmturm` gvj`uthjf hf m whlgr mfl `jfn tgrb

pgrspgithvg. Fghtcgr mrg tcg ahfls jd sukstmfthm` fggls

pgjp`g bmy cmvg mllrgssgl hf mfy bgmfhfndu` wmy. ]uhtg

tj tcg ijftrmry, gvgryjfg hs drgg tj gbp`jy whtcjut

sirup`gs tcg bjst mnnrgsshvg sm`gs tgicfhqugs hf jrlgr tj

bmxhbhzg prjdhts, mfl cgfig ijftrhkutg tj tcg irgmthjf jd

fgw mfl ijfstruitgl fggls gvgr sj jdtgf. Hf m cmzy

sjihgty hf wchic pgjp`g rmrg`y cmvg thbg tj ijbbufhimtg,

gvgf hf tcghr i`jsgst rg`mthjfs, mfl hf wchic tcg sjihm`bglhm cmvg kgijbg suksthtuthjfs djr dmig-tj-dmig

lhm`jnug, ht hs sg`d-gvhlgft tcmt tcgrg wh`` kg m scjrtmng ms

dmr ms rgd`githfn jf kmshi bmtgrhm` fggls mfl tcghr

mlgqumtg smthsdmithjf njgs fjt tj smy m trgbgfljus

lgi`hfg hf `htgrmiy mfl gvgf m sjrt jd bjlgrf

mfm`pcmkgthsb. \cg djius hs `mrng`y turfgl jftj wcmt tcg

Ejfgss njt mfl mf jksgsshjf whtc fjt `mnnhfn kgchflhf tcg sjihm` mfl bmtgrhm` rmig, mfl bjst jd m`` tj aggp up

whtc tcg pmig jd ijfsubgrhsb mfl hts drgqugft hrrmthjfm`

lgbmfls hf tcg wmrpgl sgfsg jd prjnrgss hf jur grm.

Ms m twhf ijbpmfhjf jd mnnrgsshvg bmragthfn

tgicfhqugs, `jkkyhsb suic ms ht prjiggls whtchf

pmr`hmbgftmrhmf mfl rgpuk`himf pj`hthim` systgbs m`hag hs fj numrmftgg djr lgbjirmiy wcmtsjgvgr. Hf dmit, tcg

bmttgr hs quhtg tj tcg ijftrmrymfl tcg lhsturkhfn`y chnc

`gvg` jd ijrpjrmthvhsb ht hfvj`vgs cms kggf jd nrgmt

ijfigrf tj chstjrhmfs mfl sjihj`jnhsts shfig tcg jpgfhfn

lgimlgs jd tcg ;?tc

igftury. ^htchf tchs sjihm` mfl

pj`hthim` struiturg ht hs jkvhjus`y tcg pmrthiu`mr hftgrgsts


14/54

=, cml sunngstgl

tcmt tcg lurmthjf jd tcg wjra lmy iju`l kg rgluigl tj m

drmithjf djr m`` bgbkgrs jd sjihgty, mfl gvgf kg

rgjrnmfhzgl hftj m vmrhgnmtgl, hflhvhlum``y nrmthdyhfn mflbgmfhfndu` ijftgft, whtcjut hfdrhfnhfn jf tcg mvmh`mkh`hty

jd bmtgrhm` njjls djr sjihgty mt `mrng. \cg trmlhthjfm`

kjurngjhsrgm`hty prhfihp`g mfl tcg prjtgstmft wjra gtchi

wgrg `mtgr tj kg icm``gfngl mfgw tcrjunc wjras `hag

Cgrkgrt Bmriusgs Grjs & Ihvh`hzmthjf3 mfl Burrmy

Kjjaichfs _jst-Yimrihty Mfmrichsb8, tj kg dj``jwgl up

ky tcg nrjwhfn ijuftgriu`turm` bjvgbgft hf tcg =84?s

mfl >?s. Ms bgfthjfgl ky Kjjaichf hf jfg jd chs gssmys

drjb tchs pgrhjl, bjrg mfl bjrg pgjp`g djufl jut tcmt

tcgy iju`l `hvg smthsdhgl `hvgs shbp`y ky rgmphfn tcg sirmp

drjb tcg imphtm`hst dgmst, mfl hfstgml ijfigftrmtg tcghr

gfgrny jf pj`hthim` mfl iu`turm` hftgrgsts (wgrg tcgy fjt tj


16/54

=4

suiiubk tj lrun rg`mtgl `hdg sty`g gxpgrhbgfts), hfstgml

jd wgmrhfn tcgbsg`vgs jut hf duth`g wjrahfn rjuthfgs

rgnhbgftgl ky m lgcubmfhzhfn mfl gxp`jhtmthvg

gijfjbhi systgb.=?

\cg bmtgrhm` supgrdùhty struia

gvgryjfg mfl gvgrywcgrghf tcg mddùgft wgstgrf wjr`l

`gmlhfn djr hfstmfig tj tcg fgws tcmt scjp`hdthfn

miquhrgl gphlgbhi prjpjrthjfs, ms Kjjaichf

subbmrhzgs hf chs rgvhgw jd tchs grm.==m

Cjwgvgr, hf tchs prjigss hf wchic tcg wg`` afjwf

pgfluùb swufn drjb m whlgsprgml suksirhpthjf tj tcg

gijfjbhi hbpgrmthvgs jd hfirgmshfn prjluithvhty mfl

djius jf ijfvgfthjfm` wmng `mkjr ms tcg igftrm` mspgits

jd `hdg mfl hftj tcg ijuftgriu`turg jd tcg 4?s mfl >?s

mfl hts hfirgmshfn jrhgftmthjf tjwmrls `hdg sty`g jrhgftgl

mfl ijfsubgrhst cgljfhsb, jfg hs mk`g tj lgtgit tcg`hbhtmthjfs jd tchs sgbh rgvjùthjfmry grm wcgf ht ijbgs

tj tcg pjsshkh`hthgs jd michgvhfn `msthfn sjihm` icmfng hf

tcg lhrgithjf jd m `hkgrtmrhmf, rmthjfm` mfl gij`jnhim`

sjihgty. Gvgry chstjrhim` gpjic cms hts `hbhtmthjfs

gijfjbhim``y ms wg`` ms hlgj`jnhim``y mfl tcg `mtg ;?tc

igftury hs fj gxigpthjf drjb tchs ru`g. Ht hs quhtg

uflgrstmflmk`g tcmt tcg gbpcmshs jf ijfsubpthjf kgnuftj rgmic mf uttgr`y lhsprjpjrthjfm` sim`g hf tcg mlvmfigl

stmng jd imphtm`hsb mfl bmss iu`turg tcrjuncjut tcg

igfturymfl gspgihm``y hf tcg mdtgrbmtc jd ^jr`l ^mr ;.

Mdtgr m``, fgw bmragts mfl hfirgmsgl gxicmfng jd njjls

hs tcg gssgfig jd tcg hfcgrgft fggl whtchf tchs gijfjbhi

systgb djr gxpmfshjf, wcgrgms `msthfn km`mfig mfl


17/54

=>

rgspjfshk`g mfl gquhtmk`g lhstrhkuthjf hs jut jd tcg

qugsthjf. Jf tcg jtcgr cmfl, ht hs mf gqum``y lhsbm` dmit

jd chstjry tcmt tcg sj-im``gl ijuftgriu`turgwms ufmk`g

tj djrb pgrshstgft pj`hthim` mfl sjihm` ijuftgr-

hfsthtuthjfs, mfl tcmt tcg Fgw @gdt djr hts pmrt `mrng`y

kgimbg mtrjpchgl hftj jrtcjljx mfl mutcjrhtmrhmf pmrthgs

m dmit tcmt ijftrhkutgl vmst`y tj tcghr m`hgfmthjf drjb tcg

puk`hi mt `mrng. \cg ahfl jd jpthbhsb rgvgm`gl ky Hvmf

H``hic hf tcg dj``jwhfn qujtg drjb chs `mtg =84?s wrhthfnstg``s m wcj`g `jt mkjut wcmt wms `jst drjb tcg

pjtgfthm`hthgs jd tcg ijuftgriu`turg5

^g imf jf`y `hvg tcgsg icmfngs1 wg imffjt tchfa jur

wmy tj cubmfhty. Gvgry jfg jd us, mfl gvgry nrjup whtc

wchic wg `hvg mfl wjra, bust kgijbg tcg bjlg` jd tcg

grm wchic wg lgshrg tj irgmtg. \cg bmfy bjlg`s wchicwh`` lgvg`jp scju`l nhvg gmic jfg jd us mf gfvhrjfbgft

hf wchic wg imf ig`gkrmtg jur pjtgfthm` mfl lhsijvgr

tcg wmy hftj m bjrg cubmfg wjr`l.==k

Yjbg


18/54

=3

fjurhscbgft hs gxpgitgl tj kg prjvhlgl syftcgthim``y. Yj,

wcmt ahfl jd cubmf pjtgfthm` wh`` cmvg tcg s`hnctgst

pjsshkh`hty jd rgm`hzmthjf whtchf suic m ijftgxt, rgbmhfs m

vgry jpgf qugsthjf hflggl hd tcgrg wh`` fjt jiiur mf

hbbglhmtg gij`jnhim` mwmagfhfn mfl m bmsshvg rgvhvm` jd

tcg ahfl jd vhshjf gxpjuflgl ky Cjwmrl mfl chs

ij``gmnugs bjrg tcmf cuflrgl ygmrs mnj.

Hfstgml jd pmvhfn tcg wmy djr m fgw puk`hi spcgrg, hf

wchic gvgry ihthzgf wju`l kg mk`g tj bmtgrhm`hzg cgr jr

chs jwf pjtgfthm`hthgs mfl nrmthdy tcghr fggls ms cjbj

pj`hthius, tcg `gdt rmlhim`s mfl ijuftgriu`turm` bjvgbgft

tcrjuncjut tcg =8>?skgimbg jfig bjrg jk`hngl tj `hvg

jut tcghr `hvgs hf tcg prhvmtg spcgrg gxtgflhfn hftj tcg

pmrty mppmrmtusgs mpmrt drjb du`dh``hfn tcghr

jk`hnmthjfs ms cjbj gijfjbhius hf tcghr rgspgithvgwjra mrgfms, strunn`hfn tj aggp up whtc tcg Ejfgs

tcg vgry gssgfig jd m lgcubmfhzhfn bmss sjihgty.

\cg mkjvg bgfthjfgl tgflgfiy wms rghfdjrigl ky tcg jfg

lhbgfshjfm` djius mbjfn sjihm` lgbjirmts jf gijfjbhi

mnnrmflhzgbgft jf hfirgmsgl `hvhfn stmflmrls mfl

bmtgrhm` wg`dmrg jdtgf mt tcg ijst jd hssugs `hag tcgfggl djr rgvhvhfn thbg cjfjrgl stmflmrls jd qum`hty

prjluithjf, pj`hthim` pmrthihpmthjf mbjfn tcg puk`hi hf tcg

kmshi djrbmthjf jd sjihgty (id. lgbmfls djr lhrgit

lgbjirmiy) mfl cgfig m`sj hf tcg lgbjirmthi ijftrj` jd

prjluithvg mfl fmturm` rgsjurigs. Mpmrt drjb tcg dmit tcmt

sjihm` lgbjirmiy, hf tcjsg ijuftrhgs wcgrg ht cms kggf hf


19/54

=8

m pjshthjf tj p`my m lgtgrbhfhfn pj`hthim` rj`g, cms

ijftrhkutgl tj m bjrg gqum` lhstrhkuthjf jd gijfjbhi

djrtufgs mbjfn tcg hfcmkhtmfts jd tcg rgspgithvg ijuftrhgs

(gspgihm``y hf Yimflhfmvhm) m dmit tcmt scju`l fjt kg

hnfjrgl tcg mngfiy jd tcg sjihm` lgbjirmthi pmrthgs

cmvg m`sj bjrg shfhstgr mfl ufdmvjrmk`g shlgs. Ms `jfn ms

tcghr pj`hihgs shfig ^jr`l ^mr ; cmvg fjt icm``gfngl

imphtm`hsb hf mfy sukstmfthm` wmy, tcgy cmvg `mrng`y

ijftrhkutgl tj `gnhthbhzhfn tchs gijfjbhi systgb, pmvgltcg wmy djr bmsshvg kurgmuirmthzmthjf mfl

lhsgbpjwgrbgft, mfl rgluigl ihthzgfs hftj ijfsubgrs,

g`gitjrmtg mfl tmx pmygrs gxi`ushvg`y. Bjrgjvgr, tcg

kurgmuirmthzmthjf mfl tjp-ljwf struiturgs mfl mtthtulgs

cmvg, hf ijbkhfmthjf whtc tcg ijfsubg bmfhi jrhgftmthjf

jd tcg hflhvhlum` tcrjunc g`gitjrm` prjpmnmflm, \T-

ijbbgrihm`s mfl tcg bmss bglhm hf ngfgrm`, m`sj `gl tjmf hfirgmshfn mlcgrgfig tj gxtrgbg pjpu`hst pmrthgs jf

tcg pj`hthim` [hnct.

\cg gbpcmshs jf prhvmtg gijfjbhi ijfsubpthjf whtcjut

rgnmrl djr `jfn tgrb rgsjurig km`mfigs lhvgstgl jd

gtchim` mfl pj`hthim` mspgits ijfigrfhfn igftrm` hssugs

suic ms tcg qum`hty jd tcg prjluits ijfsubgl, tcghflhvhlum`s mutjfjbjus sg`d-lgdhfhthjf jd hts jwf fggls,

mfl ijbbufhty ijftrj` jvgr prjluithjf mfl lhstrhkuthjf

jd njjls mfl kurlgfsgmsh`y turfs hftj m lgml gfl trmia

wcgrg sjihgty hs jpgrmthfn `hag m trmhf jf mutjph`jt.

Duflmbgftm` qugsthjfs mrg fjt lhsiussgl, bgmfs mrg

turfgl hftj gfls, mfl tcg lhrgithjfm`hty jd sjihgty


20/54

;?

lhsmppgmrs. Ijfijbhtmft`y whtc pj`hthim`

lhsgbpjwgrbgft, ijfsubgrhsb mfl bmss sjihgty cms m

tgflgfiy tj uflgrbhfg tcg hflhvhlum` fjt jf`y ms cjbj

pj`hthius, kut m`sj ms m kmshim``y irgmthvg kghfn. Bmss

iu`turg, pmsshvhty mfl m bgftm`hty jd jf-`jjagrs mrg

sprgmlhfn mfl rghfdjrihfn tcg g`hthst struiturgs mfl tcg

chgrmrichim` sgfshkh`hty djr wchic j`hnmrichi hfsthtuthjfs

cmvg `mhl ljwf m sggbhfn`y sj`hl sjihm` kmshs. Fghtcgr

cmvg chgrmrichim` mfl tjp cgmvy `mkjr jrnmfhzmthjfs,wchic hf tcg prgvhjus igftury cmppgfgl tj jutfubkgr

tcghr mfmricj-syflhim`hst jppjfgfts, cml mfytchfn g`sg tj

jddgr tcmf tj durtcgr mlcgrgfig tj fmrrjw gijfjbhim`

pmrthiu`mr hftgrgsts mbjfn tcg spgihdhi vjimthjfm` nrjups,

jf`y hftgrspgrsgl whtc m rcgtjrhi jd sj`hlmrhty whtc tcg

pjjr mfl uflgrprhvh`gngl jd tchs wjr`l.

Mbhlst tcg bmtgrhm` mkuflmfig tcgrg ijfthfum``y prgvmh`s

m `jjbhfn mfl tcrgmtgfhfn gijfjbhi hfsgiurhty, rgsu`thfn

drjb tcg dmit tcmt tcg vmst bmejrhty jd pgjp`g cmvg kggf

lhvgstgl jd tcg ijftrj` jvgr tcg pj`hthim` lgihshjfs wchic

pgrtmhf tj cgr jr chs gijfjbhi ijfigrfs, ms wg`` ms jvgr

sjihm` lgvg`jpbgfts mt `mrng. Gijfjbhi irhsgs mfl

jsih``mthfn ijfeufiturgs bmy mt mfy bjbgft jiiur mfl hfsuic hfstmfigs strhag cmrlgr tcg `jwgr ljwf tcg sjihm`

`mllgr jfg bjvgs bgmsurgl miijrlhfn tj tcg

ijfvgfthjfm` bjfgtmry hfijbg rmthfns. Lug tj tcg `mia jd

lgbjirmthi hfsthtuthjfs hf wchic jfg wju`l kg mk`g tj

hfd`ugfig sjihm` lgvg`jpbgfts hf m lhrgit mfl rgspjfshk`g

bmffgr, mfl tcus tj cmvg mf hbpmit jf tcg lhstrhkuthjf jd


21/54


22/54

;;

chstjry, mfl tcg pjwgr mppmrmtus wcjsg sg`d hftgrgst ht hs

tj bmhftmhf mfl g`mkjrmtg ht durtcgr kgijbgs hfirgmshfn`y

lgpgflgft upjf rgtjrthfn tj lhrty trhias hf jrlgr tj krhfn

mkjut sjbg sjrt jd ijfsgfsus, ijfsgft mfl

tjngtcgrfgss whtchf tcg gijfjbhim``y prhvh`gngl fmthjf

stmtgs mfl ijfthfgfts. Mbjfn tcjsg trhias hs tcg wg``

afjwfmfl jdtgf tgbpjrmrh`y suiigssdu` mttgbpt tj

ijfeurg up hbmngs mfl fhnctbmrgs jd djrghnf gfgbhgs

mfl tcrgmts tj tcg Fmthjf, djr m`` tcgy mrg wjrtc. Hfijbkhfmthjf whtc tcg dgmr jd `jshfn tcg bmtgrhm` wg``

kghfn wchic mt gfjrbjus ijsts cms kggf michgvgl

tcrjunc tcg tjh` mfl suddgrhfn jd prgvhjus ngfgrmthjfs, tcg

dgmr jd djrghnf pjwgrs mfl tcg pcgfjbgfjf jd tgrrjr

ijfluitgl ky duflmbgftm`hsts, ijbg tj jiiupy m `mrng

pmrt jd tcg puk`hi mttgfthjftcgrgky rgbjvhfn tcg djius

jf tcg fggl mfl tcg jppjrtufhthgs djr tmahfn kmia tcgijftrj` jvgr sjihm` lgvg`jpbgfts. Hflggl, quhtg tj tcg

ijftrmry tcgsg dmitjrs ijftrhkutg hf tcg scjrt tgrb tj tcg

pgjp`gs sgfsg jd kghfn gvgr bjrg lgpgflgft upjf

igftrm` mutcjrhthgs mfl mf mrby jd gxpgrts, whtc

prgsubmk`y supgrcubmf mfl bmnhim` mkh`hthgs tj iurg

sjihgtys vhigs. \cg cjpg, jf tcg jtcgr cmfl, rgsts hf

tcg gvgftum`hty tcmt tchs lhsgbpjwgrbgft kgijbgs

ufgflurmk`g mfl, ms suic, nrmlum``y kgijbgs

lgbysthdhgl, mllrgssgl mfl rgithdhgl ky whlg sgnbgfts jd

pgjp`g, sustmhfgl ky m fgw gf`hnctgfbgft mfl wg``

jrnmfhzgl imbpmhnfs djr m lhrgit lgbjirmiy, mfl tcmt m

rgvhtm`hzgl ihthzgfry s`jw`y mfl ufrgbhtthfn`y jvgrijbgs


23/54

;9

tcg trmubmthi gxpgrhgfigs whtc mutcjrhtmrhmf djrbs jd

p`mffgl gijfjby wchic buscrjjbgl hf tcg ;?tc

igftury. \chs sggbs tj kg tcg jf`y wmy hf wchic tcg

ufhvgrsm`hzgl, lgcubmfhzhfn mfl mfth-gij`jnhim` bmragt

gijfjby mfl hts hfdmbjus chllgf cmfl bmy kg

lhvgstgl jd hts cgngbjfhi rj`g sj tcmt ht fj `jfngr

pjsshk`y imf kg ijfshlgrgl ms m fmturm` `mw.

\cg n`jkm`hzmthjf jd tcg wjr`l gijfjby, wchic

prhbmrh`y hs lhrgitgl tjwmrls bggthfn tcg fggls jd

bu`thfmthjfm`s djr icgmp `mkjr, rmw bmtgrhm`s mfl

gxpmflhfn bmragts, hs mkjut tj imusg mf ufprgiglgftgl

iu`turm` cjbjngfhzmthjf mfl gij`jnhim` lgstruithjf

bmykg kgyjfl rgpmhr, hf mllhthjf tj gftmfn`hfn tcg vmst

bmejrhty jd pgjp`g hftj m fgxus jd lhsgbpjwgrbgft,

pjvgrty, gfl`gss tjh` mfl lgfhnrmthjf. \cg strunn`g, jf tcgjtcgr cmfl, mnmhfst tcgsg lhsbm` prjspgits hs bmragl ky m

`mia jd pjpu`mr jrnmfhzhfn hf tcg wgstgrf wjr`l,

pmrm``g`gl ky fmthjfm`hst pmrthgs mfl bjvgbgfts hf tcg

\chrl ^jr`l, wchic drgqugft`y rgst jf jrtcjljx mfl

jutlmtgl Bmrxhmf mfm`ysgs. \cg mttgbpt tj rgwrhtg

Bmrxs mfm`ysgs mfl irhthqug jd imphtm`hsb tj dht tcg

prgsgft stmtg jd mddmhrs, hs fjt dmvjrmk`y pjshthjfgl tjmichgvg ijfstruithvg ijuftgr-hfsthtuthjfs tj tcg

n`jkm`hzmthjf jd ijrpjrmtg imphtm`hsb. \cg tgflgfiy

mbjfn tjlmys `gdthsts tj cmh` stmtg `gmlgrs suic ms Cunj

Icmvgz djr chs gddjrts tj fmthjfm`hzg tcg Tgfgzug`mf

gijfjby, wh`` cmvg tj kg ijfshlgrgl ms rgmithjfs jf tcg

pmrt jd tcg @gdt rgsu`thfn drjb m stmrvmthjf jd njjl


24/54

;

lhicjtjbhzhfn wms jfg jd tcg icmrmitgrhsthis jd chs bjlg

jd tcjunct, krhfnhfn chb hftj mf m`bjst jksgsshvg qumrrg`

whtc Icrhsthmfhty hfstgml jd tmahfn chs pjhft jd lgpmrturg

hf tcg Gf`hnctgfbgft grm mfl hts prjspgits djr cubmf

prjnrgss mfl msigflgfiy tjwmrls pgrdgithjf.

Mpmrt drjb tcghr gbpcmshs jf gnm`htmrhmf mfl butum`

sjihm` struiturgs whtchf tcghr bjvgbgfts tcg cgljfhst mfl

msigthi tgflgfihgs tcrjuncjut tcg prg-bjlgrf grm cml

vgry `htt`g hf ijbbjf. Bjrgjvgr, ht wju`l fjt kg vgry

bgmfhfndu` tj try tj rmfa tcgb hf vhgw jd tcghr vmrhjus

michgvgbgfts mfl prjbhsgs. Cjwgvgr, hf tcg `hnct jd

chstjry, tcg djrbgr wh`` cmvg tj kg ijfshlgrgl ms cmvhfn

bjrg strgfntc, vhtm`hty mfl prjnrgsshvgfgss jd vhshjf.

^ch`g tcg msigthi tgflgfihgs mfl tcghr mpprjmic `mrng`y

gbkjlhgl mf miigptmfig jd tcg ufgqum` lhstrhkuthjf jdwgm`tc, hf mllhthjf tj tcghr susigpthkh`hty tj tcg bytc tcmt

fmturg ms suic hs sthfny, tcg cgljfhst jfgs rgprgsgftgl

icm``gfngs tj kjtc jd tcgsg trgfls. Cgfig, tcgy pmvgl tcg

wmy mfl `mhl ljwf tcg djuflmthjf wjra djr tcg sjihm`hst

mfl mfmrichst bjvgbgfts wchic wgrg tj `gmvg tcghr

lgdhfhthvg bmra jf tcg =8tc

mfl hf pmrt tcg ;?tc

igftury. \cg sjihm` qugsthjf, ijfigrfhfn tcg ijftrj`jvgr sjihgtys gijfjbhi prjluithvg djrigs mfl tcg

lhstrhkuthjf jd wgm`tc, mttmhfgl m bmhf djius mbjfn tcgsg

bjlgrf bjvgbgfts, mfl bmxhbs `hag drjb gmic

miijrlhfn tj chs jr cgr mkh`hty, tj gmic miijrlhfn tj chs jr

cgr fggls wms tcjrjunc`y lgkmtgl mfl ihriu`mtgl mbjfn

tcg wjrahfn i`mssgs.=

atle hesmyr: civic virtue versus corporate self-interest -- the decisive battle of the 21st century

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