atkins chapter01.lect01
DESCRIPTION
physical chemistry lecture 1TRANSCRIPT
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Atkins’ Physical ChemistryEighth Edition
Chapter 1The Properties of Gases
Copyright © 2006 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula
Peter Atkins • Julio de Paula
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Homework Set #1Homework Set #1
Atkins & de Paula, 8eAtkins & de Paula, 8e
Chap 1 Exercises: all part (b) unless Chap 1 Exercises: all part (b) unless notednoted
1, 2, 4, 9, 1, 2, 4, 9,
10, 11, 13, 10, 11, 13,
15, 17, 19, 2115, 17, 19, 21
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• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container. (No solubility rules!)
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
• Density of a gas given in g/L (vice g/mL for liquids)
Physical Characteristics of Gases
NO2
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The Perfect Gas
• Each gas can be described by an equation of state:
• P = f(T, V, n) Pressure ≡ force / unit area
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Fig 1.1
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Heat - the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Temperature - a measure of the thermal energy
90 °C40 °C
greater thermal energy
Temperature = Thermal Energy
greater temperature
(intensive) (extensive)
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Fig 1.2 Temperature ≡ thedirection of thermal energy flowthrough a thermally conductingrigid wall
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Thermal equilibrium ≡ no net heat flow between two objectsin contact through a diathermic boundary
Fig 1.3 Zeroth Law ofthermodynamics
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K = °C + 273.15
Temperature Scales
Perfect gas temperature scale
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The Gas LawsThe Gas Laws
Pressure - Volume RelationshipPressure - Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law: Boyle’s Law
Temperature - Volume RelationshipTemperature - Volume Relationship: Charles’s : Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s Lawand Gay-Lussac’s Law
Volume - Amount RelationshipVolume - Amount Relationship: Avogadro’s Law: Avogadro’s Law
The Perfect (Ideal) Gas LawThe Perfect (Ideal) Gas Law
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Fig 1.4 Boyle’s LawFig 1.4 Boyle’s Law
• PV = constant
• A limiting law
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Fig 1.5 Charles’s LawFig 1.5 Charles’s Law
• V = constant ∙ T
• Another limiting law
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Fig 1.6 Charles’s LawFig 1.6 Charles’s Law
• Variation of volume with temperature at constant P
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• Variation of pressure with temperature at constant V
Fig 1.7 Charles’s LawFig 1.7 Charles’s Law
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Perfect Gas EquationPerfect Gas Equation
Charles’ law: V ∝ T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V ∝ n (at constant P and T)
V ∝ nT
P
V = constant · = RnT
P
nT
PR is the gas constant
PV = nRT
What is the value of R?
Boyle’s law: V ∝ (at constant n and T)P
1
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PV = nRT
The conditions 0 °C and 1 atm are called
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
K) 5mol)(273.1 (1.000L) 4atm)(22.41 (1.000
nTPV
R
Experiments show that at STP,1 mole of an ideal gasoccupies 22.414 L:
KmolatmL
08206.0R
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Comparison of Molar Volumes at STP
• One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L @ STP
• One mole of various real gases at STP occupy:
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Fig 1.8 A region of a P-V-T surface of a perfect gasFig 1.8 A region of a P-V-T surface of a perfect gas
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Fig 1.8 Sections through P-V-T surface of a perfect gasFig 1.8 Sections through P-V-T surface of a perfect gas
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PV = nRT useful when P, V, n, and T do not change
Modify equation when P, V, and/or T change:
RTn
VP
11
11
• Initial state (1) of gas:
• Final state (2) of gas:
RTn
VP
22
22
22
22
11
11
Tn
VP
Tn
VP
Eqn [1.12]
Combined Gas Law
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Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
V and T are
constant
P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a container of volume V at a total pressure PT
PA = nART
V
PB = nBRT
V
nA is the number of moles of A
nB is the number of moles of B
PT = PA + PB XA = nA
nA + nB
XB = nB
nA + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) = ni
nT
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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