Atlantis, The Lost ContinentJudy Johnston

(We are printing Miss Judy Johnston's complete source theme The Lost Islandof Atlantis, not only because of its universal interest, but also because of the aid itmay offer to those students who are preparing work along the same lines. Werecommend it as interesting, informative reading.)

THE FACTUAL BASIS FOR THE STORYOF ATLANTIS, THE LOST CONTINENT

OUTLINE

Since the Renaissance, when activeinterest in the 25,000 year old Platonianstory of the lost island-continent ofAtlantis w1l;srevived, archaeological find-mgs and historical and geological know-ledge have given support to the existenceof Atlantis, while cultural similaritiesbetween European and American civiliza-tions have been the basis for locatingAtlantis as a continent in the AtlanticOcean, where both Plato and the roman-tically interested students place it.

I The story of At1antis was firsttold by Plato in his dialogues"Timaeus" and "Cr itias."A. Plato had been told thes~ory, which was alreadyeight thousand years old, byhis great grandfather whohad heard it from Solon, awise Greek.

1. Large island empire2. Great in commerce3. Highly advanced civili-

zation4. Destroyed by an earth-

quake in twenty-fourhours

B. Although many passages inancient literature speak ofislands which greatly resem-ble Atlantis, none call it byname, making Plato's accountthe only documentary evi-dence of the lost island'sexistence.

1. Str abo, the geographer,first to mention Atlantisafter Plato

2. Scheria, the land of thePhaeacians, described byHomer in the "Odyssey"

3. Diodorus' description ofan island located west ofLibya in the ocean

4. Theopompus' referenceto the outside world

5. Skepticism in regardingstory as a myth becauseof scientific discoveries

II In addition to the historical andarchaeological findings of Schlie-mann in Russia and Crete, thediscovery of lava in 1898 near theCanary and Azora Islands offersconcrete historical support to theplausibility of the legend of a lostisland empire.

A. Papyrus rolls found in themuseum of St. Petersburg,Russia, by Dr. Henry Schlie-mann refer directly to Atlan-tis.l. Expedition by Pharaoh

Sent2. Atlantean civilization at

start of Egyptian historyB. Some of the treasures ofPriam, found in 1873, are en-graved with the name of theking of Atlantis.

C. A history of Atlantis on tab-lets of clay is preserved in amonastery in Central Asia.

1. Accompanied by map2. Account of the breaking

up of the continentD. In 1898 it was shown thatvolcanic action had takenplace near the Can a r y

Islands.1. Laying of a cable2. Lava, cooled on land,

foundIII Ocean soundings proving that the

Canaries and Azores are peaks ofsubmerged mountains and factsregarding the formation of theGreat Central Gas Belt make thegeological existence of Atlantis"highly probable."A. The Dolphin Ridge is a sub-merged mountain range go-ing from northwest Africaand the Iberian Peninsula toCentral America.

1. Azores and Canaries2. Unorganized masses of

rocks3. Structural similarity of

European and Americanmountain ranges

B. Atlantis was submergedwhen the Great Central GasBelt was formed under the

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IV

Atlantic, according to oneBelt was formed under thegeologist.

1. Northern and southerndivisions

2. Gas chambersC. The possibility of a flood,instead of an earthquake, de-stroying Atlantis has beenadvanced.

1. Melted glaciers2. Diamond fields support

earthquake theoryThere are eight main th;:;ories. oflocation of Atlantis now m exist-ence. .

A. The theories of 'l:'art~ssos,North Africa, and Nigeria allare lacking evidence. .

1. Depend on archaeologi-cal findings

2. Only suggestive value atpresent

B. Three of the theories which

great is 1and -empire, vanish-ing fro m theface of the earthin the space of aday and a night

-has ever another story been told tomatch this one? Twenty-three hundredyears ago the story of Atlantis was firsttold by Plato; today it is still as fascinat-ing and stimulating to the imaginativemind as it then was.

When he was a child, Plato had beentold the story, already eight thousandyears old, by his great grandfather whohad heard it from Solon, one of the wisestof the ancient Greeks. Egyptian priestshad related the story of Solon when heVIas traveling in Egypt.1 In TimaeusPlato describes Atlantis as an island,larger than Asia Minor and Libya com-bined, lying ten thousand stadia (onethousand miles) beyond the Pillars ofHercules, the ancient name for Gibralter.

entirely discredit P'lato's geo-graphy are Atlantis m. Amer-ica, the cosmological Idea ofKarst, and the theory of Iandbetween Ireland and Brit-tany.

C. The theory which builds o?Plato's account most fully ~sthat advanced by LeWISSpence and Ignatius Don-nelly that Atlantis ~as, mreality, an island m theAtlantic Ocean.

1. Spence uses geology forthe basis of his conclu-sion.

2. Donnelly uses the re-semblances between .theculture of the Americasand Europe and Africa.

3. Theory most popular b~-cause of its romanticinterest.

Atlantis was the largest island in thegroup of islands in the Atlantic Ocean 2and could be reached by going from oneisland to another.3

When the world was divided betweenthe Olympians, the island of Atlantis andthe nearby land went to Poseidon, whobecame the first Atlantean king andfounded the Poseidon Dynasty. After awhile, Poseidon divided his land amonghis five sets of male twins. Atlas, theolder one of the first sets, was the headof all the rest, and was the one to whomthe island was given. The entire island,the capital city, and the surrounding seawere all named after him _ thus, Atlan-tis.'4

The island consisted of a large, fertileplain bounded on the north by high moun-tain ranges. The capital city, also calledAtlantis, was connected to the sea by adeep, artificial canal and was surroundedby three large stone walls.5 The city ofAtlantis was tamous for three things: two

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springs of running water, one hot and onecold, which Poseidon had created; a largeharbor with many. docks; and a magnifi-cent temple with much gold and silverwhich was used for the worship ofPoseidon.6 The AtIanteans made theircountry a great commercial center andbuilt many ships, temples, and canals;their main city resembled Carthage orTyre at their peak of wealth and pros-perity.7

For many years the Atlanteans dweltif' this land, living mainly by commerceand agriculture. After a while, however,they became warlike and conquered muchof the territory within and around theMediterranean. When they tried to con-quer Greece, the Athenians rallied andmanaged to defeat the invaders. Theywere conquered in approximately 9600B. C.8 While the Athenian army was stilloccupying the island of Atlantis, an earth-quake Came and in a day and a night theentire land, with its temples, cities, civil-ization, and people, disappeared. from theface of the earth. This is the essentialmaterial contained in Plato's dialogues,Timaeus and Critias, "not only the earliestbut the sole documentary evidence of theexistence of Atlantis."9

Strabo, the geographer, who was bornin 54 B. C. is the first to mention Atlantisafter Plato.lO Although he did not be-lieve the tale, he tells of a first centuryStoic, Poseidonuis, who did believe it tobe tnue. There are many passages in an-cient literature which are thought to referto Atlantis although they don't call itby name. Scheria, land of the Phaeacians,told of by Homer in the Odyssey, resem-bles Atlantis in many ways. It, too, islocated beyond Gibralter in the ocean;

according to Homer, Scheria was moun-

tainous; and the word 'scheria', itself,

comes from the Phoenician language and

:;::::

means 'a center for commercial ex-change.'ll Before the Phaeacians hadlived in Scher ia, they had lived in Hy-pereia near the Cyclopes who are said tohave lived in Sicily. They were broughtwest to Scheria by Nausithons, a son ofPoseidon. 12 Because of these resem-blances, "it is quite possible that Scheria,the island of the Phaeacians in theOdyssey, is connected with Plato'sisland." 13 "But in spite of the resem-blances, the differences are markedenough to exclude the possibility of adirect relation between the Critias and theOdyssey. It is more likely that both con-tain elements of the same tradition, orelements of different versions of the sametr adi tion." 14A famous passage describing a some-

what similar island located in the oceanwest of Libya is contained in the Histori-cal Library of Diodorus, a Sicilian histor-ian living in Caesar's time.15 Anotherpossible literary reference to Atlantis isgiven by Theopompus of Chios, a contem-porary of Plato's. This Greek historianwrote that Europe, Asia, and Libya, thethree islands making up the known world,were surrounded by the sea with nothingoutside but a huge continent with muchgold and silver.I6

Atlantis was reganded only as an in-vention of Plato's until recent years.17After the Renaissance when interest inthe classics was revived, many men suchas Voltaire and Buffon seriously debatedthe possibility of the island's real exist-ence.18. One reason for considering thestory as fiction is that no writer beforePlato - even Herodotus who had visitedEgypt one hundred years after Solon-ever mentioned it.19 Another fact which

discolors the story is that Plato states the

exact measurement of the canals and

buildings; this would call for a most re-

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markable memory. On the other hand,"if Plato had sought to draw from hisimagination a wonderful and pleasingstory, we should not have had so plainand reasonable a narrative."20 Scientists,for centuries, paid no attention to thestory, but now because of recent findings,it is admitted that "Atlantis is a possi-bility."21

Dr. Henry Schliemann, excavator andarchaeologist, is one of the men who hasdone much to strengthen the theory ofthe existence of Atlantis. In the museumin St. Petersburg, Russia, he unearthed apapyrus roll saying that Pharaoh Sent ofthe Second Egyptian Dynasty had sent anexpedition to the west to search for tracesof Atlantis. After five years, however,the expedition returned having foundnothing. The same papyrus goes on tosay that the ancestors of the Egyptianscame from this land, i.e. Atlantis.22 Inthe same museum there is anotherpapyrus saying that the height of Atlan-tean civilization coincided with the firstbeginnings of Egyptian history.23

In 1873 when Dr. Schliemann was ex-cavating Troy and found the treasures ofPriam, he discovered some engraved inPhoenician hieroglyphics saying, 'Fromthe king Chronos of Atlantis.'24

On the Lion Gate, Maycarne, Crete,Schliemann discovered an inscriptionwhich read: "The Egyptians descendedfrom Misor. Misor was the child of Thoth,the god of history. Thoth was the emi-grated son of a priest of Atlantis, whohaving fallen in love with the daughterof King Chronos, escaped, and after manywanderings landed in Egypt. He builtthe first temple at Sais and there taughtthe wisdom of his native land."25

In addition to these significant arch-

aeological findings of Dr. Schliemann, the

discovery of a monastery near the head-

waters of the Brahmaputra River in Cen-tral Asia which contains tablets of claygiving a long history of Atlantis is im-portant. On these tablets it is writtenthat "Atlantis was joined to both America,Europe, and Africa. A great volcanicconvulsion took place and the Americanend was broken and: a number of islandsformed. Subsequently another great vol-canic convulsion took place on the otherside of Atlantis. Land was submergedand a sea formed. Then Atlantis becamea great island with water on all sides."26These findings would seem to prove thatthere is a firm basis of fact for regardingAtlantis as a once existent island.

Another purely historical finding tostrengthen the plausibility of the storywas made at the turn of the century. Acable, being laid from Cape Cod to Brestin 1898, broke when it was about 1700fathoms deep and: 500 miles north of theAzores. In fishing for the broken strandthe grappling-irons brought up lava.Further examinations, showing that thelava had cooled in the open air and notin the ocean, proved that the volcanicaction had taken place on land.27 Bygeological estimation the eruption tookplace less than 15,000 years ago.

After the lava was discovered, oceansoundings were taken which showed thatthe ocean bed in this region was verymountainous, with deep valleys and highpeaks. The summits of this submergedmountain range going from NorthwesternAfrica and the Iberian Peninsula to Cen-tral America, sometimes called the Dol-phin Ridge, are in reality the Canary andAzore Islands.28 As early as the seven-teenth century Father Kircher, a Jesuit,had advanced the theory that the Canaries

and Azores were the peaks of the sub-

merged Atlantean mountains.29 To prove

this theory it will only be necessary now

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to show that Atlantis was actually locatedwhere Plato described it.

Much of the Dolphin Ridge aroundthese two groups of islands is composedof unorganized masses of rocks. "No suchconfusion and disturbance could beaccomplished except by the material fall-ing."30 Other geological informationwhich has some bearing on the case con-cerns the Great Central Gas Belt whichencircles the world underground.

The Great Central Gas Belt is divid-ed into two lines; the Northern going un-der the Atlantic beneath the Azores, andthe Southern passing below the CanaryIslands. Atlantis was held, upon thelevel of the water by isolated gas cham-bera and was immediately above theroute of the Gas Belt which was forming.When the Belt tapped these chambers,they were blown out and the land wentdown.31 If there had been no chambersholding up Atlantis, instead of the landgoing down, mountains would have comeup. The formation of the Northern Divi-sion of the Belt, which, in itself, is nottoo deep in the earth, first pulled theland down so that it was awash at lowtide. Later, when the Southern divisionformed, the land sank to its presentlevel. 32 This geological theory agreeswith Plato's statement that the AtlanticOcean was impassable because of mudshoals after the catastrophe. "From ageological standpoint there is no dateshown when Atlantis was submergedexcept that it went down when the GreatCentral Gas Belt was formed runder theNorth Atlantic Ocean."33

Geologically, the disappearance ofAtlantis is not impossible. Not only haveislands been completely swallowed. up by

the ocean before, but they have also been

thrown up above the surface of the ocean

by titanic energy. The two islands of

Santorini and Julia in the Mediterraneanwere formed in this way.34 Anotherrelated point is that "the geological for-mation of the diamond fields of Braziland of Africa can only be accounted forby such a catastrophe as is described inthe account of the destruction of Atlantis.Any physicist knows that diamonds areonly formed under the intense heat andpressure that such a catastrophe wouldentail."35

It is possible that instead of the con-tinent sinking, the Atlantic Ridge Plateauwas exposed by a subsiding sea and leftbare and later flooded when the seaarose due to the melted polar ice. Onegeologist36 has said that the sea duringthe glacial period was 12,000 feet belowthe present sea leve1.37 The rising seacould not have been told from a fallingland' by the people living on the island.Probably the suddenness of the sinkingwas added by the people who escaped tomake the story more dramatic. Geologi-cally speaking it is the rapidity of thesubmersion, and not the sinking itself,which makes the whole story so unusual.

In 1912 Pierre Termier, a distinguish-ed geologist published a volume supportingthe idea that the Atlantis story had manyfacts for a basis.38 He said that "thePlatonian history of Atlantis is highlyprobable."39 On the other hand, how-ever, Schuchert in 1917 wrote that "thereare no known geologic data that prove oreven help to prove the existence of Plato'sAtlantis in historic times."40

There have been many efforts toplace the island of Atlantis. One of themost fantastic theories was given in 1679by Olof Rudbeck who tried to prove thatSweden was Atlantis.41 In the main,

however, there are eight theories regard-

ing the location of the island. They are

are follows:

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"Atlantis in America, in North Afric~,d in Nigeria' Atlantis as an island m

~he Atlantic Oc~an; Atlantis as Tartessos:K t' theory of a two-fold Atlantis;GfJ~n~s theory of the land subsidencesbetween Ireland and Brittany in th,eBronze Age; and the theory that Plato sAtlantis represents a memory o~ t~e flood-ing of the Mediterranean basm. 42

The theories of Tartessos, NorthAfrica, and Nigeria all are lacking evi-dence. Adolf Schulten was the first onewho connected Tartessos43, an ancientBronze Age city located at the mouth ofthe Guadalquivir and approximately themodern Cadiz, with Plato's island. InPlato's time Tartessos was thought by theGreeks to have disappeared about onehundred years before then in approxim-ately 500 B. C. The city disappeared inthis way. In 533 B. C. the Carthaginianssacked Tartessos and became its masters.By 509 B. C., because of a treaty madewith Rome, the Carthaginians were theonly people who possessed the right tonavigate beyond the Pillars of Hercules-thus, this made Tartessos disappear in asense from the rest of the worlct.44 Allsearches for this ancient city were failuresand 'fin 1926 Schulten had to admit thatTartessos must be buried under the sea,for he could find no trace of it at themouth of Guadalquivir."45

Professor Paul Borchardt of Munich,Germany, advanced the theory that Atlan-tis was located in North Africa on theSyrtis Minor.46 His reasoning is basedon Atlas, one of the kings of Atlantis.According to mythology Atlas was anancestor of a great people near the SyrtisMinor. It follows then that the SyrtisMinor and Atlantis are identical. A

slightly different African location was

proposed by Felix Berlioux, a French

archaeologist in 1874. He claimed to have

found Atlantis, which he thought was the

capital city of large empire and not an

island, in Morocco, opposite the CanaryIslands.47

The theory that Atlantis was in theYoruba country, part of Nigeria, wasadvanced by the African explorer, LeoFrobenius. The Yoruba country has manylagoons and canals along its borders-bothon its coast, facing the Gulf of Guinea,and along the banks of the Niger Riverwhich separates it from the rest ofNigeria.48

It is evident that the theories of thesethree locations - Tartessos, North Africa,and Morocco-all depend on archaeologi-cal evidence. Until this evidence or someother concrete support is discovered theywill be nothing more than suggestivetheories.

A Spaniard, Francisco Lopez deGamara, became in 1553 the first toidentify Atlantis with America.49 FrancisBacon was one of the men who acceptedthis theory. This theory of identificationhas changed so that now it is thoughtthat the eastern part of America, once amuch larger continent, is submerged un-der the Atlantic.50

An entirely different and originaltheory is that there were two islands ofAtlantis, a theory making use of thecosmological thought of a Pillars of Her-cules both to the east and west. Accord-ing to the orientalist Karst, the originatorof the idea, there was one island of Atlan-tis in the Indo-Persian Ocean which dis-appeared at the beginning of the Ice Ag,eand another in North Africa. The secondwas destroyed by flood.51

Dr. Gidon, the man who thinks thata vague knowledge of the land sub-sidences between Brittany and Irelandmight have begun the Atlantean legend,

has a case which is primarily botanical.

He doesn't claim that the submergence

will fit the entire legend. He does, how-

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ever, think that the speed of the disasteris very probable because all of the ZuyderZee was submerged in 1282 in one day.52

Many of the theorists who haveattempted to locate Atlantis believe in thedetails but not the framework whichPlato gives. They claim that his datesand geography are wrong, but, in tryingto prove their theories, they use histopographical and architectural details.The theory which builds on Plato's ac-count, disregarding none of its aspects, isthat Atlantis was really an island in theAtlantic Ocean. Cadet, a Frenchman, wasthe first to advance this theory in 1787.Ignatius Donnelly's book, "Atlantis: theAntediluvian World," published in 1882made this theory popular.53

Donnelly'S entire theory was foundedon the similarity between ancient civil-ization in the old and new world. 54 Agreat deal of his book dwells on the sup-position that because of all the resemb-lances between the two worlds, a contactbetween the two was necessary. Hestates that the customs, manners of living,ceremonies, painting, agriculture, andvarious building materials of these twocivilizations were all so similar that "it isabsurd to pretend that all these similari-ties could have been the result of accid-ental coincidences."55

Although another of Donnelly'sclaims is that Atlantis was the land wherecivilization began, Lewis Spence, who haspublished three books on the subject ofAtlantis,56 says that this is both fantasticand unscientific. Spence, who was moreaccurate and less prejudiced in his views,uses geology as the basis of his theorythat Atlantis was an island in the Atlan-tic. He quotes many geologists to show

that there was at one time a bridge of

land between the old world and the new.

He then states that this land bridge, or

continent, broke up, until, in 25,000 B. C.,all that was left was two continentalislands: Atlantis, near Gibralter,. andAntilia, now the islands of Antilles, offthe· coast of America. The breaking upprocess continued until, in approximately10,000 B. C., Atlantis was submerged,except for the summits of her moun-tains.57

The last theory, that of Atlantis as anisland in the Atlantic, gains the supportof all people interested in the story fromthe romantic view. To them "eitherAtlantis is an island in the AtlanticOcean, or it is not 'Atlantis' at all." 58Human interest is aroused by the idea ofa civilization existing on a large contin-ent struck by disaster from the face ofthe earth.

Thus the case of Atlantis rests. Ifthe Platonian story is ever to be com-pletely proved, "a great array of sub-stantial evidence"59 will have to be. pre-sented. Almost every branch of sciencewill have to be represented and a greatdeal of research will need to be done.But whether or not the story of. the lostcontinent can ever be proved, it will nodoubt continue to live, "for it was chieflyto the ideal imagination - the portion ofthe mind which prefers to believe the im-possible just because it is impossible-that the dream of Atlantis appealed."60

/

FOOTNOTES

1. Clavering. "In Quest of the LostAtlantis." Current History. vol. 39.p. 439. January, 1934. .

2. ibid.3. Bertarelli. "Atlantis Questions." Liv-

inl!' Age. vol. 332. p. 170. January 15,1927. .

4. Bjorkman, Edwin. The Search for

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Atlantis. A. A. Knopf. New York.1927. p. 26.

5. ibid. p. 29.6. ibid. p. 30.7. ibid.8 Clavering. op.eit. p. 440.9: Bramwell, James. Lost Atlantis. Cob-

den-Sanderson. London. 1937. p. 59.10. ibid. p. 64.11. Bjorkman. op. cit. pp, 39-42.12. ibid. p. 45.13. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 68.14. ibid. p. 70.15. ibid. p. 65.16. ibid. p. 66.17. Aristotle was one of the foremost men

who considered the story as fiction.18. Hopkins, A. A. "Legendary Islands of

the North Atlantic." Scientific Amcr-ican Monthly. vol. 4. p. 14. July, 1921.

19. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 67.20. Donnelly ,Ignatius, Atlantis: _the

Antediluvian World. Harper andBrothers. New York. 1910. p. 23.

21. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 187.22. Churchward, James. The Children of

Mu. Washburn. New York, 1931, p, 10623. ibid.24. ibid. p. 107.25. ibid.26. ibid. p. 110.27. Bertarelli, loco cit.28. ibid.29._ibid.30. Churchward, op.cit. p. 111.31. ibid. p. 113.32. ibid. pp. 112-113.33. ibid. p. 113.34. "Atlantis, the Lost Continent." Re-

view of Reviews. vol. 72. p. 216.August, 1925.

35. Hall, L. G. "Legendary Islands of theNorth Atlantic." Scientific AmericanMonthly. vol. 4. p. 362. October, 1921.

36. A. C. Veatch.37. Ingalls, A. G. "Myth? Part Truth?

Lost Atlantis Tradition and a Hypo-thesis of Sea Level Changes." Scienti-fic American. vol. 163. u, 179. October,1940.

38. Bertarelli, loco cit.39. "How Recent Geology Confirms the

Legend of the Lost Atlantis." CurrentOpinion. vol. 61. p. 182. September,1916.

40. Schuchert. "Atlantis and the Perman-ency of the North Atlantic OceanBottom." Scientific American Supple-ment. vol. 83. p. 259. April 28, 1917.

41. Bjorkman. op.cit. pp. 32-33.42. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 107.43. Tartessos is the Biblical Tarshish.44. Bramwell. op.cit. p. 124.45. ibid.46. "Atlantis and Troy." Living age. vol.

334. p. 839. May 1, 1928.47. Bramwell. op. cit. p. pO,~!J. ibi~ p, 120,

49. Bjorkman. op.cit. pp, 31-32.50. Bramwell. op.cit. pp, 107-109.51. ibid. p. 132.52. ibid. pp. 130-131.53. ibid. p. 137.54. ibid. p. 138.55. Donnelly. op.cit, p. 163.56. Problem of Atlantis, 1924; Atlantis in

America, 1925; The History of Atlan-tis, 1928.

57. Spence. "In Quest of the Lost Contin-ent; Review of the Problem of Atlan-tis." Travel. vol. 45. p. 32. July, 1925.

58. Bramwell, op.cit. p. 137.59. "Unlearned Lesson of the Titanic."

Atlantic Monthly. vol. 112. p. 184.August, 1913.

60. "Proving Atlantis." Nation. vol. 120.p. 536. May 13, 1925.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS

"Atlantis, Atalantis, or Atlantica."Encyclopaedia Britannica. ninth edition.vol. 2. pp. 637-638. This was purely fac-tual and of little help.

BOOKS

,,'.IBjorkman, Edwin August. The Search

for Atlantis. A. A. Knopf. New York. 1927.This was especially good for material onAtlantis in mythology, Scheria, and Tart-essos.

Bramwell, James. Lost Atlantis. Cob-den-Sanderson. London. 1937. This wasone of the best reference works on thesubject, especially on the theories oflocation.

Chnir chward, James. The Children ofMu. Washburn. New York. 1931. pp. 103-120. This was good for the geologicalmaterial.

Donnelly, Ignatius. Atlantis: the An-tediluvian World. Harper and Brothers.New York. 1910. This was so biased thatit wasn't reliable.

SIGNED MAGAZINE ARTICLES

Bertarelli, E., "Atlantis Questions."Living Age. vol. 332. pp. 169-172. January1927. This was good for background. '

Clavering. "In Quest of the LostAtlantis." Current History. vol. 39. pp.439-444. January, 1934. This was medio-cre.

Hall, L. G., "Legendary Islands of theNorth Atlantic." Scientific AmericanMonthly. vol. 4. pp. 362-363. October, 1921.This was of little help.

Hopkins, A. A., "Legendary Islands ofthe North Atlantic." Scientific AmericanMonthly. vol. 4. pp. 14-18. JUly, 1921.This Ij1J~t repeated what I already hadread,

Ingalls, A. G., "Myth? Part Truth?Lost Atlantic Tradition and a Hypothesisof Sea Level Changes." Scientific Amer-ican. vol. 163. p. 179. October, 1940. Thiswasn't too good.

Schuchert, C., "Atlantis and. the Per-manencey of the North Atlantic OceanBottom." Scientific American Supplement.vol. 83. pp. 258-259. April 28, 1917. Thiswas of no help.

Spence. "In Quest of the Lost Con-tinent; Review of the Problem of Atlan-tis." Travel. vol. 45. pp. 32-35. July, 1925.This was good for background.

Streit, C. K., "Atlantis Now." Christ-ian Science Monitor Weeldy MagazineSection. p. 2. November 6, 1943. This wasof no help.

Tarkington, Booth. "Veiled Feministsof Atlantis." Forum. vol. 75. pp. 358-365.March, 1926. Reading this was a waste oftime.

UNSIGNED MAGAZINE ARTICLES

"Atlantis and Troy." Living Age. vol.

334. pp. 838-839. May 1, 1928. This wasof no help.

"Atlantis, the Lost Continent." Re-view of Reviews. vol. 72. pp. 216-217.August, 1925. This was helpful.

"Atlantis Once More." Review of Re-views. vol. 50. pp 361-363. September,1914. This was helpful.

"How Recent Geology Confirms theLegend of the Lost Atlantis." CurrentOpinion. vol. 61. pp. 181-182. September,1916. This was good.

"Legendary Islands of the Atlantic."Scientific American. vol. 127. p. 183.September, 1922. Much of the materialcontained in this wasn't related to theimmediate subject, but the material whichwas relevant was fair.

"Proving Atlantis." Nation. vol. 120.p 536. May 13, 1925. This was repititious.

"Unlearned Lesson of the Titanic."Atlantic Monthly. vol. 112. pp, 157-166.August, 1913. Too much of this articlewas entirely unrelated to the subject.

TO A HOUSE THAT IS LOVED

Verse Forms Class

It stands alone, deserted now and stark,

The house where hearthfires blazed with living light

To warm the little children's hands, make bright

A wrinkled face for four decades. The spark

Of fireside talk has burned a lasting mark

Upon the minds of visitors who might

Absorb the love and peace of friendly night

And warmth of sunlit day. That house is dark.

/

Whatever alien feet may climb that stair,

Or strange new laughter echo through the halls,

That house for those to whom it was so dear

Remains engraved upon their minds, as clear

As when they lived so richly in its walls;

Not empty and not dark to those who care.

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