atlantic sites – oceansites
TRANSCRIPT
PACIFIC OCEAN SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Table of Contents
Site: TRITON reference site in the western Pacific warm pool...............................................3
Site: TRITON super reference site in the western Pacific warm pool.....................................6
Site: Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO)........................................................................8
Site: Ocean Station Papa (and Line-P).................................................................................11
Site: NOAA/PMEL Ocean Station Papa................................................................................15
Site: HOT (Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station ALOHA).......................................................18
Site: HALE-ALOHA (H-A) mooring program.........................................................................24
Site and project name: JAMSTEC Kuroshio Extension Observatory (JKEO).......................27
Site: TAO/TRITON moorings................................................................................................32
Site: WHOTS (WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station).....................................................36
Site: Stratus Ocean Reference Station.................................................................................38
Site: MBARI California Current Biogeochemical Moorings...................................................41
Site : CalCOFI........................................................................................................................44
Site : CCE-1...........................................................................................................................48
Site:........................................................................................................................................52
Version Tracking:
Creation/Update date Updated By Comments
August 2009 Hester Viola
September 2010 Hester Viola
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Site: TRITON reference site in the western Pacific warm pool
Position: 0°N 156°E
Categories:
· Air-Sea Flux reference site (at present)· observatory: meteorology and physical (at present)
Safety distance for ship operations: 2 miles same as for TAO moorings
Short description:· One of the 15 TRITON sites in the western Pacific.· Variables measured :
· surface meteorological sensors: wind vector, shortwave radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, rain rate
· subsurface sensors: temperature and conductivity (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m)
pressure (300m, 750m)
current vector (10m)
· Sampling rate: every 10 min (except current meter of 20 min)· Start date of the timeseries, service interval: 17 March 1998, once per year
Scientific rationale:The scientific objectives are to elucidate the processes of heat and fresh water flux in the center of western Pacific warm water pool. It consists of ENSO monitoring TAO/TRITON array.
The buoy at this site will be used for high precision measurement of Near Sea Surface Temperature (NSST) and SSS to validate the satellite products.
It has also been utilized for measuring partial pressure timeseries of CO2 in the water for a study of carbon flux.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:JAMSTEC/Kentaro Ando/ Japan/ Principal Investigator
JAMSTEC/Syuich Watanabe/ Japan/ CO2
Status:· Operating· The site to be maintained at least until 2014 under the IORGC,JAMSTEC 5-year implementation
plan.· Funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.
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Technology:· surface mooring· real-time telemetry· SST and SSS measurements: SBE 37-IM, Sea Bird Electronics, at 1.5 m depth on the cradle of
surface float
Data policy:· real-time data:
· wind vector, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure (on GTS and web)· temperature (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m) (on GTS and web)· shortwave radiation(to be appeared on web)· current vector (10m) (to be appeared on web)
· delayed mode data: rain rate (because of large data quality variance)
Data management:· Satellite data collection system :ARGOS· Real-time data processing and distribution system : GTS through French ARGOS global
processing center· Metadata scheme :
The real-time raw data are received via ARGOS center.
After real-time QC, including visual inspection, hourly data of each sensor are merged as an ascii metadata with in site by site.
When post-calibration of sensors has been done after 1-year mooring, we correct data applying calibration result and make hourly delayed metadata.
in the future, 10-minutes metadata will be distributed via our web site.
Societal value / Users / customers:Monitoring ocean and atmosphere changes/ meteorological institutions/ researchers
Role in the integrated global observing system: Part of ENSO observing system
Contact Person: Yoshifumi Kuroda
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information : http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/index.html· for data access :
The standard data from Indian TRITON buoys can be seen from TRITON home page. http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/real_time/html/index.html
Choose 0,156E.
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Compiled by: Kentaro Ando (March 2009)
Photo Challenges to measure near sea surface temperature by thermister chain at the side of surface buoy of 156E TRITON from 2007 to 2008. To prevent direct warming by shortwarve radiation, each sensor is covered by small roof.
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Site: TRITON super reference site in the western Pacific warm pool
Position: 0°N 156°E
Categories:
· Air-Sea Flux reference site (at present)· observatory: meteorology and physical (at present), biogeochemical (add the function in future)
Safety distance for ship operations: 2 miles same as for TAO moorings
Short description:· One of the 16 TRITON sites in the western Pacific.· Variables measured :
· surface meteorological sensors: wind vector, shortwave radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, rain rate
· subsurface sensors: temperature and conductivity (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m)
pressure (300m, 750m)
current vector (10m)
· Sampling rate: every 10 min (except current meter of 20 min)· Start date of the timeseries, service interval: 17 March 1998, once per year
Scientific rationale:The scientific objectives are to elucidate the processes of heat and fresh water flux in the center of western Pacific warm water pool. It is consists of ENSO monitoring TAO/TRITON array.
In future, the buoy at this site will be used for high precision measurement of SST to validate the satellite products.
It will be also utilized for measuring partial pressure timeseries of CO2 in the water for a study of carbon flux.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:JAMSTEC/ Kentaro Ando/ Japan/ Principal Investigator
JAMSTEC/Syuich Watanabe/ Japan/ CO2 (now being tested)
Tohoku University/ Hiroshi Kawamura/ Japan/ Varidation of high resolution satellite SST product
Status:· Operating· The site to be maintained at least until 20013 under the JAMSTEC 5-year implementation plan.· Funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.
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Technology:· surface mooring· real-time telemetry· SST measurements: SBE 37-IM, Sea Bird Electronics, at 1.5 m depth on the cradle of surface float
Data policy:· real-time data:
· wind vector, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure (on GTS and web)· temperature (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m) (on GTS and web)· shortwave radiation(to be appeared on web)· current vector (10m) (to be appeared on web)
· delayed mode data: rain rate (because of large data quality variance)
Data management:· Satellite data collection system :ARGOS· Real-time data processing and distribution system : GTS through French ARGOS global
processing center· Metadata scheme :
The real-time raw data are received via ARGOS center.
After real-time QC, including visual inspection, hourly data of each sensor are merged as an ascii metadata with in site by site.
When post-calibration of sensors has been done after 1-year mooring, we correct data applying calibration result and make hourly delayed metadata.
Societal value / Users / customers:Monitoring ocean and atmosphere changes/ meteorological and oceanographic institutions/ researchers
Role in the integrated global observing system: Part of ENSO observing system, Part of Global surface moored buoy arrays
Contact Person: Kentaro Ando
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information : http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/index.html· for data access :
The standard data from Indian TRITON buoys can be seen from TRITON home page. http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/real_time/html/index.html
Choose 0,156E.
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Site: Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO)
Project Name: NOAA PMEL Ocean Climate Stations
Position: Nominally 32.4°N 144.6°E (Anchor position can vary by 10 nm depending upon deployment.
Watch-circle radius is 3nm. Please see position time series for more exact location of buoy.)
On southern side of the Kuroshio Extension, in the recirculation gyre.
Categories: Air-Sea Flux, Observatory; meteorological, physical, biogeochemical
Safety distance for ship operations: 5 nm (9 km)
Short description:· 1 surface buoy with slackline (reverse catenary) mooring· Variables measured :
· Surface: wind speed and direction (from a sonic anemometer), air temperature, relative humidity, rain, shortwave and longwave radiation, 1m sea surface temperature and salinity, barometric pressure, air and sea surface water pCO2, and O2.
· Subsurface temperature at nominal depths of 10m, 15m, 25m, 35m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 125m, 150m, 175m, 225m, 275m, 325m, 375m, 425m, 475m, 525m
· Subsurface salinity at nominal depths 10m, 25m, 35m, 50m, 75m, 125m, 150m, 225m, 325m, 425m, 525m
· Subsurface ocean pressure (for remapping to nominal depths) at nominal depths 100m, 175m, 275m, 375m, 475m
· Ocean currents at: 5m, 15m, 35m· All physical measurements are recorded at least every 10 minutes. Biogeochemical
measurements are recorded every 3 hours.· Start date of the time series: 16th June 2004 (some measurements begin later than this) · Service interval: once per year
Scientific rationale: As with other western boundary currents, the North Pacific's western boundary current has some of the largest air-sea fluxes found in the entire basin. It is one of the largest sinks of carbon in the North Pacific, has the characteristic maxima lobes of latent, sensible, and net surface heat loss, and is co-located with the Pacific storm track. The Kuroshio Extension (KE) current carries warm water at nearly 140 million cubic meters per second (140 Sv) eastward into the North Pacific. Wind driven Sverdrup transport accounts for about a third of this transport; the other 90 Sv is due to a tight recirculation gyre whose size varies on seasonal-decadal time scales. As cold dry air comes in contact with the warm KE and recirculation water, heat and moisture are extracted from the surface, resulting in deep convection (both in the atmosphere and ocean) and rainfall. Surface cooling and biological production lower the surface water CO2 concentrations driving a net uptake. In late winter, surface water in the KE recirculation region is subducted into the permanent thermocline, forming Subtropical Mode Water, and sequestering carbon. Large dust clouds blowing eastward off Asia are visible in satellite images and can be traced all the way across the Pacific. Macro- and micro-nutrients, including iron, from the dust clouds can affect biological production and therefore may play an important role in the North Pacific carbon cycle. The KEO surface mooring is located south of the KE jet, in the KE recirculation gyre. The JAMSTEC Kuroshio Extension Observatory (JKEO) surface mooring is located
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in the mixed waters north of the KE front and south of the Oyashio front. Together, the KEO and JKEO moorings provide important in situ time series for assessing air-sea flux products and for understanding the processes affecting and resulting from the ocean-atmosphere exchanges in this dynamic region.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:Dr. Meghan Cronin NOAA / PMEL (KEO lead)
Mr. Christian Meinig NOAA / PMEL (KEO Lead Engineer)
Dr. Christopher Sabine NOAA / PMEL (KEO Lead Carbon Scientist)
Status:· operating· time horizon / long-term plans: Long-term· funded
Technology:· Moored / autonomous sensors· real-time telemetry: Hourly surface meteorological and subsurface physical data are transmitted
via Iridium, and daily-averaged surface and spot surface data are transmitted via ARGOS. At present, only ARGOS real time data are released. We expect the Iridium real time data to become the primary telemetry system beginning September 2009. Carbon has daily transmissions of 3-hour measurements via Iridium.
· SST measurement: self-contained sensor attached to bridle at 1m below surface· Profile measurements: Sensors are attached to slackline mooring (pressure sensors should be
used to remap observations onto nominal depths).
Data policy:· real-time data: All data are public from primary telemetry system.· delayed mode data: High-resolution data will be made public within 6 months of recovery.
Data management:· Data Assembly Center (DAC): All data accessible through www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/data.html.
Carbon data available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).· Satellite data collection system: Argos and Iridium (physical data), Iridium (carbon data)· Real-time data processing and distribution system: PMEL realtime processing, QA and web
distribution. Since June 2005, distribution via GTS (limited to data telemetered via Argos) as well. WMO number 28401 reflects status as a time series reference site.
· Metadata scheme: see website· Possibilities of evolution to comply with a more general JCOMM GTS scheme: in compliance
Societal value / Users / customers:Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) users include the research community, weather and climate forecasting communities, and satellite and numerical weather prediction products assessments communities.
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Role in the integrated global observing system:The KEO mooring serves as an air-sea heat and carbon flux reference site and as an observatory for the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest Pacific. KEO is supported by the NOAA Office of Climate Observations as an element of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Its carbon observations make KEO a key element of the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program, and international Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) programs.
Contact Person:· for information about the site or data: Meghan Cronin ([email protected])· for information about the carbon component: Chris Sabine ([email protected]) · for enquiry about possible ancillary measurements during cruises to the site:
Hiroshi Ichikawa ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/ · for data access: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/data.html · for information on carbon system: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/ · for information about the JKEO site: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/ktsfg/data/jkeo/
Compiled by: Meghan Cronin (February 2009)
Figure 1: KEO (square) and JKEO (diamond) sites shown in relation to the NCEP-2 climatological JFM latent heat flux (shaded) and mean sea surface height from Teague et al. (1990) (contours). Latent heat flux contour intervals are 20 Watts per meter squared. Sea surface height contour intervals are 10 centimeters. The sea surface height contours can be interpreted as surface geostrophic
streamlines of flow.
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Figure 2: Daily-averaged KEO surface meteorological (left column) and subsurface physical (right column) data.
Site: Ocean Station Papa (and Line-P)
Position: 50°N 145°W
Categories:· physical (H. Freeland, IOS)· biogeochemical (F. Whitney, L. Miller, IOS)· biological (D. Mackas, zooplankton; university researchers, phytoplankton)
Safety distance for ship operations: no surface mooring at present, no ship concerns.
Short description:
Number of stations / moorings: A survey line of 27 stations (Line-P) extends from the coast to Station Papa.
Moorings for gas exchange and particle fluxes are near St Papa.
Variables measured : T, S, oxygen, nutrients, DIC from surface to bottom (~4200m). Zooplankton tows collected from 150 m to surface.
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Start date of the timeseries, service interval: The first measurements at Station Papa began in 1949, conducted by the US Weather Service but including mechanical BT casts. This was taken over by Canadian weatherships in 1950 and at that time oceanographic observations ceased. Oceanography resumed in July 1952. The mechanical BT was abandoned in July 1956 and it is at that time that the high quality oceanographic time series begins at Station Papa itself. In 1959 sampling began along the cruise track between the Juan de Fuca Strait and Station Papa, and at that time the Line-P observations began. The weathership program was terminated in June 1981 but sampling has continued to the present day, typically at 3 times annually, using Canadian research vessels. An air-sea gas exchange mooring was deployed in 2002, and sediment traps in 1983, these are not presently being continued.
Scientific rationale: Ocean Station Papa, also known as Station P, is in the Gulf of Alaska at 50°N and 145°W. Line-P is a sequence of oceanographic stations that starts near the mouth of the Juan de Fuca Strait and extends into the Gulf of Alaska ending at Station P.
The Line-P and Station-P programs are used to monitor the state of the ocean environment. We complete three surveys per year typically in May/June, Aug./Sept. and Feb. of each fiscal year. The rationale is to observe the state of the ocean including macro-nutrient distributions:
· After the major winter storms have completed deep mixing and resupply of nutrients to the upper ocean.
· Near the peak of the spring primary production period (May/June trip).· A late summer survey to observe what happened following the summer productive period.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:The execution of Line-P surveys primarily belongs to the Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Region. However, it has also been the test bed for much detailed biological research carried out under programs such as SUPER, JGOFS and SOLAS.
Station P is a standard monitoring location for other programs. The Japanese research cruises conducted on the Oshoru Maru sample along 145W to Station Papa each summer. Howard Freeland ([email protected]) is the lead scientist for physical property sampling and Marie Robert ([email protected]) is the lead scientist for chemical property sampling. In addition, Dave Mackas continues a zooplankton time series, Lisa Miller measures DIC.
Recently NOAA has installed a surface buoy at Ocean Station Papa, Meghan Cronin reports on this surface buoy elsewhere in this document. Information about the NOAA buoy can be found at http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/stnP/.
Status:· operating· time horizon / long-term plans: continue our monitoring program at 2 or 3 times annually.· funding is not guaranteed at present, however this program is considered core to our ocean
monitoring efforts.
Technology:· Argo profilers deployed in region (Freeland)· SST measurement : Seabird thermosalinography and GPS· Profile measurements : Rosette sampling with SBE CTD.
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Data policy:· real-time data: Argo T and S data are available near real time· delayed mode data: verified data is posted on a web site
(http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/osap/data/linep/linepselectdata_e.htm) , and includes CTD casts and water properties (oxygen and nutrients).
· All data are publicly available.
Data management:Data are archived annually with ISDM, Integrated Science Data Management (http://www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/isdm-gdsi/index-eng.html) in Ottawa.
Societal value / Users / customers:The sampling strategy has proven invaluable for understanding variations in the open ocean ecosystem that ultimately feed the salmon stocks migrating from the open ocean to land. Thus major customers are fisheries managers in Canada.
Role in the integrated global observing system:We intend to participate by continuing Line P surveys 2 to 3 times annually and posting data on our web site. These cruises will ensure that the NE Pacific stays populated with Argo profilers, and that moorings (funding dependant) can continue at Station Papa.
Contact Person:· for enquiry about addition of instrumentation or sensors to the site or for possible ancillary
measurements during cruises to the site: Marie Robert ([email protected])· for information about the site or data : Marie Robert, Line P program coordinator
([email protected]); Joe Linguanti, data manager ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information : http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/osap/projects/linepdata/default_e.htm or
Marie Robert (tel 250 363-6612) · for data access :
http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/osap/data/linep/linepselectdata_e.htm or through MEDS (http://www.meds-sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/meds/Home_e.htm).
Argo data are available from http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/
Compiled/ updated by: Howard Freeland (2002) , Frank Whitney (January 2005), Howard Freeland (2009)
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130°W140160 150
60°N
50
40
OSP/P26P20 P16 P12 P4
Line P
Alaska
BritishColumbia
HNLCRegion
130°W140160 150
60°N
50
40
OSP/P26P20 P16 P12 P4
Line P
Alaska
BritishColumbia
HNLCRegion
Figure 1
Map of the NE Pacific Ocean showing SeaWiFS summer chlorophyll distribution (blue is low, orange/red is high), temperature contours (unlabelled, decreasing to the north), the approximate position of the High Nutrient-Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) boundary in summer (dashed red line) and location of the stations sampled for water properties along Line P. Ocean Station Papa (OSP) is also designated as station P26, the terminal station of Line P.
Figure 2 SeaWiFS chlorophyll image from July 2002, showing the formation of mesoscale eddies off the west coast of North America. These eddies create patchiness in the adjacent ocean by transporting coastal water, nutrients and organisms westward. Their influence has been observed at Station Papa.
Site: NOAA/PMEL Ocean Station Papa
Project Name: NOAA PMEL Ocean Climate Stations
Position: 50N, 145W
Gulf of Alaska
Categories: Air-Sea Flux, Observatory; meteorological, physical, biogeochemical; ocean acidification
Safety distance for ship operations: 2 nm (4 km)
Short description:· 1 surface buoy with taut-line mooring (and 1 nearby (10km away) subsurface mooring)· Variables measured (meteorological, physical, carbon):
· Surface: wind speed and direction (from a sonic anemometer), air temperature, relative humidity, rain, shortwave and longwave radiation, 1m sea surface temperature and salinity, barometric pressure, air and sea surface water pCO2, and O2.
· Subsurface temperature at nominal depths of 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 30m, 35m, 45m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 120m, 150m, 175m, 200m, 300m
· Subsurface salinity at nominal depths 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 35m, 45m, 60m, 80m, 100m, 150m, 200m
· Ocean currents at: 5m, 15m, 35m; upper ocean ADCP· Variables measured (ocean biogeochemical):
· Ocean pH: 1m (UW)· Ocean fluorometer measurements: 4m, 26m (OSU)· Ocean gas tension device: 1m (UW)· Ocean O2: 1m (UW)
· All physical measurements are recorded hourly or more frequently (most are 10 minutes or less). Surface biogeochemical measurements are recorded every 3 hours. Subsurface biogeochemical measurements are recorded hourly.
· Start date of the time series: December 1949 – occupied by weatherships until 1981DFO Line-P time series 1981 to present
Previous surface mooring (NOPP) was from 1997 to1999
Present mooring effort began in June 2007
· Service interval: once per year, but is visited during DFO Line P Program three times per year (Feb, June, Aug)
Scientific rationale: Station Papa at 50°N, 145°W is one of the longest oceanographic time series in the world. From December 1949 through December 1950, Station Papa was occupied by a U.S. Coast Guard weather ship organized through the U.S. Weather Bureau, and from December 1950 through August 1981, Station Papa was occupied by Canadian weather ships. Routine oceanographic measurements were made aboard these weather ships through much of this period. After the advent of the satellite era, the weather ship programs were discontinued, but shipboard measurements continued to be made along Line P by the Canadian Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS) in Sidney, BC. Through the years there have been several process studies and mooring deployments located at Station Papa. The present mooring effort places the OceanSITES time series reference site within a historic context for
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monitoring rapid and episodic as well as slow changes to the climate system.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:Dr. Meghan Cronin (NOAA PMEL): mooring lead, meteorological and physical measurements
Dr. Chris Sabine (NOAA PMEL): air-sea pCO2 flux
Dr. Steve Emerson (University of Washington): Gas Tension Devices, CTD, O2 and pH sensor
Dr. Ricardo Letelier (OSU): fluorometers
Mr. Christian Meinig (NOAA PMEL): Lead Engineer
Status:· operating· time horizon / long-term plans: Long term (Ocean biogeochemical measurements funded through
short term research grants)· The surface mooring is funded· The subsurface ADCP mooring is unfunded and its future is uncertain.
Technology:· Moored / autonomous sensors· real-time telemetry: The mooring is equipped with three independent measurement systems with
separate telemetry pathways. Hourly surface meteorological and subsurface physical data are transmitted via Iridium from one system, and daily-averaged surface and spot surface data are transmitted via ARGOS from another. Of these two systems, at present, only ARGOS real time data are released. We expect the Iridium real time data to become the primary telemetry system sometime in 2009 or 2010. Carbon has daily transmissions of 3-hour measurements via a separate Iridium system.
· SST measurement: self-contained sensor attached to bridle at 1m below surface· Profile measurements: Sensors are attached to taut-line mooring; Acoustic Doppler Current
Profiler has been deployed on a nearby subsurface mooring (10km away).
Data policy:· real-time data: All real-time data are public from primary telemetry system.delayed mode data: High-resolution data will be made public within 6 months of recovery.
Data management:· Data Assembly Center (DAC): All data accessible through www.pmel.noaa.gov/stnP/data.html.
Carbon data available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).· Satellite data collection system: Argos and Iridium (physical data), Iridium (carbon data)· Real-time data processing and distribution system: PMEL real-time processing, QA and web
distribution. GTS data limited to data telemetered via Argos. WMO number 48400 reflects status as a time series reference site.
· Metadata scheme: see website (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/stnP/)· Possibilities of evolution to comply with a more general JCOMM GTS scheme: in compliance
Societal value / Users / customers:Ocean Station Papa users include the research community, weather and climate forecasting
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communities, fisheries research, and satellite and numerical weather prediction products assessments communities.
Role in the integrated global observing system:The Ocean Climate Station Papa mooring serves as an air-sea heat and carbon flux reference site and as an observatory for the northeast subpolar gyre (Gulf of Alaska) region of the north Pacific. The surface mooring was initiated through a National Science Foundation Carbon and Water in the Earth System project "North Pacific Carbon Cycle" to Dr. Emerson (UW). Its continuation as an element of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is supported through funding from the NOAA Office of Climate Observations. The Ocean Climate Station mooring program works cooperatively with the Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Region, Line-P Program. The Ocean Climate Station Papa surface mooring will also act as the central mooring of the NSF Ocean Observatory Initiative global node at station Papa. Its carbon observations make KEO a key element of the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program, and international Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) programs. Since this is the first mooring, to our knowledge, that has long-term, high-frequency measurements of two carbon parameters (pCO2 and pH), it is the first mooring capable of properly documenting changes in Ocean Acidification.
Contact Person:· for enquiry about the OCS Papa data and possible enhancements to the mooring:
Meghan Cronin ([email protected] )
· for enquiry about possible ancillary measurements during cruises to the site: Marie Robert ([email protected])
· for information about the carbon component: Chris Sabine ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information : http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/stnP/ · for data access : http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/stnP/data.html · for information on carbon system : http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/ · for information on the Canadian DFO Line P program: http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/osap/projects/linepdata/default_e.htm
Compiled by: Meghan Cronin (Feb 2009)
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Site: HOT (Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station ALOHA)
Position: 22.75 º N, 158 º W
Categories: Observatory, Air-Sea Flux reference site; physical, meteorological, biogeochemical
Safety distance for ship operations: Several (surface and subsurface) moorings are installed. Coordination with Principal Investigators is strongly requested prior to any sampling in the area.
Short description:· Station ALOHA: 22°45’N, 158°W, depth = 4780 m. Several moorings installed
· Variables measured : · Full suite of physical and biogeochemical measurements including temperature, salinity,
inventories and fluxes of gases, dissolved nutrients, plankton stocks and rate processes. Samples are collected throughout the water column, with intensive sampling efforts in the upper 1000 m.
· Shipboard Measurements conducted during near-monthly cruises· I. Continuous Measurements: Depth (Pressure), Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen,
Fluorescence (Chloropigment), Nitrate (0-1000 m); 0-4750 m transducers on Sea-Bird CTD package
· II. Water Column Discrete Chemical Samples:Full ocean depth: Salinity, Oxygen, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Total Alkalinity, Nitrate Plus Nitrite, Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP), Silicate, Dissolved Organic Carbon.
Upper ocean (≤1000 m)Low Level Nitrate Plus Nitrite (0-200 m), Low Level SRP (0-200 m)
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (0-200 m), Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (0-200 m),
Particulate Carbon (0-1000 m), Particulate Nitrogen (0-1000 m), Particulate Phosphorus (0-200 m)
Particulate Silica (0-200 m)
· III. Plankton Biomass Measurements:Chlorophyll a, b and c and Pheopigments 0-175 m
HPLC-derived pigments 0-175 m
Phycoerythrin 0-175 m
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate 0-350 m
Picoplankton abundances 0-175 m Mesozooplankton 0-175 m Net tows
Particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus 0-1000 m
· IV. Carbon Production and Particle Fluxes: In situ 14C-bicarbonate assimilation primary production incubations (0-125 m)
Particulate Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Silica fluxes 150 m Free-floating particle traps
· V. Currents: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 20-300 (800) m hull mounted, RDI #VM-150; OS-20 www.oceansites.org
75 (depending on vessel)· VI. Bow Intake System:
Remote temperature sensor at hull intake 8 m (for Kilo Moana; other R/Vs typically 3-5 m)
Temperature and conductivity sensors inside the thermosalinograph package
Fluorometry (Chloropigment) from intake at 8 m (for Kilo Moana; other R/Vs typically 3-5 m)
pCO2 from intake at 8 m on Kilo Moana
· VII. Optical Measurements:Incident Irradiance Surface LI-COR LI-1000 and Biospherical collectorUpwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance 0-175 m (Biospherical Profiling Reflectance Radiometer PRR-600)
Downwelling irradiance 0-3 m Tethered Spectral Radiometer Buoy
Absorption and Beam Attenuation AC-9,
Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry 0-250 m
· VIII. Moored Instruments (documented elsewhere)Sequencing Sediment Traps 2800, 4000 m
Surface mooring (see WHOTS)
Deep thermistor array mooring (bottom to 200m above bottom)
· Start date of the timeseries, service interval: Near-monthly shipboard observations since October 1988
Scientific rationale:The objectives and scientific rationale for HOT are truly interdisciplinary. We seek to understand the interacting physics, chemistry and biology of the North Pacific subtropical gyre through detailed, long-term, co-located multivariate observations at Station ALOHA, within the context of the variability of the North Pacific climate system and the subtropical gyre ecosystem.
The physical oceanographic objectives of HOT have been to: 1) document seasonal, interannual and decadal variability and longer term trends of water masses; 2) relate water mass variations to subtropical gyre fluctuations; 3) determine the need and methods for monitoring currents at the HOT site; 4) develop a climatology of short term variability.
Chemistry and biology are inextricably linked in the objectives of HOT, framed within the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study. Central objectives of the HOT program have been to quantify fluxes and inventories of oceanic carbon pools, estimate the annual air-to-sea flux of carbon dioxide, and develop an understanding of the climatology of biogeochemical rates and processes, including microbial community structure, primary and export production, and nutrient inventories. Understand how the seasonal and interannual variability of water masses relates to biogeochemical fluxes. Understand the time-varying processes that control carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling in the ocean. Relate biogeochemical fluxes to subtropical gyre fluctuations and local and remote climate forcing of the subtropical gyre. Develop a climatology of short-term variability in chemical, and biological processes in subtropical ocean ecosystems.
After 20 years, we have made significant progress on all of these objectives; however we now know
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that decadal changes in the physical, biological, and chemical habitat are important in structuring ecosystem variability. The major impediments have been limited spatial and high frequency temporal coverage to help define the frequency and spatial variability of the physical and biogeochemical signals that we’ve observed.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:Most of the funding for HOT is provided by the US National Science Foundation, with significant contributions from the State of Hawaii. The PIs of the “core” Hawaii Ocean Time-series are David Karl and Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. Other PIs include Michael Landry (SIO), Robert Bidigare (UH), R. Letelier (OSU), and J. Dore (U. Montana). In 2009, the project is seeking renewed support to sustain the next 4 years of observations. If successful, the project will be lead by Matthew Church (UH), with R. Lukas, D. Karl and R. Bidigare continuing their respective leadership roles as co-P.I.s. Numerous ancillary projects and investigators take advantage of the core logistics, many of which contribute to the overall objectives of HOT. Ship support is provided by the US NSF through UNOLS.
Status:· operating;An observatory framework has been established at Station ALOHA, including two
surface moorings that were deployed at the edges of the 6 nm radius circle that defines the station. These moorings, MOSEAN and WHOTS, are documented separately.
· time horizon / long-term plans: Indefinite· funding status, source of funding: A renewal proposal for funding from mid-2009 through 2013 is
now being submitted.
Technology:· moored / autonomous and ship-based sensors· near-surface SST: Remote temperature sensor at hull intake 8 m (for Kilo Moana; 3-5 m for typical
R/V)· Profile measurements: Ship-based Sea-Bird CTD continuous profiler 0-4780 m.
Data policy: delayed mode data (Hydrographic data and other cruise data) publicly available, see links below
Data management:· data processing and distribution system: As a general rule, we post our CTD data to our web site
within one month of each cruise with preliminary quality control, and biogeochemical analyses are quality controlled and publicly available within a year of the time of collection.
· Archiving: Archiving is provided by the US National Oceanographic Data Center via P. Caldwell (NODC Liaison, UH)
· Satellite data collection system: Ocean color and spectral imaging operated by OSU including use of SEAWIFS, MODIS, AVHRR
Societal value / Users / customers:The primary societal value of HOT has been to significantly advance our understanding of the
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interactions between climate and ecosystem dyanmics in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Moreover, HOT has contributed substantially to our understanding of the role of biology in driving elemental cycling, most specifcially the carbon cycle, in this ecosystem. HOT observations of pCO2
and pH were used in the IPCC AR-4, for example. The HOT program has set an outstanding example for online sharing of observations and derived information. Thousands of users have downloaded our data resulting in hundreds of publications in peer-reviewed literature sources.
Role in the integrated global observing system:Station ALOHA observations provide a high-quality calibration point for basin-scale maps of salinity (i.e. derived from Argo floats), as well as a suite of other variables, such as carbon inventories and nutrients. The moored observations on-going at ALOHA comprise an air-sea flux reference point (see WHOTS mooring). HOT provides a strong logistical and scientific framework for ocean technology research and development, and serves as an important calibration/validation point for models of biogeochemical-physical interactions.
Contact Person:· for enquiry about addition of instrumentation or sensors to the site or for possible ancillary
measurements during cruises to the site: Matthew Church, David M. Karl, and Roger Lukas (UH), hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/crequest/main.html
· for information about the site or data : [email protected]
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information:
www.soest.hawaii.edu/HOT_WOCE
hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot.html
hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hale-aloha
picasso.oce.orst.edu/ORSOO/hawaii
· for data access: www.soest.hawaii.edu/HOT_WOCE/ftp.html (Cruise data)
uop.whoi.edu/projects/WHOTS/whotsdata.htm (WHOTS Buoy data)
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/hot/data_158w_all.htm (HALE-ALOHA/MOSEAN CO2
data) http://www.opl.ucsb.edu/mosean/realtime_hi.html (HALE-ALOHA/MOSEAN Buoy data)
Compiled by: Fernando Santiago-Mandujano and Matthew Church (March 2005; updated January 2009)
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Figure 1:
Salinity variations near Station ALOHA occur over a broad range of time scales.
(a) A near-surface salinity time series combines historical bucket observations at Koko Head, Oahu, with CTD measurements from ALOHA. The light blue line connects observations, while the red line is a smoothing spline.
(b) Smoothed subsurface salinity observations are plotted against potential density, combining available historical hydrographic station data (Curry, 1996; Macdonald et al., 2001) taken within a 200-km radius with annually averaged salinity profiles from HOT. Times of individual
stations are indicated by red tick marks. The long-term average depths of selected isopycnals are indicated along the right-hand axis. The dashed yellow line indicates an apparent decrease in the potential density of neighboring isohalines.
(c) HOT observations at ALOHA are expanded showing details of variability. The thin black line indicates the density of the surface mixed layer.
(d) Time series of salinity averaged over potential density in the region of the salinity maximum and in the mid-thermocline indicate systematic variations over nearly two decades. Black lines connect cruise-averaged data, while red dots are annual averages. The blue lines are smoothing splines.
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(Figure reproduced from Lukas, R., and F. Santiago-Mandujano, 2008: Interannual to Interdecadal Salinity Variations Observed Near Hawaii: Local and Remote Forcing by Surface Freshwater Fluxes. Oceanography, 21, 46-55.
pCO
2 (µa
tm)
300
320
340
360
380 Seawater pCO2
MLO wet air pCO2
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
pH (total scale, in situ)
8.06
8.08
8.10
8.12
8.14
seawater pH
Year
Figure 2:
Variability in upper ocean pCO2 and pH at Station ALOHA.
(top), Near-surface ocean pCO2 at Station ALOHA (blue symbols) and atmopsheric (wet-air) pCO2 measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory.
(bottom), Near surface ocean seawater pH (green symbols) determined at Station ALOHA. Seawater pH was calculated from inorganic carbon system measurements (DIC and total alkalinity).
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Site: HALE-ALOHA (H-A) mooring program
Position: 22° 45’N 158° 6’W (Nominal Position)Categories: observatory: biogeochemical, ecological, optical, physical, meteorological,
Safety distance for ship operations: 5 nautical miles
Short description:· 1 interdisciplinary autonomously sampling mooring · Variables measured : generally summarized in Figure 1 and on the OPL website
· meteorological variables (solar insolation, spectral radiation, wind speed and direction, air and sea surface temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity), horizontal currents (uplooking ADCP, 3m vertical bins), temperature, salinity, photosynthetic available radiation, spectral and hyperspectral inherent and apparent optical properties (IOPs and AOPs), and chlorophyll fluorescence
· most meteorological, physical, and optical measurements are made at intervals of about 5-15 min and discrete water sampling is done on roughly weekly intervals
· pCO2 measurements; surface ocean and atmospheric carbon measurements are made every 3 hours.
· Investigators using the H-A have also collected measurements of macro- and micronutrients (water samplers), dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and zooplankton using acoustic backscatter data
· Start date of the timeseries, service interval:The H-A mooring was operational between October 2004 and October 2007, providing near-continuous data between deployment and recovery periods (~6 month intervals).
Scientific rationale: The HALE-ALOHA (H-A) program was initiated in the Fall 2004 and completed in the Fall 2007. The H-A mooring data set captures a broad dynamic range of oceanic variability (minutes to years), enabling quantification of high frequency and episodic phenomena and interannual ocean dynamics. This information is complementary for other observations at the H-A/HOT/NOAA sites, for evaluation of undersampling/aliasing effects, and for developing and testing models. Some of the highlight results to date include studies of passages of Rossby waves, mesoscale eddies and other mesoscale features have been used to estimate their roles in affecting new production, biogeochemical cycling, and carbon flux to the deep ocean.
The moored pCO2 record provides assessment of short-term variability that cannot be accomplished with shipboard measurements. These high resolution records enable integration of the short-term variability into the longer-term records obtained from the HOT program. Moreover, this moored pCO2
record contributes to the production of regional CO2 flux maps and is being examined as a component of a new breed of data assimilation models that include estimates of carbon distributions and fluxes.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:Lead PI was Tommy Dickey (UCSB). Dave Karl (UH) was a co-PI since the inception of the H-A mooring program. The H-A and/or H-A data has/have been used by about many investigators. Christopher Sabine (NOAA/PMEL) lead the pCO2 measurement program. Charlie Eriksen of UW is doing glider observations near the site.
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Status:· operational. · Funding support was via the National
Ocean Partnership Program· Funded for 3years.
Technology:The H-A used autonomous sampling sensors and systems (see Figures 1 and 2). Meteorological and buoy position data were telemetered in near real-time.
New technologies for sensors and data telemetry were tested from the H-A mooring.
Figure 1 Photograph showing the HALE-ALOHA surface buoy.
The pCO2 measurements were LiCor based infrared detection systems mounted to the surface buoy with an equilibrator for surface water pCO2 measurements.
Data policy:· Data are available through links to the HOT program website. .· Data are freely available to the public.
Data management:· Complementary satellite data and some imagery are included on the OPL website
(www.opl.ucsb.edu).
Contact Persons:· Tommy D. Dickey or Derek Manov
[Ocean Physics Laboratory | University of California, Santa Barbara | 6487 Calle Real, Suite A |
Santa Barbara, CA 93117 | Phone: 805 893-7354 | FAX: 805 967-5704 ]
· Lead for carbon measurements: Christopher Sabine, NOAA/PMEL
Links / Web-sites: · www.opl.ucsb.edu or contact Tommy Dickey· carbon info: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/hot/hot_main.htm
compiled/ updated by: Tommy Dickey (January 2005) and Christopher Sabine (March 2005); updated and modified by Matthew Church (Feb. 2009)
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Figure 2 Mooring diagram for the HALE-ALOHA Mooring
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Site and project name: JAMSTEC Kuroshio Extension Observatory (JKEO)
Position (coordinates): To the north of Kuroshio Extension, ca 400 km to the east of Japan.
Nominal 38N, 146.5E (Actual Sinker Position: 38- 04.71N, 146-25.14E)
Categories: Air-sea flux, meteorological, physical, and biogeochemical Observatory
Safety distance for ship operations:
5 miles
Short description of JKEO3 (the latest system):· Platforms in use:
A surface mooring buoy K-TRITON developed at JAMSTEC, with slack-line mooring.· Variables measured and depths of the measurements:
Surface: wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, shortwave and longwave radiations, 1m sea surface temperature and salinity.Subsurface temperature at nominal depths of 15m*, 20m, 50m*, 100m*, 150m*, 200m, 300m*, 600m* (*: delayed-mode only by MicroCat)Subsurface salinity at nominal depths of 15m*, 20m, 50m*, 100m*, 150m*, 300m*, 600m* (*: delayed-mode only by MicroCat)Subsurface ocean pressure at nominal depths of 15m*, 50m*, 100m*, 150m*, 200m, 300m*, 600m* (*: delayed-mode only by MicroCat)Surface water pCO2 together with temperature and salinity at 1m depth.
· Start date of the time-series18 February, 2007
· Service interval (if mooring), sampling interval (if ship-based):Planned to be replaced every one year
Scientific rationale: (including up to two diagrams if needed)As the Kuroshio Extension region is the one of the largest heat flux regions in the world, the high quality surface heat flux data there is necessary for better understanding of global climate system. However, due to severe weather condition in winter and large spatial variability accompanied with eddies and strong oceanic front, there is a large difference among various kinds of atmospheric reanalysis data and satellite-based data. Using the in-situ data observed by a surface flux buoy at JKEO-site in the mixed water region between two SST fronts associated respectively with the Oyashio and the Kuroshio Extension together with that at KEO-site to the south of the Kuroshio
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Extension, we will develop the method estimating high quality sea surface heat flux in the Kuroshio Extension region from the satellite remote sensing data.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved or responsible: P.I. for Meteorological and physical elements:
Hiroshi Ichikawa, Dr., Principal Scientist, Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Research Team,
Ocean Climate Change Research Program,
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC),
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka-City, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
P.I. for CO2 measurement: Shuichi Watanabe, Dr., Director,Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO),
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
690 Kitasekine, Sekine, Mutsu-city, Aomori 035-0022
E-mail: [email protected]
Status: Operating:The PMEL-based buoy system (JKEO1) was deployed in February 2007 under the collaboration in research with PMEL/NOAA, and replaced in February 2008 by K-TRITON buoy system (JKEO2) developed at JAMSTEC. JKEO2 buoy was recovered in September 2008 after severe damage caused by fisheries activity in May 2008. In November 2008, the repaired K-TRITON buoy system (JKEO3) was deployed and had started again the measurements and data transmission.
<Note>
Delayed-mode data of meteorological and physical elements from JKEO1 is available publicly both in ASCII and NetCDF format file. Delayed-mode data from JKEO2 is available publicly in ASCII format file, but under preparation in OceanSITES NetCDF format file. Near real-time data of meteorological and physical elements from JKEO3 has been available publicly in ASCII format file, but under preparation in OceanSITES NetCDF format file.
Technology: Surface mooring with data telemetry
Data policy:
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Meteorological and physical elements
Data available in near real-time: Hourly values and daily-averages of wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, shortwave and longwave radiations, 1m sea surface temperature and salinity, 20m subsurface temperature and salinity, and 200m subsurface temperature and pressure with spot ARGOS positions are updated daily in the web site. Hourly values of wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, and 1m sea surface temperature are on GTS with WMO ID: 21210.
Post-recovery data immediately available publicly: All post-recovery data will be available publicly not immediately but within 6 months after the recovery.
Data not wanted on the GTS: We do not want 20m subsurface temperature and salinity and 200m subsurface temperature on GTS because their measurment depths are not fixed due to the design of slackline mooring system.
Biogeochemical component
Data available in near real-time: CO2, temperature and salinity every 6 hours (4 times a day) on each other 2 days (every 3 days) will be available publicly and updated at web site every 3 days..
Post-recovery data immediately available publicly: All post-recovery data will be available publicly not immediately but within 6 months after the recovery.
Data management:· Data Assembly Center (DAC) chosen or suggested/desired:
Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) for subsurface oceanographic data.
· Real Time data management and quality control: Meteorological and physical elements: At PMEL/NOAA for data from February 2007 to March 2008. At IORGC/JAMSTEC for data later than February 2008 (at RIGC/JAMSTEC from April 2009).CO2: At PMEL/NOAA for data from February 2007 to March 2008. At MIO/JAMSTEC for data later than February 2008.
· Delayed-mode data management and quality control: Meteorological and physical elements: At PMEL/NOAA and IORGC/JAMSTEC for data from February 2007 to March 2008. At IORGC/JAMSTEC for data later than February 2008 (at RIGC/JAMSTEC from April 2009).CO2: At PMEL/NOAA for data from February 2007 to March 2008. At MIO/JAMSTEC for data later than February 2008.
Societal value / Users / customers:
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Dr. Masami Nonaka at Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), JAMSTEC, is planning to utilize the meteorological and physical data at JKEO together with numerical model results from the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) in the study on the air-sea interaction in the Kuroshio Extension region.
Prof. Masahisa Kubota at Tokai University is using the data in validation of their data set named as ‘Japanese Ocean Flux data sets with Use of Remote sensing Observations 2, J-OFURO2’.
Dr. Eric Schulz at Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research is building a system at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to verify the Bureau’s NWP models with open-ocean air-sea fluxes from JKEO and other moorings by uploading daily average file in OceanSITES NetCDF format.
Contact Person:· for enquiry about addition of instruments or sensors to the site or for possible ancillary
measurements during cruises to the site: for physical elements, Hiroshi Ichikawa ([email protected]) for biogeochemical elements, Shuichi Watanabe ([email protected])
· for information about the site: Hiroshi Ichikawa ([email protected])
· for information about the data: of meteorological and physical elements, Hiroshi Ichikawa ([email protected]) of CO2, , Shuichi Watanabe ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites:· for Project information:
on meteorological and physical elements, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/ktsfg/data/jkeo/ on CO2 measurements, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/mutu/co2/introduction/index.html
· for data access: to meteorological and physical elements, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/ktsfg/data/jkeo/JKEOocean_site.htm to CO2 data set, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/mutu/co2/data/index.html
Updated by: Hiroshi Ichikawa, July 2009
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Figure 1 The locations of JKEO mooring site over the winter mean SST (color) and ship-based surface latent and sensible heat flux (white contours, Jan. – March mean of COADS data in 1960-1997) together with mooring site of KEO operated by PMEL/NOAA.
Figure 2 Time-series of daily averages of wind speed (top panel), latent heat flux (black line in bottom panel) and sensible heat flux (red line in bottom panel) at JKEO measured by JKEO1 from 18 February 2007 to 25 January 2008, and JKEO2 from 1 March to 27 May 2008.
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Site: TAO/TRITON moorings
Position: Four sites are instrumented on the equator at 110°W, 140°W, 170°W, 165°E.
Categories:Observatory and air-sea flux reference site with physical, meteorological, biogeochemical measurements.
Safety distance for ship operations: Two nautical miles. See http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/taobuoy.html
Short description:· Four sites are instrumented on the equator at 110°W, 140°W, 170°W, 165°E. PMEL ATLAS
moorings are presently deployed at all four sites. The sites were initiated in January 1979 (110°W), April 1983 (140°W), May 1988 (170°W) and January 1986 (165°E). They are serviced at 6 month intervals by the NOAA ship Ka’imimoana and, at 110°W, by a combination of the Ka’imimoana and NOAA Ship Ron Brown.
· ATLAS moorings at the four sites routinely measure surface winds, rainfall, shortwave radiation, long wave radiation, barometric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, ocean temperatures to 500 m (10 depths), sea surface salinity, ocean salinity to 120-125 m (7 depths) and ocean currents at 4-5 selected depth between 10 m and 200 m. Each ATLAS mooring is deployed next to a nearby (within about 10 km) subsurface ADCP mooring providing hourly velocity measurements between depths of about 20-250 m with 8 m vertical resolution. All measurements are transmitted to shore in real-time as daily averages and a few spot hourly values. Data are also internally recorded at 10 minute intervals, except for rainfall at 1 minute intervals, short and long wave radiation at 2 minute intervals, and barometric pressure at 1 hour intervals.
· Surface water and atmospheric pCO2 measurements are being made or are planned for all four sites. The first pCO2 system was deployed at 140°W in May 2004. A second system was deployed at 170°W in July 2005. We anticipate adding CO2 systems to 110°W and 165°E in 2009.
Scientific rationale: In order to improve our understanding and ability to predict El Nino and La Nina, it is necessary to quantify to the extent possible the relative magnitudes of processes affecting the evolution of SST in the tropical Pacific on interannual time scales. The proposed time series locations span key climatic regimes in the equatorial Pacific, namely the equatorial cold tongue (110°W, 140°W), the western Pacific warm pool (165°E), and the transition zone between these two regimes (170°W). The two cold tongue sites are distinctly different in their large-scale background conditions (e.g. depth of thermocline, strength of Undercurrent, mean surface heat fluxes, background vertical mixing).
Upwelling in the equatorial Pacific leads to enhanced productivity and degassing of CO2 across a region ranging from the coast of South America to past the International Date Line. The vast area affected makes this region a significant contributor to global biogeochemical cycles. The El Niño-La Niña cycle results in significant interannual variability in CO2 fluxes that are still not fully understood. The pCO2 measurements in these key locations will allow a better characterization of the seasonal and interannual variability in CO2 fluxes in this region.
The data from these sites can be used for describing new phenomena, and for diagnostic studies, model validation and development, climate forecast initialization, and satellite validation.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:
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PMEL ATLAS moorings are deployed between 95°W and 165°E, JAMSTEC TRITON moorings at and west of 156°E. P.I. for the 110°W-165°E sites is Michael McPhaden. The lead P.I. for the pCO 2
systems is Christopher Sabine.
Status:· TAO/TRITON is presently supported primarily by NOAA in the U.S. and by JAMSTEC in Japan.
The array will be maintained for the foreseeable future.· PCO2 measurements are currently being made at the 125°W, 140°W, 155°W and 170°W. Systems
will be added to 110°W and 165°E in 2009 with support from NOAA’s Office of Climate Observations.
· Logistic support is provided by ships that routinely service the TAO/TRITON array.
Technology:The basic technology used is the ATLAS mooring which measures meteorological and physical oceanographic data to depths of 500 m (see http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/mooring.shtml). There are also upward looking subsurface ADCP moorings deployed nearby each of the four sites. These moorings are equipped with 150 kHz RDI ADCPs. The pCO2 measurements are LiCor based infrared detection systems mounted in the surface buoy with an equilibrator for surface water pCO 2
measurements. Surface ocean and atmospheric carbon measurements are made every 3 hours.
Data policy: All data (real-time and delayed mode) are freely available without restriction.
Data management:ATLAS data are internally recorded and transmitted from buoy to shore via Service Argos in real-time. Service Argos places most real-time data on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). ADCP data are internally recorded only. Data are freely available on the World Wide Web without restriction in near-real time (delay of one day) and in delayed mode after moorings are recovered and data are post-processed (See http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/). Extensive metadata are available from TAO web pages, data reports, and from the data files themselves.
The 3-hour carbon measurements are transmitted daily via Iridium and posted to the WWW. Final calibrated data are submitted to the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and are freely available within 6 months of recovery.
Societal value / Users / customers:The TAO/TRITON array has been developed for improved detection, understanding and prediction of ENSO warm and cold events. ENSO is the most pronounced year-to-year fluctuation on the planet, with impacts measured in the billions of dollars and thousands of lives worldwide. It is predictable with significant skill at lead times of 6-9 months. TAO/TRITON data users include the research community, the weather and climate forecasting communities, the climate assessments community, policy makers, and the general public.
Role in the integrated global observing system:TAO/TRITON is a component of the ENSO Observing System, which in turn is an initial contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). It is also a contribution to the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). The existing and planned carbon observations are a key element of the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Climate Change Program (OCCC) as well as the international Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) programs.
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Contact Persons:TAO Project Director: Michael J. McPhaden, NOAA/PMEL ([email protected])
TAO Operations and Data: H. Paul Freitag ([email protected] )
Carbon contact: Christopher L. Sabine ([email protected] )
Links / Web-sites:TAO Project information: www.pmel. noaa.gov/tao/
TAO OceanSITES: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/oceansites/index.html
TAO data access: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/data_deliv/deliv.html
Carbon information: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/
Compiled / updated by: Michael J. McPhaden and Christopher L. Sabine (March 2005); Revised by Michael J. McPhaden and Christopher Sabine (January 2009)
Figure 1: An ATLAS mooring instrumented for surface flux measurements.
Figure 2: Temperatures (top) and zonal velocities (bottom) for the 25-year period 1980-2005 at 0°, 110°W. Velocity data from ADCP moorings are internally recorded only, so data from late 2004 onwards are not yet available.
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Site: WHOTS (WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station)
Position: 22 º 45’ N, 158 º 00’ W
Categories: Air-Sea Flux reference site; meteorological, physical
Safety distance for ship operations: 5 n-mi
Short description:· Platforms: 1 surface mooring· Variables measured: Surface meteorology at 1 min; subsurface T, S at 10 min from 1-150 m
depth; U,V at 10 min from 10-120 m.· Start date, service interval: Established August 2004. Serviced annually.
Scientific rationale: The Hawaii Ocean Timeseries (HOT) site has been occupied since 1988 as a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The HOT program includes comprehensive, interdisciplinary upper ocean observations, but does not include continuous surface forcing observations. Thus, the primary intent of the WHOTS mooring is to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a coordinated part of the HOTS program and contribute to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:Drs. Robert A. Weller and Albert J. Plueddemann, Upper Ocean Processes Group, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), USA Dr. Roger Lukas, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, USA
Status:· Operating; funded by the NOAA Office of Climate Observation and the NSF Division of Ocean
Sciences.
Technology:· Surface mooring with meteorological sensors on buoy, discrete sensors along mooring line for T,S
and discrete sensors plus ADCP for currents· Real-time telemetry of hourly meteorology and 1 m depth T,S via Argos
Data policy:· Real-time data: public, surface meteorology and 1 m T,S (hourly)· Delayed mode data: public, surface meteorology, fluxes, and subsurface data· All data withheld from GTS
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Data management:· Satellite data collection system: Present, Argos; future, Iridium.· Real-time data management: Meteorological data processed and distributed in NetCDF and ASCII
by WHOI/UOP. See http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/WHOTS/whots.htm· Delayed mode data management: Delayed mode subsurface data will be made available in
standard formats through the HOT physical oceanography web site: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HOT_WOCE
· Metadata scheme : Met data archived in NetCDF, presently working towards compliance with OceanSITES, Cooperative Ocean/Atmosphere Research Data Service (COARDS) and Climate and Forecast (CF) conventions for the standardization of NetCDF files, and with the emerging Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) framework data standard. Also participating in Marine Metadata Interoperability project (http://www.marinemetadata.org ).
Societal value / Users / customers:This project directly addresses NOAAs Program Plan for Building a Sustained Ocean Observing System for Climate – Ocean Reference Stations, in synergy with other elements (Surface Drifting Buoy Network, Ships of Opportunity, Argo Profiling Floats, and satellites). The WHOTS mooring also serves as an extension of the HOT program to include detailed surface forcing information. The WHOTS program contributes to CLIVAR program by improving understanding of surface fluxes and SST variability in seasonal to interannual time scales.
Contact Person:· Robert Weller, WHOI ([email protected], 508-289-2508), Al Plueddemann, WHOI
([email protected], 508-289-2789), Roger Lukas, U. Hawaii ([email protected] )
Links / Web-sites:· Project information : http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/WHOTS/whots.htm and
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HOT_WOCE/intro.html· Data access : http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/WHOTS/whots.htm
Compiled by: Al Plueddemann (January 2009)
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Site: Stratus Ocean Reference Station
Position: 20ºS 85ºW
Categories:· Air-Sea Flux reference site. Meteorological, physical
Safety distance for ship operations: 10 nautical miles
Short description:· Platforms: One surface mooring· Variables measured:
· Surface meteorology (wind speed and direction, air temperature, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, relative humidity, incoming shortwave and longwave radiation, barometric pressure, and precipitation) measured every minute
· Temperature, salinity, velocity at fixed depths to 450 m, internally recorded at 5 to 15 minute intervals
· Start date: First deployed October 2000; serviced roughly every 12 months
Scientific rationale:Obtain high quality surface meteorological and air-sea flux time series under the stratus cloud deck. Use these data, which are withheld from use in initializing global atmospheric models, to examine the performance of these models and to work with modeling centers, remote sensors, and those developing improved air-sea flux fields to develop improved surface meteorological and air-sea flux fields. The high quality surface mooring data identify bias and other errors in the model and satellite fields.
Use the surface forcing data together with the records of upper ocean variability to examine atmosphere-ocean coupling under the stratus deck, possible feedbacks between cool SSTs and the presence of stratus, and the processes that govern evolution of SST. These processes are both local and remote, as Rossby waves excited by coastal trapped waves which can be generated by equatorial waves associated with ENSO appear to play a role in offshore transport of cool water.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:The Stratus Ocean Reference Station is maintained by Dr. Robert Weller and the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA with support from the NOAA Climate Observation Program. Collaborative work on the annual cruises is done by the Chilean Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOA).
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Status:· The site is operational.· Support is planned for the foreseeable future as one of the global array of Ocean Reference
Stations.
Technology:· Surface mooring.· Telemetry of hourly averaged surface meteorology via Service Argos.· Internally recording SST by floating SBE 39, a few cm deep; telemetered SST data comes from 1
m depth.· Oceanographic instruments are internally recording point instruments and one Doppler profiling
current meter.· NDBC surface wave package installed in buoy· Sabine/PMEL PCO2 system installed in buoy
Data policy:· Real-time data: public, surface meteorology· Delayed mode data: public, surface meteorology, fluxes, and subsurface data· All data withheld from GTS
Data management:· Satellite data collection system: Present, Argos· Data assembly center: NDBC/USA· Real-time data: hourly surface meteorology available in near real time in ascii and NetCDF via
website (http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/Stratus/stratusdata.htm)· Delayed mode data: Internally recorded surface meteorology, computed air-sea fluxes, and
internally recorded oceanographic variables available via website after post-deployment calibration and quality control procedures
· Metadata scheme: data archived in NetCDF, working towards compliance with OceanSITES, Cooperative Ocean/Atmosphere Research Data Service (COARDS) and Climate and Forecast (CF) conventions for the standardization of NetCDF files, and with the emerging Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) framework data standard. Also participating in Marine Metadata Interoperability project (http://www.marinemetadata.org).
·
Societal value / Users / customers: Serves as a benchmark or reference station for motivating/validating improvements to numerical weather prediction and climate models and remote sensing products and for anchoring new, more accurate regional and global fields of air-sea fluxes. Improves understanding of air-sea coupling and the processes that govern the evolution of SST in the stratus cloud deck region, which is of critical importance to climate. Occupies one of the classic problem areas for atmospheric models – the stratus deck region- and provides benchmark time series for improving/validating atmsopheric models, for ground-truthing remotes sensing products, and for anchoring air-sea flux fields.
Links / Web-sites:· Project information : http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/Stratus/· Data access : http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/Stratus/stratusdata.htm
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Compiled/updated by: Robert A. Weller (February 2009)
Figure 1 (left):
Surface buoy deployed at the Stratus Ocean Reference Station. Two redundant meteorological systems are used
Figure 2 (bottom): Comparison of monthly values of the four components of heat flux (from top: sensible, latent, new longwave, and net shortwave) from the buoy (IMET), models (ECMWF, NCEP1, NCEP2), and climatologies (NCAR, SOC).
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Site: MBARI California Current Biogeochemical Moorings
Position: in California Current System
M0 36.830 -121.900M1 36.750 -122.030M2 36.700 -122.390
Categories: Physical, meteorological (including air-sea flux) and biochemical measurements, Air-Sea Flux Site.
Safety distance for ship operations: 2 nautical miles
Short description:
· 2 moorings· variables measured:
· surface winds, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, ocean temperature and salinity from the surface to 300 0r 500 m (11 depths), ocean current profiles to 400 m, sea surface nitrate, delta pCO2 between atmosphere and sea surface, surface fluorescence and backscatter, and radiance and irradiance at surface and 10 m
· all data transmitted in real-time, reporting every 2 hours.· M1 also has shortwave and long wave radiation sensors making this mooring fully flux
capable.· maintained by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute since 1989· WMO Numbers:
· MBM0 Station 46091· MBM1 Station 46092· MBM2 Station 46093
Scientific rationale:
Ecosystem productivity and the biogeochemical cycling of elements in the California upwelling regions is regulated by physical processes that vary on daily to multidecadal time scales. Concurrent measurements of physics, chemistry and biology allow an estimate of changes in biological and chemical fluxes associated with the physical variability and for the development of predictive models. Satellite validation and algorithm development are also a goal.
46 www.oceansites.org
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:
MBARI maintains the California Current System moorings.
Status:
MBARI, with funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, maintains moorings M1 and M2. Support from NASA has been used for bio-optical measurements.
Technology:
Instrument controllers developed at MBARI are used to collect and transmit instrument data.
Data policy:
Core data (real-time and delayed mode) are freely available without restriction. Core data are proven physical (T,S, u, v) and meteorological (windspeed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure) measurements. Experimental biological and chemical measurements are available after quality control.
Data management:
Mooring data are internally recorded and transmitted from buoy to shore via free-wave radio in real-time. Data and metadata are available from the MBARI Shore Side Data System (http://ssdspub.mbari.org:8080/access/siamRawDataStep1.jsp).
Also available on NDBC GDAC in OceanSITES NetCDF format as hourly Gridded MBARI Mooring - Sea Water Temperature and Salinity Observations
http://www.mbari.org andhttp://dods.mbari.org/data/ssdsdata/deployments/previous.html
Contact Persons: Francisco Chavez ([email protected])
Data Management: Mike McCann ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites: http://www.mbari.org/
Compiled by: Francisco Chavez (updated August 2009, based on information provided to the GDAC by Mike McCann)
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Figure 1: Time series of surface temperature (top), surface chlorophyll (middle) and thermal structure off Monterey Bay, California.
Figure 2: Time series of surface temperature and delta pCO2 from a mooring off Monterey
Bay, California.
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Site : CalCOFI
Position (Lat , Lon) – Decimal degrees: CalCOFI-080-055 (CalCOFI Station 080.080, Lat 33.483 N; Long 122.533 W)
CalCOFI-080-080 (CalCOFI Station 080.055, Lat 34.317 N; Long 120.802 W)
CalCOFI-090-090 (CalCOFI Station 090.090, Lat 31.751 N; Long 121.316 W)
Categories:
· Site Type: Observatory· Observations types: physical, biological
Safety distance for ship operations: not applicable
Short description:
· Platforms: oceanic station sampled from ship· Variables measured:*
· Hydrographic data: temperature, salinity · Biological data: chlorophyll* More variables to be added in near future
· Start date: 1949; visited monthly to annually and since 1984 quarterly
Scientific rationale: (1 paragraph per discipline)
The California Oceanic Cooperative Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI) is a partnership of the California Department of Fish and Game, NOAA’s Fisheries Service and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The partnership was formed in 1949 to study the ecological aspects of the collapse of the sardine populations off California. Today its focus has shifted to the study of the marine environment off the coast of California for the purpose of the ecosystem based management of living marine resources.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible: Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla CA, USA – Tony Koslow, Ralf Goericke; NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla CA, USA – Russ Vetter, Sam McClatchie.
Status:
· The site is operational.· Support from NOAA is anticipated for the foreseeable future due to the importance of the program
for the management of pelagic species
Technology:
· CTD casts to 500 m with rosette49 www.oceansites.org
· Ship and shore-based data processing and distribution.
Data policy:
· real-time data: CTD data upon request· delayed mode data: publically posted
Data management:
· Satellite data collection system used (present, future): none· Real-time data processing and distribution system (GTS encoding & distribution? in what format?
by whom?) ? none
· Metadata scheme (collection, distribution mean, format): Metadata is submitted by PI’s, stored in a relational database and exported as text, EML and/or NetCDF.
· Possibilities of evolution to comply with a more general WMO GTS scheme (incl. metadata)? With data and metadata in relational database, export possible to match other arrangements.
· Agreement to OceanSITES Data Access and Data Policy? Yes
Societal value / Users / customers:
Meteorological and hydrographic data collected by the CalCOFI program are used by the scientific community as a benchmark for the response of the California Current System to global and basin-wide climate forcing. Hydrographic and biological data collected are of critical importance for the management of economically important species of small pelagic fish by NOAA’s fisheries service and for the understanding of the response of these populations to changing ocean climate. Coastal observations carried out are used by the California Department of Fish and Game for the management of nearshore fisheries and by local governmental agencies as a conceptual framework for the interpretation of nearshore monitoring data.
Role in the integrated global observing system:
<no formal role>
Contact Person:
· for enquiry about addition of instrumentation or sensors to the site: Ralf Goericke ([email protected])
· for possible ancillary measurements during cruises to the site: Ralf Goericke ([email protected])
· for data exchange: Karen Baker ([email protected])
Links / Web-sites:
· for Project information : www.calcofi.org· for data access (if public) : www.calcofi.org and oceaninformatics.ucsd.edu/datazoo/calcofi
DAC: NDBC
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GDAC NDBC: ftp://data.ndbc.noaa.gov/data/oceansites/CALCOFI/CALCOFI1/
compiled by: Ralf Goericke and Karen Baker, Jan 2010.
Fig. 1. Location of the 66 standard CalCOFI stations and the 3 OceanSites stations off Southern California. Since 1984 the grid has been visited quarterly. Between 1949 and 1984 a larger grid was covered initially at monthly intervals but later on at irregular intervals.
29.5
31.5
33.5
35.5
-125 -123 -121 -119 -117
CalCOFI StationOceanSites
Santa Barbara
Los Angeles
San Diego
77
80
83
87
90
93
Fig. 2. 10 m temperature and salinity anomalies at CalCOFI3 (St 90.90). Anomalies are calculated relative to the 1984 to 2008 time series. Data from individual cruises are plotted as open diamonds. The solid lines are loess fits to the data and the dotted lines are the climatological mean, which in the case of anomalies is zero.
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CalCOFI St 90.90 - 10m Salinity
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Salin
ity A
nom
aly
CalCOFI St 90.90 - 10m Temperature
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Tem
p A
nom
aly
(Cel
sius
)
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Site : CCE-1Position (Lat , Lon) – Degrees / Minutes:
33deg 29min N, 122deg 32min W
Categories:
· Site Type: Observatory· Observation types: physical, meteorological, biogeochemical
Safety distance for ship operations: 1.0 NM
Short description:
· Number of stations / moorings: 1 station, 1 mooring· Variables measured (what depth, what sampling rate):
· surface: xCO2 air, pCO2 water, saturation O2· surface: water T, S· surface: radiometer· ca. 15m: nitrate, fluorescence, turbidity, T, S, currents· ca. 30m: radiometer, T, S· ca. 150m: plankton· ca. 1000m: marine mammal acoustic recorder· NOTE: these will be different for next deployment !
· Start date of the timeseries: 2008-11-10· Service interval: approx. annually· Real-time data: yes
Scientific rationale: (1 paragraph per discipline)
Establish an interdisciplinary observatory to resolve key processes in the California Current Ecosystem. Synergy effects with existing observations in the projects CalCOFI, LTER, SCCOOS, global oceanic CO2 observatories.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:
· lead PI: Uwe Send (SIO)· co-PIs:
· David Demer (SIO)· John Hildebrandt (SIO)· Todd Martz (SIO)· Mark Ohman (SIO)· Chris Sabine (NOAA/PMEL)
Status:
· operating· long-term plans: yes· funding status: funded
Technology:
· moored sensors· real-time telemetry· SST: yes (SeaBird SBE-37 “MicroCat” at bottom of surface buoy)· Profile measurements: T, S at a few discrete depths
53 www.oceansites.org
Data policy:
· real-time data: public· delayed-mode data: public
Data management:
· Satellite data collection system used: Iridium· Real-time data processing and distribution system
· GTS encoding & distribution? TBD· OceanSITES: planned· By whom? SIO, for CO2: NOAA/PMEL, final assembly: OceanSITES GDACs
· Metadata scheme (collection, distribution mean, format): planned in OceanSITES format· Possibilities of evolution to comply with a more general WMO GTS scheme (incl. Metadata)? TBD· Agreement to OceanSITES Data Access and Data Policy? yesSocietal value / Users / customers:
Role in the integrated global observing system:
Contact Person:
Uwe SendScripps Institution of Oceanography9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0230La Jolla, CA 92093-0230Email: [email protected]
Links / Web-sites:
http://mooring.ucsd.edu/projects/cce/cce_intro.html
DAC: NDBC (inital processing by SIO)
GDAC NDBC: ftp://data.ndbc.noaa.gov/data/oceansites/
Compiled by: Matthias Lankhorst for U Send, 2009-09-11
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Figure 1: Schematic design and instrumentation of the mooring
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