atlast

Plant AnatomyATLAS

S.Y. 2012-2013 TFCD1

Sir Jasper John ObicoInstructor

Table of ContentsExercise 9

The Primary Structure of the Stem...............................................................1

Exercise 10The Secondary Structure of the Stem.........................................................8

Exercise 11The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem...................................................................17

Exercise 12Vines and Anomalous Stems.........................................................................19

Exercise 13Vascular Cryptogams....................................................................................23

Exercise 14The Root Anatomy...........................................................................................30

Exercise 15The Leaf Anatomy...........................................................................................39

S T E M

Exercise 9The Primary Structure of the

Stem

Content:

o Cucurbita c.s.

Bicollateral Bundle of

Cucurbita

Phloem tissue of Cucurbita

c.s. showing sieve plate

o Coleus c.s.

o Helianthus c.s.

o Zea mays c.s.

mature vascular bundle of

Zea mays

o Young stem of Muntingia

calabura c.s.

o 1-yr old stem of Tilia c.s.

Terminologies:o Dermal Tissue System – consists of the epidermis and

cuticle

o Epidermis – outer covering of the stem for protection

and prevents loss of water

o Cuticle – waxy covering of the epidermis made up of cutin

o Trichomes – epidermal appendages found in some stems

used to prevent loss of water and herbivory

o Ground Tissue System – background tissue that fills the

spaces between epidermis and vascular tissue

o Phloem – transports food and nutrients

o Bundle cap – cluster of dead, fibrous, thick-walled

sclerenchyma cells providing support for phloem tissue

o Sieve tube members – large, living, elongated cells that

lack a nucleus at maturity; become vertically aligned to

form sieve tubes

The Primary Structure of the Stem 1

Plant Anatomy Atlas

o Sieve plate – found at the end walls of sieve tube;

contains sieve areas

o Companion cells – small, nucleated parenchyma cells

connected to sieve tube cells that assist them

o Xylem – transports water and minerals

o Tracheids – elongated, thick-walled cells with closed

tapered ends; dead at functional maturity and lumens are

connected through pits in the walls

o Vessel members – large, dead, cylindrical cells that

become joined end to end to form vessels

o Vascular Cambium – tissue located between the xylem

and phloem which actively divides in some plants to give

rise to secondary tissues

o Hypodermis – underlying layer of sclerenchyma after the

epidermis providing support in some plants like Zea mays

o Conjunctive Tissue – parenchymatous ground tissue

found in monocots without piths


Epidermis

Cortical parenchyma

Vascular Bundle

Pith Cavity

Cucurbita c.s.Pith

Pericyclic Fibers

CS of Cucurbita stem showing

bicollateral bundle

External Vascular Cambium

Metaxylem

Outer phloem

Protoxylem

Internal Vascular Cambium

Inner phloem

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Sieve plate

Sieve tube

Companion Cell

CS of Cucurbita stem showing sieve plate

Pith

Endodermis

Pericyclic fibers

Vascular

bundles

Cortex

Coleus stem c.s.

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Helianthus stem c.s.

Helianthus stem showing fascicular and interfascicular cambium

Pith

Bast fibers

xylem

phloem

Vascular bundle

Cortical collenchy

ma

epidermis

Interfascicular

cambium

Fascicular cambium

phloem

xylem

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Zea mays stem c.s. Zea mays stem

showing vascular bundles

Epidermishypodermis

Vascular

bundles

Conjunctive tissue

Metaxylem

Protoxylem

lacuna

Bundle sheath

phloem

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Young Tilia stem c.s.

Epidermis

pith

cortex

xylem

phloem

Vascular

cambium

pith

phloem

xylem

epidermis

trichome

cortex

Young Muntingia calabura stem c.s.

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Exercise 10The Secondary Structure of the

Stem

Content:o Tilia stem cs.

• Periderm of Tilia

stem

o Tilia wood ts.

o Tilia wood rs.

o Muntingia stem cs.

o Lenticels of stems

cs.

o Mature Pinus stem

cs.

• Resin canal of Pinus

o Pinus Is.

Terminologies:•Lenticel- limited part of the periderm in

which the phellogen is more active than

elsewhere and produces a tissue that has

numerous intercellular spaces

•Periderm- protective tissue of secondary

origin which replaces the epidermis in

stems and roots that increase in thickness

by secondary growth

The Secondary Structure of the Stem 8

Plant Anatomy Atlas

• Resin duct- in conifers, this occur in

vascular and ground tissues of all plant

organs and are, structurally, long

intercellular spaces lined with resin-

producing epithelial cells

• Ray initials- type of cell consisting the

vascular cambium that are elongated,

axially oriented and have tapering ends

• Axial initials- another cell type found

in the vascular cambium that are

almost isodiametric cells, smaller and

round to angular in shape


Tilia stem cs.

Closer look

on Tilia stem

Phloem fibers

Annual rings

pith

epidermis

cortexDilated

phloem rayphloe

mVascular cambium

Early wood

late wood

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Tilia radial section

Tilia tangential section

tracheids

Ray cells

Multiseriate Ray

cells

tracheids

Plant Anatomy Atlas


lenticel

Filling tissues

Lenticel phellog

en

lenticel

Filling tissues

Lenticel phellog

en

Nerium stem - lenticel

Sambucus stem - lenticel

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Vascular cambium

Muntingia mature stem cs.

pith

epidermis

pith

Primary

xylem

Secondary phloem

phloem

Dilated phloem ray

epidermis

Xylem rays

Plant Anatomy Atlas


xylem

Resin canal

phellem

phellogen

cortex

phloem

xylem

phellem

phellogen

cortex

phloem

pith

Resin canal

Pinus mature stem cs.Plant Anatomy Atlas


Pith

Xylem trachei

ds

Resin canal

Xylem rays

Resin canal

Xylem trachei

ds

Resin canal

Casing cells

cortex

Resin canal in cortex

Resin canal in xylem

Xylem raysPlant Anatomy Atlas


Resin canal

Uniseriate ray

cells

tracheids

Uniseriate ray

cells

Pinus tangential section

Tangential section showing ray cells

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Exercise 11The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem

Content:o Chichirica stem,

selected cs from serial

section

o Tradescantia stem,

selected cs from serial

section

Terminologies:o Leaf gap- also called lacuna; space in

the vascular cambium filled with

parenchyma

o Leaf trace- vascular tissues supplying

the leaf

o Unilacunar type-each leaf produces

one leaf gap

o Trilacunar type-two “lateral” gaps are

formed

o Multitlacunar type-more then three

gaps are produced

The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem 17

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Trace

Leaf Gap

Pith

Chichirica cs. “Unilacunar type”

Pith

Leaf GapLeaf Trace

Vascular Tissues

Tradenscantia cs. “Multilacunar type”,

Plant Anatomy Atlas

The Nodal Anatomy of the Stem 18

Exercise 12Vines and Anomalous Stems

Content:o Aristolochia elegans

stem cs.o Bignonia javanica

stem cs.

o Bauhinia stem cs.o Bougainvilla

spectabilis stemTerminologies:o Medullary bundles - vascular bundles in the

pith; result of the dedifferentiation of the pith

parenchyma to vascular cambium therefore

producing vascular tissues.

o Included phloem - phloem found in xylem;

result of the dedifferentiation of the xylem

parenchyma to vascular cambium therefore

producing phloem.

o Giant rays - result of the unusual activity of

the vascular cambium; the vascular cambium

produces rays instead of vascular tissues.

o Phloem panels - result of the unidirectional

activity of the vascular cambium; vascular

cambium produces phloem instead of the

usual phloem outward and xylem inward.

Vines and Anomalous Stems 19

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Aristolochia elegans cs

Lenticel

Cortex

Crushed pith

Vascular

bundle

Aristolochia elegans cs

Bast fibers

Cortex

Crushed

phloemGiant rays

Periderm

Bast fibers

Xylem

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Bignonia javanica cs.

Periderm

Pith

Bast fiber

Cortex

Vascular

tissues

Bignonia javanica cs

Bast fiber

(cap)Phloem

Bast fiber

(band)Xylem

Lenticel

Phloem pannel

Vascular

cambium

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Bougainvilla spectrabilis csc

Medullary

bundlePith

Medullar

y bundle

Xylem

Phloem

Starch

sheathCortex

Periderm

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Bougainvilla spectrabilis cs


Exercise 13Vascular Cryptogams

Content:o Pteris (common fern)

stem cs.

o Pteridium aqualinum

(Bracken Fern) stem cs.

o Equisetum (Horsetail)

stem cs.

o Selaginella (Spike Moss)

stem cs.

o Lycopodium (Ground Pine)

stem cs.Terminologies:o Cryptogams- hidden gametes

o Protostele- a stele wherein xylem is

located in the center instead of a pith

o Haplostele-a protostele where the

phloem surrounds the xylem

o Dictyostele- if multiple gaps in the

vascular cylinder exist in any one

transverse section.

o Plectostele- a protostele wherein the

xylem are in form of strands

o Actinostele- a star-shaped protostele

Vascular Cryptogams 23

Plant Anatomy Atlas

o Siphonostele- a stele with a pith

o Atactostele- a siphonostele

wherein the vascular bundles are

arranged spirally

o Eustele- a siphonostele wherein

the vascular bundles are arranged

in a circle

o Ectophloic Siphonostele- a

siphonostele wherein the phloem

has completely surrounded the

xylem

o Amphiphloic Siphonostele- a

siphonostele wherein the phloem

placed both inside and outside of

the xylem


Epiderm

iscortex

stele

pericyc

leprotoxyle

mmetaxyle

mphloe

mendoder

mis

Pteris cs. “dictyostele”

Amphicrib

ral bundle

with

exarch

xylem

developme

nt

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Pteridium cs.“dictyostele”

protoxyle

mmetaxyle

m

pericycle

phloem

cortex

stele

Amphicrib

ral bundle

with

mesarch

xylem

developme

nt

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Equisetum cs.“eustele”

Collateral

bundle

with

endarch

xylem

developme

nt

Pith

cavity

cortex

epider

mis

Carinal

canal

vallecul

ar canal

Vascul

ar

bundle

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Selaginella cs.“haplostele”

Concentric

bundle

epiderm

isLeaf

trace

stele

endoder

mismetaxyle

mphoem

protoxyle

m

Plant Anatomy Atlas


Lycopodium cs.“plectostele”

Xylem

embedd

ed in

phloem

endoderm

isprotoxyle

mmetaxyle

mphloem

pericycle

stele

cortex

epiderm

is

Plant Anatomy Atlas


R O O T

Exercise 14Root Anatomy

Content:

o Ranunculus old root cs.

o Ranunculus young root

cs.

o Mongo young root cs.

o Mongo old root cs.

o Phaseolus young root

cs.

o Phaseolus mature root

o Zea mays root cs.

o Commelina root cs.

o Pinus root cs.

Terminologies:•Epidermis – Uniserate layer of collapsed and

partially destroyed cells covering the entirety of

the root.

•Periderm - protective tissue of secondary

origin which replaces the epidermis in stems

and roots that increase in thickness by

secondary growth

•Resin duct- in conifers, this occur in vascular

and ground tissues of all plant organs and are,

structurally, long intercellular spaces lined with

resin-producing epithelial cells

•Cortex - outer layer of tissue immediately

below the epidermis of a stem

Root Anatomy 30

Plant Anatomy Atlas

or root. Relatively thicker in roots than in stems.

• Pericycle - inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root

and of some stems, surrounding a vascular bundle.

Responsible for diverting all conduction of material

into symplast.

• Endodermis - inner layer of cells in the cortex of a

root and of some stems, surrounding a vascular

bundle. Responsible for diverting all conduction of

material into symplast.

• Taproot system – type of root system where radicle

is prominent and lateral roots grow from it. Typical of

eudicots.

• Fibrous root system – type of root system where

radicle is not prominent and consists rather of several

adventitious roots forming from the first root/radicle.

Typical of monocots.

Root Anatomy 31

Ranunculus young root cs. “tetrarch” unlignifi

ed

endoder

mis

endodermi

s

protoxylem

cortex with

starch

grains

cortex with

starch

grainsstele

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 32

Ranunculus mature root cs. “tetrarch”

stele

cortex with

starch

grains

endodermi

sprotoxylem

phloem

metaxylem

cortex with

starch

grains

lignified

endoderm

is

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 33

epider

miscorte

xStele

protoxyl

em

phloe

m

Phaseolus young root cs. “tetrarch”

Not yet developed metaxylem

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 34

Phaseolus mature root cs.

epider

mis

corte

x

Emergi

ng

lateral

root

Secondary

xylem

phloe

mEmerging

lateral rootpericyc

le

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 35

epider

mis

endoder

mis

corte

x

Zea mays root cs. “polyarch”

pith

xyle

mphloe

m

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 36

Commelina root cs. “polyarch”

endoder

mis

protoxyl

emmetaxyl

em

pith

stele

corte

x

epidermi

s

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 37

Pinus root cs.

Tilia old root cs.

Xylem

tracheid

s

Resin

duct

phloe

m

peride

rm

Primary

xylem

Annual

rings

Secondary

xylem

Dilated

phloem

rays

phloem

peride

rm

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Root Anatomy 38

L E A F

Exercise 15Leaf Anatomy

Content:oPinus leaf cs.

oCycas leaf cs.

oZea mays leaf

cs.

oNerium oleander

leaf cs.

oIxora leaf cs.

oFicus elastica

leaf cs.

oSyringa vulgaris

leafcs.

oBougainvilla

spectabilis leaf

cs.

Terminologies:o Mesophyll- ground tissue of the leaf

o Unifacial- palisade is present on both

sides of the leaf

o Bifacial- palisade is present on one side

while spongy layer on the other side.

o Uniform- the mesophyll appears

homogeneous

o Lamina- the flat portion of the leaf

o Midrib- the large middle vein of the leaf

o Vein- the vascular system in the leaf

Leaf Anatomy 39

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Pinus leaf cs.

Resin

duct

phloe

m

Endoder

mis

xylem

epidermi

s

One leaf

-uniform

mesophyll

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 40

Cycas leaf cs.

Unifacial

mesophyll

Upper

epidermi

s

hypoder

mispalisade

mesophyl

l

Transfusi

on tissue

Lower

epidermi

s

Sunken

stomata

midv

ein

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 41

Zea mays leaf cs.

Bundle

sheath

extension

phloem xylem

Bundle

sheath

Uniform

mesophyll

Bullifor

m cells

stomat

a

Epiderm

al cells

vein

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 42

Unifacial

mesophyllNerium oleander leaf cs.

midrib

Stomat

al crypt

Multiseriat

e

epidermal

cells

Palisade

mesophyl

lLower

epidermi

s

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 43

bifacial

mesophyll

Ixora leaf cs.

midrib vein

xylem

phloem

epider

mispalisad

evein

spongy

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 44

unifacial

mesophyl

l

Cystolith

in

lithocyst

midrib

palisad

e

vein

Multiseriat

e

epidermis

midvei

n

Ficus elastica leaf cs.

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 45

mesop

hyll

Commiss

ural

bundles

epider

mis

Syringa vulgaris leaf cs.

Bifacial

mesophyll

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 46

Bifacial

mesophyll

Bougainvilla spectabilis leaf cs.

midrib

epider

mispalisad

espongy

Plant Anatomy Atlas

Leaf Anatomy 47

atlast

Education

o tilia stem

o muntingia stem cs

o pinus

primary structure

secondary structure

o dermal tissue system

o lenticels of stems

stem2 o sieve plate