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Veterinary Pathology Publications and Papers Veterinary Pathology 3-1993 Astrovirus infection in hatchling turkeys Mari ouvenelle Iowa State University Joseph S. Haynes Iowa State University, [email protected] Don L. Reynolds Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: hp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs Part of the Poultry or Avian Science Commons , Veterinary Infectious Diseases Commons , and the Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons e complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at hp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ vpath_pubs/99. For information on how to cite this item, please visit hp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. is Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Veterinary Pathology Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].

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  • Veterinary Pathology Publications and Papers Veterinary Pathology

    3-1993

    Astrovirus infection in hatchling turkeysMari ThouvenelleIowa State University

    Joseph S. HaynesIowa State University, [email protected]

    Don L. ReynoldsIowa State University

    Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs

    Part of the Poultry or Avian Science Commons, Veterinary Infectious Diseases Commons, andthe Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons

    The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs/99. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html.

    This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted forinclusion in Veterinary Pathology Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For moreinformation, please contact [email protected].

    http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/80?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/770?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/764?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPageshttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs/99http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs/99http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.htmlhttp://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.htmlmailto:[email protected]

  • Astrovirus infection in hatchling turkeys

    AbstractAstrovirus is just one of several different enteric viruses identified in association with turkey viral enteritis,which has been a primary concern in the area of enteric diseases of turkeys, although the economic impact onthe turkey industry is not fully known.1 Losses stem from the high morbidity of the disease resulting indecreased growth and flock unevenness. Additionally, this disease appears to be highly prevalent andgeographically widespread. Astrovirus causes problems even for producers who employ good managementpractices in modem facilities.

    DisciplinesPoultry or Avian Science | Veterinary Infectious Diseases | Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology

    CommentsThis article is published as Thouvenelle, ML; Reynolds, DL; Haynes, JS: Astrovirus infection in hatchlingturkeys. Poultry Digest, 1993, v. 52, n. 3, pp. 13-16. Posted with permission.

    This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs/99

    http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vpath_pubs/99?utm_source=lib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fvpath_pubs%2F99&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages

  • Astrovirus infection in hatchling turkeys

    The economic impact isn't known, but losses do stem from high morbidity. Growth is decreased and flock unevenness follows.

    By Mari L. Thouvenelle, DVM Don L. Reynolds, DVM, Ph.D Joseph S. Haynes, DVM, Ph. D, ACVP Department of Veterinary Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University

    A strovirus is just one of several dif-ferent enteric viruses identified in

    association with turkey viral enteritis, which has been a primary concern in the area of enteric diseases of turkeys, although the economic impact on the turkey industry is not fully known. 1 Losses stem from the high morbidity of the disease resulting in decreased growth and flock unevenness . Addi-tionally, this disease appears to be highly prevalent and geographically widespread. Astrovirus causes prob-lems even for producers who employ good management practices in modem facilities.

    Studies in the past ten years have identified several enteric viruses in as-sociation with this disease. These vi-ruses are rotaviruses, groups A and D;9, 10,11 ,13, I4 astrovirus,6,7,10,11 entero-v irus, 7,8 ,9 parvovirus, 12 and re-ovirus2.4.7. io. Their individual roles in turkey viral enteritis have not been fully delineated.

    Previous surveys found that astro-virus and group D rotavirus occur more frequently in turkey poults with clinical signs of turkey viral en-teritis .·8·10 Natural infections with as-trovirus, in avian species, appear to occur only in turkeys.3 However, only rarely is astrovirus found as a single-virus infection.7·8·10 Astrovirus infec-tions occur in poults from hatch to four weeks of age. The incubation period is short, 48 to 72 hours, and duration of the disease is 10 to 14 days. POULTRY DIGEST • MARCH 1993

    High morbidity

    Clinical signs are variable in expres-sion and severity but, typically include diarrhea and listlessness. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality . Characteristic post mortem lesions consist of large, gase-ous dilatated ceca filled with yellow-brown frothy material, generalized loss of intestinal tone, and intestinal walls are flaccid and translucent. 6· 11 Cur-rently, diagnosis is based on the pres-ence of typical clinical signs, necropsy lesions and identification of astrovirus by negative stain immune electron mi-croscopy (IEM).3·5•6·10

    Astrovirus is typicalf y described as a small round virus 28-30 nm (ave 29.6 nm) but, only a small percentage of virions exhibit the star-like surface mor-phology from which the virus derives its name.3·6 The primary criteria for identification is based on ultrastructu-ral characteristics noted on direct elec-tron microscopy (negative staining EM). However, without characteristic star-virions identification is difficult. 5 Consequently, other methods are com-monly used to verify the presence of astrovirus including Cesium chloride (CsCl) isopyknic centrifugation, im-munofluorescence and IEM (negative stain IEM).

    Limited study reports There are limited reports of patho-

    genicity studies of these two viruses.

    These studies used specific pathogen free poults inoculated with either group D rotavirus,9·11 astrovirus,6 or the two viruses combined9·11 . Both, the individual viruses and the combination of viruses produced typical signs and gross lesions. Additionally, statisti-cally significant differences in weight and malabsorption were documented via d- xylose absorption in the astro-virus inoculated poults.6

    Our research addresses several un-answered questions pertaining to the role of astrovirus as an enteropatho-gen. (1) Can astrovirus infection be induced in commercial turkeys under experimental conditions? (2) Does ex-perimental astrovirus infection pro-duce histologic, morphometric or ultrastructural changes in the small in-testine? (3) Does astrovirus exhibit spe-cific regional or intestinal cell tropism? (4) Does astrovirus infection cause maldigestion?

    The specific methods used in these studies were light microscopy to docu-ment histologic lesions; computerized image analysis , to identify morphomet-ric changes; electron microscopy, to document lesions at ultrastructural level; and intestinal mucosa! disacchari-dase analysis, to evaluate carbohydrate digestive function in the small intes-tine.

    In four separate experiments, two and five day old commercial poults were inoculated orally with astrovirus. Poults were examined on various days

    13

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    post inoculation (Pl) ranging from 0.5 to 14 days. Astrovirus was identified by IEM, in pooled intestinal contents from inoculated poults, but not from controls. All poults were negative for salmonellae and Arizona species. No other viruses or recognized entero-prathogens were detected in either in-oculated or control birds.

    Clinical signs noted Clinical signs and gross lesions

    were similar to those reported by Rey-nolds et al.6 Poults on days two through 10 post-inoculation had diar-rhea, generalized loss of intestinal tone and dilatated ceca containing light yel-low to tan fluid to semi-solid feces and gas. Mild crypt hyperplasia was noted one day post-inoculation in the proxi-mal jejunum and by day three the dis-tal jejunum and ileum were docu-mented by image analysis on day three post- inoculation. The entire small in-testine is affected seven days after inoculation. Significant morphometric changes noted at day seven post-inoculation involve the distal small in-testine but are variable.

    Virus particles were found in a few villous enterocytes in the ileum and distal jejunum, on days two and three and day two PI, respectively. The scat-tered infected cells were located on the sides or near the base of villi. Electron dense viral aggregates found two days after inoculation were located in and around dilated cytocavitary spaces. Virus particles were arranged in quasi-crystalline or crystalline arrays and also as ovoid viral aggregates. Release of viral aggregates into the intestinal lumen was seen on rare occasion in the distal jejunum three days PL

    Intestinal disaccharidase activity, spe-cifically maltase, was decreased (P


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