atlas of the human brain 2nd ed. - j. mai, et. al., (ap, 2004) ww

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Atlas of the Human Brain - e-Book Version 1.0 (2003)

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Atlas of the

HUMAN BRAINSecond Edition

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Atlas of the

HUMAN BRAINSecond Edition

JÜRGEN K. MAIHeinrich–Heine University

Düsseldorf, Germany

JOSEPH ASSHEUERInstitute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Köln, Germany

GEORGE PAXINOSThe University of New South Wales

Sydney, Australia

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDONNEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO


Elsevier Academic Press525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK

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1 Material and Methods 1

1.1 Macroscopic Atlas 11.1.1 Anatomical Preparations 11.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 11.1.3 MR Images: in vivo / in vitro Correlation 11.1.4 Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain 21.1.5 Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections 31.1.6 Presentation of the Images 4

1.2 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 41.2.1 Material 41.2.2 Methods 41.2.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies 51.2.4 Nomenclature 51.2.5 Presentation of Images of the Paraffin-Embedded Brain 51.2.6 Three-Dimensional Reconstructions 51.2.7 Application of a Reference System (Topometry) 51.2.8 Standardization 51.2.9 Application of the Standardized Microscopic Atlas for Interpretation

of Individual in vivo Brains 5

1.3 References 7

2 Macroscopic Atlas 9

2.1 Horizontal Sections 112.2 Coronal Sections 452.3 Sagittal Sections 73

3 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 893.1 Surface Views of the Brain Prior to Sectioning 903.2 Photographs and Diagrams 933.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies 232

4 Abbreviations 239

Contents

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The great neuroanatomists of the first partof last century determined the structuralplan of the human brain by investigatingpostmortem tissue with classic stainingmethods. Recent imaging techniquesallow viewing the structure of the livingbrain and studying the workings of thebrain. The ability to anneal the structuralplan with imaging data led to dramaticprogress in our understanding of the rela-tionship between structure and function.The primary aim of this book is to relatethe information from the classical neu-roanatomical studies to the informationobtained from magnetic resonance imag-ing (MRI), thus making available thiswealth of detailed information to makethe most of increasing resolution of imag-ing modalities. A further aim is to providea myeloarchitectonic atlas of coronal sec-tions of the human brain that will be ofsufficient detail for the needs of thoseemploying sensitive immunohistochemi-cal and autoradiographic methods. Finallythe atlas shall provide the basis for a 3-Dbrain model to be transformed to any indi-vidual brain.

This book consists of two major parts:(1) The Macroscopic Atlas presents threebrains in situ sectioned in cardinal planesand (2) the Microscopic (Myeloarchi-tectonic) Atlas is comprised of 69 serialhistological sections of one brain hemi-sphere with very detailed delineations.Both parts feature different aspects ofbrain morphology and topography. Thesurface anatomy of every brain is present-ed in a topometric space (a modified 3-Dgrid system defining the Talairach-Tournoux space, see below) together withthe exact location of the sections.

The Macroscopic Atlas consists of serialmacroscopic sections of three MRI-scanned human heads. Sectioning wasmade in the horizontal, coronal, and sagit-tal planes. The coronal section plane wasangulated by –20°, such that the plane ofthe section is parallel to the brain stem

axis and corresponds to the major ascend-ing and descending fiber tracts. In each ofthese series the surface anatomy of thebrain is presented, at first, together with atopometric grid. Further, the sections ofthe entire head are presented togetherwith the brain in situ.The in situ sectionsensure that no significant deformation ofthe brain occurred and allow correlationof bony landmarks, nerves, and bloodvessels. In addition to the representationof macroscopic sections radiologicalimages (X-ray from the same head andMR-images with different imagingparameters from a healthy volunteer)showing the same plane of the section areincluded. Structures seen in theskull/brain sections can be correlated withthose clearly visible in MR-tomography.

The Myeloarchitectonic Atlas consistsof 69 serial cross sections from a humanbrain that served in the past as the refer-ence brain for many structural, immuno-histochemical, and statistical studies.Altogether, more than 50 publicationsdealt with the anatomy of this particularbrain, some of them are seminal cyto- andmyeloarchitectonic works (Hassler,Brockhaus). In addition, numerous mor-phometric analyses of the main structuresare also available for this particular brain(all publications are available on theaccompanying CD-ROM in full textincluding original illustrations, figures,and morphometric data). It represents thefirst photographic and diagrammatic atlasof the human brain that has sufficientdetail to be of value to the scientific com-munity.

The photographs are facing line diagramsshowing one entire hemisphere with gyriand sulci and all nuclei including subdivi-sions, delineated on the basis of a com-prehensive structural analysis. (Serial sec-tions between the represented levels usedfor delineations are made available on theaccompanying CD-ROM). Preliminaryversions of the line drawings have already

been used in several published articlesdealing with the structural and histochem-ical organization of the brain. Their suit-ability for the mapping of neurotransmit-ters, neuropeptides, receptors, and func-tional data has therefore been tested.Delineations can be followed from sec-tion to section enabling 3-D reconstruc-tion of their confines and their neighbor-hood relations. Screen shots of severalexamples of 3-D reconstructions of sub-cortical structures are also provided.

Reproduction of Figures by Usersof the Atlas Reproduction of any part of this book issubject to the usual restrictions of copy-right. However, we can assure researchersthat our publisher will attend promptly toany written request to reproduce the fig-ures in the atlas. For permission pleasecontact the publisher at the followingaddress:

Academic Press Permissions Department6277 Sea Harbor DriveOrlando, Florida 32887Telephone: 407-345-3990Fax: 407-352-4058

Please identify the figures you wish to useand allow approximately 4 weeks for yourrequest to be processed. The authorswould appreciate if users of the atlaswould send reprints of publications(addressed directly to J.K. Mai) in whichthe atlas was used and which can shedlight on the organization of regions.

AcknowledgementsThe authors were fortunate to receiveenduring assistance from a number of col-leagues. We are particularly grateful to L.Lanta, who assisted in the description ofthe macroscopic sections, prepared thecorresponding line drawings, and delin-eated the vasculatory territories of brainarteries and to H. Lange who madeinvaluable contributions to the macro-scopic and microscopic delineation of

Preface

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cortical areas. Significant improvementswith respect to the definitions and delin-eations of particular forebrain structureswere made thanks to the assistance andsubstantial contributions by Ferry Forutan(Thalamus), Christopher Hartz-Schütt(Striatum and pallidum), IouryKoutcherov (Hypothalamus), SybilleMorres (Basal nuclear complex), andArmin Walter (Septal nuclei). We areindebted to U. Longerich and T. Sievertfor making available their studies on thein vivo / in vitro correlation in magneticresonance imaging. The brilliant work byT. Voß and J. Bongartz in converting theatlas data into electronic files is highlyappreciated.

We are greatly endebted to many individ-uals, particularly Christiane Etzkorn,Gerrit Sütfels, Bojan Tomov and DimiterTzvetkov, for their invaluable and skilled

help in the construction of image files andin image processing work. ChristineOpfermann-Rüngeler is to be acknowl-edged for her illustrations of the surfaceviews of the atlas brains.

Our special thanks go to those persons,who by their last will provided their bod-ies for educational and research purposes(in anatomy). We are grateful to H. Goslarand H. Hartwig for supporting the initia-tive of this study and for their allowanceto use such cadavers. We are indebted toR. Wedemeier for the preparation and fix-ation and for his assistance during sec-tioning the cadaver heads. H. Tödterdonated the macrotome, designed andconstructed the cryosectioning and photo-graphing devices. This and his endlesshelp together with the invaluable assis-tance of E. Baseler and P. Sillmann werecrucial to master the technical problems

during the preparation of the first part ofthe atlas. Photographs of the archival sec-tion material used in this atlas were pre-pared with masterful excellence by A.Fahnenstich and Hong-Qin Wang.

This long lasting endeavor was only madepossible by the initiatives, continuedinterest, and help of many persons. Weowe special thanks to A. Hopf, formerdirector of the C. and O. Vogt Institutewho continuously supported this projectand together with K. Zilles made possiblethe use of the archive material. We great-ly appreciate the generous financial sup-port for this project, which was providedby the C. and O. Vogt Society for BrainResearch and also by a grant by theNational Health and Medical ResearchCouncil of Australia. Finally, we areindebted to J. Menzel from AcademicPress for his assistance and support atevery phase of this edition.

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1.1 Macroscopic Atlas

1.1.1 Anatomical PreparationsSeventeen heads used for this study werefrom bodies donated to the Department ofAnatomy, H.-Heine University ofDuesseldorf. The studies were performedin accordance with established ethicalstandards. The cadavers were perfused viathe radial veins first with physiologicalsaline, then with fixative. The composi-tion of the fixative changed as the studyprogressed. The heads were removedfrom the perfused cadavers within 36hours after death and were placed in awooden box with ear bars and head hold-ers to allow exact positioning and fixingfor subsequent sectioning. In this way thecoordinates of the position box and thedesired plane of anatomic sectioning wereexactly aligned. The three heads present-ed in this atlas were perfused with a fixa-tive containing 10% formalin, glycerol,and Incidin (Henkel, Duesseldorf). Theheads were covered with linen and fixa-tive to prevent the preparation from dry-ing out between performance of the MRIand the freezing process.

1.1.2 Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI)Pilot MRI Scans: Pilot MRI scans wereperformed with the heads in the woodenboxes to determine the effect of fixationand to detect pathological or artifactualchanges. Out of 17 heads used for thispart of the study, 4 showed severe neu-ropathological alterations, such as hemor-rhage, focal lesions or tumor, which werenot known before the MRI was per-formed. Five heads were excluded fortechnical reasons, namely: artifacts dueto incomplete fixation, brain swelling orinsufficient image resolution (MR imag-ing for this atlas started at 1984).Additionally two heads were later dis-carded from this study because of prob-lems with cutting.

MR Scan Orientations: All heads werescanned in the horizontal, coronal, sagit-tal, and oblique coronal planes accordingto a standardized protocol The corre-sponding section planes were defined by(a) the intercommissural line and verticalsintersecting this line in the center of theanterior and posterior commissures, and(b) the vertical to the brain stem axis(Meynert’s plane). For defining addition-al planes, we used the cantho-meatal lineand the orbital axis.

MR System and Scan Modes: For invitro imaging and in vivo / in vitro corre-lation, scans and measurements were per-formed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductivemagnet (Vista 2035, Picker International).For in vitro imaging we used a multislicedouble-echo sequence [spin-echo-sequence (SE) 5000/40/160] with fourexcitations to render proton (N(H))- andT2-weighted images. The slice thicknesswas 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 anda field of view of 250 mm, resulting in apixel size of 0.96 mm2 and a voxel size of4.8 mm3. These scans are presented in thepages preceding the atlas figures of thehorizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections(Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively).For in vivo/in vitro correlation, we used asingle-slice technique with SE and inver-sion recovery (IR) sequences with the fol-lowing parameters: SE (TR: 200, 800,1600, 3200, 6400 ms combined with TE:30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 ms) and IR (TR:620, 1240, 2480 ms combined with TI:32, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700ms). The slice thickness was 5 mm with amatrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of250 mm.For in vivo imaging we used a 1.5 Teslaimager (Vista 2055 HPQ, PickerInternational) with standard protocols:SE 3000/100, resulting in proton- and T2-weighted images; and IR 5000/600,resulting in T1-weighted images, andmultislice partial saturation (PS)sequence, PS 500/10 resulting in T1-weighted images with partial fat suppres-

sion. The slice thickness was 5 mm with amatrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of250 mm. These images are presented inSections 2.1 to 2.3 facing each macro-scopic anatomical section.

1.1.3 MR Images: In vivo / invitro Correlation In autopsy brains, relaxation times, sig-nal-to-noise ratio, and contrast are altereddue to absence of the flow effect, cessa-tion of metabolism, and fixation proce-

Material and Methods

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Figure 1. Comparison of T1 (spin-lattice relax-ation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, andN(H) values for different tissues between in vivoand in vitro conditions. The N(H) values are calcu-lated from SE-sequences (red squares) and IR-sequences (black squares). They are presented asquotient of in vitro values to in vivo values in %.(Data from Longerich, 1989). Abbreviations: CSF:cerebrospinal fluid; VB: vitreous body; OF: orbitalfat; ON: optic nerve; HI: hippocampus; WM: whitematter; GM: gray matter, CP: cerebral peduncle;RN: red nucleus; TM: temporalis muscle.


dures. To perform comparative analysisbetween living and postmortem tissue theheads of two volunteers and of two cadav-er heads were scanned with the samescanning parameters. T1 (spin-lattice)relaxation times, T2 (spin-spin) relaxationtimes, and N(H) (proton density) val-ues of the in vivo and in vitro tissues arerepresented in Fig. 1. Examples of regres-sion curves of in vivo / in vitro measure-ments of signal intensities are shown inFig. 2. Compared with the in vivo results,the in vitro tissues show large, nonlinearreduction in T1 relaxation times and N(H)values and small (negligible) changes inT2 relaxation times. A stable correlationexists between the in vitro and in vivorelaxation curves.

The different signal intensities weremeasured from the same tissue under invitro and in vivo conditions and can beexplained by the biophysical alterations inthe different fractions of water (“three-fraction model”) (Grösch and Noack,1976) by temperature, formalin fixation,additives to fixation solution, and dura-tion of tissue fixation (see Longerich,1989).

These results show that the MR images offormalin-fixed cadaver heads not only arehelpful in correlating in vitro tissue withthe in vivo situation by means of structur-al gradients and contrast, but also can beused for quantitative image analysis.Estimation of the signal changes after for-malin fixation may thereby aid character-ization of human brain tissue by MRIbefore it is laminated and neuropatholog-ically evaluated. Moreover, the additionof paramagnetic substances or shiftreagents into the perfusion fluid canincrease the regional contrast and demar-cate boundaries of areas that are not evi-dent in regularly performed scans.Prussian blue, for example, has beenfound to increase the signal in basal gan-glia structures (see Mai et al., 1997).

1.1.4 Macroscopic Anatomy andCorrelations between Skull andBrainPreparation and Photography of 1cmAnatomical Sections: Immediately afterthe MR scans, the wooden box with the

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Figure 2. Regression curves of in vivo (open triangles) and in vitro (open squares) signal intensity meas-urements from 8 different tissues that show dependency of signal intensity (as gray values, Y-axis) from TE(in ms, X axis) and TI (in ms, X axis). A and B represent SE sequences with a TR of 200 ms (A) and 5000ms (B). C represents IR-sequences with a TR of 2500 ms. T1 and T2 relaxation times are calculated fromthese curves.

White Matter

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head fixed by plastic ear bars was filledwith Styropore and water and then cooledto -45°C. Both the position box and thefixed head were sectioned at the desiredplane at 1-cm thickness (cryomacroto-my). The head sections were then freedfrom the surrounding material, cleaned,and photographed together with a scalebar. Then the sections were transferredinto preservation fluid.

Radiographs and Visualization ofBlood Vessels with RadiopaqueMaterial: From the head slices, radi-ographs were prepared from single sec-tions and from stacks of sections.Contrast media were then injected into cutends of larger blood vessels and the radi-ographs were repeated.

Staining: After photography and radio-logic examination, the sections wereblock-stained in either Sudan red orSudan black B. Sections were incubatedin 1% stain solution in 70% alcohol anddifferentiated on average of 3 months.

Dissection of Anatomical Slices andInterpretation of Cortical Gyri: Beforedissection of the head and neck structures,the brain slices were removed from theskull. The single brain sections weremounted according to their in vivo situa-tion and photographs were then made todocument the gyrification pattern. Afterthe individual gyri and sulci were named,the brain was represented diagrammati-cally, taking into account the loss of tissuedue to cutting.

Documentation of Gross Morpho-logical Features: Drawings were basedon enlarged photographs of the anatomi-cal slices. Additional informationrevealed by the radiographs and duringthe process of dissection were later incor-porated.

1.1.5 Preparation of 100 µmThick Frozen Histological BrainSectionsAfter removal from the skull case andphotography of the assembled brainslices, the slices were immersed for 48hours in a fixative containing 4% forma-lin and 30% sucrose. Each slice was then

brought in a mold to a freezing table, 30 x20 cm in size. The mold, containing onesingle brain slice, was then filled withmethylcellulose (dissolved in water andstained with various chromogens) andcooled down to -20°C. Before sectioningfiducial marks were made (Fig. 3b).Every section was photographed togetherwith a scale bar (Fig. 3c).

The sections were then transferred intoindividual containers filled with phos-phate-buffered saline (plus 30% sucrose).Photographs taken from each section dur-ing the sectioning aided mounting of thesections. For some brains all sections

were mounted. Cells were stained witheither toluidine blue or cresyl violet;myelinated fibers were demonstrated withhematoxylin (procedures of Weigert orSpielmeyer) or with Sudan black B.

Within each section the outlines of thearea encompassing the basal gangliatogether with the contours demarcatingmajor nuclei were drawn on a transparentsheet using a projection device with amagnification of x6.5. By means of fidu-cial marks the single sections were com-piled in a sequence from rostral to caudal.3-D reconstructions were made from suchdelineations (Fig. 3d).

Figure 3. (a) Cryosectioning device consisting of the Tetrander (“Pantomikrotom“) (see Vogt, 1905), freez-ing table, photograph stand, and tube holder for dry ice. (b) Frozen tissue block with matrix for perpendi-cular orientation of canulas used for punch marking. (c) Fixed slice of the hemisphere (represented inSection 2.2) embedded in methylcellulose and showing section surface with scales and punchmarks (fidu-cial marks used later for topographic adjustment of sections). (d) Reconstruction made from serial sectionsof one slice.

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1.1.6 Presentation of the ImagesAll head and brain slices (Sections 2.1 to2.3) are mounted in the same way. Eachseries of sections begins with in vitro MRimages of the unsectioned head. To pro-vide a comprehensive view of the head,MR images are shown in all three orthog-onal planes. This allows a better orienta-tion in the 3-D space and aids in recogni-tion of the topography of selected struc-tures. Furthermore, comparisons betweenthese in vitro and in vivo images present-ed next to the head and brain slices can bemade. The following two pages withineach series present surface views of thebrains showing their gross morphologytogether with the delineation of the maingyri. Coloring on this page distinguishesbetween surface areas and differs fromthat applied in the sections. The drawingsof the midsagittal views additionally pro-vide the Talairach proportional grid sys-tem (Talairach and Szikla, 1967;Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). Everybrain structure shown in the followingsections can thus be adjusted to a spatialcoordinate system. The main part of eachmacroscopic atlas section represents headand brain slices. These are mounted toshow every section from both sides whichallows visualization of any structure ofinterest throughout the series of sections.These figures are accompanied by theradiograph of the real section and the vas-culatory territory within the brain and bytwo MR images from a healthy, 25-year-old volunteer in the corresponding plane.

1.2 Microscopic(Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas

1.2.1 Material The Microscopic Atlas is based on theright hemisphere of a 24-year-old male (* 1905; + 1929). This brain belongs tothe Vogt-collection in Duesseldorf (brainweight at autopsy: 1383 g; fresh volume:1316.3 cm3; cause of death: hypovolemicshock; death to fixation interval: 3 hours).The external morphology of the formalin-fixed brain was well documented (seepages 90 and 91; photographs of the brainwere also published by Schulze, 1960).This brain was selected for presentation inthis atlas because numerous researchers

have analyzed and reported on its struc-ture in the last 60 years (see Section 3.3).

1.2.2 MethodsHistological Procedures: The brain wascut into blocks oriented vertically to theintercommissural plane (Fig. 4a) andembedded in paraffin. The values of somelinear measurements are given in Fig. 4b.Serial frontal sections of 20 µm were pre-

pared. Most were stained with either cre-syl violet or hematoxylin. Some addition-al sections were stained according to thetechnique of Holzer or remainedunstained. Some of these unstained sec-tions were used for immunohistochem-istry (e.g., substance P) (see Mai et al.,1986). Since the first and last paraffin sec-tions of each block were only partiallyrecovered, we have drawn the approxi-mate outlines of these sections by usingphotographs of the surface of the individ-ual blocks, which were taken before sec-tioning.

Estimates of Volume Changes: Volumechanges in paraffin sections providemajor obstacles in comparing these sec-tions with the in vivo condition.Therefore, some efforts have been madeto estimate tissue shrinkage and to trans-form the dimensions of this brain to thestandard dimensions proposed byTalairach.

The volume changes due to formalin fix-ation could not be determined because thefresh volume is not known. Manyresearchers agree that the brain volume atan approximate fixation time of 3 to 4weeks, the time when this specific brainbecame embedded, corresponds to thevalues determined at autopsy (seeLongerich, 1989). It is therefore reason-able that the dimensions of the formalin-fixed brain (Fig.4b ) represent the in vivosituation.

The volume deficit due to the histologicalpreparation could be calculated. At thetime this brain was processed, no effortswere made to control the morphometricsituation of the material during the proce-dure. A separate determination of thedegree of shrinkage that occurred duringdehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting,and mounting of the sections thereforecould not be made. The overall volumet-ric changes, however, could be calculatedfrom differences in linear dimensionsbetween the fixed, unembedded hemi-sphere (scaled photographs) and the seri-ally sectioned hemisphere. Lange andThörner (1974) and Sievert (1992) madesuch calculations available.

Figure 4. (a) Mediansagittal view of the righthemisphere of the brain used for the Myelo-architectonic Atlas. The baseline shows the posi-tion where this hemisphere was cut into blocks (R1- R5) before embedding. (b) Diagram showing themidsagittal view of the right hemisphere (A58) inthe Talairach space. The measurements shownwere taken from 1:1 photographs of the formalin-fixed brain. The cerebral space is defined byorthogonal horizontal, sagittal, an d verticofrontalreference planes. The intercommisural line (ICL)passes through the center of the anterior and poste-rior commissure respectively. The vertical line(VCA) passes through the center of the anteriorcommissure. (c) Graphic representation of theTalairach standard proportional grid system. Theintercommisural line (ICL, CA-CP-line) passesthrough the superior edge of the anterior commis-sure and the inferior edge of the posterior commis-sure. The vertical line (VCA) passes through theposterior margin of the anterior commissure.Reference points are thus slightly different betweenfigures b and c with consequences for the distancevalues between both commissures.

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1.2.3 Past Histological, Morpho-metric, and Immunohistochemi-cal StudiesNumerous descriptive and quantitativestudies were performed on sections fromthe brain represented in the MicroscopicAtlas. The relevant morphometric data(fresh volume, volume of serial sections,numeric cell density, volumetric cell den-sity, and absolute cell numbers) have beencompiled and are listed together with thereferences in Section 3.3.

1.2.4 Nomenclature It is difficult to incorporate the currentterminology into a logical hierarchicalsystem. In the most commonly usednomenclature (Paxinos and Mai, 2003),abbreviations often start with attributes(anterior, superficial, magnocellular, etc.)that are already specific or that might des-ignate parcellations not in common use.To alleviate the problem, we have listedall our abbreviations in the index (Section4).

1.2.5 Presentation of Images ofthe Paraffin-Embedded Brain(Microscopic Atlas)Photographs of Hematoxylin StainedSections and Accompanying Diagrams:The photographs show the whole hemi-sphere at section levels where no relevantsubcortical structures are recognized(magnification x4.63). The main body ofthe photographs depicts subcortical struc-tures (magnification x7.9). The diagramsalways show one entire hemisphere. Thelinear anterior-posterior and medio-lateraldimensions of the brain correspond to val-ues of the Talairach grid system. The ver-tical dimension was, however, reduced(compare Figs. 4b and 4c). Therefore, wetransformed the photographs and the dia-grams into the vertical dimension of theTalairach space as described in Section1.2.8. The vertical extension of the histo-logical sections and drawings in the platesof the Macroscopic Atlas does thereforenot provide the actual dimension of theparaffin section, but the calculated dimen-sions of the Talairach space. The positionof every section along the anterior-poste-rior extension of the brain (Z-axis) isshown diagrammatically and also as dis-

tance from the center of the anterior com-missure (point zero).

For the delineations in the diagrams wehave always considered the results fromthe numerous cyto- and myeloarchitec-tonic studies that were previously per-formed on the represented brain (see sec-tion 3.3) and we have used as often aspossible the original delineations provid-ed by these earlier workers. Generally, theconsistency of the drawings, section-to-section, was of higher importance than aprecise correspondence between the pho-tographs and the drawings. Nevertheless,several revisions of our delineations weremade since the last edition. Some revi-sions were made in order to simplify theschemata, others derived from the analy-sis of developing human brains (Mai andAshwell, 2003).

1.2.6 Three-Dimensional (3-D)Reconstructions“Contour-lines” defining pial and ventric-ular surfaces, borderlines around distin-guished nuclei and their subdivisions(striatum, amygdala, basal nuclear com-plex, and thalamus), and delineations ofsome compact fiber tracts (optic tract,anterior commissure) from 240 sectionsof one hemisphere were used for 3-Danalysis. A few reconstructions areincluded in the printed version of theatlas.

1.2.7 Application of a ReferenceSystem (Topometry)As stated earlier (Section 1.2.5), everysection - and thus every brain structure -was adjusted into a defined spatial coordi-nate system. Our atlas uses the referencesystem of Talairach (Talairach and Szikla,1967; and Talairach and Tournoux, 1988),with the modifications that (a) the inter-commissural line (ICL) passes throughthe centers of the anterior and posteriorcommissures and (b) the brain space isdefined metrically with the point zero (=point 0/0/0) for all three dimensions beingthe center of the anterior commissure(Fig. 4b). The morphologic data of thehemispheres therefore are handled ascoordinate points in this 3-D (metric) gridas X- (mediolateral), Y- (vertical), and Z-

coordinates (fronto-occipital) (Fig. 5).Scaling of the photographs and accompa-nying diagrams is accordingly provided inmetric coordinates.

1.2.8. StandardizationFor application as a reference brain,interindividual variability and shrinkageartifacts are the foremost variables thatmust be considered. The degree of shrink-age artifacts could be determined by cor-relating 1:1 scaled photographs of thefixed brain with the histological sections(Sievert, 1992). Transformation of thehistological sections according to theshrinkage calculated revealed no appre-ciable nonlinear changes; therefore, wehave directly transformed our image datato the dimensions of the Talairach space(Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). Theresulting transformed photographs andcorresponding drawings can then bedirectly correlated to “normalized” in vivosections.

1.2.9. Application of theStandardized Microscopic Atlasfor Interpretation of Individualin-vivo BrainsIt is desirable that the atlas plates do notserve only as a template for comparisonof structures identified either by theirstructural properties or their relationshipto identifiable landmarks in two dimen-sions. Therefore, the 3-D organization ofthe major structures has to be consideredand landmarks have to be defined whichare suited as fulcrum for nonlinear trans-

Figure 5. Metrically defined grid system with stan-dard dimensions. The topography of image datawithin the brain space is defined by (stereotaxic)coordinate points. X, Y, Z -zero is located in themidpoint of the anterior commissure (AC-0,0,0).This grid model includes the advantage of (nonlin-ear) correlation of multiple image points because ofmetric scaling.


formation. Selection of such landmarkswill most probably derive from studies ofdeveloping brains. It is already possible todefine in the developing human braincomponents and divisions which differen-tiate depending upon their spatial coordi-nates within the embryo. Such differenti-ation and maturation areas can be delin-eated by expression patterns of regulatorygenes. Likewise migratory pathways ofneurons can be followed from the prolif-eration area in the (sub-) ventricular zoneto their homing area in the differentiatingnuclei (see Mai and Ashwell, 2003).Border regions between differentiationareas and trajectories of migratory neu-rons are correlated with fundamental divi-sions of the brain. Demonstrations of suchfeatures will serve as useful landmarks for3-D transformation procedures.

In summary, for the structural analysis ofan individual (e.g., patient) brain we arenot aiming at a probabilistic or statisticalapproach because it lowers the spatial res-olution of the images. Instead we work ona transformation of the 3-D dataset of thisatlas (model brain). The model brain is tobe transformed interactively to thepatient’s brain using developmentally rel-evant landmarks. The fusion of the imagesets will leave the patient’s brain in itsindividual shape maintaining the highoriginal resolution by MRI. The trans-formed image matrix from the modelbrain can be visualized and manipulatedin an overlay fashion (Fig. 6). As the pro-

Figure 6. Concept of interpretation of an individualMR-based 3-D brain image data set by the integra-tion with the recource provided by the Atlas of theHuman Brain. (a) Serial sequence of a (patient)MR image data set. (b) Display of orthogonal sec-tions in a web environment (upper row and lowerright quadrant) and selection of a DICOM image ofinterest (here a coronal section, shown in the lowerleft quadrant). The DICOM image is embedded inthe Web page using a Java Applet. Center andwidth are adjusted by moving the cursor over theDICOM image. (c) DICOM image with markingsand annotations (left side). On the right side linksto the image reference and interpretation sources,symbolized in d to f are shown. (g) DICOM imagewith region of interest indicated by the reticule. (hand i) Corresponding templates from the Atlas ofthe Human Brain fitting to the plane of sectioning.j to l Matching of high-detail diagrams. (m) Theterm of the marked subnucleus (here, La = lateralamygdaloid nucleus) is shown after clicking in theregion of the reticule. (n) Indication of the positionof the selected nucleus in the hierarchical level ofcategorization. (o) Portal to a database.

6


jection of the splines on the correspon-ding MR slices can be visualized as over-lay, the degree of fitting becomes directlyevident and can, if necessary, be adjusted.If the matching of patient images with theatlas templates has occurred, the locationof any region of interest (ROI) (e.g., afocal lesion) can be mapped interactively.The area coordinates of the ROI in thepatient MRI brain (Figs. 6a,b) are thenmapped to the atlas coordinate system.There the terms of affected structures andthe database information can be interac-tively retrieved. Location, neighborhoodrelations, annotations, etc. are then speci-fied and can, if applicable, be transmittedtogether with the relevant patient images.

1.3 ReferencesGrösch, L., and F. Noack. NMR relax-

ation investigation of water mobilityin aqueous bovine serum albuminsolutions. Biochem Biophys Acta453:218–232 (1976).

Lange, H., and G. Thörner. Zur Neuro-anatomie und Neuropathologie desCorpus striatum, Globus pallidus undNucleus subthalamicus beim Men-schen. Thesis, University Duesseldorf(1974).

Longerich, U. MRI-Untersuchungen anin-vivo und in-vitro Gehirngewebe:Einfluß von Fixierung und Tem-peratur auf das Relaxationsverhalten,die Protonendichte und das Kontrast-verhalten. Thesis, University ofDuesseldorf (1989).

Mai J.K., and K.W.S. Ashwell. FetalDevelopment. In: The HumanNervous System, 2nd ed., G. Paxinosand J.K. Mai, eds. Academic Press,San Diego, pp. 49-94, 2003.

Mai, J.K., J. Assheuer, and G. Paxinos.Atlas of the Human Brain. AcademicPress, San Diego, 1997.

Mai, J.K., P. Stephens, A. Hopf, and A.C.Cuello. Substance P in the humanbrain. Neuroscience. 17, 709–739(1986).

Paxinos, G., and J.K. Mai. The HumanNervous System, 2nd ed. AcademicPress, San Diego, 2003.

Schulze, H.A. Zur individuellen cytoar-chitektonischen Gestaltung der linkenund rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulusparietalis inferior. J Hirnforsch 4,486–534 (1960).

Sievert, T. Topometrie des menschlichenGehirns: Evaluation eines Verfahrenszur Integration morphologisch-funk-tioneller Daten aus histologischenSchnitten in die klinische Diagnostik.Thesis, University of Duesseldorf(1992).

Talairach J., and G. Szikla. Atlas d’Anatomie stereotaxique du Telen-cephale. Masson & Cie. Paris,(1967).

Talairach J., and P. Tournoux. Co-planarStereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain.G. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York(1988).

7


Macroscopic Atlas

Horizontal Sections:

Coronal Sections:

Sagittal Sections:

9

2_HORIZ_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 12:32 Seite 1

All representations of anatomicalhead and brain slices (chapters 2.1 to2.3) are mounted in the same way. I)Each series of sections is headed byin-vitroMR-images of the head whichwere taken prior to sectioning. To pro-vide a comprehensive view of thehead, MR-images are shown in allthree orthogonal planes. This allows abetter orientation in the three-dimen-sional space and helps to recognizethe topography of selected structures.II) The page following the MR-ima-

ges presents two surface views of thebrain which has been sectioned withthe placement of sections indicated.III) The next page provides surfaceviews of the brain with the mostimportant gyri and sulci delineated.The midsagittal views depict the brainwith the Talairach space. IV) Themain part of each topographic andtopometric atlas represents anatomi-cal head and brain slices. These aremounted such that every section isseen from both sides. This allows the

pursuit of any structure of interestthroughout the series of sections.These representations are faced withtwo MR-images of the correspondingplane and (normally) two images sho-wing the real section, the radiographof the real section and/or the vascula-tory territory within the brain section.MR-images were performed from ahealthy, 25 year old volunteer. TheMR-images differ with respect to T1,T2 and proton density (N(H)) con-trast.

Presentation of the Images

10


Horizontal Sections

11


MR-images of the head shown onthe following pages.

The head whose horizontal sectionsare depicted on pages 15-44 was ima-ged before sectioning. Parameters:0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of

view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thik-kness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence:5000/40. The contrast of these imagesis poor since they are highly proton-density (N(H)) weighted. The toppanel presents the sagittal MRIs andspecifies the planes of sectioning of

the middle and lower panel. As can beseen the angle of sectioning of the twolatter panels is about 45° tilted againstthe plane of sectioning for the anato-mic slices. This was aimed to providea more comprehensive view of thehead.

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:


ted. The drawing of the lateral aspecthas been mirror-imaged in order todemonstrate the correspondence of

Surface views of the right hemisphe-re of the brain which has been sectio-ned in the horizontal plane as indica-

section levels between convexity andmidline structures.

13


The midsagittal views depict the brainwith the Talairach space (ICL: inter-commissural line, VCA: plane which is

Surface views of the brain which isshown in the subsequent pages. Themost important gyri are delineated.

vertical to the intercommissural lineat the level of the anterior commis-sure).

VCA VCA

ICL


1(dorsal view)

SFG

SPL

PoG

SFG

SFG

PrG

MFG

PrG

PoG

SPL

SPL

10 mm

MFG medial frontal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule

15


SFG

SPL

MFG

PoG

PrG

SFG

SFG

SPL

1(ventral view)

10 mm

acer

SE 3000/100

IR 5000/600


2(dorsal view)

acer anterior cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule

SFG

SFG

PoG

PrG

MFG

SPL

MFG

PrG

PoG

PoG PoG

SPL

10 mm

17


2(ventral view)

SPL

PCL

MFG

PrG

PoG

AnG

SFGSFG

MFG

PrG

PoG SPL

AnG

acer

mcer

10 mm


3(dorsal view)

MFG

AnG

AnG

MFG

MFG

MFG

OcG

PoG

OcG

PoG

PrG

PrG

SFGSFG

SFGSFG

SMG SMG

SPL

SPL

SPL

SPL

SPL

SPL

acer anterior cerebral arteryAnG angular gyrusmcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCL paracentral lobule PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule

10 mm

19


3(ventral view)

mcer

acer

CG

SMG

OcG

AnG

PCL

MFG

SPL

PoG

PrG

SFG

SPL

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PoG

SPL

SMG

AnG

OcG

SPL

PCL

CG

IPL

IPL

PCun

10 mm


4(dorsal view)

17

AnG

AnG

CGCG

CG

CG

IFG

IPL

IPL

MFG

MFG

MFG

MFG

OcGOcG

OcG

PoGPoG

PrG

PrG

SFG SFG

SFGSFG

SMG

SMGSPL

SPLSPL

SPL

SPL

STG

SFGPCL

PCL

17 striate area acer anterior cerebral arteryAnG angular gyrus CG cingular gyrus IFG inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIPL inferior parietal lobule mcer middle cerebral arteryMFG middle frontal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus

10 mm

21


4(ventral view)

mcer

pcer

acer

OcG

STG

IPL

MFG

SPL

SMG

SFG

PrG

PoGLV

IFGOp

IFGTr CG

AnG

17

MFG

SPL

CG

CG

SFG

MFG PrG

PoG

SPL

SMG

OcG

IPL

SPL

10 mm


5(dorsal view)

17

AnG

AnG

CG CG

IFGTr

IFGTr

IFGOp

IFGOp

IPL

IPL

IPL

LV

MFG

MFG

MFGMFG

MFG

MTGOcG OcG

PoG

PoG

PrG

PrG

SFG SFG

SFGSFG

CGCG

SMG

SMG

SPLSPL

STG

AnG

17 striate area acer anterior cerebral arteryAnG angular gyrusCG cingular gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular partIPL inferior parietal lobule LV lateral ventricle mcer middle cerebral arteryMFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri pcer posterior cerebral arteryPoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus

10 mm

23


5(ventral view)

pcer

acer

mcer

10 mm

17

Cun

FrOp

CG

Ins IPL

LV

MFG

MTG

OcG

TTG

Th

STG

SMG

PaOp

IFGOp

IFGOr

IFGTr

SFG

Pte

PrG

PoG

Pcun

SFG

MFG

IFGTr

PrG

PoG

Pte

STG

MTG

OcG

CGLV

PaOp

Pcun

17


6(dorsal view)

17

17

17

17

17

3V

CGCG

CG

CG

chp

fmi

fmj

FrOp

FrOp

fx

gcc

HCd IFGOpIFGOp

IFGOr

IFGTr

IFGTr

IFGTr

Ins Ins

Ins

FLV

MFG MFG

MTGMTG

MTG

MTG

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcGOcG

OLV

PCun

PCun

PoGPoG

PrG PrG

PTe PTescc

SFGSFG

SMGSMG

sof

st

STG

STG STG

TTG TTGTCd

Th

Tsv

3V third ventricle17 striate area acer anterior cerebral arteryCG cingular gyrus chp choroid plexusCun cuneusFLV frontal horn of lateral ventriclefmi forceps minor of the corpus callosumfmj forceps major of the corpus callosumFrOp frontal operculumfx fornixgcc genu of the corpus callosumHCd head of caudate nucleusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular partIns insulaIPL inferior parietal lobule LV lateral ventricle mcer middle cerebral arteryMFG middle frontal gyrus MTC medial temporal gyrusMTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventriclePaOp parietal operculumpcer posterior cerebral arteryPCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporalescc splenium of the corpus callosumSFG superior frontal gyrus SMG supramarginal gyrus sof superior occipitofrontal fascicle st stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTh thalamustsv thalamostriate veinTTG transverse temporal gyri

10 mm

25


6(ventral view)

pcer

acer

mcercha

MTG

OcG

TTG

PHG

Th

STG

SFG

PTe

PrG

PoG

MFG

LV

ITG

Ins

Hi

IFGOr

IFGOp

IFG CG

3V

17

PTe

Ins

MFG

IFG

IFGOr

PrG

PoG

STG

MTG

ITGOcG

Hi

LV

10 mm


7(dorsal view)

17

17

3V

aic

ATh

CGCG

CG CG

CG

chp

Cl

ec

exc

fi

FLV

FuG

fx

gcc

gic GP

Hb

HCd

Hi

IFGOp

IFGOr

IFGOr

IFGTr

IFGIFG

Ins

Ins

ITGITG

OLV

MFG

MFG

MTG

MTG

OcG

OcG

OcG

or

PCun

pic

PoG

PoGPrG

PrG

PTe

Pu

Pul

SFGSFG

stTCd

ThTTG

TTGSTG

SFG

MTG

Ver

Pi

sm

3V third ventricle17 striate area acer anterior cerebral arteryaic anterior limb of the internal capsuleATh anterior thalamusCG cingular gyrus cha choroid arterychp choroid plexusCl claustrumec external capsule exc extreme capsulefi fimbria hippocampiFLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle FuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixgcc genu of the corpus callosumgic internal capsule, genu GP globus pallidusHb habenular nucleiHCd head of caudate nucleusHi hippocampusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular partIns insulaITG inferior temporal gyrusLV lateral ventricle mcer middle cerebral arteryMFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricleor optic radiationpcer posterior cerebral arteryPCun precuneusPHG parahippocampal gyrusPi pineal glandpic posterior limb of the internal capsulePoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporalePu putamenPul pulvinar thalamiSFG superior frontal gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamusst stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTh thalamusTTG transverse temporal gyriVer vermis of cerebellum

10 mm

27


7(ventral view)

pcer

mcer

acer

sca

ita

opt

STG

R

SN

PTe

PHG

MTG

OcG

LV

ITG

ipf

Ins

IFGOp

IFG

Hy

HiEnt

CG

3V

17

OrG OrG

IFG

IFGOp

Ins

STG

MTG

ITG

Hi

PHGOcG

OcG

10 mm


3V third ventricle17 striate area acer anterior cerebral arteryAPS anterior perforated substanceAq aqueductCG cingulate gyrus chp choroid plexusCl claustrumcosi confluence of sinusescp cerebral peduncleDG dentate gyrusEnt entorhinal cortexFro frontal boneFrS frontal sinusFStr fundus striatigapo epicranial aponeurosis

(galea aponeurotica)Hi hippocampusHy hypothalamusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIns insulaipf interpeduncular fossaita inferior temporal arteryITG inferior temporal gyruslds lamboid sutureLTer lamina terminalisLV lateral ventricle MB mammillary bodymcer middle cerebral arteryMTG middle temporal gyrusOcc occipital boneocc occipital artery, vein and nerveOcG occipital gyriopt optic tractOrG orbital gyriParB parietal bonepcer posterior cerebral arteryPHG parahippocampal gyrusPTe planum temporaleR red nucleusS subiculumsca superior cerebellar arterySN substantia nigrasta superficial temporal artery and veinSTG superior temporal gyrusTemp temporal bonetempv temporal veinstf temporal fascia

3VFStr

acer

APS

Aq

chp

Cl

cosi

cp

DG

Ent

Ent

fi

FroFrs

gapo

HiHi

Hy

IFGOp IFGOp

InsIns

ITG

ITG ITG

lds

LTer

MB

mcer

MTGMTG

MTG

PTe

Occ

occ

OcG

OcG

OcG

opt

OrGOrG

OrG

OrG

OrG

OrG

ParB

ParB

S S

SN

staSTG

STG

suorb

Temp

TempM

tempv

tf

ipf

10 mm

8(dorsal view)

29


8(ventral view)

pcer

mcer

acer

picaaica

sca

cha

sta

FroN

bas

Occ

ITG

ITG

EntEnt

ITG

5 lac

ParB

pauv

occ

ictd

sphp

sophv

pcoma

sophv

TempMLacG

FroO

SReM

LPalCSCil

SphBolf

pcer

SSpCaM

Hi

MTG

TmP

Hi

MTG

TmP

OTG

Amg

ox

2n

sigs

4V

sutr

opha

OcFrF

tv

Temp

LV

ITG

ITG

MTG

lds

OTG

MTG

Cerebellum

occs

fr5

GROrG

sigs

olfOrG

LV

10 mm


9(dorsal view)

2n optic nerve3n oculomotor nerve4n trochlear nerve4V fourth ventricle5n trigeminal nerve5lac lacrimal nerveacer anterior cerebral arteryaica anterior inferior cerebellar arteryAmg amygdalaang angular veinbas basilar arterycav cavernous sinusCCil corrugator supercilii muscleCGal crista gallicha choroid arteryCi cisternCSCil corrugator supercilii muscleEnt entorhinal cortexfrn frontal nerveFroN frontal bone, nasal partFroO frontal bone, orbital partGR gyrus rectusHi hippocampusictd internal carotid arteryITG inferior temporal gyrusLacG lacrimal glandld lambdoid sutureLPal levator palpebrae superioris muscleLV lateral ventriclemcer middle cerebral arterymmf middle meningeal a., frontal branchMTG middle temporal gyrusOcc occipital boneocc occipital artery, vein and nerveoccs occipital sinusOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyolf olfactory tractOOM orbicularis oculi muscleopha/v ophthalmic artery / veinOrG orbital gyrusOTG occipito-temporal gyrusox optic chiasmParB parietal bonepauv posterior auricular veinpcer posterior cerebral arterypcoma posterior communicating arterypica posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPit pituitary glandPons ponsRG rectus gyrussca superior cerebellar arterysigs sigmoid sinusSObM superior oblique musclesophv superior ophthalmic veinSphB sphenoid bonesphp sphenoparietal sinussphzg spheno-zygomatic sutureSReM superior rectus muscleSSpCaM semispinalis capitis musclesta superficial temporal arterysutr supratrochlear artery and veinsutrn supratrochlear nervesutrv supratrochlear veinTemp temporal boneTempM temporal muscleTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricleTmP temporal poletv temporal vein

10 mm

ang

mmf

cav

sutrv

frnmmf

RG

5n

3n

RG

eye

bas4n

eye

Occ

sta

OrG

OrG

ITG ITG

EntEntITG

ITG

sutrn

Temp

Pons

pauv

occ

ictdsphp

ophv ophv

SphBSReMLPal

SObM

OOM

LacG

FroOCGal

SReM

LPal

OOMFroN CCil

SphB

sphzg

TempM

SSpCaM

OTG

Hi

MTG

TmP

OTG MTGMTG

Hi

MTG

TmP

OTG

Pit

Ci

2n

sigs

4 V

ld

tv

ITG

AmgTLV

31


9(ventral view)

3ni

angv

ictd

TempM

sphp

SpCaM

POrbM

SSpM

sphs

sigs

pauv

OOM

occ

MReM

mm

IReMLReM

frs

EthS

DpSCil

cav

bas

7n, 8n

5ophth

5Gn

sta

7n

10 mm


3ni

5Gn

5mx

5ophth

7n 8n

ang

bas

BasCi

CilM

DpSCil

emi

CAnT

EthS

LReM

lacv

IReM

ipets

ictd

gpetn

gocn

eye

SpCaM

sigs

sca

pauv

ophv

OOM

ocm

occOcc

nuf

MReM

mm

Pons

sphp

SphB

ZygB

TyC

tv

TL

tf

TempP

TempM

TempS

sta

SSpM

sphs

Na

4V

3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)4V fourth ventricle5Gn trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri)5mx maxillary nerve5ophth ophthalmic nerve7n facial nerve8n vestibulo-cochlear nerveang angular artery and veinangv angular veinbas basilar arteryBasCi basilar cisternCAnT common anular tendoncav cavernous sinusCilM ciliaris muscleDpSCil depressor supercilii muscleemi emissary veinEthS ethmoidal sinus (cells)eye eyeballfrs frontal sinusgocn greater occipital nervegpetn greater petrosal nerveictd internal carotid arteryipets inferior petrosal sinusIReM inferior rectus musclelacv lacrimal veinLReM lateral rectus musclemm middle meningeal arteryMReM medial rectus muscleNa nasal bonenuf nuchal fasciaOcc occipital boneocc occipital artery, vein and nerveocm occipito-mastoid sutureOOM orbicularis oculi muscleophv ophthalmic veinpauv posterior auricular veinPOrbM posterior orbicularis musclesca superior cerebellar arterysigs sigmoid sinusSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSphB sphenoid bonesphp spheno-parietal sinussphs sphenoid sinusSSpM semispinalis capitis musclesta superficial temporal artery and veinTempM temporalis muscleTempP temporal bone, petrosal partTempS temporal bone, squamous parttf temporalis fasciaTL temporal lobetv temporalis veinsTyC tympanic cavityZygB zygomatic bone

10 mm

10(dorsal view)

33


LgCoM

sigs

IObM

5inf

7n

ang

aute

DiM

Disc

dta

12n

ictd

IReM

LgCaMLPtgM ling

occ

rapx

PMiRe

OOMNasM

mx

maxs

LPtgL

gocn

DpSCil

Condbucn

9,10,11n

5mo

3ni

SpCaM

SphP

SSpM

sta

StMT

Sty

spa

TempM

vert

10 mm

10(ventral view)


3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)5inf infraorbital nerve5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve7C facial nerve and canal7n facial nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerve ang angular artery and veinAReCaM anterior rectus capitis muscleaute auriculotemporal nervebucn buccal nerveCond condylar process of mandibleCor coronoid process of the mandiblecty chorda tympaniDIM digastric muscleDisc articular disc of temporo-mandibular

jointDpSCil depressor supercilii muscledta deep temporalis arterygocn greater occipital nerveialvn inferior alveolar nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veininfa infraorbital arteryIObM inferior oblique muscleIObMT inferior oblique muscle, tendonIReM inferior rectus muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleling lingual nerveLPtgL lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral bellyLPtgM lateral pterygoid muscle, medial bellyMasM masseter muscleMax maxillamaxs maxillary sinusMd medulla oblongataMiPRe minor posterior rectus capitis musclemx maxillary arterymxs maxillary sinusNa nasal boneNasM nasalis musclenl nuchal ligamentnlac nasolacrimal ductNSpt nasal septumnuf nuchal fascia Occ occipital boneocc occipital artery and veinocca occipital arteryoccv occipital veinOOm orbicularis oculi musclepapx parotid plexusPar parotid glandPMiRe posterior minor rectus capitis muscleptgpal pterygopalatine ganglionptgpx pterygoid plexusrapx retroarticular (venous) plexussigs sigmoid sinusspa sphenopalatine arterySpCaM splenius capitis muscleSphB sphenoid boneSphP pterygopalatine ganglionSSpM semispinalis capitis musclesta superficial temporal artery and veinStMM sternomastoid muscleStMT sternomastoid muscle, tendonSty styloid processTemp temporal boneTempM temporalis muscletf temporalis fasciaTzM trapezius musclevert vertebral arteryVomer vomerZyg zygamatic bone

12n

bucn

aute

AReCaM

ang

10n7C

5mo

5inf

gocn

dta

DpSCil

Disc

DiM

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Cor

Cond

mx

LgCaM

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IObMTIObM

infa

ialvn lingLPtgM

Par

papx

OOm NSpt

nlac

nl

NasM

Occ occa

nuf

Na

mxs

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Md

Max

MasM

TzM

Temp

sta

SpCaM

StMM

ptgpal

ptgpx

rapxSty

sigs

SSpM

SphB

spa

tf

vert

Zyg

sta

ijugv

ictd

occv

Occ

TempM

10 mm

11(dorsal view)

Vomer

35


11(ventral view)

10 mm

LLb

ManMasM

LReCaM

LPtgM

LgsCaM

LLbM

TeVePa

TempM

Sty

StMM

SSpM

SpCaM

spaa

SObM

SCMPtg

PMjRe PMiRe

Par

OOm

occ

NasM

MZgM

mx

MPtgM

LgCaM

LeVePa

infa

ictd

GZgM

gocn

dpc

dpal

DiM

asa

ang

12n

vert

TzM

sta

tfamx


5inf infraorbital nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerveAMjC ala major cartilageapal ascending palatine arteryAtlas atlasAtOc atlanto occipital jointBucM buccinator musclebucn buccal nervecern2 cervical nerve 2DAx dens axisDiM digastric muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryfacv facial veinGNaC greater nasal cartilagegocn greater occipital nerveGZgM greater zygomatic muscleHPtg hamulus of the pterygoid boneialv inferior alveolar artery, vein and

nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinIObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscleivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusLAngO levator anguli oris muscleLeVaPa levator veli palatini muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleling lingual nerveLLb levator labii sup. musclelObM inferior oblique capitis muscleMan mandibleMasM masseter muscleMiZgM minor zygomatic muscleMPtgM medial pterygoideus muscleMScal medial scalenus muscle, insertion of

levator scapulae muscleMx maxillaNasM nasalis musclenl nuchal ligamentnpal nasopalatine artery, incisive canalocc occipital artery and veinpal greater palatine artery and veinPalG palatine glandsPar parotid glandpau posterior auricular artery and veinPMiRe posterior minor rectus capitis musclePMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscleptdd parotid ductPtg pterygoid processpvf prevertebral fasciarmv retromandibular veinSalPhM salpingopharyngeus muscleSArS subarachnoid spaceSCM superior constrictor muscleSeC septal cartilageSNaC septum nasi cartilageSobM superior oblique muscleSpAx spinous process of axisSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpinal spinal cordSSpM semispinalis capitis muscleStMM sternomastoid muscleSty styloid process and styloglossus,

stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid musclesStyGlM styloglossus muscleStyHyM stylohyoid muscleStyPhM stylopharyngeus muscleTeVePa tensor veli palatini muscleTempM temporalis muscleTempT temporalis muscle (tendon)TrPAt transverse process of the atlasTzM trapezius muscleUv uvulavert vertebral arteryVomer vomer

NasM

AReCaM

apal

ang

9,11,12n

5inf

10n

GNaC

LPtgM

LLbM

LLb

ling

LgsCaM

LgCaMLeVePa

CAT

bucn

AtOc

Atlas

LAngO

ictd

ialvn

GZgM

gocn

facv

dpc

dpal

infa

INaCo

ijugv

MPtgM

MiZgMMx

MasMMan

PMiRe

Occ

occ

nuf

nl

mx

LReCa

sta

SalPhM

SSpM

SCM

pvf

SpCaM

Ptg

psan

SObM

SeC

PMjRe

Par

OOM

Uv

TzM

tla

Sty

StMM

tfa

TeVePa

TempM

StyPhM

Zyg

Vomer

vert

7n

DAx

10 mm

12(dorsal view)

37


ictdrmv

PMjRe

occ

MPtgM

MasM

LgCaM

pau

pal

NasM

MiZgM

ling

LAngO

IObCpM

ijugv

ialv

GZgM

gocn

facv

fac

ectd

dpc

DiM

bucnBucM

Atlas

apal

AMjC

9n

5inf

12n

11n

9,10n

vert

Vomer

TempM

TzM

TrPAt

TelePa

Sty

StMM

SSpM

SpCaM

SCM

LgsCaM

10 mm

12(ventral view)


9,10n

occ

nl

MasM

lObCaM

ling

SpCaM

SCMPar

ivvpx

NasM

Man

LLb

LgsCaM

LAngO

ialv

gocn

dpc

Atlas

12n

11nijugv

HPtg

facv

DiM

cern2

BucM

apal

ictd

GZgM

fac

ectd

bucn

MScal

LgCoMLgCaM

PalG

ptdd

SArS

SpAx

SNaC

SSpM

rmv

PMjRe

palnpal

Mx

MiZgM

Spinal

pau

StMM

vert

MPtgMUv

TzM

TrPAt

TempT

StyPhM

StyHyM

StyGlM

5inf infraorbital nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerveAMjC alar major cartilageapal ascending palatine arteryAtlas atlasBucM buccinator musclebucn buccal nervecern2 cervical nerve 2DiM digastric muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryfacv facial veingocn greater occipital nerveGZgM greater zygomatic muscleHPtg hamulus of the pterygoid boneialv inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinIObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscleivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusLAngO levator anguli oris muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleling lingual nerveLLb levator labii sup. muscleMan mandibleMasM masseter muscleMiZgM minor zygomatic muscleMPtgM medial pterygoideus muscleMScal medial scalenus muscle, insertion of

levator scapulae muscleMx maxillaNasM nasalis musclenl nuchal ligamentnpal nasopalatine artery, incisive canalocc occipital artery and veinpal greater palatine artery and veinPalG palatine glandsPar parotid glandpau posterior auricular artery and veinPMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscleptdd parotid ductrmv retromandibular veinSArS subarachnoid spaceSCM superior constrictor muscleSNaC septum nasi cartilageSpAx spinous process of axisSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpinal spinal cordSSpM semispinalis capitis muscleStMM sternomastoid muscleSty styloid process and styloglossus,

stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid musclesStyGlM styloglossus muscleStyHyM stylohyoid muscleStyPhM stylopharyngeus muscleTelePa tensor veli palatini muscleTempM temporalis muscleTempT temporalis muscle (tendon)TrPAt transverse process of the atlasTzM trapezius muscleUv uvulavert vertebral arteryVomer vomer

10 mm

13(dorsal view)

39


13(ventral view)

MScalMLgsCaM

SCM

MPtgM

MulM

bucn

DiM

fac

gocn

ialn

ijugr

LgCaM

LgsCeM

ling

MAsM

ScalM

SpAx SSpM

TzM

*

Uv

TISM SpCaM

SCGn

Par

pal

vert SpCeM

rmv

ptdd

PalG

OOrM

Max

LScM

LgCoM

LAngO

InTrM

ictd

GZgM

facv

ectd

dpc

BucMBucM

aphapal

9n

12n

11n

10n*

*

Man

Vert3

10 mm


15(dorsal view)

* styloglossus, stylohyoideus, stylopharyngeus muscles

9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerveall anterior longitudinal ligamentapal ascending palatine arteryaph ascending pharyngeal arteryAxis axisBucM buccinator musclebucn buccal nerveDiM digastric muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryfacv facial veingocn greater occipital nerveGZgM greater zygomatic muscleHyGl hyoglossus muscleialn inferior alveolar arteryialv inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinIncC incisive canal w. nasopalatine arteryInTrM intertransversarii musclesISM interspinalis muscleLAngO levator anguli oris muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscleLgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle tendonling lingual nerveLScM levator scapulae muscleMan mandibleMAsM masseter muscleMax maxilla MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscleMScalM medial scalenus muscleMulM multifidus muscleMult multifidus muscleMyHy mylohyoid musclenuf nuchal fasciaocc occipital arteryOOrM orbicularis oris musclepal palatine arteryPalG palatine glandspapx parotid plexusPar parotid glandPlat platysmaPlGl palatoglossus muscleptdd parotid ductrmv retromandibular veinS/MCM superior / middle constrictor muscleScalM scalenus muscleSCGn superior cervical ganglionSCM superior constrictor of the pharynxsln superior laryngeal nerveSMG submandibular glandSpAx spinous process of axisSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCeM splenius cervicis musclesphn superior pharyngeal nerveSpM spinalis muscleSSpM semispinalis capitis muscleSSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscleStM sternomastoid muscleStyGl styloglossus muscleVert3 vertebral 3

10n

OOrM

SCGn

PlGl

v

tongue

SCM

Par

pal

occ

MPtgM

Max

LAngO

IncCGZgM

facv

fac

dpc

DiM

bucn

all

12n

Vert3

TzM

StyHy

StyGl

vert

UvStyPh

SSpCe

SpM

Axis

LScM

ScalM

SpCeMLgsCeM

LgsCaM

LgCaM LgCoM

Mult

SSpM

SpCaM

LScM

StM 11n

SCGn

10n12n

InTrM

LgsCaM

9n

fac

ScalM

S/MCMPlat

MyHy

Mult

MasMMan

LScMLScM

LgsCeTLgsCaM

LgCo

LgsCaM

ISM

InTrM

ijugv

ictd

ialvHyGl

ectd

BucM

aph

apal

9n

11n

Ly

StyHy

Symp

SSpCe

SSpM

SMGl

10n

12n

Vert4

StyGl

StM SpCeM

SpCaM

sln

GZgM

Ly

SpCeM

Vert3

14(dorsal view)

41


14(ventral view)

15(ventral view)

9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerveallapal ascending palatine arteryaph ascending pharyngeal arteryBucM buccinator musclebucn buccal nerveDiM digastric muscleDiT digastric muscle, tendonDpAO depressor anguli oris muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinectd external carotid arteryfac facial artery and glandular branchesGGM genioglossus muscleGHHy greater horn of hyoid boneGZgM greater zygomatic muscleHyGl hyoglossus muscleialv inferior alveolar artery and nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinInTrM intertransversarii musclesISM interspinalis muscleivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscleLgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle, tendonling lingual arteryLScM levator scapulae muscleLy lymph nodeMasM masseter muscleMPtgM medial pterygoid muscleMult multifidus muscleMyHy mylohyoid muscleOOrM orbicularis oris musclePar parotid glandPlat platysmaPlPh palatopharyngeus muscleRisM risorius musclermv retromandibular veinS/MCM superior and middle constrictor of

the pharynxScalM scalenus muscleSCGn superior cervical ganglionsln superior laryngeal nerveSMGl submandibular glandSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCeM splenius cervicis muscleSpM spinalis muscleSSpM semispinalis capitis muscleSSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscleStM sternomastoid muscleStyGl styloglossus muscleStyHy stylohyoid muscleStyPh stylopharyngeus musclesymp sympathetic trunkTzM trapezius musclev veinvert vertebral arteryVert4 fourth cervical vertebra

Ly

LgCoM

InTrM

aph

ectd

ictdijugv

StyPh StyHy

StyGl

SpCeM

SpMSSpM

SSpCe

StM

SCGn

SpCaM

ScalM

Plat

Par

MyHy

MPtgM

LgsCeTLgsCaM

PlPh

OOrM

Mult

MasM

LScM

LgCaM

ISM

GZgM

fac

DiT

BucM

apal

all

12n

11n

10n

TzM

Ly

SCGn12n

fac

vv

Vert4

LgCoMS/MCM

ectd

ialv

ling

ivvpx

DiM

DpAO

facGHHy

HyGl

SMGl

RisM

sln

LgsCeM

GGM

dpc

9n

10n

12n

ijugv

Vert4ScalM

vert

symp

ictd

ijugv

11n

10n

LgCoM

SMGl

Par

Par

Ly

v

v

rmv


16(dorsal view)

17(dorsal view)

10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerveancer ansa cervicalisBucM buccinator musclecctd common carotid arterycern cervical nervecplx carotid plexusDiM digastric muscleDiT digastric muscle (tendon)DpAO depressor anguli oris muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryGGM genioglossus muscleGHHy greater horn of hyoid boneglda glandular branches of facial arteryHyGl hyoglossus muscleICM inferior constrictor of the pharynxictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinilab inferior labial artery and veinISM interspinalis muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscleling lingual arteryLgGl anterior lingual glandLScM levator scapulae muscleLy lymph nodeMan mandibleMCM middle constrictor of the pharynxMult multifidus muscleMyHy mylohyoid musclemyhy mylohyoid nerveOOrM orbicularis oris musclePlat platysmaRisM risorius muscleS/MCM superior and middle constrictor of

the pharynxScalM scalenus muscleSHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilageSLGl sublingual glandsln superior laryngeal nervesmd submandibular ductSMGl submandibular glandSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCeM splenius cervicis muscleSpM spinalis muscleSSpM semispinalis capitis muscleSSpCe semispinalis cervicis musclesthy superior thyroid arteryStM sternomastoid muscleStyHy stylohyoid muscleSymp sympathetic trunkThHy thyrohyoid muscleThHyMe thyrohyoid membraneTzM trapezius musclev veinvert vertebral arteryVert3 third cervical vertebraVert4 fourth cervical vertebra

DpAO

ScalM

Plat

LScM

LgsCeM

LgCoM

ilab

fac

dpc

cplx

smd

SLGl

S/MCM

myhy

LgGl

LgCaM

ijugv

HyGl

GHHyectd

DiM

SpCeM

SMGl

sln

RisM

OOrM

MyHy

Mult

ling

LgsCaM

ISM

ictd

glda

GGM

BucM

ancer

11n 10n

StMSymp

SSpCe

SSpM SpM

TzM

ling

fac

ijugv

Ly

Ly

StyHy

vert3

vert4 cern

ScalM

ICM

LgsCeM

DiT

SpCaM

MCM

LScM

HyGl

SHThC

Man

cctd

ThHy

sthy

LgCoM

StyHy

ThHyMe

Symp

TzM

fac

GGM

ling

SMGl

GHHy

MyHy

SLGl

SpCeM

glda

vert4vert5 ijugv StM

v

43


16(ventral view)

17(ventral view)

10n vagus nerveancer ansa cervicalisBHy body of hyoid boneBucM buccinator musclecctd common carotid arterycern cervical nerveDiM digastric muscleDpAO depressor anguli oris muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinDpLb depressor labii inferioris musclefac facial arteryfacv facial veinGeHy geniohyoid muscleGGM genioglossus muscleGHHy greater horn of hyoid bonegld glandular branches of facial arteryHyGl hyoglossus muscleICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscleICM inferior constrictor of the pharynxijugv internal jugular veinilab inferior labial artery and veinISM interspinalis muscleLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscleling lingual arteryLScM levator scapulae muscleLy lymph nodeManC mandibular canal with inferior

alveolar artery and nerveMasM masseter muscleMCM middle constrictor of the pharynxMentM mentalis muscleMult multifidus muscleMyHy mylohyoid muscleOmHy omohyoideus muscleOOrM orbicularis oris musclePlat platysmaScalM scalenus muscleSHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilageSLGl sublingual glandsln superior laryngeal nervesmd submandibular ductSMGl submandibular glandSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCeM splenius cervicis muscleSplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscleSpM spinalis muscleSSpCa semispinalis capitis muscleSSpCe semispinalis cervicis musclesthy superior thyroid arteryStM sternomastoid muscleStyHy stylohyoid muscleSymp sympathetic trunkThC thyroid cartilageThHy thyrohyoid muscleThHyMe thyrohyoid membraneTrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebraTzM trapezius musclev veinvert vertebral arteryVert4 fourth cervical vertebraVert5 fifth cervical vertebraVert6 sixth cervical vertebra

10n

SLGl

OOrM

Mult

ManC

ijugv

gldfac

fac

dpc

DiM

BucM

cctd

ScalM

Plat

MyHyHyGl

GHHy

GGMDpAO

LScM

LgsCeM

LgsCaM

ling

LgCoMLgCaM

ISM

sthy

StyHy

SSpCeSpCeM

sln

smd

Vert4

TzM

TrP4

Symp

StM

SpM

SHThC

ling

Vert5

SpCaM

Symp

cern

ancer

ScalM

MyHy

MCM

ijugv

ICCe

HyGl

GeHy

BHy

OmHy

MentM ilab

ijugv

ICM

facv

DpLb

LgCoM

LgsCe

LScM

LgsCaM

LgsCa

Symp

ThC

SSpCaSplM

Vert5

ThHy

StM

SMGl

ThHyMe

DiM

StHy

10n

Vert6

Vert5

SpM

SSpCe

Ly

v

v

Ly

cctd

v

ICCe


Coronal Sections

45

3_CORON_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 11:50 Seite 1

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-images of the head which isrepresented on the following pages.

The head whose sections are depictedon the following pages was imaged inthree orthgonal planes using the follo-wing parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excita-tions, sequence: 5000/160. These

heavy T2 weighted images highlightfluid-containing structures. Note thatartificial fluid collections are visible inthe nasal and paranasal cavities. Thetop panel presents the sagittal MRIsand specifies the planes of sectioningof the middle and lower panel.Orientation of these MRIs was basedon the brainstem axis. Therefore theorientation of the coronal MRIs in the

lower panel corresponds to the planeof cryo-sectioning of the head anddirect comparisons can be made withphotographs and diagrams of the follo-wing pages. The middle panel pre-sents the horizontal MRIs from top tothe bottom.


as indicated. The drawing of the midsa-gittal view has been mirror-imaged inorder to help identifying structures

Surface views of the left hemisphereof the brain which has been sectionedin the coronal plane (-20° angulation)

which lie in the same plane of sectio-ning with regard to the lateral andmedian view.


The most important gyri are delinea-ted. The midsagittal views depict the

Surface views of the brain which isshown in the subsequent pages.

brain with the Talairach space.

VCA VCA

ICL


Cerebral structures:

FrP frontopolar cortexGRe gyrus rectusiFG inferior frontal gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusOFG orbitofrontal gyriSFG superior frontal gyrusSRoG superior rostral gyrus

Peripheral structures:

12n hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch)5inf infraorbital nerveAlv alveolar process of maxillaBFat buccal fat padBucM buccinator muscleCGal crista galli DiM digastric muscle, ant. bellydlg deep lingual artery and veinEthBu ethmoidal bullafac facial arteryfacv facial veinFroC frontal bone, crestFroO frontal bone, orbital partfrs frontal sinusFxC falx cerebriGeHy geniohyoid muscleGGM genioglossus musclegpa/n/v greater palatine artery, nerve, veinGZgM greater zygomatic muscleHyGl hyoglossus muscleINaCo inferior nasal conchainfa infraorbital arteryIOb inferior oblique muscleIOC infraorbital canalIRec inferior rectus muscleLacG lacrimal glandLgSpt lingual septumLPal levator palpebrae superioris muscleLRec lateral rectus muscleManC mandibular canalMasM masseter muscleMNaC middle nasal conchaMRec medial rectus musclemxs maxillary sinusMyHy mylohyoid muscleNSpt nasal septumOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOFat orbital fat padOOM orbicularis oculi muscleoph ophthalmic arteryPalG palatine glandspap optic papillaPeP perpendicular platepsa posterior superior alveolar arteryslg sublingual artery and veinSLGl sublingual gland and ductsma submental arterysmd submandibular ductSOb superior oblique muscleSRec superior rectus musclesublgv sublingual veinsuorba supraorbital arterytfa transverse facial artery Vom vomerZyg zygomatic bone

GGM

LRec

PeP

LgSpt

Platysma

mxs

frs

Alv

facv

NSpt

SlPl

sublgv

gpVom

pap

Zyg

5inf

12n

IRec

EthBu

FxC

DiM

LPal

SOb

MRec

SRec

GZgM

FroO

OOM

OcFrF

MyHy

IOb

HyGl

GeHy

BucM

PalG

SLGl

LacG

smd

CGal

BFat

OFatMNaC

INaCo

ManC

IOC

eye

slg

dlg

suorba

tfa

sma

dlg

oph

fac

infa

psa

FroC

sma

fac

SRoG

GRe

SFG

OFG

MFG

IFG

FrP

FrP

SFG MFG

IFG

OFG

FrP

OFG

4(anterior view)

MasM

49


10 mm

4(posterior view)

mcer

acer

mcerFrP SFG

OFG

MFG

IRoG

GRe

SFG

IFG

OFG

FrP

MFG

IRoG

SRoG

SFG

FrP

SE 3000/100

IR 5000/600


5(anterior view)


acer anterior cerebral arteryFrP frontopolar cortexFL frontal lobeGRe gyrus rectusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusmcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusOB olfactory bulbOFG orbitofrontal gyriSFG superior frontal gyrusSRoG superior rostral gyrus


2n optic nerve5fr frontal nerve of trigeminus5inf infraorbital nerve12n hypoglossal nerve or its rootBMan body of mandibleBucM buccinator musclecret central artery of retinaDiM digastric muscle, ant. bellydpal descending palatine arterydta deep temporal artery (arteries)eths ethmoidal sinus (cells)fac/v facial artery / veinFroSq frontal bone, squamosal partfrs frontal sinusGeHy geniohyoid muscleGGM genioglossus muscleGPalF greater palatine foramenHyGl hyoglossus muscleialv inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerveinfa infraorbital arteryIOC infraorbital canalIRec inferior rectus musclelac lacrimal arterylga/lgv lingual artery / veinLPal levator palpebrae superioris muscleLRec lateral rectus muscleLy submental lymph nodeManC mandibular canalMasM masseter muscleMRec medial rectus musclemxs maxillary sinusMyHy mylohyoid muscleNSpt nasal septumOB olfactory bulbOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOFat orbital fatoph ophthalmic arteryPalG palatine glandspaln palatine nerve (s)Plat platysmapsa posterior superior alveolar arteryptdd parotid ductSLGl sublingual glandsma submental arterysmd submandibular ductSOb superior oblique muscleSRec superior rectus musclesss superior sagittal sinusStHy sternohyoid muscleTempM temporalis muscletfa transverse facial artery ZygA zygomatic arch

sma

paln

PalG

ZygA

Tongue

tfa

TempM

oph

OFat

OcFrF

OB

NSpt

LPal

lgv

lga

lac

IRec

StHy

sss

SRecSOb

smd

MyHy

mxs

MRec

infa

ialv

HyGl

GPalF

SLGl

ptdd

psa

Plat

MasM

ManC

Ly

LRec

GGM

GeHy

frs

FroSq

12n

2n

FL

facv

fac

dta

dpal

DiM

cret

CGal

BucM

BMan

5inf

5fr

FrPSRoG

SFG

OFG

MFG

IRoG

IFG

GRe

SFG

IFGOFG

FrP

MFG

IRoG

SRoG

SFG

IOC

eths

51


5(posterior view)

FLA

SRoGIRoG

GRe

OFG

MFG

IFG

SFG

MFG

IFG

OFGIRoG

SRoG

10 mm

acermcermcer


6(anterior view)


acer anterior cerebral arteryCG cingulate gyrusFLA frontal limbic areaFuG fusiform gyrusGRe gyrus rectusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIRoG inferior rostral gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusmcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOFG orbitofrontal gyriolf olfactory tractSFG superior frontal gyrusSRoG superior rostral gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTmP temporal pole


2n optic nerve5alv inferior alveolar nerve5inf infraorbital nerve5lg lingual nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve12n hypoglossal nerve BFat buccal fat padDiT digastric muscle, tendondpal descending palatine arterydta deep temporal artery (arteries)eths ethmoidal sinus, labyrinth and air cellsfac/v facial artery / veinFxC falx cerebriHPtg hamulus of the pterygoid boneHyGl hyoglossus muscleHyoid hyoid boneialva inferior alveolar arteryinfa infraorbital arteryIRec inferior rectus musclelg/lgv lingual artery / veinLgGl lingual glandLLPt lateral lamina of pterygoid processLPal levator palpebrae superioris muscleLPtg lateral pterygoid muscleLRec lateral rectus muscleMan mandibleManC mandibular canalMasM masseter muscleMLPt medial lamina of pterygoid processMPtg medial pterygoid muscleMRec medial rectus musclemx maxillary arterymxs maxillary sinusmyhy mylohyoid nerveOmHy omohyoid muscleoph/v ophthalmic artery / veinpna posterior nasal arteryptdd parotid ductptpf pterygopalatine fossashl stylohyoid ligamentsmd submandibular ductSMGl submandibular glandSOb superior oblique muscle

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

mxs

mx

MRec

MPtg

infa

ialva

5alv

2n

12n

Vom

vl

Uvula

TmP

ThHyThC

tfaTeVePa

TempM

StyGl

StHy

sphs

sphplSphP

SOb

SMGl

smd

shl

ptpf

ptdd

pna

Platysma

ophv

oph

OmHy

olf

myhy

MLPt

MasMManC

Man

LRec

LPtg

LPal

LLPt

lgv

LgGl

lg

IRec

Hyoid

HyGl

HPtg

FxC

facvfac

eths

dtadpal

DiT

BFat

9n

5inf

5lg

ZygA

staf

infadpal

tfa

pna

mx

dta

soft palate

IRoG

FuG

FLA

TmP

ITG

STG

SRoG

SFG

OFG

MTG

MFG

CG

GRe

IFG

IFGOp

SFG

SFG

MFG

IFG

IFGOp

OFG

olfGRe

IRoG

SRoG

CG

SFG

TmP

STG

ITG

SRec

53


6(posterior view)

IFGOp

OFG

PTe

SFG

SRoG

STG

TmP

Ins

MTG

CG

FLA

FuG

GRe

IFG

MFG

ITG

IRoG

TmP

SFG

MFG

IFG

IFGOp

OFGIRoG

SRoG

CG

FLA

STG

ITG

TmP

PTe

10 mm

acer

mcermcer


7(anterior view)


acer anterior cerebral arteryCG cingulate gyrusFLA frontal limbic areaFLV frontal horn of lateral ventricleFuG fusiform gyrusGRe gyrus rectusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIRoG inferior rostral gyrusIns insulaITG inferior temporal gyrusmcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOFG orbitofrontal gyriPTe planum temporalercc rostrum of corpus callosumSFG superior frontal gyrusSRoG superior rostral gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTmP temporal pole


2n optic nerve3n oculomotor nerve or its root 4n trochlear nerve or its root5ialv inferior alveolar nerve5lg lingual nerve5mx maxillary nerve of the trigeminal6n abducens nerve or its root9n glossopharyngeal nerve12n hypoglossal nerve or its rootacer anterior cerebral arteryAryE aryepiglotticus muscleAud auditory tubecav cavernous sinusDiM digastric muscle, post bellyEGl epiglottisEnt entorhinal cortexfac/v facial artery / vein Hyoid hyoid boneialva inferior alveolar arteryictd internal carotid arterylg/lgv lingual artery / veinLPtg lateral pterygoid muscleLVePa levator veli palatini muscleMasM masseter muscleMCM medial constrictor muscle mmf middle meningeal arteryMPtg medial pterygoid musclemx maxillary arterymyhy mylohyoid nerveOmHy omohyoid musclephar pharyngeal branchesPirR piriform recessPlPh palatopharyngeus muscleptdd parotid ductPtgC pterygoid canalptgpx pterygoid plexusPtT palatine tonsil


ialva

phar

MCM

ZygA

Uv

TL

ThHy

tfa

TeVePa

TempM

StyHy

StyGl

sthyv

sthy

staf

sss

sphs

sphmlSPal

smv

shl

rmv

PtT

ptgpxPtgC

ptddPlPh

PirR

oph

OmHy

olf

myhy

mx

MPtg

mmf

MasM

LVePa

LPtg

lgv

lg

inav

ictd

Hyoid

FLV

facvfac

EGl

DiM

cav

Aud

AryE

acer

9n

6n5mx

5lg5ialv

4n3n

2n

12nlg 12n

lgv

fac

facv smvshl

5lg

ptgpx mx

SMGl

2nEnt

Ins

TmP

STG

SRoG

SFG

rcc

PTeOFG

MTG

MFG

FLV

ITG

IFGOp

IFG

GRe

FuG

FLA

Ins

CG

SFG

MFG

IFGIFGOp

IFGOp

InsFLV

OFGGRe

SRoGCG

FLA

CG

EntPTe

TmP

ITGFuG

MTG

STG

2n

55


7(posterior view)

MFG

ITG

Ins

IFG

FuG

AG

SFG

STGPir

SFG

SCAPu

PTe

ox

MTG

IFGOp

SLG

FLA

Ent

CG

Acb

opt

Cl

GRe

PTGSCA

MFGIFG

IFGOp

Ins

STGPTe

SLGAG

Ent

FuG ITG

MTG

FLA

PirAOAO

TuTu

ic

10 mm

acermcermcer

cha


8(anterior view)

Cerebral structure:

Acb accumbens nucleusacer anterior cerebral arteryAG ambiens gyrusAO anterior olfactory nucleusCG cingulate gyruscha choroid arteryCl claustrumDB diagonal band nucleusEnt entorhinal cortexFLA frontal limbic areaFLV frontal horn of lateral ventricleFuG fusiform gyrusGRe gyrus rectusic internal capsuleIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIRoG inferior rostral gyrusInfS infundibular stalkIns insulaITG inferior temporal gyrusmcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOFG orbitofrontal gyriox optic chiasmPTe planum temporalercc rostrum of corpus callosumPir piriform cortexPit pituitary glandPTG paraterminal gyrusPu putamenSCA subcallosal areaSFG superior frontal gyrusSLG semilunar gyrusSRoG superior rostral gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTmP temporal poleTu olfactory tubercleUn uncus


5Gn trigeminal ganglion9n glossopharyngeal nerve12n hypoglossal nerve 3n oculomotor nerve aph ascending pharyngeal arterycav cavernous sinuscctd common carotid arteryCon condylar process of mandibleDiM digastric muscle, post bellyDS diaphragma sellae ectd external carotid arteryfac/v facial artery / veinICM inferior constrictor m. of pharynxictd internal carotid arteryLgCaM longus capitis muscleLPtg lateral pterygoid muscleLVePa levator veli palatini muscleMCM medial constrictor m. of pharynxmm middle meningeal arterymx/v maxillary artery / veinocc occipital arteryOtic otic ganglionPar patotid glandpau posterior auricular artery


tfa

rmv

tfv

TempM

StyPhStyHy

StyGl

Sty

StMsthy

mxv

sphs

smv

mx

Pit

phar

Par

ox

Otic

occ

mx

mm

MCM

mcer

LVePaLPtg

LgCaM

InfSictd

ICM

facvfac

DS

DiM

Con

cctd

cav

aph

acer

9n

5Gn

3n

12n

stam

stap

ictd

smv

rmv

rmv

mx

ectd hyoid

StyGlStyPh

StyHy

DiM

facv

PhRe TMD

DBSLG

Un

TuSTG

SptP

SFG

SFG

Pu

PTG

PTe

Pir

ox

MTG

MFG

ITG

Ins

IFGOpIFG

FuG

FLA

Ent

AG

CGCl

MFG

IFG

IFGOp

Ins

PirTuDB

IFG

PTe

SLGAG

Ent

FuGITG

MTG

STG

pau


8(posterior view)

TLVHiUn

TTGSTG

SFG

SB

S

Pu

PTe

PrG

optMTG

MFG

ITG

Ins

IGP

IFGOpIFG

ic

Hy

HCd

FuG

FLA

Ent

EGP

CLV

Cl

CG

bcc

Amg

afx

ac

3V

SFG

FLA

MFG

IFG

IFGOp

Ins

PTe

PTe

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

Ent

Un

SHi

10 mm

mcermcer

acer

cha

pcer pcer


9(anterior view)


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureacer anterior cerebral arteryAmg amygdalaATh anterior thalamic nucleusbcc body of corpus callosumbfx body of fornixCd caudate nucleusce central sulcusCG cingulate gyruscha choroid arteryCl claustrumcp cerebral peduncleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexFLA frontal limbic areaCLV centrall part of lateral ventricleFuG fusiform gyrusHi hippocampusic internal capsuleIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIGP internal globus pallidusIns insulaipf interpeduncular fossaiss inferior sagittal sinusITG inferior temporal gyrusMB mamillary bodymcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractpcer posterior cerebral arteryPoCi pontine cisternPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporalePTG paraterminal gyrusPu putamenS subiculumSB striatal cell bridgessca superior cerebellar arterySFG superior frontal gyrusSLG semilunar gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTL temporal lobeTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricleTTG transverse temporal gyriUn uncus


3n oculomotor nerve or its root 3V third ventricle5n trigeminal nerve7gp greater petrosal nerve7n facial nerve9,10,11n glossopharyngeal, vagus and

accessory nerves10n vagus nerveaau anterior auricular arteryancer ansa cervicaliscern2 cervical nerve 2


iss

LgCaM

Vert5

Vert4

Vert3vert

TL

TenT

Temp

StM

stempv

spets

ScalM

sca

PoCi

pcer

pau

Par

occ

mmpmm

mcer

Ly

LReCa

ipets

ijugv

ictd

ejugv

DiM

cerpxcern3

cern2

cctd

bas

Axis

10n

3n

Atlas

ancer

aica

ACeIT

aau

9,10,11n

7n

7gp

5n

7n

ejugv

ijugv

EGP

FLA

S

ce

TTG

TLV

TCdSTG

SFG

SB

PuPTe

PrG

Pons

PoG

opt

MTG

MFG

ITG

Ins

IGP

IFGOp

IFG

ic

Hi

HCd

FuG Ent

Cl

CG

bfx

bcc

ATh

Amg

ac

5n

3V

MBcp

ipf

PPo

SFG

MFG

IFG

PrGIFGOp

InsTTG

STG

PTe

MTG

ITG

FuGEnt

Hi3n


9(posterior view)

PPo

GP

mcp

MFG

MTG

opt

TTG

TTG

TLVTCd

STh

STG

st

SN

SFG

S

Rt

R

Pu

PrG

Pons

PoG

MD

ATh

IFGOp

ITG

Ins

IFG

ic

Hi

FuG

FLA

Ent

cp

CM

CLV

Cl

CG

bfx

VL

Amg

IFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PoGIFGOp

PTe

PPo STG

MTG

ITGFuG

Ent

10 mm

mcermcer

acer

chapcer pcer


10(anterior view)


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureacer anterior cerebral arteryaica anterior inferior cerebellar arteryAmg amygdalaATh anterior thalamic nucleusbfx body of fornixcc corpus callosumCG cingulate gyrusCH cerebellar hemispherecha choroid arterychp choroid plexusCl claustrumCM central medial thalamic nucleuscp cerebral peduncledip diploic veinGP globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexFLA frontal limbic areaCLV central part of lateral ventricleFuG fusiform gyrusHi hippocampusic internal capsuleIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partijugv internal jugular vein, bulbusIns insulaIO inferior oliveiss inferior sagittal sinusITG inferior temporal gyrusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusMB mamillary bodymcer middle cerebral arterymcp middle cerebellar peduncleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucleusMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractpcer posterior cerebral arterypica posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPoG postcentral gyrusPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporalePu putamenpy pyramidal tractR red nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSB striatal cell bridgessca superior cerebellar arterySCC semicircular canalsSFG superior frontal gyrussigs sigmoid sinusSLG semilunar gyrusSN substantia nigraspets superior petrosal sinussss superior sagittal sinusSTG superior temporal gyrusSTh subthalamic nucleusTCb tentorium cerebelliTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricleTTG transverse temporal gyrivert vertebral arteryVL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus


10n

dip

occ

pica

Mst

pcer

pauv

pau

mcer

LScM

LgsCaM

ivvpx

iss

DiM

cern2Axis

dr2

AtOcJ

Atlas

sss

stempv

SObCa

sigs

IObCa

ijugv

MaA

Vert3

vert

StM

SCC

ScalM

sca TCb

11n

7n,8n aica spets

vr4

Vert4

TempM

TLV

pauv

occ

ScalM

9n

SObCa AtOcJ

ijugv

chp

MTG

InsIFGOp

ic

IFG

LD

MFG

SB

SFG

PuGP

Cl

Hi

IO

ITG mcpPons

PTe

CLV

MD

PrG

PoG

SFG

FuGEnt

CM

CG

cc

bfx

3V

CB

Rt

STG STh

TCdS

R

py

SNTLV

TTG

SFG MFG

PrG

PTe

IO

CG

PrG

PoG

IFGOpIns

PTeTTG

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

EntS Hi

Amgopt

cp

VL


10(posterior view)

3V

TCd

PoG

PiVer

TTG

tsv

TLV Tec

STG

SMV

SFG

scp

OcG

MTG

LV

ITG

Ins

IFGOp

Hi

BCd

FuG

Ent

CG

SB

Rt

Pul

PTe

PrG

CH

bfxbcc

4V

MFG

TTG

CGCG

SFG

PrG

PoG

IFGOp

TTG TTG

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

EntOcG

Ent

10 mm

mcermcer

acer

chapcerpcer


11(anterior view)


3V third ventricle acer anterior cerebral arteryargr arachnoid granulationsbfx body of fornixCG cingulate gyrusCH cerebellar hemispherecha anterior choroidal arteryEnt entorhinal cortexFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixGrCi great (cerebellomedullary) cisternHi hippocampusicv internal cerebral veinIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIns insulaIObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleITG inferior temporal gyrusLV lateral ventriclemcer middle cerebral arteryMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusoccs occipital sinusOcG occipital gyripcer posterior cerebral arteryPCL paracentral lobulePi pineal glandPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporalePul pulvinar thalamiQuPl quadrigeminal plateRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSB striatal cell bridgesscc splenium of corpus callosumSFG superior frontal gyrusscp superior cerebellar pedunclesigs sigmoid sinusst stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrusTCb tentorium cerebelliTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricleTTG transverse temporal gyri


Atlas atlas (C1 vertebra)Axis axis (C2 vertebra)emi emissary vein, (mastoid)ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLScM levator scapulae musclemmp middle meningeal artery,

parietal branch Mult multifidus muscleocc occipital arterypauv posterior auricular veinScalM scalenus muscleSObCa superior oblique capitis muscleSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSSpM semispinal capitis muscleStM sternomastoid muscleTempM temporalis musclevert vertebral arteryVert3 vertebra 3Vert4 vertebra 4

Vert4

Vert3

vert

TempM

TCb

StM

SSpM

SpCaM

SObCa

sigs

ScalM

pcer

pauvoccs

occ

Mult

mmp

LScM

LgsCaM

IObCa

emi

Axis

Atlas

ivvpx

argr

icv

sca

GrCi

QuPl

CG

OcG

fx

QuPlTLV

TTG

Ent

TCdSTG

st

RtPTe

PoG

SFG

scc

S

Pul

PrG

PCL

Pi

MTG

MFG

LV

ITG

InsIFGOp

Hi

FuG

CH

TTG TTG TTG

FuG

scc

CG

CG

MFGSFG

PoG

PrG

PrG

IFGOp

STG

MTG

ITG

ITGFuG

OcG

S Hi

63


11(posterior view)

CG

Ver

TTGTrLV

STG

SMG

FuG

SFG

scc

PTe

PrGPoG

PCL

OcG

MTG

ITG

Ins

FG

Dt

chp

CH

MFG

PrGPrG

PaOp SMGPaOp

TTGTTG

CG

CG

PCL

PCL

SFG SFG

PrG

PoG

PaOp

TTG

TTG

PTe

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

OcG

10 mm

mcer mcer

acer

pcer pcer


12(anterior view)


CG cingulate gyrusCH cerebellar hemispherechp choroid plexusFG fasciolar gyrusFuG fusiform gyrusIns insular gyriITG inferior temporal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriPaOp parietal operculumPCL paracentral lobulepica posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporaleSFG superior frontal gyrussigs sigmoid sinusSMG supramarginal gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTrLV trigone of lateral ventricleTTG transverse temporal gyrus (1,2,3)Ver vermis of cerebellum


CISM cervical interspinal muscleemi emissary vein, (mastoid)IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleocc occipital arteryoccs occipital sinusPMiRe post. minor rectus capitis musclePMjRe post. major rectus capitis muscleSObCa superior oblique capitis muscleSpAx spinous process of axisSpCaM splenius capitis muscless straight sinusSSpM semispinal capitis muscleSSpCe semispinal cervicis muscleStM sternomastoid muscleTempM temporalis muscleVert3 vertebra 3

Vert3

TempM

StM

SSpCe

SSpM

ss

SpCaM

SpAx

SObCa

sigs

PMjRe

PMiRe

pica

occs

occ

LgsCaMIObCa

emi

CISM

occ

CG

PaOp

TTG

TrLV

STGPTe

PrG

PoG

PCL

OcG

MTG

ITG

SMG

SFG

FuG

PrG

CG

CG

CG

SFG

PCL

PCL

PrG

PoG

PoG

SMGPaOp

TTGTTGTTG

STG

MTGITGFuGOcG

FuG

65


12(posterior view)

OcG

SMG

PCunOLV

ITG

STG

PrG

PoGPCL

MTG

FuG

PCun

CGSMG

PrG

PoG

SMG

SMGSTG

MTG

ITGFuG

OcG

OcG

PCun

PCun

CG

CG

PCLPoG

10 mm

mcer mcer

pcer pcer

acer


13(anterior view)


AnG angular gyrusCG cingulate gyrusCun cuneusFuG fusiform gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral ventriclePCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus


occ occipital arteryoccs occipital sinusoccv occipital veinPMiRe post. minor rectus capitis musclePMjRe post. major rectus capitis muscleSpCaM splenius capitis muscless straight sinusSSpM semispinal capitis musclesss superior sagittal sinusStM sternomastoid muscletrs transverse sinus

trs

StM

sss

SSpM

ss

SpCaM

PMjRe

PMiRe

OLV

occvoccs

occ occoccv

CG

PCun

STG

SPL

SMG

PrG

PoG

PCL

OLV

OcG

MTG

ITG

FuG

Cun

SMG

SMG SMGSPL

SPL

MTG

MTGMTG

OcG

OcG

PCun

PCL

PoG

PoG

STG

AnG

ITG

FuG

Cun

PCun

CG

CG

PoG

67


13(posterior view)

AnG

STG

OcG

SPL

SMG

PrGPoG

PCun

PCL

OLV

MTG

ITG FuG

Cun

SPLSPL

AnGMTG

OcG

OcG

OcG

PCun

PoGPCL

PCun

PCun

Cun STG

MTG

ITG

AnG

AnG

AnGOcG

OcG

OcG

SMG

10 mm

mcer mceracer

pcer pcer


14(anterior view)


AnG angular gyrusCun cuneusFuG fusiform gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral ventriclePCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusSMG supramarginal gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrus


cosi confluence of sinusesocc occipital arteryoccv occipital veinOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle,

occipital bellySpCaM splenius capitis muscleSPL superior parietal lobuleSSpM semispinal capitis muscleTCb tentorium cerebellitrs transverse sinusTzM trapezius muscle

occv

SpCaM

OLV

OcFrO

cosi

SSpM

TzM

occ occoccv TCb

trs

AnG

STG

SPL

SMG

PoG

PCun

PCL

OLV

OcG

CunAnG

OcGOcGOcG

OcG

PCunPoG

SPL

SPL

AnGOcG

OcG

PCun

PCun

Cun

69


14(posterior view)

17

Cun

PoG

SPL

PCun

OcG

AnG

17

17

SPL

AnG

OcG

OcG

OcGCun

SPL

SPL

10 mm

acer

pcerpcer


15(anterior view)


17 striate areaAnG angular gyrusCun cuneusOcG occipital gyriPCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrusSPL superiorparietal lobule


occ occipital arteryOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle,

occipital bellysss superior sagittal sinusTzM trapezius muscle

17

SPL

PCun

OcGCun

AnG

SPL

SPL

SPL

Cun

17

OcG

OcG

OcG

AnG AnG

AnG

17

71

TzM

occ

OcFrO

sss


15(posterior view)

17

SPL

PCun

OcG

AnG

17

PCun

SPL

OcG

OcG

Cun

AnG

SPL

OcG

10 mm

Cun


73

Sagittal Sections


17 striate areaAnG angular gyrusCun cuneusOcG occipital gyriPCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrusSPL superiorparietal lobule

73

4_SAGIT_pdf.qxd 02.09.2003 11:33 Seite 1

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-sequences in three planes of thehead from which one hemisphere isshown on the following pages.

Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice,slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations,sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2weighted images highlight fluid-con-

taining structures; uneven fluid collec-tions (see lateral ventricles) are there-fore visible. Note also that a dentalprosthesis caused single void and devi-ation artefacts. The top panel presentsthe sagittal MRIs and specifies the pla-nes of sectioning of the middle andlower panel. Orientation of theseMRIs was based on the intercommis-

sural line. Therefore the orientation ofthe horizontal MRIs in the middlepanel corresponds to the plane of cryo-sectioning of the head shown in chap-ter 5.1 and direct comparisons can bemade with in-vivo MRIs which accom-pany that series of sections. The lowerpanel presents the coronal MRIs.


in the sagittal plane as indicated. Thedrawing of the mid-sagittal view has

Surface views of the left hemisphereof the brain which has been sectioned

been mirror -imaged.


such that they always show thesame anterior-posterior orienta-tion. The most important gyri aredelineated. The midsagittal view

Surface views of the left hemis-phere which is shown in the sub-sequent pages. The drawings ofthe hemisphere are arranged

depicts the hemisphere with theTalairach space.



AnG angular gyrusIFG inferior frontal gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporale SMG supramarginal gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTTG transverse temporal gyri (I-II)


7n facial nerve EAM external auditory meatusejug external jugular veinGZgM greater zygomatic muscleMasM masseter muscleMst mastoid process of temporal boneMstC mastoid cellsoccv occipital veinOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital bellyOOM orbicularis oculi musclePar parotid glandPlat platysmaptdd parotid ductrmv retromandibular veinSpCaM splenius capitis musclesta superficial temporal arteryStM sternomastoid muscleTempM temporalis muscleTempT temporalis muscle, tendonZygA zygomatic arch

IFG

AnG

ITG

MTG

ZygA

TempT

TempM

StM

sta

SpCaM

rmv

ptdd

Plat

Par

OOM

OcFrO

OcFrF

occv

MstC

Mst

MasM

GZgM

ejug

EAM

7n

TTGSTG

SMG

PTe

PrG

PoG

3(lateral view)

10 mm

77


3(medial view)

10 mm

TTGTOp

STG

SMG

PTe

PrG

POp

PoG

OcGMTG

ITG

IFGAnG IFG

MTG

Mst

MasMLgsCaM

GZgMectd

StT

DiM

StM

rmv

LReCa

trs

TempM

ParSpCaM

OOM

MstC

LScM Ly

MasM

Ly

occoccv

PS 500/10

IR 5000/600



AnG angular gyrusFuG fusiform gyrusIFG inferior frontal gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporale SMG supramarginal gyrusSTG superior temporal gyrusTOp temporal operculumTTG transverse temporal gyri (I-II)


ATub articular tubercleDiM digastric muscleDisc disk of temporo mandibular jointEAM external auditory meatusectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryfacv facial veinFroC frontal bone, crestGZgM greater zygomatic muscleijugv internal jugular veinLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLReCa lateral rectus capitis muscleLScM levator scapulae muscleLy lymph nodeMan mandibleManF mandibular fossa MasM masseter muscleMst mastoid process of temporal boneMstC mastoid cellsOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital bellyOOM orbicularis oculi musclePar parotid glandPlat platysmaptdd parotid ductptgpx pterygoid plexusrmv retromandibular veinsigs sigmoid sinusSMGl submandibular glandSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSphGW sphenoid, greater wingStM sternomastoid muscleStT sternomastoid muscle, tendonTempM temporalis muscleTempT temporalis muscle, tendontrs transverse sinusZyg zygomatic bone

TTGTOp

STG

PTe

PrG

POp

PoG

OcG

MTG

ITG

IFG

FuG

AnG

IFG

OcG

SMGPrG

GZgM

Par

OOM

OcFrO

OcFrF

ptdd Mst

MasM

ManF

Man

LgsCaM

ijugv

FroC

ectd

Disc

DiM

ATubEAM trs

TempT

SMGl

SpCaMrmv

sigs

Ly

Zyg

MasM

LScM

ptgpx

facv

fac

SphGW

Plat

TempT

4(lateral view)

10 mm

79


TTGTOp STG

SPL

SMG

PTe

PrG

POp

PoG

OFGOcG

MTG

MFG

ITG

Ins

IFG

FuG

FOp

FuG

SObCa

SCD

rmv

ptddPar

OOM

MPtg

LPtg

lgn

IObCa

ictd

facv

ectd

BucM

SpCaM

ptgpx

PMjRe

Plat

occ

mx

Man

LgsCaM

ijugv

ialvn

fac

DiM

9n12n

10n

SphGW

SSpCa

SMGlSymp

ZgM

trs

TempM

TzM

ialva

12n

Ly

fac

OcFrO

4(medial view)

10 mm



FOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusIFG inferior frontal gyrusIns insulaITG inferior temporal gyrusmcer middle cerebral artery in lateral sulcusMFG middle frontal gyrusMTG middle temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriOFG orbitofrontal gyriPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPTe planum temporale SMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrusTOp temporal operculumTTG transverse temporal gyri


9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerve or its rootBucM buccinator muscleDiM digastric muscleectd external carotid arteryfac facial arteryfacv facial veinialva inferior alveolar arteryialvn inferior alveolar nerveictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular veinIObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleipets inferior petrosal sinuslgn lingual nerveLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLPtg lateral pterygoid muscleLy lymph nodeMan mandibleMPtg lateral pterygoid musclemx maxillary arteryMx maxillaocc occipital arteryOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital bellyOOM orbicularis oculi muscleOOrM orbicularis oris musclePar parotid glandPlat platysmaPMjRe posterior major rectus capitis muscleptdd parotid ductptgpx pterygoid plexusrmv retromandibular veinScalM scalenus muscleSCD semicircular ductsSMGl submandibular glandSObCa superior oblique capitis muscleSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCe splenius cervicis muscleSphGW sphenoid, greater wingSSpCa semispinalis capitis muscleStyGl styloglossus muscleStyHy stylohyoid muscleStyPh stylopharyngeus muscleTempM temporalis muscleTrPAt transverse process of atlastrs transverse sinusTyC tympanic cavityTzM trapezoid muscleZgM zygomatic muscles

TTGTOp

STG

SPL

SMG

PTe

PrG

POp

PoG

OFG

OcGMTG

MFG

mcer

ITG

Ins

IFG

FuG

FOp

IFGSPL

10n

ijugvialvn

fac

DiMBucM

11n

12n

StyGl

SphGW

SSpCa

SpCeM

SObCa

rmv

Par

OOM

OcFrF

MPtg

LPtg

SpCaMScalM

PMjRe

Plat

OOrM

occ

mx

Man LgsCaM

lgn

IObCa

ictd

ectd

ZgM

TyC

TrPAt

TempM

StyPh

StyHy

fac

ipets

occ

5(lateral view)

10 mm

81


SPL

SFG

Pu

PrG

PoG

PHG

OFG

OcG

MTG

MFG

ITG

IFG

FuG

FOp

DG

Cl

AI

Cb

Amg

FOp

TrLV

LRec

IAud

Man

LLb

LAng

IObM

ialvn

OOrM

OOM

OcFrF

occ

MyHy

mxsmx

MPtg

lg

JugP

IObCa

ictd

gocn

lgn

LgC

Lens

ijugv

10,11n

9n

Aud

TeVePa

BucM

DiMDiT

DpAO

DpLbfac

Oral

StyGl

socv

ptgpx

TzM

StyPh

SSpM

SMGl

SpCaM

PMjRevert

trs

TempM

StyHy

SRec

spalv

Plat

lgn

StyHySCMvert

Mx

5(medial view)

10 mm



ac anterior commissureAI agranular insular cortex

(claustro-cortex insularis)Amg amygdalaaud auditory radiationCb cerebellumCl claustrumDG dentate gyrusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusGP globus pallidusHi hippocampusIFG inferior frontal gyrusITG inferior temporal gyrusLG lateral geniculate nucleusMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOcG occipital gyriOFG orbitofrontal gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral ventricleor optic radiationPHG parahippocampal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPu putamenSFG superior frontal gyrusSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobulest stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrusTCd tail of caudate nucleusthr thalamic radiation (corona radiata)TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle


5inf infraorbital nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12n hypoglossal nerve Aud auditory tubeAudC auditory tube cartilageBucM buccinator muscleCb cerebellumDiM digastric muscle DiT digastric muscle, tendonDpAO depressor anguli oris muscleDpLb depressor labii inferioris musclefac / v facial artery / veingocn greater occipital nerveialvn inferior alveolar nerveIAud internal auditory meatusictd internal carotid arteryijugv internal jugular vein & sigmoid sinusinfa infraorbital arteryIObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleIObM inferior oblique muscleIOrbF infraorbital foramenivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusJugF jugular foramenJugP jugular processlab labial arteryLAng levator anguli oris musclelg lingual arteryLgC longus capitis and colli muscleslgn / v lingual nerve/ veinLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLLb levator labii superioris muscleLPal levator palpebrae superioris muscleLPtg lateral pterygoid muscleLRec lateral rectus muscleLReCa lateral rectus capitis muscle


SFG

PrGPoG

PHG

or

OFG

OcG

MTG

MFG

LG

ITG

IFG

Hi

GP

FuG

FOp

fiDG

Cl

Cb

aud

Amg

AI

acTrLV

Pu TCd

STG

SPL

AI Pulst

MFG

thr

OLV

BucM

SCMsocv

OOrM

mxs

Man

LPtg

StyHy

spalv

PMjRe

OcFrF

MyHy

MPtg

mand5

LLb

LgC

SSpM

SpCaM

ptgpxOOM

mx

lgn

JugP

IObCa

LAng

Lens

lg

ictd

gocnfacv

IAud

fac

ialvn

DiTDiM

9,10,11n

12n

trs

vert

TrPAt

TzMStyHy

Hyoid

5inf

IOrbF

infa

ivvpxlab

Tongue

6(lateral view)

10 mm


Pul

stSB

Pir

PHG

PCun

opt

SFG

Pu

PrGPoG

PAC

Cun

OFG

MFG

MG

MFG

mcp

AILgG

Hi

ic

FuG

GP

cp

CGCd

Cb

Amg

alv ac

2n

TLVSFG

SRec

SLGl

SCMPP

5n

5nc

AReCa

Aud

cern1

gocn HyGl

dpal

DiMHyoid

lg

mxs

MyHy

ictd

LgC

MRec

IObCa

Mult

mx

MPtg

Man

OOrM

oph

OOM

OralPtT

Plat

PMiRe

PlPh

PtPF

5Gn

12nTzM

ThHy

ThC

TeVePa

StHy

SSpM

ICM

sldPMjRe

vert

12C

cern2

cern3

LPal

LVePa

Li

LTh

6(medial view)

10 mm



2n optic nerveac anterior commissureAI claustro-cortex insularisalv alveus of hippocampusAmg amygdalaCb cerebellumCd caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscp cerebral peduncleCun cuneusDG dentate gyrusFG fasciolar gyrusFuG fusiform gyrusGP globus pallidusHi hippocampusic internal capsuleLgG lingual gyrusLi limen insulaeLTh lateral thalamic nuclear regionmcp middle cerebellar peduncleMFG medial frontal gyrusMG medial geniculate nucleusOcG occipital gyriOFG orbitofrontal gyriopt optic tractPAC periamygdaloid cortexPCun precuneusPHG parahippocampal gyrusPir piriform cortexPoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPu putamenPul pulvinar nucleusSB striatal cell bridgesSFG superior frontal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobulest stria terminalisTh thalamusTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle


5Gn trigeminal ganglion5n trigeminal nerve5nc nasociliary nerve 12C hypoglossal canal12n hypoglossal nerveAReCa anterior rectus capitis muscleAtOcJ atlanto-occipital jointAud auditory tubecern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3)DiM digastric muscle, ant. bellydpal descending palatine arteryEGl epiglottisgocn greater occipital nerveHyGl hyoglossus muscleHyoid hyoid boneictd internal carotid arteryIObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleIObM inferior oblique muscleipets inferior petrosal sinuslg lingual arteryLgC longus capitis and colli musclesLgFo lingual follicleLPal levator palpebrae muscleLVePa levator veli palatini muscleMan mandiblemand5 mandibular nerveMPtg medial pterygoid muscleMRec medial rectus muscleMult multifidus musclemx maxillary arterymxs maxillary sinus

Th

SFG PrG

PoG

SFG

OFG

icGP

FG

cpDG

CG

Cd

acOFG

OCG

OCG

SPL

SFGMFG

MFG

mxs

MyHy

MPtg

12n

2n

ipets

Tongue

Dura

vert

TzM

ThC

TeVePa

StHy

SSpMSLGl

5Gn

12C

AtOcJ

Aud

cern3

cern2

cern1

ictd

IObCalg

LgC

PtPF

ManDiM

dpal

gocn

Hyoid

IObM

LVePa

oph

PMiRe

LgFo

EGl

SpC

7(lateral view)

10 mm



7(medial view)

HCd

Pons

PrG

Pul

PoG

PCun

OFGR SN

st

Tec

SFG

SFG

SFG

CG

CG

2n

bcc

OcG

MD LTh

Li

ipf

IO

CMn FStr

GRe

ic

Axis

DiM

ald

PAT

AAT

DAx

EGl

IObCasmd

Plat

OcFrF

OralOOM

Occ

MyHy

Mx

GGM

oaudTTub

TLev

SPhF

LD

ictd

ictd

10 mm


8(lateral view)


2n optic nerveac anterior commissurebcc body of corpus callosumBST bed nucleus of the stria terminalisCG cingulate gyrusCMn centrum medianum, parafascicular

nucleusFStr fundus striatiGP globus pallidusGRe gyrus rectusHCd head of caudate nucleusic internal capsuleIO inferior oliveipf interpeduncular fossaLC locus coeruleusLi limen insulaeLTh lateral thalamic nuclear region and

reticular nucleusMD mediodorsal thalamic nucleusMTec mesencephalic tectumOcG occipital gyriOFG orbitofrontal gyriPCun precuneusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPrG precentral gyrusPul pulvinarR red nucleusSFG superior frontal gyrusSN substantia nigrast stria terminalisTec tectumTh thalamus


AAT anterior arch of atlasald apical ligament of densalal alar ligament of densall anterior longitudinal ligamentAtAx altanto-axial membraneAtlas atlasAtOc atlanto-occipital membraneAxis axisDAx dens axisDiM digastric muscleEGl epiglottisGeHy geniohyoid muscleGGM genioglossus muscleictd internal carotid arteryIObCa inferior oblique capitis muscleMan mandibleMx maxillaMyHy mylohyoid muscleNPhT nasopharyngeal tonsiloaud opening of auditory tubeOcc occipital boneOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOOM orbicularis oculi muscleOral oral cavityPAT posterior arch of atlasPlat platysmasmd submandibular ductSPaF salpingopalatinal foldSPal soft palateSPhF salpingopharyngeal foldtla transverse ligament of atlasTLev torus levatoriusTTub torus tubarius

10 mm

SFG

R

PrG

PoG

PCun

OFG

OcG

Th

Li

HCd

GRe

BSTFStr

CG

ac

2n SN

LC

SPal

IObCa

GeHy

AtAx

NPhT

all

GGM

Man

AtOc

SPaF

MTec

tla

alal

Atlas

87


Hp

PoG

PCun

P3Vox OFG

LT

SFG

fx

Cun

CG

acTh

Tec

SN

SCA

R

py

Pons

PrG

Mx

npal

OcG

DAx

EGl

GeHy

Spal

IObCa

GGM

MyHy

sphs

Axis

Atlas

8(medial view)

10 mm

Abbreviations: see Index


Microscopic Atlas

89

5_Micro_pdf_korrfotos.qxd 04.09.2003 13:03 Seite 1

3.1 Surface Views of the BrainPrior to Sectioning.

The photographs showing the externalmorphology of the formalin fixed brainand the following myelin-stained sec-tions were taken from sections prepa-red from the brain of a 24 year oldmale (see section 1.2.1). This brain hasbeen cut perpendicular to the intercom-missural plane. Representation of com-plete sections through the entire (right)hemisphere is provided in a set of 69

diagrams. These show their approxi-mate position in the topometric spaceand the location of each section in akey diagram. Because shading is usedfor discrimination between differentgyri, it is not necessarily identical withthe shading of the figures on page 92. The photographs of each section showthe central, subcortical region of thebrain in a resolution that permits high-

detail recognition of morphologicalstructures. Because the brain shown inthis Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic)Atlas was used by previous resear-chers, we have also compiled theresults of their studies (Section 3.3).Delineations suggested in the previousworks are not always identical to thoseshown in our MyeloarchitectonicAtlas.

90


91


3.2 Photographs and Diagrams

0 5 10-5

0

5

-4-4

0

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 18 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 67 68 69

Location of the following 69 brain sec-tions and accompanying high-detaildiagrams. The diagram on this sideshows the dimensions of the fixed

unsectioned brain, corresponding tothe right upper figure on page 91. Themetric scale in the 69 diagrams of thefollowing pages represents the dimen-

sions of the sections transformed to theTalairach space (see section 1.2.8).


94


FMG frontomarginal gyrusfms frontomarginal sulcusMFG medial frontal gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusTFPGI inferior transverse fronto-

polar gyrusTFPGM medial transverse fronto-

polar gyrusTFPGS superior transverse fron-

topolar gyrus

01-60 mm

sfsTFPGS

TFPGM

TFPGI

SFG

MFG

FMGfms

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 95


96


FMG frontomarginal gyrusfms frontomarginal sulcusGR gyrus rectusifs inferior frontal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusolfs olfactory sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSRoG superior rostral gyrusTFPGI inferior transverse fronto-


topolar gyrus

02-54 mm

SFG

TFPGI

GR

IRoG

SRoG

sfs

olfs

FMG

fms

TFPGS

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 97


98


CG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusFMG frontomarginal gyrusGR gyrus rectusIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital

partifs inferior frontal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusolfs olfactory sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSRoG superior rostral gyrusTFPGI inferior transverse fronto-

polar gyrusTFPGM medial transverse fronto-


topolar gyrus

03-48 mm

cgs

FMG

TFPGS

TFPGM

TFPGI

SRoG

sfs

SFG

olfs

MOrG

MFG

IRoG

GR

ifs

FMG

IFGOr

CG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 99


100


CG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusGR gyrus rectusIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital

partifs inferior frontal sulcusIOrG intermediate orbital gyrusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusros rostral sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSRoG superior rostral gyrus

04-42 mm

cgs

CG

GR

SFG

rosors

olfs

MOrG

MFG

LOrG

IRoG

IOrG

ifs

IFGOr

SRoG

sfs

MFG

SFG

MFG

cgs

ors

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 101


102



partIFGTr IFG triangular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIOrG intermediate orbital gyrusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusros rostral sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSRoG superior rostral gyrus

05-36 mm

SRoG

sfsSFG

ros

ors

olfs

MOrG

MFG

LOrG

IRoG

IOrG

ifs

IFGTr

IFGOr

GR

cgs

CG

SFG

ors

ors

cgs

SFG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 103


104



partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, trian-

gular partimfs intermediate frontal sulcusifs inferior frontal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusracc radiation of corpus callosumros rostral sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSRoG superior rostral gyrus

06-30 mm

sfs

IFGTr

ifs

IRoG

MFG

ors

SFG

ros

olfs

olf

MOrG

LOrG

IFGOr

GR

cgs

CG

SFG

imfs

MFG

POrG

cgs

ors

racc

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 105


106


CG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusfmi forceps minor of the corpus

callosumGR gyrus rectusIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital


gular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusolf olfactory tractors orbital sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusracc radiation of corpus callosumros rostral sulcusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGL substantia gliosa (subepen-

dymal gray)

07-27,5 mm

SGL

sfs

SFG

SCS

ros

racc

ors

olf

MOrG

MFG

LOrG

IRoG

ifs

IFGTr

GR

fmi

cgs

CG

cgs

POrG

IFGOr

MFG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

ors

107


108


BOp basal operculumcas callosal sulcusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusfmi forceps minor of the corpus

callosumFOp frontal operculumgcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, oper-

cular partIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital


gular partifs inferior frontal sulcusimfs intermediate frontal sulcusimos intermediate obirtal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyruslos lateral orbital sulcusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusmos medial orbital sulcusms medullary substance of frontal

lobeolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusPOrg posterior orbital gyrusracc radiation of corpus callosumros rostral sulcusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosasv septal vein

08-25 mm

olf

ms

MOrG

cas

GR

IFGOr

MFG

IFGTr

sv

SGl

sfs

SFG

ros

racc

mos

olfs

LOrG

IRoG

IFGOpgcc

FOp

fmi

cgs

CG

BOp

cas

POrG

losimos

SFG

MFG

ifs

imfs

CG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 109


110


BOp basal operculumcalv callosal veincas callosal sulcusCd caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumgcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,

opercular partIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus,

orbital partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus,

triangular partIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumifs inferior frontal sulcusimfs intermediate frontal sulcusimos intermediate obirtal sulcusIRoG inferior rostral gyruslf lateral fissureLOrG lateral orbital gyruslos lateral orbital sulcusMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusmos medial orbital sulcusms medullary substance of frontal

lobeolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusPPo planum polareracc radiation of corpus callosumros rostral sulcusSCG subcallosal gyrusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosaSTG superior temporal gyrusTL temporal lobeTmP temporal pole

09-22,5 mm

BOp

TL

SGl

LOrG

IRoG

IGr

IFGTr

sfs

SFG

SCS

ros

racc

POrG

olfs

olf

IFGOp

GR

gcc

ms

MOrG

FOp

FLV

imos

cgs

CG

Cd

cas

calv

IG

calv

mos

SCGlf

MFGimfs

MFG

ifs

IFGOp

IFGTr

IFGOr

los

STGPPo

TmP

SFG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 111


112


BOp basal operculumcalv callosal veincas callosal sulcusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusCl claustrumex extreme capsuleFOp frontal operculumgcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,



triangular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusLTP lateral temporopolar regionMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusms medullary substance

of frontal lobeMTP medial temporopolar regionolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusPPo planum polarePu putamenracc radiation of corpus callosumRBR retrobulbar regionros rostral sulcusSCG subcallosal gyrusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosaSTG superior temporal gyrusTmP temporal pole

10-20,0 mm

gcc

racc

MOrG

olf

MTP

Pu

ors

olfs

ms

IRoG

IGr

IG

GR

ex

Cl

cgs

CdM

CdL

cas

calv

RBR

SGl

SCG

SCS

ros

SCS

POrGors

calv

CG

LOrG

PPo

(IFGTr)

(IFGOr)

IFGOp

FOp

BOp

FOp

FOp

SFG

SFG

sfs

ifs

MFG

IFGTr

IFGOr

cgs

STGLTP

TmP

POrG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 113


114


AcL accumbens nucl., lateral(subventricular) part (core)

BOp basal operculumcalv callosal veincas callosal sulcusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusCoCl compact insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumec external capsuleex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regiongcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,



triangular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumIRoG inferior rostral gyrusLOrG lateral orbital gyrusLTP lateral temporopolar regionMFG medial frontal gyrusMOrG medial orbital gyrusms medullary substance of frontal

lobeMTP medial temporopolar gyrusolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusPPo planum polarePuM medial putamenracc radiation of corpus callosumSB striatal cell bridgesscal subcallosal fasciculusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosaslf superior fronto-occipital

fasciculusSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTmP temporal pole

11-17,5 mm

FOp

slfSGlSCS

scal

PPoPOrGolfs

olf

MTP

ms

MOrGLOrG

IGr

IG

GR

FPu

FLV

FCd

CdM

ex

ec

CdL

CG

gcc

DiCl

cas

SBCoCl

cgs

calv

PuM

racc

CG

BOp

FOp

IG

AcL

racc

sfs

SFG

SFG

MFG

ifs

IFGOp

IFGTr

IFGTr

IFGOr

IRoG

LTP STG

sts

TmP

cgs

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 115


116



aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAO anterior olfactory nucleus

(retrobulbar region)BOp basal operculumcalv callosal veincas callosal sulcusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusCl claustrumDTP dorsal temporopolar regionec external capsuleex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regiongcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,

opercular partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus,

triangular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyruslls lateral longitudinal striaLOrG lateral orbital gyrusLTP lateral temporopolar regionMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striaMOrG medial orbital gyrusms medullary substance of frontal

lobeMTG medial temporal gyrusMTP medial temporopolar gyrusolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusPOrG posterior orbital gyrusPuM medial putamenracc radiation of corpus callosumRBR retrobulbar regionSB striatal cell bridgesscal aubcallosal fasciculusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosaSTG superior temporal gyrus

12-15,0 mm

CdL

POrG

olfs

olf

MTP

ms

MOrG

mls

LOrG

llsIGr

IG

(IFGOp)

GR

gcc

FLV

FCdex

ec

FPu

FOp

Cl

cgs

CG

CdM aic

BOp

cas

calv

AcL

SCSSGl

AO

scal

CG

SB

racc

DTP

IG

FPu

PuM

SFG

SFG

sfs

MFG

ifs

IFGOp

IFGTr

IG

ITG

MTG

LTP STG

FOp

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 117


118



aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAO anterior olfactory nucleus

(retrobulbar region) aps anterior parolfactory sulcuscas callosal sulcusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcusCl claustrumDTP dorsal temporopolar gyrusec external capsuleex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusgcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,

opercular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIG insular gyrusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLTP lateral temporopolar regionMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusMTP medial temporopolar regionolf olfactory tractolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusOTr olfactory trigonePir cortex (pre-)piriformis POrG posterior orbital gyrusPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarePuM medial putamenracc radiation of corpus callosumSB striatal cell bridgesSCA subcallosal areascal aubcallosal fasciculusSGl substantia gliosaSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal vein

13-12,5 mm

AO

racc

aps

MTP

PPCl

POrG

(OTr) Pir

ors

IG

gcc

FPu

GR

FOp

FLV

ex

FCd

ec

DTP

Cl

CG

CdM

CdL

aic

cas

AcL

sv

SGlCSP

scal

SB

SCA

ITG

PuM

cgs

STG

STG

MFG

sfs

ifs

IFGOp

MFG

IG

olfsolf

CG

FuG

MTG

lots

its

sts

STG

LTP

PPo

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 119


120


AcC accumbens nucleus, central(subventricular) part (core)


AcM accumbens nucl., medial(subventricular) part (shell)

aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAO anterior olfactory nucleusapsi anterior parolfactory sulcus,

inf. branchapss anterior parolfactory sulcus,

superior branchbcc body of the corpus callosum cas callosal sulcusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl compact insular claustrumCSP cavity of septum pellucidumDTP dorsal temporopolar regionec external capsuleex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFLV frontal horn of lat. ventriclefmi forceps minor of the corpus

callosumFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,

opercular partIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLTP lateral temporopolar regionMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusMTP medial temporopolar regionolf olfactory tractOlfA olfactory areaolfr olfactory radiationolfs olfactory sulcusors orbital sulcusPir cortex (pre-)piriformis POrG posterior orbital gyrusPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarepps posterior parolfactory sulcusracc radiation of corpus callosumSCA subcallosal areascal aubcallosal fasciculusSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSGl substantia gliosaSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal vein

14-10,0 mm

apsi

cir

olfrOlfA

MTP

FLV

fmi

GR

ors

pps

PPCl

POrG

Pir

olfsolf

IGr

IG

FPu

FOp

FCd

ex

ec

DTP

CSP

CoCl

CG

CdM

CdL

cas

bcc

apss

aic

sv

SGlSCS

scal

SCA

racc AcL

AcMSSTI

AcC

AO

SFG

SFG

sfs

MFG

STG

MTG

LTP

PPo

ITGFuG

lots

its

sts

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 121

IGPOp

PrG


122





aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAOP anterior olfactory nucleus,

posterior partapss anterior parolfactory sulcus,

superior branchbcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscir circular insular sulcusCoCl compact insular claustrumDTP dorsal temporopolar regionec external capsuleEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGR gyrus rectusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,

opercular partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus,

triangular partIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslls lateral longitudinal strialots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striamolf medial olfactory radiationms medullary substance of frontal

lobeMTG medial temporal gyrusolf olfactory tractOlfA olfactory areaolfr olfactory radiationPir cortex (pre-)piriformis PPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarepps posterior parolfactory sulcusracc radiation of corpus callosumSCA subcallosal areaSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSptP septum pellucidumSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinunc uncinate fasciculus

15-7,5 mm

olfr

llsSCS

racc

Pir

PPCl

sv

SCA

PTGpps

uncFPu

FCd

ms

OlfA

olf

molf

IGr

IG

AcL

ex

ecCoCl

cir

CG

CdM

CdLbcc

apss

aic

AcCAcM

mls

SptP

SSTI

AOPGR

SFG

SFG

MFG

sfs

IFGOp

FOp

IFGTr

MTG

SepG

PPo

sts

STG

Ent

FuG ITG

lots

its

CG

PrG

cgs

DTP

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 123


124





aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAOP anterior olfactory nucleus,

posterior partbcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumdb diagonal bandDTP dorsal temporopolar gyrusec external capsuleex extreme capsuleFCd accumbens n., caudate fun-

dus regionFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu accumbens n., putaminal

fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusIG insular gyrusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLSV ventrolateral septal nucleusMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusmolf medial olfactory radiationms medullary substance of frontal

lobeOlfA olfactory areaPCA precommissural archicortexPirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal

areaPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarepps posterior parolfactory sulcusSCA subcallosal areaSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinTu olfactory tubercleunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrum

16-5,8 mm

FOp

TuSSTI

VCl

cir

FCd

ex

FPu

OlfA

PirF

PPCl

sv

SCS

SCA

db

PTGpps

ms

molf

ecCoCl

CG

CdM

CdLbcc

aic

AcL

AcM

AcC

FLV

LSV

unc

PCA

AOP

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

IG

Ent

DTP

PPo

SepG

STG

sts

MTG

its

ITG

lots

FuG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 125


126





aic ant. limb of internal capsulebcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFCd accumbens nucleus,

caudate fundus regionFOp frontal operculumFPu accumbens nucleus,

putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGTI great terminal islandIG insular gyrusilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusITG inferior frontal gyrusLi limen insulaelml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus pallidusLT lamina terminalisMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusOlfA olfactory areaox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of the third

ventriclePCA precommissural archicortexpcfx precommissural fornixPir (pre-)piriform cortexPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPuM medial putamenSCA subcallosal areaSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussv septal veinTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrum

17-4,2 mm

FOp

TuTITu

ex

FCd

eclml

EGP

CdM

CdL

cir

aicsv

SSTI

PirT

SCS

SCGP

SCA

PTG

PPCl

PirF

pcfx

P3V OlfA

ox

LiLT

ilfGTI

FPu

IG

Ent

DiCl

CG

CoCl

bcc

AcL

unc

Un

VCl

PCA

AcMAcC

PuM

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

IG

PPo

SepG

STG

MTG

ITG

FuGPRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 127


128


ac anterior commissureAcC accumbens nucleus, central

(subventricular) part (core)AcL accumbens nucl., lateral

(subventricular) part (core)AcM accumbens nucl., medial

(subventricular) part (shell)aic ant. limb of internal capsulebcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, central divisionBSTL bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, lateral divisionCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFCd caudate fundus regionFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGTI great terminal islandIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusITG inferior frontal gyrusLi limen insulaelml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus pallidusLSV ventrolateral septal nucleusLT lamina terminalismfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striaMTG medial temporal gyrusox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of the third

ventriclePACl preamygdalar claustrumpcfx precommissural fornixPIR parainsular regionPirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal

areaPirT (pre-)piriform cortex, tempo-

ral areaPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPu putamenSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSCS subcallosal stratumSCTI subcaudate terminal islandSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSFi septofimbrial nucleusSLG semilunar gyrusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussv septal veinTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)Un uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrumVDB vertical limb of the diagonal

band

18-2,7 mm

PPCl

LT

LSV

Li

ilf

IGr

IG

GTI

FOp

ex

Ent

lml

EGP

ec

DiClCoCl

cir

CG

CdM

BSTC

bcc

aic

PirF

ox

mls

AcM

acAcL

AcC

uncUn

TuTITu

sv

SSTI

PirT

SFi

SCTI

SCS

FCd

SCh

SCGP

Pu

PIR

pcfx

PACl

P3V

VDB VCl

unc

mfbFPu

CdV

CdL

BSTL

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PPo

SepGSTG

MTG

ITG

FuGPRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 129


130


ac anterior commisureAcC accumbens nucleus, central

(subventricular) part (core)AcL accumbens nucl., lateral


(subventricular) part (shell)aco anterior commissure,

olfactory limb AcSV accumbens nucleus,

subventricular partaic ant. limb of internal capsulebcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, central divisionBSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, lateral division, jux-tacapsular part

BSTM bed nucleus of the striaterminalis, medial division

CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGTI great terminal islandIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusITG inferior frontal gyrusLi limen insulaelml external medullary lamina of

the globus palliduslo lateral olfactory tractLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LSV ventrolateral septal nucleusLT lamina terminalisMFG medial frontal gyrusMTG medial temporal gyrusox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of the third

ventriclePACl preamygdalar claustrumpcfx precommissural fornixPirF (pre-)piriform cortex,

frontal areaPirT (pre-)piriform cortex,

temporal areaPPCl (pre-)piriform claustrumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPu putamenSB striatal cell bridgesscal subcallosal bundleSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSFi septofimbrial nucleusSLG semilunar gyrusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrusTCl temporal claustrumTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)Un uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrumVDB vertical limb of the diagonal

band

Some unexplained abbreviationson the following pages are listedin the Index of Abbreviations.

19-2,0 mm

ac

ox

LT

LSV

LSI

SCS

SCh

SCGPSB

PPClPirF

pcfx

PACl

P3V

LSD

Li

ilf

IGr

IG

GTIFPu

FOp

FLV

ex

Ent

lml

CdV

CdM

EGP

ec

DiCl

CG

CoCl

cir

CdL

BSTLJ

BSTCBSTM

bcc

aic

aco

VDBVCl

uncUn

SFi

PirT

SSTI

TCl

Tu TuTI

uncAcL

scal

AcMAcC

Pu

lo

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PRC

FuG

ITG

MTG

STG

SepG

PPo

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6


132


ac anterior commissureAcC accumbens nucleus, central


(subventricular) part (shell)aco ant. commissure, olfact. limb aic ant. limb of internal capsuleAMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl.bcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria ter-

minalis, central divisionBSTL bed nucleus of the stria ter-

minalis, lateral divisionBSTM bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, medial divisionCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl compact insular claustrumDB nucleus of the diagonal bandDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDPe dorsal periventricular hypo-

thalamic nucleusec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusGTI great terminal islandHDB horizontal limb of the diago-

nal bandIG insular gyrusilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusITG inferior frontal gyrusLi limen insulaelml external medullary lamina of

the globus palliduslo laterao olfactory tractLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LSV ventrolateral septal nucleusMFG medial frontal gyrusMPO medial preoptic nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of the third

ventricle PaAP paraventricular hypothala-

mic n., ant. parvocellular partPACl preamygdalar claustrumpcfx precommissural fornixPirF (pre-)piriform cortex,

frontal areaPirT (pre-)piriform cortex,

temporal areaPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPu putamenSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSFi septofimbrial nucleusSLG semilunar gyrusSO supraoptic nucleusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinTCl temporal claustrumTS triangular septal nucleustsv thalamostriate veinTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)Un uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrumVPe ventral periventricular hypo-

thalamic nucleus

20-1,3 mm

AcCaco

AcM

ac

aic

AMPO

BSTCBS

TM

CdV

cir

CoClDPe

EGP

bcc

BSTL

CdL

CdM

CG

DB

DiCl

ec

lml

ex

FLV

Ent

FOp

FPuGTI

HDB

LSV

LSI

LSD

oxP3V Li

ilf

PaAP

PACl

IGr

IG

PPCl

sv

TCl

tsv

Un

VPe

VCl

unc

TuTI

Tu

TS

SSTI

SO

SFi

SCS

SCGP

scal

SCh

Pu

PirF

pcfx

PirT

lo

PACl

SFG

SFG

MFG

MTG

PPo

SepGSTG

sts

ITGFuG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

MPO

PrG


134


AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl.ac anterior commissureAcL accumbens nucl., lateral


(subventricular) part (shell)aco anterior commissure,

olfactory limb ADB nucleus of the diagonal

band, angular partAG ambiens gyrusaic ant. limb of internal capsuleALPO ant. lateral preoptic nucl.AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl.bcc body of the corpus callosumBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.BSTC bed nucleus of the stria


terminalis, lateral divisionBSTM bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, medial divisionCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCoCl compact insular claustrumcos collateral sulcusDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDPe dorsal periventricular hypo-

thalamic nucleusec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFLV frontal horn of lat. ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornix longusGTI great terminal islandHDB horizontal limb of the diago-

nal bandilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusITG inferior frontal gyrusLa lateral amygdaloid nucleuslo lateral olfactory tractlots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LSV ventrolateral septal nucleusmfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmml medial medullary laminaMnPO median preoptic nucleusMPO medial preoptic nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of 3rd ventr.PaAP paraventricular hypothala-

mic n., ant. parvocellular partPACl preamygdalar claustrumPirF piriform cortex, frontal areaPirT piriform cortex, temporal areaPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexscal subcallosal bundleSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrusSFi septofimbrial nucleusSLG semilunar gyrusSO supraoptic nucleusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinTCl temporal claustrumTS triangular septal nucleustsv thalamostriate veinTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal islandsUn uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrum

21-0,6 mm

ec

TCl

MPO

sv

SSTI

P3V

FPu

La

VCl

AB

unc

tsv

TS

HDB

GTI

FOp

ex

Ent

EGP

DPe

DiCl

CoCl

FLV

CG

CdV

CdM

CdL

BSTM

BSTL

BSTC

bcc

AMPO

aic

ADB

AcLaco

AcM

acMnPO

lo

SCS

SCh

SCGP

scal

Pu

PirF

PACl

PaAP

ox

LSV

LSI

LSD

fx

ilf

IG

SFi

Un

TuTI

Tu

mfb

VCl

SO

ALPO

mml

PirT

CG

SFG

SFG

MFG

PPo

SepG

STG

MTG

ITG

sts

lotsFuG

PRC

cos

AG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6


136


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureBLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.BSTC bed nucleus of the stria


terminalis, lateral divisionBSTM bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, medial divisionBSTV bed nucleus of the stria

terminalis, ventral divisionCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyrusCoCl compact insular claustrumdb diagonal bandDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDPe dorsal periventricular hypo-

thalamic nucleusEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexFLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixGTI great terminal islandic internal capsuleIG insular gyrusilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusInfS infundibular stalkITG inferior frontal gyrusLa lateral amygdaloid nucleuslml external medullary lamina of

the globus palliduslo lateral olfactory tractlots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LSV ventrolateral septal nucleusmfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusMPO medial preoptic nucleusMS medial septal nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusox optic chiasmPAA periamygdalar areaPACl preamygdalar claustrumPaD paraventricular nucleus,

dorsal partPaMc paraventricular nucleus,

magnocellular partPaP paraventricular nucleus,

parvocellular partPirF piriform cortex, frontal areaPirT piriform cortex, temporal areaPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusPu putamenPuV ventral putamenscal subcallosal bundleSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSO supraoptic nucleusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinSxD sexual dimorphic ncl.TCl temporal claustrumTS triangular septal nucleustsv thalamostriate veinTu olfactory tubercleTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)Un uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrum

220,0 mm

SO

SCS

SCh

SCGP

scal

PuV

BLVM

LSI

La

GTI

FOp

lml

DiCl

cir

CdV

CdL

BSTV

BSTL Pu

PirFPaMc

PAClPAA

PaP

MS

LSV

LSD

ilf

IGfx

FLV

Ent

EGPCoCl

CdM

BSTM BSTC

ic

ac

BM

3V

InfS

Tu

tsv

TS

TCl

SxD

sv

SSTI

VPVCl

unc

Un

TuTI

unc

FPU

ox

mmlac

mfb

DPe

db

PirT

lo

CG

SFG

sfs

MFG

PrG

PrG

cir

PPo

SepG

STG

sts

MTG

ITG

lotsFuG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

PaD MPO


138


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.BC basal nucleus, compact partbcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.BSTC bed nucleus of the stria ter-

minalis, central divisionBSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria


BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior part

BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division

CdV ventral caudate nucleusCG cingulate gyruscir circular insular sulcusCoCl compact insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDo dorsal hypothalamic nucleusec external capsuleEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus FuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixic internal capsuleIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusInfS infundibular stalkITG inferior frontal gyrusLa lateral amygdaloid nucleusLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumlml external medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LSV ventral septal nucleusLV lateral ventriclemfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striamml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusMS medial septal nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPACl preamygdalar claustrumPaD paraventricular nucleus,

dorsal partPaFo paraventricular nucleus,

fornical partPaP paraventricular nucleus,

parvocellular partPirT piriform cortex, temporal areaPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusPuV ventral putamensas semiannular sulcusscal subcallosal bundleSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSCS subcallosal stratumSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcusSO supraoptic nucleussox supraoptic commissureSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinTCl temporal claustrumtsv thalamostriate veinTu olfactory tubercleUn uncusunc uncinate fasciculusVCl ventral claustrum

231,3 mm

ilf

PirT

sv

sox

SCS

scal

Pu

VCl

unc

Un

tsv

TCl

SSTI

SO

SCGP

PaFo

PAClopt

mls

Tu

PaP

MS

mfb

LV

LSI

LSV

LSD

LHA

LiCl

La

mml

IGr

fx

FOp

InfS

IG

ic

FPu

ex

Ent

lml

EGP

Do

DiCl

ec

cir

CoCl

CdM

CG

CdV

CdL

BSTV

BSTP BSTLJ

BSTC

BLVM

BM

BC

BL

ac

bcc

ACo

unc

VP

CxA

sas

3V

3V

SFG

sfs

MFG

PrG

PrG

PPo

SepG

STG

sts

MTG

ITG

FuG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

PaMc


140


AAA anterior amygdaloid areaac anterior commissureACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsal partACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid

nucleus, ventral partBC basal nucleus, compact partbcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.BSTC bed nucleus of the stria ter-

minalis, central divisionBSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria


BSTP bed nucleus of the stria ter-minalis, posterior part

BSTV bed nucleus of the stria ter-minalis, ventral division

CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCoCl compact insular claustrumDH dorsal hypothalamic areaEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus FuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixIGP internal globus pallidusIGr indusium griseumInf infundibular nucleusLa lateral amygdaloid nucleusLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumlml external medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI lateral septal nucleus,

intermediate partLV lateral ventriclemfb medial forebrain bundlemls medial longitudinal striamml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusMS medial septal nucleusopt optic tractPACl preamygdalar claustrumPaD paraventricular nucleus,

dorsal partPaFo paraventricular nucleus,

fornical partPaMc paraventricular nucleus,


parvocellular partPHA parahippocampal-amyg-

daloid transition areaPirT piriform cortex, temporal areaPoG postcentral gyrusPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusRt reticular thalamic nucleussas semiannular sulcussls sublenticular striaSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSepG separans gyrusSFO subfornical organSODL supraoptic nucleus,

dorsolateral partSOVM supraoptic nucleus,

ventromedial partsox supraoptic decussationsts superior temporal sulcussv septal veinTCl temporal claustrumtsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusunc uncinate fasciculusvaf ventral anygdalofugal pathwayVCl ventral claustrumVMH ventromed. hypothalamic n.

242,7 mm

BSTPL

FOp

LiCl

MS

LSD

LHA

La

ex

EGP

DH

ec

CoCl

CdV

CG

CdL

CdM

BSTPMBSTLJ

BSTCV

BSTC

BM

BLVMBL

BC

bcc

AI

ACoDPirT

ac

AAA

SFO

ic

IVF Pu

Ent

FPu

LV

mls

mml

LSI

IG

fx

IGr

lml

SCGP

RtPaFo

PAClopt

PaPmfb

fx

IGP

sls

VMH

VClvaf

unc

ACoV

unc

Un

tsv

TCl

sv

SOVM

SODL

PHA

sas

PACl

FuGITG

MTG

STG

sts

PPo

SepG

PrG

MFG

SFG

SFG

PoG

PrG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

PaMc

PaD

Inf


142


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsal partACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid

nucleus, ventral partAI amygdaloid island AStr amygdalostriatal transit. areaBC basal nucleus, compact partbcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.CdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCe central amygdaloid nucleusCG cingulate gyrusCoCl compact insular claustrumDH dorsal hypothalamic areaDiCl diffuse insular claustrumEGP external globus pallidusEnt entorhinal cortexFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixIG insular gyrusIGP internal globus pallidusIGr indusium griseumilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusithp inferior thalamic peduncleIVF interventricular foramenLa lateral amygdaloid nucleusLaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,dorsolateral partLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumlml external medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LV lateral ventricleMeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,

anterior partmfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striamml internal medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusMS medial septal nucleusopt optic tractPACl preamygdalar claustrumPaD paraventricular nucleus,

dorsal partPaMc paraventricular nucleus,


parvocellular partPeF perifornical nucleusPHA parahippocampal-amyg-

daloid transition areaPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusRt reticular thalamic nucleussas semiannular sulcusSepG separans gyrusSEL subependymal layerSFG superior frontal gyrusSFO subfornical organsm stria medullaris of thalamusSODL supraoptic n., dorsolat. partSOVM supraoptic nucleus,

ventromedial partsox supraoptic decussationsv septal veinTCl temporal claustrumtsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusunc uncinate fasciculusvaf ventral anygdalofugal pathwayVCl ventral claustrumVCo ventral cortical nucleusVMH ventromedial hypothalamic

nucleus

254,0 mm

PaD

mls

mfb

LV

LSI

LSD

LiCl

LHA

La

IVF FOp

ithp

ex

mml

Ent

ilf

lml

IGr

EGP

IGP

ec

IG

DiCl

icfx

CoCl

cir

Ce

CG

CdL

CdM

BL

BM

bcc

BC

MeAAI

ac

fx

VMH

VCl

SFO

SODLsox

sv tsv

unc

unc

vaf

Un

TCl

SOVM

sm

SCSscal

Rt Pu

MS

opt

st

PHA

ACoVACoD

BLVM

sas

DH

3V

LaDL

PACl

AStr

SEL

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PrG

PoG

POp

PPo

SepG

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

PaP

PaMc

PeF


144


3V third ventricleac anterior commissureACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.AG ambiens gyrusal ansa lenticularisBC basal nucleus, compact partBLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl.,

dorsal (magnocellular) partBLI basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, intermediate partBLPL basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, paralaminar partBLVL basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventrolateral partBLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.ce central fissureCe central amygdaloid nucleusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n.Fa fasciculosus nucleusfx fornixic internal capsuleicml incomplete medullary lamina

of the globus pallidusIGP internal globus pallidusIGr indusium griseumilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusInf infundibular nucleusithp inferior thalamic peduncleLa lateral amygdaloid nucleusLaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

dorsolat. partLaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

dorsomedial partLaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

intermedial partlf lateral fissureLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LTu lateral tuberal nucleusMeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,

anterior partmfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmls medial longitudinal striamml internal medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusMS medial septal nucleusMTu medial tuberal nucleusPa2 paraoptic nucleusPAA periamygdalar areaPa paraventricular hyperthalamic

nucleusPACl preamygdalar claustrumpcs precentral sulcusPHA parahippocampal-amygda-

loid transition areaPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusRt reticular thalamic nucleusSepG separans gyrusSEL subependymal layerSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcussm stria medullaris of thalamusSO supraoptic nucleussox supraoptic decussationSPF subparafascicular thalamic n.st stria terminalisTCl temporal claustrumTrG1 anterior transverse temporal

gyrustsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusunn uncal notch, intrarhinal sulcusunc uncinate fasciculusVA ventral anterior thalamic nucl.VCl ventral claustrumVCo ventral cortical nucleusZI zona incerta

265,4 mm

ithp

Inf

ilf

IGP

ic

FOp

Ent

DiCl

cir

Ce

CdL

BLI

LSI

LiCl

LHA

LaDA

mml

IGr

fx

lml

DMH

CoCl

CG

CdM

BM

BC ac

3V

ACoV

unc

Un

tsv

PACl

Fa

sox

SOVM

scal

Pa

VMHPa2

opt

MS

LV

TM

mls

LTu

LSD

VCl

fx

SODL

ACoD

smst

Rt

al

st

ZI

PeF

icml

PHA

MeA

unn

LaDL

AStr

SELSEL

LaI

LaDMBLVL

BLD

BLVMBLPL

cgs

SFG

SFG

sfs

MFG

pcs

PrG

ce

PoG

lf

POp

IG

PPo

SepG

TrG1

STGsts

MTG

its

ITG

FuG

cos

AG

PRC

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6


146


3n oculomotor nerve3V third ventricleac anterior commissureACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl.al ansa lenticularisAM anteromedial thalamic nucl.ap ansa peduncularisAStr amygdalo-striatal transit.areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusBL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.CdM medial caudate nucleusce central fissureCe central amygdaloid nucleuscgs cingulate sulcusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumDHA dorsal hypothalamic areaDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDMC dorsomedial hypothalamic

nucleus, compact partDMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n.eml external medullary laminaFa fasciculosus nucleusFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixHiH hippocampal headicml incomplete medullary lamina

of the globus pallidusIG insular gyrusInf infundibular nucleusITG inferior frontal gyrusithp inferior thalamic peduncleits inferior temporal sulcusLaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

dorsal anterior partLADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

dorsal lateral partLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumliml limiting medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LTu lateral tuberal nucleusLV lateral ventricleMe median eminenceMeA medial amygdaloid nucleus,

anterior partmfb medial forebrain bundleMS medial septal nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaPo paraventricular hypothala-

mic nucleus, posterior partPCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.PeF perifornical nucleusPHA parahippocampo-amygdaloid

transition areaPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPuV ventral putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleussas semiannular sulcusSCGP supracapsular part of the

globus pallidusSSTI substriatal terminal islandSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcustch tenia of choroid plexus tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricleTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricletfx tenia of fornixTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrustsv thalamostriate veintt tenia thalamusunc uncinate fasciculusVA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.VCl ventral claustrumVMH ventromedial hypoth. nucl.ZI zona incerta

276,7 mm

ap

tch

Pu

PT

FOp

PCo

PaPo

PeF

Rtic

fx

Fa

ex

Ent

MS

mfb

LV

LTu

eml

EGP

ecLSI

DMH

LSD

DiCl

DHA liml CoCl

LiCl

cir

LHA

Ce

LaDA

CdM

ithp

BMMe BL

ilf

bccIGr

AM

IGP

al

IG

AV

icml

ac

MeA

LaDL

3V

tsvtclv

SSTI

sm

SCS

SCGP

scal

ZI

unc

BLVM

VCl

Un

VAtt

tfx

BL

fx

VMH

3n TLVHiH

PHA

sas Puv

AStr

ic

opt

CG

SFG

SFG

MFG

PrG

PoGPOp

PPo

SepG

TrG1

STG

MTG

ITG

FuG

PRC

cosits

sts

lf

ce

pcs

sfs

cgs

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

Inf

DMC


148


ac anterior commissureAD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAM anteromedial thalamic nucl.ap ansa peduncularisAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusAStr amygdalo-striatal transit.areaBC basal nucleus, compact partBLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl.,

dorsal partBLI basolateral amygdaloid


nucleus, paralaminar partBLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBMDM basomedial amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsomedial partBMVM basomedial amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partce central fissureCeL centr. amygd. n., lateral partCeM centr. amygd. n., medial partDHA dorsal hypothalamic areaDMH dorsomedial hypothal. nucl.eml external medullary laminaFa fasciculosus nucleusFOp frontal operculumH2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)HiH hippocampal headicml incomplete medullary lamina

of the globus pallidusIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina of

the thalamusinf infundibular nucleusithp inferior thalamic peduncleLaDA lateral amygd. nucl., dorsal

anterior partLaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

intermediate partLaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus,

ventral partlf lateral fissureLHA lateral hypothalamic arealiml limiting medullary lamina of

globus pallidusLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI intermediolateral septal nucl.LTu lateral tuberal nucleusLV lateral ventriclemfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusopt optic tractPaPo paraventricular hypothala-

mic nucleus, posterior partPCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.phy pallidohypothalamic fibersPalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.PoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPuV ventral putamenPT paratenial thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleussas semiannular sulcusSB striatal cell bridgesSCGP supracapsular part of

globus pallidusSepG separans gyrusSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcussm stria medullaris of the thalamussox supraoptic decussationsts superior temporal sulcusTM tuberomammillary nucleustsv thalamostriate veinunn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl.VCl ventral claustrumVMHDM ventromedial hypothala-

mic nucleus, dorsomedial partVMHVL ventromedial hypothala-

mic nucleus, ventrolateral partZI zona incerta

288,0 mm

sm

SB

icml

ic

fx

Fa

Ent

eml

DMHDiCl

DHA

CoCl

cir

opt CeL

BMVM

BLVM

BMDM

mfb

LTu

BLPL

LVLSD

BLI

LSI

BLD

liml

LiCl

LHA

LaV

AM

LaDALaI

ap

ithp

al

IGP

AV

ac

3V

3n TLV

sox

H2phy

ZI

VMHDM

VCl

VA

usunn

unc

tsv

Un

SCGP

sas

Rt

PT

PCo

PaPo

fxAI

CeM

Inf

TM

PalHyBC

AStr PuV

HiH

ic

SFG

CG

SepG

STG sts

sfs

MFG

PrG

PoG

POp

FOp

IG

FuG

PPo

TrG1

MTG

ITG

its

PRC

lf

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

iml

VMHVL


150


ac anterior commissureal ansa lenticularisAM anteromedial thalamic nucl.ap ansa peduncularisAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusBC basal nucleus, compact partbfx body of fornixBLD basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsal partBLI basolateral amygdaloid



nucleus, ventrolateral partBLVM basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusCeL central amygdaloid nucleus,

lateral partCeM central amygdaloid nucleus,

medial partCG cingulate gyrusDHA dorsal hypothalamic areaDMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n.EGP external globus palliduseml external medullary laminaEnt entorhinal cortexEP entopeduncular nucleusFa fasciculosus nucleusH2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)HiH hippocampal headic internal capsuleicml incomplete medullary lamina

of the globus pallidusIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusIthA interthalamic adhesionithp inferior thalamic peduncleits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissureLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumliml limiting medullary lamina of

globus palliduslml lateral medullary lamina of

globus pallidusLa lateral amygdaloid nucleuslenf lenticular fasciculusLM lateral mammillary nucleusML medial mammillary nucleus,

lateral partMM medial mammillary nucleus,

medial partmfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusmml medial medullary lamina of

globus pallidusMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaF parafornical nucleusPalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.pm principal mammillary fasciculusPuLi limitans putamenPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Rt reticular thalamic nucleussas semianular sulcussfs superior frontal sulcusSLG semilunar gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusst stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrussth subthalamic fascicleTCd tail of caiudate nucleustclv tela choroides of lat. ventricletsv thalamostriate veinunc uncinate fasciculusunn uncal notch VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.ZI zona incerta

299,3 mm

pm

MM

PV Pu

PT

PCo

PalHy

ithp

IthA

IGP

IG

icml

HiH

H2

icbfx

Fa

EP DiCl

CoCl

opt

CG

mml

CeMmfb

Ent

CeL

LV

eml

Cd

lml

EGP

CA1

lenf

BLVMBLVLBLPL

BMLiCl

BLI

LHAac

bcc

AV

AM

BLD

al

3V

3n

DMH

DHAZI

VA

unc

unn

tsv

TLV

tclv

sm

SLGsas

Rt

fx

iml

PuVPedL

BC

S

La

AStr

st

ML

SFG

sfs

TrG1

PPoSTG sts

MTG

MFG

PrG

PoG

POpFOp

FuG ITG

PRC

cos

its

lf

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

LM

PH


152


ac anterior commissureAG ambiens gyrusAHi amygdalohippocampal areaal ansa lenticularisAM anteromedial thalamic nucl.AStr amygdalostriatal transit. areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucl.bfx body of fornixBLD basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsal partBLI basolat. amygdaloid nucleus,

intermedial partBLPL basolateral amygdaloid


nucleus, ventrolateral partBMCM basomedial amygdaloid

nucleus, centromedial partBMDL basomed. amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsolateral partBMDM basomedial amygdaloid

nucleus, dorsomedial partBMVM basomedial amygdaloid

nucleus, ventromedial partCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCeL central amygdaloid nucleus,


medial partcomb comb systemcp cerebral peduncleDHA dorsal hypothalamic areaDMH dorsomedial hypothalamic n.EGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina EP entopeduncular nucleusers endorhinal sulcusFa fasciculosus nucleusgic genu of the internal capsuleH2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)IGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusIthA interthalamic adhesionithp inferior thalamic peduncleLa lateral amygdaloid nucleuslenf lenticular fascicleLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumliml limiting medullary lamina of

globus pallidusLM lateral mammillary nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus pallidusMe medial amygdaloid nucleusML medial mammillary nucleus,

lateral partMM medial mammillary nucleus,

medial partmml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusmt mammillo-thalamic tractPalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl.PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.PrS presubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPuV ventral putamenRe reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleussas semiannular sulcusSB striatal cell bridgessfs superior frontal sulcusSLG semilunar gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusst stria terminalistch tenia of choroid plexustclv tela choroides of lat. ventricletfx tenia of fornixtsv thalamostriate veintt tenia thalamusunc uncinate fasciculusunn uncal notch (Duvernoy)VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.ZI zona incerta

3010,7 mm

-DL

mml

Me

lml

lenfIthA

PrS

H2

ers

Ent

iml

comb

SB

BM-

Cd

-DM-CM

BLVLBLI

BLD

AM

AHi

3V

sm

sas

S

PalHyopt

mt

liml

LiCl

La

ithp IGP

gic

Fa

EP

eml

EGP

DiCl

CoCl

CeMCeL

CA1

-VM

BLPL

bfx

AV

al

AG

ac

3nTLV

tclv

Un

tt

tfx tch

SLG

Rt

Re

PedL

Pu

PT

PCoAStr

tsv

LM

LHA

MM

ML

VCl

VA

unn

ZI

uncPuV

CeM

DHA

DMH

st

S

st

cp

SFG

STG sts

sfs

TrG1

PPo

SFG

PrG

PrG

POp

FOp

IG

FuG

PRC

ITG

MTG

cos

its

CG

PoG

lf

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6


154


3n oculomotor nerve3V third ventricleAG ambiens gyrusAHi amygdalohippocampal areaal ansa lenticularisAV anteroventral thalamic nucl.AStr amygdalostriate transit. areaBC basal nucleus, compact partbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixBL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCeL central amygdaloid nucleus,


medial partCeMe central medial thalamic n.CG cingulate gyrusCo commissural nucleus comb comb systemcp cerebral peduncleCuc cucullaris nucleusDCl dorsal claustrumDG dentate gyrusDiCl diffuse insular claustrumEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina

(thalamus)Ent entorhinal cortexFa fasciculosus nucleusFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusgic genu of the internal capsuleH2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)HiH hippocampal headIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina LHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumlml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus pallidusMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.Me medial amygdaloid nucleusmfb medial forebrain bundleMM medial mammillary nucleus,

medial partmml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusmt mammillo-thalamic tractmtg mammillo-tegmental tractMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.PHA posterior hypothalamic areaPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrusSLG semilunar gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusSNR substantia nigra, reticular p.st stria terminalisTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricletsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusunn uncal notch us uncal sulcusVA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.VAMC ventroanterior thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partVCl ventral claustrumVL ventral lateral thalamic nucl.ZI zona incerta

3112,0 mm

PV

3n

VL

VClZI

VAMC

VA

us

unn

Un

tsv

DG

TCd

sm

Rt

PedL

PHA mtg

MD

MeSNR

SCS

LiClmfb

IGP

HiH

H2

st

DiCl

cp

CeL

CA1

BL

bcc

AV

AHi

TLV

SLG

S

Re

PT

PCoopt

mt mml

MM

LV

lmliml

gic

Fa

Ent

eml

EGP

Cuc

comb

CeM

Cd

BM

bfx

AStr

al

AG

3VVA

st

LHA PuV

BC

CG

SFG

SFG

PrG

PrG

POpFOp

PPo

IG

ITG

FuG

MTG

STGsts

TrG1

PTe

its

lf

PoG

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

CeMeCo

PRC

DCl


156


3n oculomotor nerveAD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAStr amygdalostriate transit. areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucl.bcc body of corpus callosumbfx body of fornixBL basolateral amygdaloid nucl.BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl.CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCeL central amygdaloid nucleus,


medial partCG cingulate gyrusCo commissural nucleus comb comb systemcp cerebral peduncleCuc cucullaris nucleusDCl dorsal claustrumDG dentate gyrusDiCl diffuse insular claustrumec external capsuleEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina

(thalamus)Ent entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)HiH hippocampal headIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina with

cell clusters (thalamus)ITG inferior frontal gyrusithp inferior thalamic peduncleits inferior temporal sulcuslenf lentiform fiberslf lateral fissureLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLiCl limitans claustrumlml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus palliduslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.Me medial amygdaloid nucleusMM medial mamillary nucleusmml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusmt mammillo-thalamic tractmtg mammillo-tegmental tractMTG medial temporal gyrusPaS parasubiculumPedL peduncle of lentiform nucl.PHA posterior hypothalamic areapic post. part of the intern.capsulePPo planum polarePoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleussm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalisSTG superior temporal gyrusSTh subthalamic nucleussts superior temporal sulcussumx supramamillary commissureTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleVA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.VAMC ventroanterior thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partVLA ventrolateral anterior

thalamic nucleusVCl ventral claustrumZI zona incerta

3213,3 mm

Cuc

LHA

PT

Cd

SCS

S

PedL

opt

mt

Me

LV

IG

HiH

IGP

iml

BL

DG

CeM CeL

bcc

AV

3V

Rt

Re

PV Pu

PHAmtg

mml

MM

MD

lml

LiCl

H2

pic

Ent

eml

EGP

DiCl

cp

comb

CA1

BM

bfx

AStr

al

AD

3n

VLA

ZI

DCl

ex

ec

VAMC

VA

us

Un

tsv

TLV

TCd

STh

stSNR

sm

mt

H1

PuV

SNC

sumx

ithp

lenf

VA

st

PrS

PaS

CG

SFG

SFG

PrG

PrG

PoG

POpFOp

STGsts

its

FuGITG

MTG

PTe

TrG1

PPo

lots

lf

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

Co


158


AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAStr amygdalostriate transit. areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucl.bfx body of fornixbG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCe central amygdaloid nucleusCeMe central medial thalamic n.Co commissural nucleuscomb comb systemcp cerebral peduncleCuc cucullaris nucleusDG dentate gyrusec external capsuleEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)IG insular gyrusIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina with

intralaminar cell clusters ITG inferior frontal gyrusithp inferior thalamic pedunclelf lateral fissurells lateral longitudinal strialml lat. medull. lamina of globus p.lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partMe medial amygdaloid nucleusmls medial longitudinal striamml med. medull. lamina of

globus pallidusmt mammillo-thalamic tractMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaS parasubiculumpic post. part of internal capsulePOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePrS prosubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePu putamenPuLi limitans putamenPuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusSB striatal cell bridgeSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleusSTG superior temporal gyrussumx supramamillary commissureTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricletsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusus uncal sulcusVA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.VAMC ventroanterior thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partVCl ventral claustrumVLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.VLP ventrolateral post. thal. nucl.VM ventromedial thalamic nucl.VP ventral pallidumvt velum terminaleVTA ventral tegmental areaZI zona incerta

3314,6 mm

3n

lml

3V

LV

Pu

PTpic

mt

Me

SB

mls

lls

H2

ex

Ent

EGP

Cuc

comb

CG

Cd

CA2

S

Rt

Re

PV

PuV

PuLi

Pons

opt

mml

MDiml

IGP

IG

H1

eml

ec

DG

cp

Ce

CA1

bfx

bcc

AVAD

al

vt

ZI

us

tsv

TCd

STh

SNR

smVLP VLA

VCl

VAMC

VA

UnTLV

sumx

st

SNC

SCS

DG DG

st

MDMc

PrSPaS

comb

AStr

VP

VTA

STG sts

SFG

SFG

CG

PrG

PoG

POpFOp

lf

TrG1

PTe

PPo

MTG

ITG

FuG

lots

its

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

CeMeCo

VMithp


160


3n oculomotor nerve3V third ventricleAD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAmg amygdalaAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusAStr amygdalostriate transit. areabcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixbG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCeMe central medial thalamic n.CG cingulate gyrusCo commissural nucleuscomb comb systemcp cerebral peduncleCuc cucullaris nucleusDG dentate gyrusEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)IG insular gyrusIGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissurelml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus palliduslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partmml medial medullary lamina of

the globus pallidusopt optic tractpic post. part of internal capsulePoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePu putamenPuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusSB striatal cell bridgeSFG superior frontal gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleussts superior temporal sulcussumx supramamillary commissureTCd tail of caudate nucleustfi tenia of fimbriatfx tenia of fornixTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 anterior transverse temporal

gyrustst tenia of stria terminalistsv thalamostriate veintt tenia of thalamusUn uncusus uncal sulcusVA ventroanterior thalamic nucl.VCl ventral claustrumVIM ventrointermedius nucleusVLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.VLP ventrolat. post. thalamic n.VP ventral pallidumVTA ventral tegmental areaZI zona incerta

3416,0 mm

iml

TLV

tfx

TCd

STh

SNR

SNC

sm

SB

Rt

PV Pu

Pons

Comml

lml

Re

PuV

PTpic

opt

MDMc

MD

LV

IGP

IG

H2

H1

ex

eml

Ent

EGP

DGcp

Cd

CA1

bfx

AStr

ecCuc

comb

CA3

CA2bG

bcc

AV

Amg

al

AD

3V ZI

stsumx

tfi tst

tsv

VP

VLP

VLP

VLA

VCl

VA

us

Un

tt

SNR

st

VIM

VTA3n

STGsts

TrG1

SFG

SFG

CG

PrG

PoG

ce

POpFOp

PTe

PPo

MTG

ITGFuG

its

lots

lf

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

CeMe


162


3n oculomotor rootAD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAmg amygdalaAStr amygdalostriate transit. areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusbfx body of fornixbG band of Giacomini CA1-3 fields of hippocampusCM centromedian thalamic nucl.Co commissural nucleusCoCl (compact) insular claustrumcomb comb systemcos collateral sulcuscp cerebral pedunclecr capsule of red nucleuscrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibersDG dentate gyrusec external capsuleEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFD fascia dentataFOp frontal operculumFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)IGP internal globus pallidusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusIPCi interpeduncular cisternits inferior temporal sulcusLD laterodorsal nucleuslf lateral fissurelml lateral medullary lamina lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD mediodorsal thalamic nucleusMDMc mediodorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partmls medial longitudinal striamml medial medullary lamina MTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaS parasubiculumPF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pic posterior part of the internal

capsulePoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePu putamenPuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrusSTh subthalamic nucleussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleustsv thalamostriate veinus uncal sulcusVCl ventral claustrumVLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n.VLPE ventrolateral posterior

thalamic nucleus, external partVLPI ventrolateral posterior

thalamic nucleus, internal partVM ventromedial thalamic nucl.VP ventral pallidumVPLA ventral posterolateral

thalamic nucleus, anterior partZID zona incerta, dorsal partZIV zona incerta, ventral part

3517,2 mm

CoCl

IGr

PuV

PT

pic

opt

mls

LV

iml

TLV

S

Rt

Re

PV

Pu

PrSPons

PF

PaS

mml

MDMc

MD

lml

LD

IPCi

IGP

IG

H1

FD

ex

Ent

eml

EGP

ec

DG

crtcr

cp

cos

comb

CM

Cd

CG

CA3

CA2bGCA1

bfx

bcc

AStr

AV

Amg

al

AD

3V

3n

VLPE

Unus

VCl

TCdst

VP

VLPI(Vimi)

tsv

STh

SNR

SNC

sm

SCS

ZIV

ZID

st

SNR

DG

SFG

SFG

PrG

PoG

ce

STG sts

TrG1 PTe

PPo

FOp

POp

lf

FuG

lots

its

MTG

ITG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

VLA

VMCo


164


AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusal ansa lenticularisAmg amygdalaAStr amygdalostriate transit. areaAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruschf choroidal fissureCM centromedian thalamic nucl.comb comb systemcos collateral sulcuscp cerebral pedunclecr capsule of red nucleuscrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibersDCl dorsal claustrumDG dentate gyrusec external capsuleEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFD fascia dentatafi fimbria of the hippocampusFOp frontal operculumH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)IG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleuslml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus palliduslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partMTG middle temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaS parasubiculumPF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pic post. part of internal capsulePoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPPo planum polarePrG precentral gyrusPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.R red nucleusRe reuniens thalamic nucleusRt reticular thalamic nucleusSCS subcallosal stratumsm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrusSTh subthalamic nucleussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 anterior transverse temporal

gyrusUn uncusus uncal sulcusVCl ventral claustrumVLPE ventrolateral posterior tha-

lamic nucleus, external partVLPI ventrolateral posterior thala-

mic nucleus, internal partVM ventromedial thalamic nucl.VP ventral pallidumZI zona incerta

3618,6 mm

LV

MDD

lml

VM

TCd

STh

st

SNRSNC

sm

Re

Rt

S

PuV

VLPEpic

VLPI(Vimi)

R

Pu

PrSPons

PV

PaS

opt

MDV

MDFiMDFa

LD

VCl

iml

us

H1

UnFD

TLV

ex

Ent

eml

EGP

DG

DCl

crt

cr

cp

cos

comb

CM

Cd

CA3CA2

CA1

bfx

bcc

AStr

AV

Amg

al

AD

ZI

VP

CA2CA3

CA3

st

FD

chf

fi

PF

FuG ITG

MTG

lots

its

STG

sts

PTeTrG1

PPo

IG

FOp

POp

lf

PoGPrG

PoG

ce

SFG

SFG

CG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

ec

IGr

SCS

165


166


al ansa lenticularisalv alveus of the hippocampusAStr amygdalostriate transition

areabcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCl claustrumCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cp cerebral pedunclecr capsule of red nucleuscrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibersDG dentate gyrusec external capsuleEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFD fascia dentatafi fimbria of the hippocampusFOp frontal operculumfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)IG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior temporal gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleuslml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus pallidusLV lateral ventricleMD mediodorsal thalamic nucleusMDMc mediodorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partopt optic tractPaS parasubiculumPF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pic posterior part of the internal

capsulePPo planum polarePoG postcentral gyrusPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePu putamenPuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRPC red nucl., parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSB striatal cell bridgesSCS subcallosal stratumsm stria medullaris of thalamusSNC substantia nigra,

pars compacta SNR substantia nigra,

pars reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrusSTh subthalamic nucleusTCd tail of caudate nucleustclv tela choroides of lat. ventricletfi tenia of fimbriaTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricletst tenia of stria terminalistsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusus uncal sulcusVLPE ventrolateral posterior

thalamic nucleus, external partVLPI ventrolateral posterior

thalamic nucleus, internal partVPL ventroposterior lateral

thalamic nucleusVPM ventroposterior medial

thalamic nucleusZI zona incerta

3719,9 mm

CG

SB

RPCfr

PrS

PT

alv

PF

opt

LV

LD

iml

fi

FD

Ent

EGP

DG

CM

TLV

tfitclv TCd

STh

st

SNR

SNC

sm

SCS

S

Rt

Re

PV

PuV

Pu

Pons

pic

PaS

MD

lml

IGr

IG

H1

exeml

ec

crt

cp

Cl

Cd

CA3CA2

bfx

CA1

bcc

Amgal

ZI

VPM

VLPI(Vimi)

VLPE

us

Un

tsv

tstcrt

CA3

cr

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

SFG

SFG

PrG

ce

PoG

POp

FOp

PPo

TrG1

PTe

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

MDMc

VPL

167


168


al ansa lenticularisAStr amygdalostriate transit. areabcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCl claustrumCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cos collateral sulcuscp cerebral pedunclecr capsule of red nucleuscrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibersDG dentate gyrusEGP external globus palliduseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexFD fascia dentatafi fimbria of the hippocampusFOp frontal operculumfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)his hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLDSF laterodorsal n., superf. partlf lateral fissurelml lateral medullary lamina of the

globus palliduslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic

nucleus, magnocellular partMDPL medial dorsal thalamic

nucleus, paralamellar partMTG medial temporal gyrusopt optic tractPaS parasubiculumPBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pic post. part of the int. capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRPC red nucl., parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSCS subcallosal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrussfs superior frontal sulcussm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrustsv thalamostriate veinUn uncusVLPI ventrolateral posterior

thalamic nucleus, internal partVPL ventroposterior lateral


thalamic nucleusVTA ventral tegmental areaZI zona incerta

3821,2 mm

his

pic

PBPopt

MDMc

MD

PF

PaS

MDPL

LV

lml

LD

iml

IG

H1fr

FD

fi

ex

Ent

eml

EGP

ec

DG

crt

cr cp

CM

Cl

CG

Cd

CA3CA2

CA1

bcc

bfx

AStr

al

3n Un

tsv

ZI

TLVTCdst

SNC

SCS

Rt

Re

PuV

Pons

SNR

sm

S

RPC

PV Pu

PrS

VLPI(Vimi)

VPM

VTA

VPL

st

PrG

PoG

PoG

SMG

PoG

POpFOp

TrG1

PTe

STG

MTG

ITGFuG

cos

sts

its

lots

lf

pocs

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6


170


al ansa lenticularisalv alveus of the hippocampusbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1-3 fields of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCl claustrumCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cos collateral sulcuscp cerebral pedunclecrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers

(superior cerebellar peduncle)ec external capsuleeml external medullary lamina of

thalamusEnt entorhinal cortexex extreme capsuleFD fascia dentatafi fimbria of the hippocampusFOp frontal operculumfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)his hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusIP interpeduncular nucleusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLG lateral geniculate bodylml lateral medullary lamina

(globus pallidum)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic


nucleus, paralamellar partMTG medial temporal gyrusPaS parasubiculumPBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pic post. part of internal capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPTe planum temporalePV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRPC red nucl., parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusSB striatal cell bridgescp superior cerebellar peduncleSCS subcallosal stratumsm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulataSPF subparafascicular thalamic n.st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleustfi tenia of fimbriatfx tenia of fornixTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrustst tenia of stria terminalis tt tenia of thalamusVLPI ventrolateral posterior

nucleus, internal partVPI ventroposterior inferior nucl.VPMPC ventroposterior medial

nucleus, parvocellular part VPL ventroposterior lateral



3922,6 mm

SB

his

SPF

S

RPC

PVpic

LG

PaS

MD

fr

Ent

ec

SCS

Rt

Re

Pu

PrS

Pons

PF

PBP

LV

LD

iml

IG

H1

FuG

fi

FD

exeml

lml

crt

cp

cos

Cl

CM

CA3

CG

Cd

CA2

CA1

bfx

bcc

alv

al

IP

ZI

VTA

VPM

VPMPC

tst

VLPI(Vimi)

VPL

tt

tst

TLV

tfx

tfi TCdst

SNRSNC

sm

Pu

Pu

st

scp

PRC

PrG

PoG

PoG

PoG

ce

ce

SMG

pocs

PoG

POp

FOp

TrG1 TrG2

PTe

STG

sts

MTG

ITGlots

its

lf

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

MDMc

MDPL

VPI


172


APul anterior pulvinarbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1-3 fields of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCl claustrumCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cos collateral sulcuscp cerebral peduncleec external capsuleeml external medullary lamina of

thalamusex extreme capsulefi fimbria of the hippocampusfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)his hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusIP interpeduncular nucleusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleuslf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic


nucleus, paralamellar partMTG medial temporal gyrusPaS parasubiculumPBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.PHG parahippocampal gyruspic post. part of internal capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTe planum temporalePu putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.Re reuniens thalamic nucleusRPC red nucleus, parvocellular p.Rt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumscp superior cerebellar peduncleSCS subcallosal stratumSGe suprageniculate nucleussm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulataSPF subparafascicular thalamic n.st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrustsv thalamostriate veinVLPI ventrolateral posterior

nucleus, internal partVPI ventroposterior inferior nucl.VPMPC ventroposterior medial

nucleus, parvocellular part VPL ventroposterior lateral



4023,9 mm

FuG

MDMc

MD

LV

LG

LD

IP

iml

IGr

IG

his

H1

fi

fr

ex

emlec

cp

cos

CM

Cl

CG

Cd

CA3CA2

CA1

bfx

bcc

PT

PF

PHG

Pons

st

SPF

SNR

SNC

sm

SGe

SCS

scp

S

Rt

RPC

Re

PV

Pu

PrS

pic

PBP

PaS

MDPL

tsv

TLV TCd

VLPI(Vimi)

VPMVPMPC

VPL

VPI

ZI

VTA

st

PoG

PrG

PoG

SMG

PoG

POp

TrG1 TrG2

PTe

STG

sts

STGits

MTG

ITG

lots

lf

pocs

ce

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

APul

173


174


alv alveus of the hippocampusAPul anterior pulvinarbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cos collateral sulcuscp cerebral peduncleeml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)his hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusIP interpeduncular nucleusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLDSF laterodorsal n., superfic. p.lf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic


nucleus, paralamellar partMTG medial temporal gyrusPaS parasubiculumPBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.PF parafascicular thalamic nucl.PHG parahippocampal gyruspic posterior part of the internal

capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPPA peripeduncular areaPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPTe planum temporalePu putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucl.RPC red nucl., parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumscp superior cerebellar peduncleSCS subcallosal stratumSGe suprageniculate nucleussm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrusVLPI ventrolateral posterior

nucleus, internal partVPI ventroposterior inferior nucl.VPL ventroposterior lateral



4125,2 mm

CM

CA3

bfx

alvhis

iml

FuG

fi

eml

cp

MDPL

LD

PV

RPC

PrS

pic

PF

PaS

SGe

sm

SCS

scp

S

Rt

TCdTLVst

SNRSNC

VPL

APul

VPI

VLPI(Vimi)

ZI

VTA

CG

Cd

CA2

CA1

H1

IG

fr

MD

MDMc

LV

LG

IP

Pu

Pons

PHG

PBP

PP

bcc

PPA

PrG

PoG

PrG

SMG

PoG

Pop

TrG1TrG2

PTe

STG

lf

pocs

ce

sts

its

lotscos

ITG

MTG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

VPM

175


176


AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusalv alveus of the hippocampusAPul anterior pulvinarbcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCM centromedian thalamic nucl.CMMC centromedian thalamic n.,

magnocelular partcos collateral sulcuscp cerebral peduncleeml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLDSF laterodorsal nucleus, super-

ficial partlf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MDMc medial dorsal thalamic


nucleus, paralamellar partMG medial geniculate nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusor optic radiationPaS parasubiculumPF parafascicular thalamic nucl.PHG parahippocampal gyruspic posterior part of the internal

capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOp parietal operculumPPA peripeduncular areaPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPTe planum temporalePu putamenRPC red nucl., parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumscp superior cerebellar peduncleSCS subcallosal stratumsm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrustsv thalamostriate veinVLPI ventrolateral posterior



thalamic nucleusxscp decussation of the superior

cerebellar peduncleZI zona incerta

4226,5 mm

VPI

Rt

TLVst

S

Pons

RPC

Pu

PrS

PP

CM

CG

Cd

CA3

CA2

LD

MD

LV

LG

AD

CA1

bfx

bcc

alv

iml

IG

his

fr

fi

eml

cpPaS

pic

PHG

PF

orMG

MDPL

MDMc

tsv

scp

TCd

SNR

SNC

sm

SCS

ZI

xscp

VPLAPul

st

PPA

PrG

PoG PrG PoG

POp

SMG

pocs

lf

ce

ce

TrG1TrG2

PTe

STG

sts

MTG

its

ITGFuGcos

lots

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

VLPI(Vimi)

VPM

177


178


APul anterior pulvinar nucleusAq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyrusCM centromedian thalamic nucl.cos collateral sulcuscp cerebral pedunclectg central tegmental tracteml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusfr fasciculus retroflexusFuG fusiform gyrusHb habenular nucleushis hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusiml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcusLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLDSF laterodorsal nucleus,

superficial partlf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleusLim limitans nucleuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MGDA medial geniculate nucl.,

dorsoant. (magnocellular) partMGDP medial geniculate nucleus,

dorsoposterior partMGFi medial geniculate nucleus,

fibrosus partMGLi medial geniculate nucleus,

limitans partMGPC medial geniculate nucleus,

parvocellular partml medial lemniscusMTG medial temporal gyruspc posterior commissurePHG parahippocampal gyruspic posterior part of the internal

capsulepocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPP peripeduncular nucleusPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPTc pretectal areaPTe planum temporalePu putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSCS subcallosal stratumsm stria medullaris of thalamusSMG supramarginal gyrusSNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulatast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusSubH subhabenular nucleus TCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrA triangular area (Wernicke)TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrustth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract VLPI ventrolateral posterior




cerebellar peduncle

4327,8 mm

bcc

Aq

APul

bfx

fictg

Cd

CA1

Hb

iml

his

LV

MGPCMGDA

MGLi

MGFi

pc

ml

PrS S

Rt

Pu

PTc

st

SNRSNC

sm

SCS

TCd

CA3CA2

fr

eml

cp

CM

CG

LG

LD

IG

VPL

tth

TrATLVLim

PP

pic

PHG

xscp

MD

PrG

PoG

PrG

SMG

POp

TrG1

pocs

ce

lf

TrG2PTe

STG

sts

MTG

its

ITG

lots

cos

FuG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

VLPI

LPul


180


APul anterior pulvinar nucleusAq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornixCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcusctg central tegmental tracteml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFuG fusiform gyrushbc habenular commissurehis hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGPul intergeniculate pulvinariml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleusLHb lateral habenular nucleusLim limitans nucleusLimPo limitans portaelots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucl.MGDA medial geniculate nucleus,

dorsoant. (magnocellular) partMGDP medial geniculate nucleus,



limitans partMHb medial habenular nucleusml medial lemniscusMTG medial temporal gyrusor optic radiationPAG periaqueductal graypc posterior commissurePHG parahippocampal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPP peripeduncular nucleusPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumPTc pretectal areaPTe planum temporalePu putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSFPul superficial pulvinarslic sublenticular part of internal

capsuleSMG supramarginal gyrusSN substantia nigrast stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrusVPL ventral posterolateral


cerebellar peduncle

4429,2 mm

CA2

bcc

Aq

Cd

hbc

FuG

eml

cos

CA3

CA1

bfx

APul

CG

fictg

LHb

LG

iml

IG

his

Lim

MHb

MGFi

LV

Pu

PTc

PHG

pc

ml

S

SFPul

VPL

TCd

Lim

SN

slic

PP

MD

or

MGLiPAG

st

Rt

PrS

xscp

TLV

stIGPuIPTc

PrG

PoG

PoG

SMG

POp

TrG1

TrG2PTe

STG

MTG

ITG

sts

its

lots

lf

ce

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

LPul

LimPo

181


182


Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)bcc body of the corpus callosum bic brachium of the inf. colliculusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcuscsc commissure of the superior

colliculictg central tegmental tractDG dentate gyrusdhc dorsal hippocampal

commissureeml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFuG fusiform gyrusIG insular gyrusIGPul intergeniculate pulvinariml internal medullary lamina of

thalamusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleusLim limitans nucleusLPul inferior pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleMD mediodorsal thalamic nucleusMDe margo denticulatusMGDP medial geniculate nucleus,



limitans partml medial lemniscusmlf medial longitudinal fasciculusMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusor optic radiationPAG periaqueductal graypc posterior commissurepfx post. column (crus) of fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPi pineal glandpic post. part of internal capsulePoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrS presubiculumPTc pretectal areaPTe planum temporalePu putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSC superior colliculusscal subcallosal bundleSFPul superficial pulvinar nucleusslic sublenticular part of internal

capsuleSMG supramarginal gyrussms superficial medullary stratumspth spino-thalamic tractst stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrusVPL ventral posterolateral thala-

mic nucleusxscp decussation of the superior

cerebellar peduncle

4530,5 mm

csc

ctg

cos

CG

CA2

DG

IG

MDe

FuG

fi

PHG

PAG

xscp

TCdst

MD

LV

or

mlf

ml

MGDP

RtPTc

Pislic

scal

sms

VPL

TLVspth

bcc

CA1

bicAq

dhc

Cd

CA3

Pupic

pc

iml

eml

LimLG

LPul

pfx

MPul

S

SC

SFPul

bic

st

MGFiMGLi

IGPul

cePoG

SMG

POp

TrG1

TrG2

PTe

STG

sts

MTG

its

ITG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

PrS

183


184


Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)CA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscmg capsule of medial geniculate

nucleuscos collateral sulcuscsc commissure of the superior

colliculiCuA cuneiform area DG dentate gyrusdhc dorsal hippocampal

commissureDiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleuseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusIC inferior colliculusIG insular gyrusIGPul intergeniculate pulvinarITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissureLim limitans nucleusll lateral lemniscusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleml medial lemniscusmlf medial longitudinal fasciculusMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusPAG periaqueductal graypfx posterior column (crus) of

fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPi pineal glandpic posterior part of internal

capsulePoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPrG precentral gyrusPTc pretectal areaPTe planum temporalePu putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSC superior colliculusscal subcallosal bundlescc splenium of the corpus

callosum SCS subcallosal stratumSFPul superficial pulvinar nucleusslic sublenticular part of internal

capsuleSMG supramarginal gyrussms superficial medullary stratumst stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 anterior transverse temporal

gyrusTrG2 posterior transverse

temporal gyrusxscp decussation of the superior

cerebellar peduncle

4631,9 mm

CG

Cd

CA3CA2

CA1

Aq

FuG

eml

DG

csc

PAG

MPul

ml

LV

Lim

scal

S

Rt

Pu

pic

PHG

st

sms

slic

SFPul

scc

TLVTCd

hisfi

dhc

CuA

cos

cmg

mlf

LPul

SC

SCS

PTc

Pi

pfx

st

ll

IC

xscp

IGPuI

PrG

ce

PoG

SMG

POp

IGTrG1

TrG2

PTe

ITG

MTG

its

sts

STG

lf

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

DiPul

185


186


Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)bic brachium of the inferior

colliculusbsc brachium of the superior

colliculusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcuscsc commissure of the superior

colliculidhc dorsal hippocampal commis-

sureDiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleuseml external medullary lamina of

thalamusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGPul intergeniculate pulvinarIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissurelots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleml medial lemniscusmlf medial longitudinal fasciculusMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusPAG periaqueductal graypfx posterior column (crus) of

fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPi pineal glandPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporalePu putamenRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSC superior colliculusscc splenium of the corpus

callosum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleusSMG supramarginal gyrusst stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleustfx tenia of fornixTLV temporal horn of lateral

ventricleTrG1 anterior transverse temporal


temporal gyrustst tenia of stria terminalis

(of choroid plexus)

4733,1 mm

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

CA3CA2

CA1bic

Aq

dhc

CG

csc

Cd

IGr

hisfi

emlMPul

LV

LPul

scc

SC

Rt

PHG

PAGS

Pu

Pi

pfx

SFPul

TLV

tfx tst

TCdst

st

st

DiPul

bsc IGPul

mlf

ml

FuG

cos

lotsITG

MTG

its

sts

STG

PTe

IG

TrG1

TrG2

POp

SMG

PoG

ce

lf

5 6 187


188


Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)bic brachium of the inferior

colliculusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusCd caudate nucleusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcusdhc dorsal hippocampal


thalamusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusIC nucleus of inferior colliculusIG insular gyrusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissurelots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusPAG periaqueductal grayPCL paracentral lobulepfx posterior column (crus) of

fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPi pineal glandPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporaleRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSC superior colliculusscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSMG supramarginal gyrusst stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lat. ventricleTrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrusTrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus

4834,6 mm

CA2

CA1bic

Aq

DiPul

dhc

CG

Cd

CA3

LV

LPul

IC

his

emlRt

Pi

PHG

pfx

PAG

MPul TCd

st

scc

SC

S

TLV

PCL

ce

PoG

SMG

POp

IGTrG1 TrG2

PTe

STG

sts

STG

MTG

lf

ITG

its

cos

FuG

lots

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 189


190


aca anterior calcarine sulcusbic brachium of the inferior

colliculusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscic commissure of the inferior

colliculicos collateral sulcusdhc dorsal hippocampal


thalamusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusIC inferior colliculusITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslf lateral fissurelots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLV lateral ventricleMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMTG medial temporal gyrusPAG periaqueductal grayPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneuspfx posterior column (crus) of

fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporaleRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSC superior colliculusscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSMG supramarginal gyrusst stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTLV temporal horn of lateral

ventricleTrG1 anterior transverse temporal


temporal gyrus

4936,0 mm

CG

CA3CA2

CA1bic

FuG

eml

dhc

cos

cic

PAG

MPul

LV

LPul

IC

his

scc

SC

S

Rt

PHG

pfx

acs

TLV

TCdst

PCun

PCL

PoG

SMG

cgs

ce

POp

TrG1

TrG2

PTe

lf

STG

sts

STG

MTG

its

ITGlots

cgs

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 191


192


aca anterior calcarine sulcusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusce central fissureCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscos collateral sulcusFG fasciolar gyrusFuG fusiform gyrusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrusIG insular gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyruslf lateral fissureMTG medial temporal gyrusPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneuspfx posterior column (crus) of

fornixPHG parahippocampal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporaleS subiculumscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSMG supramarginal gyrussms superficial medullary stratumSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTCd tail of caudate nucleusTrG1 anterior transverse temporal


temporal gyrusTrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

5039,5 mm

CG

CA2

CA1

aca

pfx

IGr

TrLV

TCd

sms

scc

S

PHG

FG

CA1

DG

DG

lls

FuG

ITG

MTG

STG

sts

lf

PTe

IG TrG1

TrG2

POp

SMG

PoG

PCun

PCL

cgs

cos

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 193


194


aca anterior calcarine sulcusARG Andreas Retzius gyrusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampuscfx crus of the fornixCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscos collateral sulcusFG fasciolar gyrusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslls lateral longitudinal strialots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrusPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPHG parahippocampal gyruspocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporaleS subiculumsbps subparietal sulcusscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSMG supramarginal gyrussms superficial medullary stratumSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

5140,8 mm

CG

alv

CA2

CA1

aca

IGr

ICG

his

FuG

FG

cos

TrLV

sms

scc

PHG

lls

ARGDG

PCun

PCL

cgs

sbps

SPL

PoG

SMG

SMG

POpPTe

STG

sts

MTG

ITGlots

its

pocs

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 195


196


aca anterior calcarine sulcusalv alveus of the hippocampusARG Andreas Retzius gyrusCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampuscfx crus of the fornixCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcusFG fasciolar gyrusFuG fusiform gyrushis hippocampal sulcusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrusIGr indusium griseumITG inferior frontal gyrusits inferior temporal sulcuslls lateral longitudinal strialots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrusPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPHG parahippocampal gyrusPOp parietal operculumPTe planum temporalesbps subparietal sulcusscc splenium of the corpus

callosumsms superficial medullary stratumSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrussts superior temporal sulcusTrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

5242,2 mm

alv

CA2

CA1

ARG

aca

ICG

his

FuG

FG

cos

CG

sms

scc

PHG

lls

IGrTrLV

PCun

sbps

PCL

SPL

SPL

POp

PTe

SMG

SMG

STG

sts

MTG

ITGlots

its

cgs

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 197


198


acs anterior calcarine sulcusAnG angular gyruscas callosal sulcusccs calcarine sulcusCG cingulate gyrusFuG fusiform gyrusH hippocampusICG isthmus cinguliICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus

(gyrus fornicatus)IGr indusium griseumips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusls longitudinal striaMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyrior optic radiationPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusPHG parahippocampal gyrusPoG postcentral gyrusracc radiation of the corpus

callosumS subiculumscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSCS subcallosal stratumSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSSpG subsplenial gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcustp tapetumTrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

5344,9 mm

PoG

sbps

ls

acs

PCL

pocs

SSpG

Hi

FuG

CG

ccs

AnG

ITG

its

ips

PHG

PCun

OcG

MTG

lots

STG

SPL

SMG

scc

S

TrLVsts

ICG

SPL

SMG

OcG

cas

OcG

tp

or

isst

racc

cas

IGr

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 199


200


acs anterior calcarine sulcusAnG angular gyrusCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusHi hippocampusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus

(gyrus fornicatus)ips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyrior optic radiationPCL paracentral lobulePCun precuneusracc radiation of the corpus

callosumsbps subparietal sulcusscc splenium of the corpus

callosumSMG supramarginal gyrusSMG? part of STG according to

Busch, 1960SPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcussts1 superior temporal sulcus,

superior branchsts2 superior temporal sulcus,

inferior branchtp tapetumTrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

5447,6 mm

ICG

Hi

FuG

AnG

acs

MTG

lots

its

ITG

isst

ips

racc

PCun

or

OcG

tp

sts

STG

SPL

SMG

scc

cos

sbps

TrLV

CG

PCL

SMG?

sts2

sts1

SPL

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 201


202


acs anterior calcarine sulcusAnG angular gyruscal calcar avisCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscos collateral sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus

(gyrus fornicatus)ips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral

ventricleor optic radiationPCun precuneusracc radiation of the corpus callo-

sumsbps subparietal sulcusscc splenium of the corpus callo-

sumSMG supramarginal gyrusSMG? part of STG ?SPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts1 superior temporal sulcus,


inferior branchtp tapetum

5550,3 mm

cgs

CG

AnG

acs

ITG

isst

ips

ICG

FuG

cos

PCun

orOcG

MTG

lots

its

SPL

SMG?

SMG

scc

sbps

racc

OLV

tp

sts1

STG

SPL

STG

ITGPHG

OcG

OcGcal

sts2

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 203


204


acs anterior calcarine sulcusAnG angular gyrusCG cingulate gyruscgs cingulate sulcuscos collateral sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus

(gyrus fornicatus)ips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral

ventricleor optic radiationPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcusSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts1 superior temporal sulcus,



5653,0 mm

cgs

CG

AnG

acs

ITG

isst

ips

ICG

FuG

cos

or

OLV

OcG

MTG

lots

its

SPL

SMG

sbps

PCun

tp

sts2

sts1STG

OcG

STG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 205


206


17 striate area18 area 18AnG angular gyrusCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus

(gyrus fornicatus)ips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriOLV occipital horn of lateral

ventricleor optic radiationPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcusSMG supramarginal gyrusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts1 superior temporal sulcus,



5755,7 mm

cs

cos

CG

AnG

17

its

ITG

isst

ips

ICG

FuG

or

OLV

OcG

MTG

lots

LgG

STG

SPL

SMG

sbps

PCun

sts1

sts2

tp

17

AnG

PCun

PCun

STG

MTG

18

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 207


208


17 striate area18 area 18AnG angular gyrusCG cingulate gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusisst internal sagittal stratumITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyrior optic radiationPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobuleSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts1 superior temporal sulcus,


inferior branchtp tapetumSEpS subependymal stratumcgs cingulate sulcus

5858,4 mm

cos

CG

AnG

1817

ITG

isst

ips

FuG

cs

sbps

MTG

lots

LgG

its

SEpS

tp

sts2

sts1

SPL

STG

PCun

or

OcGPCun

PCun

SPL

OcG

OcG

STG

MTG

AnG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 209


210


17 striate areaAnG angular gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyrior optic radiationPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcussstr sagittal stratumSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcustp tapetum

5961,1 mm

cs

cos

AnG

17

LgG

its

ITG

ips

FuG

sbps

PCun

or

OcG

MTG

lots

tp sts

sstr STG

SPL

17

AnG

SPL

PCun

LgG

STG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6

OcG

211


212


17 striate areaAnG angular gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobulesstr sagittal stratumSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcus

6063,8 mm

cs

cos

AnG

17

lots

LgG

its

ITG

ips

FuG

SPL

sbps

PCun

MTG

sts

STG

sstr

PCun

17

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

LgG

AnG

AnG

SPL

SPL

MTG

MTG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 213


214


17 striate areaAnG angular gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcussstr sagittal stratumSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcus

6166,5 mm

FuG

cs

cos

AnG

17

MTG

lots

LgG

its

ITG

ips

sstr

SPL

sbps

PCun

OcG

sts

STG

SPL

17

LgG

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

AnG

MTG

SPL

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 215


216


17 striate areapos parietooccipital sulcusAnG angular gyruscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneussbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobulesstr sagittal stratumSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcus

6269,2 mm

cs

cos

AnG

pos17

lots

LgG

its

ITG

ips

FuG

sstr

sbpsPCun

MTG

sts

17

AnG

MTG

SPL

SPL

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

LgG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 217


218


17 striate areapos parietooccipital sulcuscos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusFuG fusiform gyrusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneusPOTZ parietooccipital transition

areasbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobulesstr sagittal stratumsts superior temporal sulcus

6371,9 mm

cos

17

pos

ITG

its

cs

FuG

ips

OcG

PCun

LgG

MTG

POTZ

sts

sbps

SPL

sstr

SPL

OcG

OcG

OcG

17

OcG

MTG

MTGOcG

POTZ

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 219


220


17 striate areacos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusLgG lingual gyrus (O5)MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneuspos parietooccipital sulcusPOTZ parietooccipital transition

zonesbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobulesstr sagittal stratumSTG superior temporal gyrus,T1sts superior temporal sulcusTOTZ temporooccipital transition

zone

6474,6 mm

ITG

ips

cs

cos

17

pos

PCun

OcG

MTG

LgG

its

sts

sstr

SPL

sbps

POTZ

17

TOTZ

OcG

POTZ

PCun

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 221


222


17 striate area18 area 18cos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusips intraparietal sulcusITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3its inferior temporal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyriPCun precuneuspos parietooccipital sulcusPOTZ parietooccipital transition

zonesbps subparietal sulcusSPL superior parietal lobulesstr sagittal stratumTOTZ temporooccipital transition

zone

6580,0 mm

its

ITG

ips

cs

cos

17

ZOTZ

SPL

POTZ

pos

OcG

sstr17

1718

17

17

PCun

POTZ

MTGOcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 223


224


17 striate area18 area 18cos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusips intraparietal sulcusMTG medial temporal gyrus,T2OcG occipital gyripos parietooccipital sulcusPOTZ parietooccipital transition

zonesstr sagittal stratum

6685,0 mm

cs

cos

18

17

ips

OcG

POTZ

pos

POTZ

17

17

17

OcG

OcG

OcG

POTZ

OcG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 225


226


6790,0 mm

17 striate areacos collateral sulcuscs calcarine sulcusips intraparietal sulcusOcG occipital gyriPCun precuneuspos parietooccipital sulcusPOTZ parietooccipital transition

zone

ips

cs

cos

17

OcG

OcG

POTZ

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

17cos

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 227


228


17 striate areacs calcarine sulcusOcG occipital gyri

6890,0 mm

OcG

OcG

cs

17

17

OcG

OcG

OcG

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 229


230


17 striate areacs calcarine sulcusOcG occipital gyri

69100,0 mm

OcG

cs

17

17

1 cm

-3

1 2 3 40

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

5 6 231


3.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Histo-chemical Studies of the Brain Represented in the Microscopic Atlas.Numerous descriptive and quantitativestudies have been performed on thebrain represented in the Myeloarchi-tectonic Atlas. Regions where analyseswere perfomed are listed in table 1. In

addition, morphometric data (freshvolume, volume of serial sections,numeric cell density, volumetric celldensity, absolute cell numbers etc.)which appeared relevant have been

compiled. If not stated otherwise, thedesignations of structures are identicalto those of the original work. References pertinent to these data areto be found at the end of this section.

Cortex

Septal area

Basal nuclear complex:

Striatum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus anterior ncl mediodorsal nclmediolateral ncl

Albring, K.M. (1983); Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952); Braitenberg G. V. (1952);Brockhaus, H. (1940); Busch, K.-T. (1960); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979);Schulze, H.A (1960)

Brockhaus, H. (1942)

Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952, 1954)

Bäumer, H. (1952); Namba, M. (1958)

Bäumer, H. (1952,1954); Dom. R. (1976); Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967)

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A. (1981);Dom. R. (1976); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A.(1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A.(1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F.(1976); Namba, M.(1957); Sanides, F. (1957)

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954); Wahren, W. (1952)

Subthalamus

MesencephalonRed nucleus: Substantia nigra: Area 9 and 10

Lower brainstemLocus coeruleus Superior olive

Cell studies

Neuroactive substances

Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981)

Hassler (1937); Solcher, H. (1956)

Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982)

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967); Klatzo, I. (1954); . Lange, H. &Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., ThörnerG. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner,G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. (1976)

Wünscher, W. (1956)

Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955)

Wünscher, W. (1956)

Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959); Klatzo, I. (1954); Schiffer, D.(1954); Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959)

Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991); Mai, J.K.,Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986); Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988);Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990); Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K.Mai (1990); Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991)

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954,1955,1956)

Amygdaloid complex Brockhaus, H. (1938); Sanides, F. (1957)

Table 1Previous Evaluations of Brain Regions and Their Corresponding Citations


Weight, volume and lineardimensions R L

Brain weight (in formalin) 1383 Fresh volume (cm3) 1316

Length (L)* 171 170Width (W)* 71 71Height (H)* 97 96Length + 120 122Width + 63 64Height + 82 82

R: right hemisphere, L: left hemisphere* Formalin fixed brain; + after histological preparation

CORTEX (fresh volume of cortical regions, (cm3) R L

Isocortex (ICx) 261 277

ICx.frontalis (ICx.f.) 101 103ICx.f. convexitatis 63 64ICx.f. medialis 22 22ICx.f. opercularis dorsalis 3.6 3.2ICx.f. opercularis basalis 0.8 1.2ICx.f. basalis 11 12

Area (A.) gigantocellularis (gc) 5.1 5.5A.gc. convexitatis 3.8 4.0A.gc. medialis 1.3 1.5

ICx. parietalis (ICx.pa) 44 42ICx.pa. convexitatis 24 22ICx.pa. medialis 16 15ICx.pa. opercularis 4.9 5.1

R. postcentralis. 13 15R.p. convexitatis 11 12R.p. medialis 2.1 2.5

ICx. temporalis (ICx.t) 41 49ICx.t.dorsalis 7.7 7.8

R. temporalis transversalis (R.tv) 2.6 2.2R.tv.1 1.9 1.6R.tv.2 0.7 0.6

Parieto-temporal convexity 38 38

ICx. occipitalis 37 43A18 + A19 30 35A17 7.6 7.9

Allocortex (with Proisocortex):Claustro-Cx. temporalis 1.2 0.7Claustro-Cx. insularis 7.4 7.3Tbc. Olfactorium, R. praepiriformis frontalis, Peri-Palaeo-Cx. frontalis 0.9 0.5Paleo-Cx. temporalis 0.5 0.4Archi-Cx. frontalis 7.3 7.0

Morphometric Data

Shrinkage Factors (SF) R L

SFw Lange, Thörner (1974) 2.13 2.22SFl Lange, Thörner (1974) 1.89 1.81SFl Sievert (1992) 1.74 1.82

Shrinkage factors (SF) describing the loss of vol-ume from the fixed autopsy brains to the histolo-gical material.

SFl : Linear calculated volume shrinkage factor = [ L*W*H (autopsy brain in formaline) ] / [ L*W*H(serial paraffin sections) ], whereL = length of hemisphere;W = width of hemisphere;H = height of hemisphere).

SFw : Weight related shrinkage factor (SFg) = [(Bw* 0,88 / 1,0365) / serial section volume of hemis-phere], where Bw = brain weight, Factor 0,88 = [weight of hemisphere ] / [ brain weight ], Factor 1.0365 = mean specific brain weight).

PROSENCEPHALON R L

Fresh volume (cm3) 549 527Volume of serial sections (cm3) 267 262

Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner,G. (1974)

CORTEX R L

Fresh volume (cm3) 297 303Volume of serial sections (cm3) 144 139



STRIATUM R L

Volume of serial sections (10 mm3)Caudate nucleus 298 269Putamen 360 343

Numeric cell density (number / mm3)

Small neurons (x10) 2029 2248Large neurons 156 156Glial cells (x10) 7360 7835

Volumetric neuronal density (10-2 %) 454 393

Nuclear diameter (10-2 µm)Small neurons 859 891


CAUDATE NUCLEUS


Macroneurons (L) 270Microneurons (S) 22,663L/S 1/83Average diameter in µm 10.78

Dom, R. et al. (1981)

PUTAMEN

Numeric cell density (number / mm3)Macroneurons (L) 163Microneurons (S) 19,953L/S 1/119Average diameter in µm 9.47

GLOBUS PALLIDUS R L

Volume of serial sections (mm3)

External globus pallidus EGP 656 560Internal globus pallidus IGP 289 238


Neurons EGP 763 994IGP 625 588

Glial cells (*103) EGP 124 132IGP 118 120

Volumetric cell density (10-3 %)

Neurons EGP 290 380IGP 210 270

Glial cells EGP 450 620IGP 510 580

Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)

Amygdaloid Complex

CORTEX (fresh volume of cortical regions (cm3) R L

Archi-Cx. parietalis 5.6 4.4 Archi-Cx. temporalis 7.3 6.2

Albring, K.M. (1983)

Basal Nuclera Complex ( Magnocellularnuclei of the basal forebrain)

S. Morres

S. Morres


RED NUCLEUS R L

Volume of serial sections (mm3)Dorsomedial quadrant r1 26.6Dorsolateral quadrant r2 35.9ventrolateral quadrant r3 35.8ventromedial quadrant r4 35.2

Numeric cell density (number/mm3)Neurons r1 171 172

r2 124 95r3 104 103r4 104 104

Glial cells r1 446 421r2 384 336r3 320 402r4 309 308

Volumetric density (%)Neurons r1 57 51

r2 28 24r3 25 27r4 21 23

Glial cells r1 78 69r2 74 58r3 74 60r4 72 56

* without shrinkage factor-correction

Herbel, W. (1979);. Sander, H.A. (1981)

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS R L

Fresh volume (cm3) 0.139 0.119

Volumes of serial sections (mm3)*Subthalamic ncl., med. part SThM 31.7 31.2

SThL 35.7 26.6total 67.4 57.9

Numeric cell density (number/mm3)Neurons (*10) SThL 375 357

SThM 591 516

Volumetric cell densityNeurons (10-2%) SThL 142 199

SThM 162 223

Volumetric cell density (%)Neurons: SThL 2.48

SThM 1.87 Glia SThL 0.99

SThM 0.923

Numeric cell density (number/mm3)SThL 7,417SThM 8,046

Absolute cell numbers 232 700287 600

Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967)

THALAMUS


Small neurons anterior thalamus 3,522medial thalamus 4,544lateral thalamus 1,012posterior thalamus 4,686

Large neurons anterior thalamus 6,177medial thalamus 5,538lateral thalamus 3,248posterior thalamus 7,618

Dom, R. et al.(1981); Dom. R. (1976)

HYPOTHALAMUS

F. Forutan

I.Koutcherov

235


References

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

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Abbreviations

2n optic nerve3n oculomotor nerve or its root 3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)3V third ventricle4n trochlear nerve or its root4V fourth ventricle5fr frontal nerve of trigeminus5Gn trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri)5ialv inferior alveolar nerve5inf infraorbital nerve5lac lacrimal nerve5lg lingual nerve5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve5mx maxillary nerve of the trigeminal5n trigeminal nerve5nc nasociliary nerve 5ophth ophthalmic nerve6n abducens nerve or its root7C facial nerve and canal7gp greater petrosal nerve7n facial nerve or its root8n vestibulocochlear nerve9n glossopharyngeal nerve10n vagus nerve11n accessory nerve12C hypoglossal canal12n hypoglossal nerve or its root17 striate area (Brodmann area 18)18 (Brodmann) area 18AAA anterior amygdaloid areaAAT anterior arch of atlasaau anterior auricular arteryAB access. basal amygdaloid ncl.ac anterior commissureAcb accumbens nucleusAcC accumbens n., central part (core)AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part (shell)AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part (core)ACeIT anterior cervical intertransv. muscleacer anterior cerebral arteryAcL lateral accumbens nucleusAcM accumbens n., medial partaco anterior commissure, olfactory limb ACo anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleusACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal partacs anterior calcarine sulcusAcSV accumbens nucleus, subventricular regionAD anterodorsal thalamic nucleusADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular partafx anterior column of fornixAG ambiens gyrusAHi amygdalohippocampal areaAI amygdaloid island (extended amygdala)

aic anterior limb of internal capsuleaica anterior inferior cerebellar arteryAIn agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis)ajugv anterior jugular veinal ansa lenticularisalal alar ligament of densald apical ligament of densall anterior longitudinal ligamentALPO anterior lateral preoptic nucleusAlv alveolar process of maxillaalv alveus of hippocampusAM anteromedial thalamic nucleusAmg amygdalaAMjC ala major cartilageAMPO anterior medial preoptic nucleusancer ansa cervicalisang angular artery AnG angular gyrusangv angular veinAO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior partap ansa peduncularisapal ascending palatine arteryaph ascending pharyngeal arteryAPr anteroprincipal thalamic nucleusaps anterior parolfactory sulcusAPS anterior perforated substanceapsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inferior branchapss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branchAPul anterior pulvinar nucleusAq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius)AReCaM anterior rectus capitis muscleARG Andreas Retzius gyrusargr arachnoid granulationsAryE aryepiglotticus muscleAStr amygdalostriatal transition areaAtAx altanto-axial membraneATh anterior thalamic nucleusAtlas atlasAtOc atlanto occipital jointATub articular tubercleaud auditory radiationAud auditory tubeAudC auditory tube cartilageaute auriculotemporal nerveAV anteroventral thalamic nucleusAxis axis (C2 vertebra)bas basilar arteryBasCi basilar cisternBC basal nucleus, compact partbcc body of corpus callosumBFat buccal fat padbfx body of fornix

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bG band of Giacomini BHy body of hyoid bonebic brachium of the inferior colliculusBL basolateral amygdaloid nucleusBLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocell.) partBLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate partBLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar partBLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral partBLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial partBM basomedial amygdaloid nucleusBMan body of mandibleBMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial partBMDL basomed. amygdaloid n., dorsolat. partBMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial partBMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial partBOp basal operculumbsc brachium of the superior colliculusBST bed nucleus of the stria terminalisBSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central divisionBSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral divisionBSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division,

juxtacapsular partBSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial divisionBSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior partBSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral divisionBucM buccinator musclebucn buccal nerveCA1 CA1 field of hippocampusCA2 CA2 field of hippocampusCA3 CA3 field of hippocampuscal calcar aviscalv callosal veinCAnT common anular tendoncas callosal sulcuscav cavernous sinusCb cerebellumcc corpus callosumcctd common carotid arteryCd caudate nucleusCdL lateral caudate nucleusCdM medial caudate nucleusCdV ventral caudate nucleusCe central amygdaloid nucleusce central sulcusCeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial partcern cervical nerve cerpx cervical plexuscfx crus of the fornixCG cingulate gyruscg cingulumCGal crista galli cgs cingulate sulcusCH cerebellar hemispherecha choroid arterychf choroidal fissurechp choroid plexusCi cisterncic commissure of the inferior colliculiCilM ciliaris musclecir circular insular sulcus

CISM cervical interspinal muscleCl claustrumCLV central part of lateral ventricleCM central medial thalamic nucleuscmg capsule of medial geniculate n.CMMC centromedian thalamic nucleus, magnocellular partCMn centrum medianum, parafascicular nucleusCo commissural nucleusCoCl compact insular claustrumcomb comb systemCond condylar process of mandibleCor coronoid process of the mandiblecos collateral sulcuscosi confluence of sinusescp cerebral pedunclecplx carotid plexuscr capsule of red nucleuscret central artery of retinacrt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fiberscs calcarine sulcuscsc commissure of the superior colliculiCSCil corrugator supercilii muscleCSP cavity of septum pellucidumctg central tegmental tractcty chorda tympaniCuA cuneiform area Cuc cucullaris nucleusCun cuneusCxA cortico-amygdaloid transition areaDAx dens axisdb diagonal bandDB diagonal band nucleusDCl dorsal claustrumDG dentate gyrusDH dorsal hypothalamic areadhc dorsal hippocampal commissureDiCl diffuse insular claustrumDiM digastric muscle, ant. bellydip diploic veinDiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleusDisc articular disc of temporo-mandibular jointDiT digastric muscle, tendondlg deep lingual artery and veinDMH dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleusDo dorsal hypothalamic nucleusdpal descending palatine arteryDpAO depressor anguli oris muscledpc deep cervical artery and veinDPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleusDpLb depressor labii inferioris muscleDpSCil depressor supercilii muscledr2 dorsal root (C2)DS diaphragma sellae dta deep temporalis arteryDTP dorsal temporopolar regionEAM external auditory meatusec external capsule ectd external carotid arteryEGl epiglottisEGP external globus pallidusejug external jugular vein

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ejugv external jugular veinemi emissary veineml external medullary lamina (thalamus)Ent entorhinal cortexEP entopeduncular nucleusers endorhinal sulcusEthBu ethmoidal bullaeths ethmoidal sinus (cells)EthS ethmoidal sinus (cells)ex extreme capsuleeye eyeballFa fasciculosus nucleusfac facial arteryfacv facial veinFas fasciculosus nucleusFCd caudate fundus regionFD fascia dentataFG fasciolar gyrusfi fimbria of the hippocampusFL frontal lobeFLA frontal limbic areaFLV frontal horn of lateral ventricleFMG frontomarginal gyrusfmi forceps minor of the corpus callosumfmj forceps major of the corpus callosumfms frontomarginal sulcusFOp frontal operculumFPu putaminal fundus regionfr fasciculus retroflexusfrn frontal nerveFro frontal boneFroC frontal bone, crestFroN frontal bone, nasal partFroO frontal bone, orbital partFroSq frontal bone, squamosal partFrP frontopolar cortexFrS frontal sinusFStr fundus striatiFuG fusiform gyrusfx fornixFxC falx cerebrigapo epicranial aponeurosisgcc genu of the corpus callosumGeHy geniohyoid muscleGGM genioglossus muscleGHHy greater horn of hyoid bonegic internal capsule, genu gld glandular branches of facial arteryGNaC greater nasal cartilagegocn greater occipital nerveGP globus pallidusgpa greater palatine artery GPalF greater palatine foramengpn greater palatine nervegpv greater palatine veinGR gyrus rectusGrCi great (cerebellomedullary) cisternGTI great terminal islandGZgM greater zygomatic muscleH1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1)H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2)

Hb habenular nucleihbc habenular commissureHCd head of caudate nucleusHDB horizontal limb of the diagonal bandHi hippocampusHiH hippocampal headhis hippocampal sulcusHPtg hamulus of the pterygoid boneHy hypothalamusHyGl hyoglossus muscleHyoid hyoid boneialn inferior alveolar nerveialva inferior alveolar arteryIAud internal auditory meatusIC inferior colliculusic internal capsuleICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscleICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus)ICM inferior constrictor m. of pharynxicml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidusictd internal carotid arteryicv internal cerebral veinIFG inferior frontal gyrusIFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular partIFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital partIFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular partifs inferior frontal sulcusIG insular gyrusIGP internal globus pallidusIGPul intergeniculate pulvinarIGr indusium griseumijugv internal jugular vein, bulbusilab inferior labial artery and veinilf inferior longitudinal fasciculusimfs intermediate frontal sulcusiml internal medullary lamina of thalamusimos intermediate obirtal sulcusINaCo inferior nasal conchaIncC incisive canal Inf infundibular nucleusinfa infraorbital arteryInfS infundibular stalkIns insulaInTrM intertransversarii musclesIO inferior oliveIObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscleIObM inferior oblique muscleIObMT inferior oblique muscle, tendonIOC infraorbital canalIOrbF infraorbital foramenIOrG intermediate orbital gyrusIP interpeduncular nucleusIPCi interpeduncular cisternipets inferior petrosal sinusipf interpeduncular fossaIPL inferior parietal lobule ips intraparietal sulcusIPul inferior pulvinar nucleusIReM inferior rectus muscleIRoG inferior rostral gyrusISM interspinalis muscle

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iss inferior sagittal sinusita inferior temporal arteryITG inferior temporal gyrusIthA interthalamic adhesionithp inferior thalamic peduncleits inferior temporal sulcusIVF interventricular foramenivvpx internal vertebral venous plexusJugF jugular foramenJugP jugular processLa lateral amygdaloid nucleuslab labial arterylac lacrimal arteryLacG lacrimal glandlacv lacrimal veinLaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior partLADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal lateral partLaDM lat. amygdaloid nucl., dorsomed. partLaI lateral amygdaloid nucl., intermediate partLAngO levator anguli oris muscleLaV lateral amygdaloid nucl., ventral partLC locus coeruleusld lambdoid sutureLD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleusLDO laterodorsal nucl., oral partlds lamboid sutureLDSF laterodorsal nucleus, superficial partlenf lenticular fasciculuslf lateral fissureLG lateral geniculate nucleuslg lingual arteryLgC longus capitis and colli musclesLgCaM longus capitis muscleLgCoM longus colli muscleLgFo lingual follicleLgG lingual gyrusLgGl lingual glandLgsCaM longissimus capitis muscleLgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscleLgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle tendonLgSpt lingual septumlgv lingual veinLHA lateral hypothalamic areaLHb lateral habenular nucleusLi limen insulaeLiCl limitans claustrumLim limitans nucleusliml limiting medullary lamina of the globus pallidusling lingual nervell lateral lemniscusLLb levator labii superioris muscleLLPt lateral lamina of pterygoid processlls lateral longitudinal striaLM lateral mamillary nucleuslml lateral medullary lamina of the globus palliduslo lateral olfactory tractLOrG lateral orbital gyruslos lateral orbital sulcuslots lateral occipitotemporal sulcusLPal levator palpebrae muscleLPtg lateral pterygoid muscle

LPtgL lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral bellyLPtgM lateral pterygoid muscle, medial bellyLPul lateral pulvinar nucleusLRec lateral rectus muscleLReCa lateral rectus capitis muscleLReM lateral rectus musclels longitudinal striaLScM levator scapulae muscleLSD dorsolateral septal nucleusLSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate partLSV ventral septal nucleusLT lamina terminalisLTh lateral thalamic nuclear regionLTP lateral temporopolar regionLTu lateral tuberal nucleusLV lateral ventricleLVePa levator veli palatini muscleLy lymph nodeMaA mastoid antrumMan mandibleManC mandibular canalmand5 mandibular nerveManF mandibular fossa MasM masseter muscleMB mamillary bodymcer middle cerebral arteryMCM medial constrictor muscle mcp middle cerebellar peduncleMD medial dorsal thalamic nucleusMDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular partMd medulla oblongataMDe margo denticulatusMDFa medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fasciculosus partMDFi medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fibrosus partMDMCmedial dorsal thalamic n., magnocellular partMDV medial dorsal thalamic nucl., ventral partMe medial amygdaloid nucleusMeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior partMentM mentalis musclemfb medial forebrain bundleMFG medial frontal gyrusMG medial geniculate nucleusMGDA medial geniculate nucl., dorsoant. (magnocellular) partMGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior partMGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus partMGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans partMGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular partMHb medial habenular nucleusMidE middle earMiPRe minor posterior rectus capitis muscleMiZgMminor zygomatic muscleml medial lemniscusML medial mamillary nucleus, lateral partmlf medial longitudinal fasciculusMLPt medial lamina of pterygoid processmls medial longitudinal striaMM medial mamillary nucleus, medial partmm middle meningeal arterymml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidusmmp middle meningeal artery, parietal branch MNaC middle nasal concha

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MnPO median preoptic nucleusmolf medial olfactory radiationMOrG medial orbital gyrusmos medial orbital sulcusMPC medial mammillary n., parvocellular partMPO medial preoptic nucleusMPtg medial pterygoid muscleMPtgM medial pterygoideus muscleMPul medial pulvinar nucleusMRec medial rectus muscleMReM medial rectus muscleMS medial septal nucleusms medullary substance of frontal lobeMScalM medial scalenus muscleMst mastoid process of temporal boneMstC mastoid cellsmt mammillo-thalamic tractMTec mesencephalic tectummtg mammillo-tegmental tractMTG medial temporal gyrusMTP medial temporopolar regionMTu medial tuberal nucleusMulM multifidus muscleMx maxillamx maxillary arterymxs maxillary sinusmxv maxillary veinMyHy mylohyoid musclemyhy mylohyoid nerveNa nasal bonenl nuchal ligamentnlac nasolacrimal ductnpal nasopalatine artery, incisive canalNPhT nasopharyngeal tonsilNSpt nasal septumnuf nuchal fasciaoaud opening of auditory tubeOB olfactory bulbOcc occipital boneocca occipital arteryoccs occipital sinusoccv occipital veinOcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal bellyOcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital bellyOcG occipital gyriocm occipito-mastoid sutureOFat orbital fatOFG orbitofrontal gyriolf olfactory tractOlfA olfactory areaolfr olfactory radiationolfs olfactory sulcusOLV occipital horn of lateral ventricleOmHy omohyoid muscleOOM orbicularis oculi muscleOOrM orbicularis oris muscleoph ophthalmic arteryophv ophthalmic veinopt optic tractor optic radiationOral oral cavity

OrG orbital gyriors orbital sulcusOTG occipito-temporal gyrusOtic otic ganglionOTr olfactory trigoneox optic chiasmP3V preoptic recess of the third ventriclePa paraventricular hypothalamic nucleusPa2 paraoptic nucleusPAA periamygdalar areaPaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., ant. parvocell. partPAC periamygdaloid cortexPACl preamygdalar claustrumPaD paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal partPaF parafornical nucleusPaFo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, fornical partPAG periaqueductal grayPalG palatine glandsPalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleuspaln palatine nerve (s)PaMc paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., magnocellular partPaOp parietal operculumpap optic papillaPaP paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., parvocellular partPaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior partpapx parotid plexusPar patotid glandParB parietal bonePaS parasubiculumPAT posterior arch of atlaspau posterior auricular arterypauv posterior auricular veinPBP parabrachial pigmented nucl.pc posterior commissurePCA precommissural archicortexpcer posterior cerebral arterypcfx precommissural fornixPCL paracentral lobulePCo post. cortical amygdaloid n.pcoma posterior communicating arterypcs precentral sulcusPCun precuneusPedL peduncle of lentiform nucleusPeP perpendicular platePF parafascicular thalamic nucl.pfx post. column (crus) of fornixPH posterior hypothalamusPHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition areaphar pharyngeal branchesPHG parahippocampal gyrusPhRe pharyngeal recessphy pallidohypothalamic fibersPi pineal glandpic posterior limb of the internal capsulepica posterior inferior cerebellar arteryPIR parainsular regionPir piriform cortexPirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal areaPirR piriform recessPirT (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal areaPit pituitary gland

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Plat platysmaPlGl palatoglossus musclePLi posterior limitans thalamic nucleusPlPh palatopharyngeus musclepm principal mammillary fasciculusPMiRe post. minor rectus capitis musclepna posterior nasal arteryPoCi pontine cisternpocs postcentral sulcusPoG postcentral gyrusPons ponsPOrbM posterior orbicularis musclePOrG posterior orbital gyruspos parietooccipital sulcusPOTZ parietooccipital transition areaPP peripeduncular nucleusPPA peripeduncular areaPPCl prepiriform claustrumPPo planum polarepps posterior parolfactory sulcusPRC perirhinal cortexPrG precentral gyrusPrS presubiculumpsa posterior superior alveolar arteryPT paratenial thalamic nucleusPTc pretectal areaptdd parotid ductPTe planum temporalePTG paraterminal gyrusPTG paraterminal gyrusPtg pterygoid processPtgC pterygoid canalptgpal pterygopalatine ganglionptgpx pterygoid plexusptpf pterygopalatine fossaPtPF pterygopalatine fossaPTR post temporopolar regionPtT palatine tonsilPu putamenPuLi limitans putamenPuM medial putamenPuV ventral putamenPV paraventricular thalamic nucleuspvf prevertebral fasciapy pyramidal tractQP quadrigeminal plateR red nucleusracc radiation of corpus callosumrapx retroarticular (venous) plexusRBR retrobulbar regionrcc rostrum of corpus callosumRe reuniens thalamic nucleusRG rectus gyrusRisM risorius musclermv retromandibular veinros rostral sulcusRPC red nucleus, parvocellular partRt reticular thalamic nucleusS subiculumSalPhMsalpingopharyngeus muscleSArS subarachnoid space

sas semiannular sulcusSB striatal cell bridgessbps subparietal sulcusSC superior colliculusSCA subcallosal areasca superior cerebellar arteryscal subcallosal bundleScalM scalenus muscleSCC semicircular canalsscc splenium of corpus callosumSCD semicircular ductsSCG subcallosal gyrusSCGn superior cervical ganglionSCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidusSCh suprachiasmatic nucleusSCM superior constrictor muscle of the pharynxSCMPPsuperior constrictor muscle, pterygopharyngeal partscp superior cerebellar peduncleSCS subcallosal stratumSCTI subcaudate terminal islandSeC septal cartilageSEL subependymal layerSepG separans gyrusSEpS subependymal stratumSFG superior frontal gyrusSFi septofimbrial nucleusSFO subfornical organSFPul superficial pulvinarsfs superior frontal sulcusSGe suprageniculate nucleusSGl substantia gliosaSGL substantia gliosa (subependymal gray)shl stylohyoid ligamentSHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilagesigs sigmoid sinusslf superior fronto-occipital fasciculusSLG semilunar gyrusslg sublingual artery and veinSLGl sublingual gland and ductslic sublenticular part of internal capsulesln superior laryngeal nervesls sublenticular striasm stria medullaris of thalamussma submental arterysmd submandibular ductSMG supramarginal gyrusSMGl submandibular glandsms superficial medullary stratumsmv submental veinSN substantia nigraSNaC septum nasi cartilageSNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR subst. nigra, reticular partSO supraoptic nucleusSOb superior oblique muscleSObCa superior oblique capitis muscleSObM superior oblique musclesocv suboccipital venous plexusSODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral partsof superior occipitofrontal fascicle SOP supraoptic nucl., posterior p.

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sophv superior ophthalmic veinSOT supraoptic nucleus, tuberal partSOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial partsox supraoptic commissurespa sphenopalatine arterySPaF salpingopalatinal foldSPal soft palatespalv superior posterior alveolar arterySpAx spinous process of axisSpC splenius capitis and cervicis muscleSpCaM splenius capitis muscleSpCeM splenius cervicis musclespets superior petrosal sinusSPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleusSphB sphenoid boneSPhF salpingopharyngeal foldSphGWsphenoid, greater wingsphml sphenomandibular ligamentsphn superior pharyngeal nerveSphP pterygopalatine ganglionSphP sphenopalatine ganglionsphp sphenoparietal sinussphpl sphenopalatine arterysphs sphenoid sinussphzg spheno-zygomatic sutureSpinal spinal cordSPL superior parietal lobuleSplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscleSpM spinalis musclespth spino-thalamic tractSptP septum pellucidumSReM superior rectus muscleSRoG superior rostral gyrusss straight sinusSSpCaM semispinalis capitis muscleSSpCeM semispinal cervicis muscleSSpG subsplenial gyrus sss superior sagittal sinusSSTI substriatal terminal islandsstr sagittal stratumst stria terminalissta superficial temporal artery and veinstaf superior temporal artery,frontal branchstam superficial temporal a., median root stap superficial temporal a., parietal root stempv superficial temporal veinSTG superior temporal gyrussth subthalamic fascicleSTh subthalamic nucleusStHy sternohyoid musclesthy superior thyroid arterysthyv superior thyroid veinStM sternomastoid muscleStMT sternomastoid muscle, tendonsts superior temporal sulcusStT sternomastoid muscle, tendonSty styloid processStyGlMstyloglossus muscleStyHyM stylohyoid muscleStyPhMstylopharyngeus muscleSubH subhabenular nucleus

sublgv sublingual veinsumx supramammillary commissuresuorba supraorbital arterysutr supratrochlear artery sutrn supratrochlear nervesutrv supratrochlear veinsv septal veinSVTI subventricular terminal islandSxD sexual dimorphic ncl.Symp sympathetic trunkTCb tentorium cerebelliTCd tail of caudate nucleustch tenia of choroid plexus TCl temporal claustrumtclv tela choroides of lat. ventricleTec tectumTelePa tensor veli palatini muscleTemp temporal boneTempMtemporalis muscleTempP temporal bone, petrosal partTempS temporal bone, squamous partTempT temporalis muscle (tendon)tempv temporal veinsTenT tensor tympani muscleTeVePa tensor palatini muscletf temporal fascia tfa transverse facial artery tfi tenia of fimbriaTFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrusTFPGM medial transverse frontopolar gyrusTFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrustfv transverse facial veintfx tenia of fornixTh thalamusThC thyroid cartilage, upper hornThHy thyrohyoid muscleThHyMe thyrohyoid membranethr thalamic radiation (corona radiata)TL temporal lobetla transverse ligament of atlasTLev torus levatoriusTLV temporal horn of lateral ventricleTM tuberomammillary nucleusTMD temporomandibular discTmP temporal poleTOp temporal operculumTOTZ temporooccipital transition zonetp tapetumTrA triangular area (Wernicke)TrG transverse temporal gyrusTrLV trigone of lateral ventricleTrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebraTrPAt transverse process of atlasTrPAt transverse process of the atlastrs transverse sinusTS triangular septal nucleustst tenia of stria terminalistsv thalamostriate veintt tenia of thalamusTTG transverse temporal gyritth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract

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TTub torus tubariusTu olfactory tubercleTuCn tuber cinereumTuTI tubercular terminal island(s)tv temporal veinTyC tympanic cavityTzM trapezius muscleUn uncusunc uncinate fasciculusunn uncal notch us uncal sulcus (diverticulum unci)Uv uvulav veinVA ventral anterior thalamic nucleusvaf ventral anygdalofugal pathwayVAMC ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular partVCl ventral claustrumVCo ventral cortical nucleusVDB vertical limb of the diagonal bandVer vermis of cerebellumVert vertebra vert vertebral arteryVIM ventrointermedius nucleusVIME ventrointermedius nucleus, external partVIMI ventrointermedius nucleus, internal partVL ventral lateral thalamic nucleusvl vocal ligamentVLAE ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, external partVLAI ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, internal partVLP ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleusVLPE ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external partVLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal partVM ventromedial thalamic nucl.VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleusVoc vocalis musclevoc vocalis muscleVOLT vascular organ of the lamina terminalisVom vomerVP ventral pallidumVPe ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleusVPI ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, inferior partVPIPC ventroposterior internus nucleus, parvocellular part VPL ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleusVPLA ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, anterior partVPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleusvr ventral root vt velum terminaleVTA ventral tegmental areaxscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncleZgM zygomatic musclesZI zona incertaZID zona incerta, dorsal partZIV zona incerta, ventral partZyg zygomatic boneZygA zygomatic arch

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atlas of the human brain 2nd ed. - j. mai, et. al., (ap, 2004) ww

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