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At the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, we are committed to raising the standards of professionalism at all levels in the banking and financial services. Our Professional Certification Programmes which engenders expertise and competencies, will support you in the performance of your role and in your career aspirations enabling you to achieve excellent performance through professionalism and specialisation.

What is the Certification in Treasury Management all about?

The Certification in Treasury Management is specially packaged to enhance the knowledge and skills of those working in the treasury departments of banks and other financial institutions.

The programme is designed to ensure a good understanding of: The theory and practice of treasury activities, including operations in a typical financial institution. Micro and Macro-economics and their impacts on treasury management in financial institutions and

markets. The linkages amongst various financial and economic analysis and subsequent funding and investment

decisions in specific institutions based on the dictates of the domestic and international financial markets.

What subjects do I need to study? The programme comprises the following four modules:

Treasury Management Assets and Liability Management Investment Analysis and Management Banking Law Ethics and Corporate Governance

Who should take this programme? It is relevant to anyone who needs a core understanding of treasury in a public, corporate or financial organisations. It is targeted at risk managers, corporate financiers and treasurers.

Am I eligible? Yes, provided you hold one of the following qualifications: First Degree; equivalent professional qualification; OR any other qualification from a recognised institution

How can I start? The examination shall be held bi-annually (April and October). Candidates are expected to register for the examination on-line or via manual forms as may be specified in the examination advertisement from time to time. Registration for examination is mandatory.

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Fee: Registration fee of N10,000 and N20,000 per subject

Link to the Flagship ACIB Qualification: Provides a route to the Flagship of the Institute (ACIB) qualification as the completion of the programme would qualify candidates for exemptions in the Chartered Banker Level of the CIBN professional examinations. Contact: Website: www.cibng.org Email: exams@cibng.org CARE Centre: 0700DIALCIBN (070034252426)

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CONTENTS

Pages

Treasury Management 5

Assets and Liability Management 10

Investment Analysis and Management 13

Banking Law, Ethics and Corporate Governance 17

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TREASURY MANAGEMENT

AIMS The course is designed to ensure a good understanding of: The theory and practice of treasury activities, including operations in a typical financial institution. Micro and Macro-economics and their impacts on treasury management in financial institutions and markets. The linkages amongst various financial and economic analyses and subsequent funding and investment

decisions in specific institutions based on the dictates of the domestic and international financial markets. LINKAGES The subject is linked to the following: Financial Economics Financial and Management Accounting Corporate Financial Management Management of Financial Institutions Financial Planning and Control Banking Regulation and Supervision Principles and Practice of Risk Management CONTENTS 1. Basics and Concepts in Treasury Management

Meaning and Scope of Treasury Management The Economic Environment: Financial Market; Instruments; Institutional Arrangement; Statutory and Self-

Regulatory Institutions Liquidity versus Profitability Dilemma Fiscal and Monetary Policies Micro- and Macro-economic Perspectives Role and Functions of the Treasury Organisation of the Treasury Function

2. Mathematics of Treasury

Interest Rates: Nominal and Real: Fixed and Floating; Monetary Policy Rate and Nigerian Inter-Bank Offered Rate (NIBOR)

Interest and Discount Income Cost of Funds (Determination, Cost of Funds versus Cost of Doing Business) Yields Computation Yield Curve Concept

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Book Yield Maximisation Interest Spread/Margins Cost/Benefit Analysis Closing Case Foreign Exchange Rate Mathematics

3. Financial Market

Money Market: Definition and Characteristics - Key Players (Local and Foreign)

Capital Market - Key Players (Local and Foreign)

4. Treasury Planning and Control

Objectives and Functions Components of Liquidity Cash and Liquidity Management (Balance Sheet Analysis, Clearing Settlements, Floats

and Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) Balance Sheet Analysis and Funding Cost Centre and Profit Centre Asset and Liability Management (Nature, Benefits, Strategies, Liquidity and Profitability Management Break-even Period Gap and Duration Analysis Value at Risk Risks: Types; Management; Measure and Control; Use of Limits; Day-to-Day Control of Exposures Transfer Pricing Long-Term Funding Strategies

5. Factors in Treasury Management

Determination of Costs of Funds Evaluating Cost of Bank Funds Marginal Cost Concept Funding Costs and Banks’ Risks Controlling Non-Interest Expense Cash Management Funding Management Liquidity/Profitability Management Spread Management

- Exposure Management - Interest Rate Forecasting - Position Management

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6. Treasury Instruments and Markets Local Currency Denominated Instruments in Money and Capital Markets Foreign Currency Denominated Instruments in Money and Capital Markets Primary Issues and Secondary Market Trading (Outright Transactions, Repos and Reverse Repos) Derivative Products – Options, Swaps Trading Portfolio Risk Mitigation, including Derivatives and Hedging Techniques

7. Foreign Exchange Management

Economics of Foreign Exchange and Inter-relationships with Other Markets Factors Affecting Exchange Rates Technical Analysis Forex Risk and Exposure Forex Rate Calculations Cross Currency Rates and Arbitrage Forward Contracts Forex Swaps Currency Baskets The Importance of Traders’ Book, e.g. Blotters

8. The Human Side of Treasury Management

The Dealer Building Dealing Team Making Teams Work: Motivation, Training, Reward System and Empowerment. Corporate culture, organisational goals and individual interest Qualities of a Good Treasurer Organogram of an Effective Treasury Department

9. Financial Risk Management

The Futures Market: Currency; Interests; Pricing and Settlement; etc Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs): Rationale; Settlement Calculation and Documentation; Hedging;

Trading and Accounting Interest Rate Swaps OPTIONS: Strategies and Pricing Models SWAPS: Strategies and Tactics

10. Marketing of Treasury Products

Pricing of Instruments New Products Development

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Sustainability of Products Financial Market Information Gathering And Analysis Communication in a Multi-focused Environment Competitive Edge in Product Developments Customer Relationship Management/Service Excellence

11. Treasury Dealing Ethics

Dealing Room Ethics Access Control in the Dealing Room Confidentiality/Insider Trading/Personal Favour Full Compliance/Limits (Position/Liquidity) Good Conduct Dispute Resolution

EXAMINATION STRUCTURE Candidates will be required to answer four (4) out of six (6) questions. The paper is structured into three sections as follows: Section A, which is compulsory, consists of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and/or Short Answer Questions

(SAQs), (40 marks). Section B: Four (4) questions, out of which candidates will be required to answer two (2), each of which carries

20 marks. Forty (40) marks will be allocated in all in this section. Section C: One compulsory case study which carries 20 marks NOTES

Candidates are expected to broaden the coverage of their studies to include latest editions of all recommended textbooks, journals, periodicals, bulletins and other related magazines.

Candidates are also advised to read past and current editions of The Nigerian Banker and The Banker magazine, particularly to update themselves on contemporary issues in the financial services industry.

Candidates are expected to update themselves on the latest CBN circulars relating to this subject. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS

Baritsch, Vincent (2006). Bank Treasury Management, London Institute of Financial Services (IFS). Bragg, Steran M. (2010). Treasury Management: The Practitioner’s Guide. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Collier, P.A. Cooke, T.E. and Glynn, J.J. (1988). Financial and Treasury Management. Heinemann Professional Books. In Association with CIMA Horcher, K. A. (2006). Essentials of Managing Treasury, Hoboken, N.J John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (2010). Treasury Management. Macmillan Publishers India Ltd

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Oilvie, J. C. (1999). Treasury Management – Tools and Techniques for Countering Financial Risks; Kogan Page Ltd. Ritter, L.S. and Silber, W.L. (1991). Principles of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 7th edition. N.Y. Basic Books Rose, Peter S. and. Hudgins Sylvia C, (2008). Bank Management and Financial Services 8th edition. Irwin McGraw Hill Ross, Derek (1996) International Treasury Management. Euro money Institutional Investor Plc Steiner, Robert (1997). Mastering Financial Calculations: A Step-by-Step Guide to the Mathematics of the Market, Market edition. FT. Pitman Publishing. Stigum, Macia (1981). Money Market Calculations. Richard D. Irwin Inc.

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ASSET AND LIABILITIES MANAGEMENT

AIMS The subject is designed to upscale candidates’ competencies and proficiency levels in the art of control of individual asset and liability categories, their effective and efficient mix and management of net interest margin in compatibility with the risk/return objectives of the institution. LINKAGES This subject is linked to the following:

Financial Economics Corporate Financial Management Financial Planning and Control Treasury Management Principles and Practice of Risk Management Investment Analysis and Management

CONTENT

1. Introduction to Assets and Liabilities Management (ALM) Meaning, Concepts and Imperatives of ALM ALM Issues in Management of Financial Institutions

Net Interest Margin Management ALM Committee: Composition and Functions

Objectives Setting in ALM: Responsibility for Setting Objectives Normative versus Positive Approaches to Objective Setting Factors Affecting Objectives Setting in ALM

2. Legal and Regulatory Framework

Overview of Provisions of CBN Act and BOFIA on Capital and Allied Requirements for Financial Institutions

Overview of Prudential Guidelines and Regulations Overview of Basel Accords

3. ALM Mathematics

Pricing Securities Mathematics of Interest rate Duration and Price Volatility (include Transfer pricing) Money Market Yields Determinants of Interest rate

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Rationalisation Loanable Funds Theory Inflation and Interest Rate Levels Interest Rate and Business Cycles Marketability, Default risk and Liquidity Rate Sensitivity Analysis Managing Interest Rate Risk Gap Analysis Gap Versus Duration Model

4. ALM and Liquidity Management Components and measures of Liquidity Cash and Liquidity Requirements Liquidity Vs Profitability Uses and importance of Maturity ladder matrix Liquidity Planning Liquidity Crisis

5. Determination of Cost of Funds

Evaluating cost of Bank Funds Marginal Cost Concept Marginal Cost in Transfer Pricing Funding Costs and Bank Risks Controlling non-interest Expense Effective Cost of Fund Funding Management

6. The Balance Sheet

Structure and Analysis Off Balance Sheet Activities including Credit Derivatives Bank Ratings Implications

7. ALM and Risk Management

Derivatives Forward-based Derivatives Financial Futures, Options and Swaps Impact of Derivatives

8. Strategic Factors in ALM

Capital Adequacy Capital and Profitability Management Capitalisation, Distress and Bank Management

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9. Management Information

Treasury Management and ALM Reports Interpretation of Reports

10. Contemporary/Topical Issues in ALM

Auditing the ALM Process Prudential Guidelines/CBN Directives

EXAMINATION STRUCTURE Candidates will be expected to answer five (5) out of seven (7) questions. All questions carry equal marks.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS Bullock, C. P. (1992). Bank Funds Management London

Cassidy Dan. (1989). Liability Exposures Witherby & Co. London. Published for Institute of Risk Management    Gardner, M. et al. Managing Financial Institutions: An A&L approach 2nd ed.

Huizer, M.C. (1991). The ALM function Homewood III Dow Jones Irwin Koch, T.W. Bank Management 2nd edition

Mona J. Gardner, Dixie L. Mills and Elizabeth S. Cooperman (2000). Managing Financial Institutions: An Asset/Liability Management Approach. Harcourt College Nwankwo, G.O. (1992). Bank Management: Principles and Practice London

Nwankwo, G.O. The Prudential Regulation of Nigerian Banks Peter S. Rose (1999). Commercial Bank Management. Irwin McGraw-Hill Platt Robert (1986). Controlling Interest Rate Risk: New Techniques & Applications for Money Management New York John Wiley & Sons Stigum M. et al (1983). Managing Bank Assets and Liabilities Homewood III Dow Jones – Irwin

NOTES

Candidates are expected to broaden the coverage of their studies to include latest editions of all recommended textbooks, journals, periodicals, bulletins and other related magazines.

Candidates are also advised to read past and current editions of The Nigerian Banker, The Banker magazine particularly to update themselves on contemporary issues in the financial services industry.

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INVESTMENT ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT

AIMS

The subject specific aim is to enable candidates:

Understand basic issues and distinction in real assets and financial assets Appreciate the impact of capital market theory in valuation of securities Understand the techniques of portfolio planning and selection Apply relevant theories in portfolio management

LINKAGES This subject is linked to the following:

Financial Economics Business Accounting and Finance Financial and Management Accounting Financial Planning and Control Corporate Financial Management Principles and Practice of Risk Management

CONTENT

1 Background Considerations

Background for Understanding Investments – Meaning and Concepts Types of Securities Investment, Savings, Speculations and Gambling Factors Affecting Investment Objectives/Decisions Risk Acceptance Criteria in Investment Risks and Returns Concepts Securities Markets

2. Legal and Regulatory Environment

Overview of Investment and Securities Act (ISA). The Financial System: Structure, Institutions/Operators, Markets, Instruments, Statutory and Self-

Regulatory Institutions Sources and Interpretation of Investment Information Efficient Market Hypothesis

     

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3. Securities Analysis and Valuation Introduction to pricing and evaluating of investment products Economic Analysis Industry Analysis Analysis and Valuation of Equities Analysis and Valuation of Fixed Income Securities

- Meaning, Characteristics and Types of FIS - Principles of FIS Valuation and Investment - Duration and Reinvestment Concepts - Convertible Securities and Warrants - Yields Computation and Interpretation - Yield Curves/Term Structure of Interest Rate

Valuation of Individual Firm Financial Statement Analysis

4. Portfolio Management

Capital Market Theory Efficient Market Hypothesis Random Work Theory

Meaning and Characteristics of a Portfolio Portfolio Returns and Risk Measurement Active versus Passive Portfolio Management Techniques:

Fundamental Analysis Technical Analysis Switching, etc.

Portfolio Planning, Management and Review Portfolio Returns and Risk Measurement Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) Factor Models and Arbitrage Pricing Theory

5. Investment Management Issues and Instruments

Investment Policies and Strategies Risk Management and Insurance Pension Fund Investment Management Equities and Debt Instruments Investor Relations Management Investment Companies Rating of Debt Instruments Financial Derivatives and Hedging Instruments

6. Financial Engineering Principles

What is Financial Engineering Reasons for Financial Engineering The "Building Block" Approach Stumbling blocks to Financial Engineering

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7. Introduction to International Financial Institutions and Markets (a) Institutions

World Bank International Monetary fund Bank of International Settlement International Financial Corporation African Development Bank African Export and Import Bank, Cairo

(b) Markets Paris Club London Club Euro Market

EXAMINATION STRUCTURE

Candidates will be required to answer five (5) out of seven (7) questions. All questions carry equal marks.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS

Geoffery A. Hirt and Stanley B. Block (1999).Fundamentals of Investment Management. Irwin Mc Graw Hill. Grapper John & Denton Nicholas(1996). All that Glitters: The Rise andFall of Barings London Hamish Hamilton James C. Van Horne. Financial management and Policy.New York Prentice Hall. Jones, Charles Parker. Investments: Analysis & Management. 5th Ed. Homewood, II Irwin. Lofthouse, S. (1994) Equity Investment Management: How to Select Stocks & Markets Chichester: Wiley Marcia Stigum (1981). Money Market Calculations: Yields, Breakevens and Arbitrage. Richard D. Irwin Inc. Homewood Illinois Stephen J. Curry. Bankers Questions and Answers on Investment. London Financial Training Publications Limited. Renberg, Werner (1988). Making Money With Mutual Funds:Investment Strategy. To beat the Markets NY: Chichester Wiley

NOTES

Candidates are expected to broaden the coverage of their studies to include latest editions of all recommended textbooks, journals, periodicals, bulletins and other related magazines.

Candidates are also advised to read past and current editions of The Nigerian Banker and The Banker magazine particularly to update themselves on contemporary issues in the financial services industry.

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FURTHER READING

(a) Investments and Securities Act (b) CBN Guidelines on Various Operations of the Money Market (c) SEC Guidelines on Various Operations of Capital Market (d) Stock Exchange Daily Official List (e) Press Reports and Publications on Financial Markets Activities  

                                                               

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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BANKING LAW, ETHICS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

AIMS To enable candidates understand: The legal environment and banking. The content of the main legislation relevant to the establishment, operations and supervision, and

liquidation of banks in Nigeria. Some basic principles of commercial law as relevant to the business of banking. The legal and ethical implications of business relationship. The basic ethical standards and principles required for the effective management of banks. The meaning and value of good corporate governance to the business of banking. The dilemma that bank professionals face in the consideration of morality, ethics and law. LINKAGES This subject is linked to the following: Strategic Management and Leadership Management of Financial Institutions Practice of Banking Banking Regulation and Supervision CONTENTS SECTION A: BANKING LAW 1. Statutes and Regulations: Governing the establishment, supervision and operation of banks, namely:

Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) CAP.B3 LFN 2004.(As amended) Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) CAP. C4 LFN 2004 Central Bank of Nigeria Act CAP. C4 LFN 2004. (As amended) Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation Act CAP. N101 2004. (As amended) Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act CAP.M18 LFN 2004. (As amended) Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act CAP. E1 LFN 2004. (As amended) Dishonoured Cheque(Offences) Act CAP. D11 LFN 2004 Failed Banks (Recovery of Debts) and Financial Malpractices in Banks Act CAP. F2 LFN 2004. Bills of Exchange Act CAP. B3 LFN 2004 Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) Act 2010

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2. Securities Law Concept of property, types of property, ownership and possession, etc. Relevant laws on land and land ownership in Nigeria. Land and securities, mortgages, Land Use Act CAP.

L5 LFN 2004 statutory right of occupancy, customary right of occupancy, governor’s powers, consent, revocation and compensation

Shares as securities, insurance policy as securities Hypothecation of goods, bill of sale, trust receipt and negative pledge, commercial letters of credit Guarantees and indemnities. Definition, differences between guarantee and indemnity, essentials of a

contract of guarantee, liability of the guarantor, the principal debtor and co-guarantor, discharge of a guarantor and determination of a contract of guarantee. Principle of subrogation as it relates to guarantees

3. Bankruptcy Law

Meaning, Act of bankruptcy, application, procedure leading to adjudication Roles of trustee in bankruptcy Consequences of adjudication, disqualification of bankrupt and general legal consequences of adjudication

SECTION B: ETHICS 4. Nature of Ethics

Definitions Importance of ethics to the financial services industry Differences and similarities, ethics/law/religion/conscience Factors affecting the level of ethics in the financial services industry Ethical issues in banking supervision

5. Basic Issues in Ethics

Virtues/Vices Greed Satisfaction Freewill Utilitarianism Altruism Confidentiality Conflict of interest Whistle-blowing Acceptance of gifts Insider dealing

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6. Fundamental Principles of Morality Principle of Solidarity Principle of Rationality Principle of Fairness or Impartially Principle of Efficiency Principle of Accountability/Transparency Principle of Responsibility Principle of Honesty/Integrity

7. Code of Ethics and Professionalism for Bankers

Nature and meaning Point of emphasis Purpose and benefits Best practices / unethical practices in the code of ethics Procedure for handing reported cases

8. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Definitions Importance of corporate social responsibility in the banking industry Balancing profitability with social responsibility.

SECTION C: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 9. Corporate Governance

Nature, meaning and essence Principles/pillars of sound corporate governance Best practice standards The importance of corporate governance for financial institutions Code of corporate governance in banks Code of corporate governance for public corporations OECD Codes of Corporate Governance (2004) The legal audit and corporate governance

10. National and International Codes of Corporate Governance Relating to Banks

Cadbury Report on Corporate Governance (1992) The Securities and Exchange Commission Code of Corporate Governance (2011) The Code for Responsible Investment in South Africa (2010) The King III Report (2009) The UK Walker Review of Corporate Governance in UK banks and other financial industry entities (2009)

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The Basel Guidance: “Enhancing Corporate Governance for Banking Organisations (2006) Code of Corporate Governance for Banks’ Post Consolidation (2006)

11. The Role of the Board and Shareholders The identification of the board’s governance role and responsibilities (to include the role of the board in

value protection and value enhancement) The statutory and common law duties of directors Classification of boards (to include unitary boards and non-interest banks) The board of directors, including company secretary and chief executive officer. The chairman Board size and balance Director selection, appointment and education processes Director and senior management remuneration Board committees, including audit committee, internal/external auditors Board governance audit The role of the board in strategic planning, management and stewardship The role of the board in annual reports: Framework and non-financial disclosure The Shareholders at Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM)

12. Self-Regulatory Mechanism in the Financial Services Industry Meaning of self-regulation Self-regulatory organs in the financial services industry:

- The Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) - Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers (CIS) - Chartered Insurance Institute of Nigeria (CIIN) - Association of Bureau de, Change - Financial Market Dealers Association (FMDA) - Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) - Stock Exchange Commission (SEC), etc.

The roles and functions of self-regulatory organisations in the financial services industry EXAMINATION STRUCTURE Candidates are required to answer five (5) out of eight (8) questions. The questions are in three sections, namely: Section A contains three questions out of which candidates are expected to answer two (2) Section B contains three questions out of which candidates are expected to answer two (2) Section C contains two questions out of which candidates are expected to answer only one (1) All questions carry equal marks (20 marks)

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NOTES

Candidates are expected to broaden the coverage of their studies to include latest editions of all recommended textbooks, journals, periodicals, bulletins and other related magazines.

Candidates are also advised to read past and current editions of The Nigerian Banker and The Banker magazine, particularly to update themselves on contemporary issues in the financial services industry.

Candidates are expected to update themselves on the latest CBN circulars relating to this subject. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS

Adeniji, O.A.(1995). Law and Practice of Banking in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: University, of Ife Press. Adeniji, O.A. (1997). Laws Relating to Banking. Lagos: CIBN Press Ltd. Adewunmi, W. (1988). Ethics in the Financial Services Business. Lagos: CIBN Press Ltd Afolabi, L (1990). Law and Practice of Banking. Lagos: Top Golden Nigeria Ltd. Ajayi, O.A. (2002). Law and Practice of Banking. Ibadan: Bash-Moses Printing Co Ajayi, O.A. (2007). Banking: Law and Ethics, Ibadan: Bash – Moses Printing Co. Akanki, E.O. (2007). Commercial Law in Nigeria, Lagos: University of Lagos. Alo, O. (2003). Issues in Corporate Governance, Lagos: Financial Institutions Training Centre. Balasupramanian N (2010). Corporate Governance and Stewardship, New Delhi, CFM/TMH. Bernstein, A (2010). The Case for Business In Developing Economics. Johannesburg: Penguin. Chorley, L. (1977). Leading Cases in the Law of Banking, London: Sweet & Maxwel. CIBN (2004). Nigerian Banks and Corporate Social Responsibility. Lagos: The CIBN Press Limited Cowdell, P.(1996). Law and Practice, London: CIN. Elegido, T.M. (1996). Fundamentals of Business Ethics, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd Enyinnaya, C. (1992). Practical Banking Operations, Lagos: Pace Publishers. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., and Ferrell L. (2010). Business Ethics, Ethical Decision Making and Cases, 8th Edition, Boston, MA Prentice-Hall. Federal Government of Nigeria. Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990, Lagos: Federal Ministry of Information. Goergen, M. (2012). International Corporate Governance, London, Pearson. Ikotun, T. (2005). Law and Ethics of Banking, Osogbo: Taikot Publications. King, M. (2007). Corporate Citizenship. Johannesburg: Penguin. Mallin, C. (2007). Corporate Governance. Oxford: OUP. Mckendrick, E.(2010). (ed.) Code on Commercial Law, 4th Edition: Penguin Books. Monks, and Winow, (2011). Corporate Governance, 5th Edition: John Woley & Sons Ltd. Ogubunka, N.M. (2002). Risk and Internal Control Management in Financial Institutions. CIBN Press Ltd Lagos. Roberts, G. (2001). Laws Relating to Financial Services, Canterbury: Financial World Publishing Unegbu, O.C.K. (2004). Corporate Governance in Banking and Other Financial Institutions: Law, Issues and Ethics, Lagos: CIBN Press Ltd. Van. Zyl E. (2009). Leadership in the African Context. Cape Town, Juta.

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FURTHER READING

Adekanye, F.(1984). Elements of Banking, London: Graham Burns. C.I.B.N (various years). Examiners’ Reports, Lagos: CIBN Press Ltd. John, E.O. and Adeniji, O.A (1988). Questions and Answers in Laws Relating to Banking, Lagos: CIBN Press Ltd. Nwaze, C. (2006). Bank Frauds Exposed with Cases and Preventive Measures, Lagos: Control and Surveillance Associate Ltd. The Laws of the Bills of Exchange Act Cap. 35 LFN 1990 and Dishonoured Cheques Federation of Nigeria Offences) Act, Cap 102.