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Associate Degree – Medical laboratory TechnologyFirst year

Paper –IClinical Biochemistry

THEORY:

Unit 1

Role of Medical Laboratory technologists – ethics of laboratory practice. Laboratory safety –.as

applicable to biochemistry.

Laboratory glassware and its uses – Types of pipettes, calibration of pipettes, cleaning of glassware.

Preparation of solutions – units of weights and volume, Calculation of concentration and methods

of expressing concentration of solution. Types of water, their properties, uses and method of

production.

Unit 2

Basic and elementary concepts of chemistry and properties of carbohydrates, proteins,aminoacids,

nucleic acids and lipids as applicable to the human body.Basic concepts of principles of nutrition

and nutrients macro and micro nutrients.

Vitamins & Minerals.Vitamins- Fat soluble vitamins , Water soluble vitamins sources, Biochemical

role, RDA, deficiency manifestations,Minerals – Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron, Copper, Zinc,

Magnesium, Manganese, Iodine.

Unit 3

Working Principles and application of photometry, and atomic absorption, Spectrophotometry.

Fundamental concepts of biophysical phenomena like osmosis, dialysis, colloidal state, viscosity,

absorption, osmotic pressure, surface tension and their application in relation to the

human body.

Unit 4.

Definition and basic concepts of acids, bases, indicators and buffer, their application in laboratory.

Elementary concepts of radioactivity, radioisotopes, their application in medicines and agriculture

isotopic dilution analysis, radioactivity counting techniques.

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Unit 5

Working principles Types and applications of Electrophoresis – Paper, Agarose Gel, Cellulose

Acetate and PAGE. Working principles, types and applications of Chromatography - Paper

Chromatography, TLC, Ion Exchange, Affinity Gel, Filtration, Gas Chromatography and HPLC.

Working principles, types and application of centrifugation

PRACTICALS

1. Uses of Analytical balance, preparation and standard solution,

2. General reactions and identification of carbohydrates glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose and

starch.

3. General reaction of proteins, colour reaction and precipitation of proteins- albumin, casein,

gelatin, peptone.

4. Acidimetry and alkalimetry

5. pH determination using colorimetric methods and using pH meter.

6. Verification of Beer- Lambert Law.

7. Qualitative analysis of milk, egg.

8. Demonstration on Electrophoresis, Chromatography and Radioactivity Counting.

TEXT BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Latest editions of the following books:

2. Medical laboratory Procedure Manual (T-M) by K.L. Mukerjee 1987, Vol.I, II & III Tata

3. McGraw Hill Publication.

4. Text book of Medical Biochemistry by Ramakrishna

5. Text Book of Clinical chemistry by Norbert Teitz

6. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry by Wilson and Walker.

7. Clinical Chemistry - Principle and techniques by Rj Henry, Harper & Row Publishers.

8. Text Book Biochemistry by Vasudevan and Sree Kumari.

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Paper –IIClinical Microbiology

THEORY:

Unit 1History of Microbiology

Classification and nomenclature of micro-organisms. Principle and uses of various microscopes.

Unit 2

Morphology of bacteria , staining methods

Growth and nutrition of bacteria, Culture media and culture methods-aerobic and anaerobic.Theory and practical of sterilization disinfection antisepsis and asepsis.

Unit 3

Metabolism of bacteria,Genetics of bacteria including gene cloning and genetic engineering.

Bacterial toxins, Anti- microbal agents, Antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Quality control and safety in microbiology.

Unit 4

Immunity – innate and acquired immunity, humoral and cell mediated.

Antigen antibody reactions and their applications

Complement, Hypersensitivity Histocompatibility, autoimmunity and tumor immunity.

PRACTICALS

1. Use and care of microscopes and other common laboratory equipments

2. Measurement of microbes by micrometry.

3. Simple staining methods and gram staining

4. Special staining methods – capsule, spore, acid fast, Metachromatic etc,

5. Tests for motility in bacteria.

6. Preparation of media.

7. Techniques of cultivation of bacteria

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8. Isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens.

9. Biochemical testing.

10. Serological techniques.

11. Antibiotic susceptibility testing methods.

12. Serological tests – VDRL, Widal and other febrile agglutination, passive heamagglution,

13. Skin test- tuberculin etc.

TEXT BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Medical Microbiology by R. Cruickshanketal , vol.I ELBS

2. Mackie & McCarty Practical Medical Microbiology, Edited by J.G. College et al vol. II,

Churchill, Livingstone, London

3. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, Volume II: Microbiology, by Monica

Cheesbrough ELBS.

4. Baily & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology Edited by Sydney M. Finegold, C.V. Mosby

Company, London.

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Associate Degree – Medical laboratory TechnologySecond year

Paper –III

DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

THEORY:

UNIT 1: BACTERIOLOGY

Gram positive cocci – staphylococci, streptococci.

Gram negative cocci - Neisseria

Gram positive bacilli – Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Bacillus, Clostridia.

Gram negative bacilli – Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Brucella, Haemophilus, Bordetella.

Pasteurella, Francisella, Spirochaetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, L forms, etc.

UNIT 2: VIROLOGY

General properties of viruses – structure, replication, growth, classification, identification.

Common viral disease – mode of infection, spread, laboratory Diagnosis – Polio, Influenza, Para influenza, mumps, Measles, Rubella, Respiratory syncital, Rhina, Rota, Hepatitis, arbo viruses prevalent in India (Dengue, West Nile, Japanese Encephalitis, KFD), Chicken pox, Adeno, Papova, Herpes, HIV, Cytomegalo viruses , etc.

Elementary knowledge of viral vaccines.

Bacteriophage – Phage typing.

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UNIT 3: MYCOLOGY

Fundamentals of mycology

Morphology and identification of contaminant and pathogenic fungi.

Laboratory diagnosis of common superficial, subcutaneous, and deep Fungal infections of man.

UNIT 4: PARASITOLOGY

Detection of intestinal parasites: Detection and identification of amoebae and other intestinal protozoa and other parasites.

Examination of Blood parasites: Thick and Thin smears for malaria and Filaria and other parasites. Concentration methods. Malaria, LD bodies, microfilaria and methods of demonstration

UNIT 5: DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY

Basic procedure, techniques and equipment used in clinical laboratory – concepts relating to the section of appropriate methods, supplies and reagents.

Overview of metabolism of amino acids and proteins – current methodologists for theirdetermination and identification in biological specimens – disease associated with alternation in or deficiencies of amino acids and proteins. Overview of metabolism of carbohydrates –Methods for determining glucose, ketones, Lactate, pyruvate reducing sugars and mucopolysaccharides and their clinical significance. Biochemistry, types, criteria parameters in diagnosis and prognosis of Diabetes mellitus.

Clinical Enzymology – Enzyme units, Enzymes of clinical importance and their methods of determination in biofluids. Importance of estimation of enzyme activity in various disease states.

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Overview of lipid. Importance of lipids in the body in body basic metabolic aspects and analytical importance. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Lipoproteins patterns in disease –analytical methods and procedures applicable to detecting and monitoring such disorders

Overview of current concepts in endocrinology RIA, ELISA, chemiluminescence assay procedure for hormones – physiological effects produced by normal and abnormal levels of various hormones. Thyroid function test and Adrenal function test.

Overview of Biochemical roles of major electrolytes and blood gases and their changes in pathological states –laboratory measurements of electrolytes and blood gases. Acid base balance disorders.Laboratory tests to assess, detect and monitor renal diseases.

Overview of calcium and inorganic phosphate metabolism current laboratory analytical. Laboratory tests and analytical methods used in identification and evaluation of hepatobiliarydisorders.Stomach, pancreas and intestinal tract – procedure and tests used in the diagnosis andtreatment of gastro intestinal diseases.

PRACTICALS:1. Collection and transportation of clinical specimens.

2. Procedures and tests required in the laboratory diagnosis of the infections caused by the pathogenic bacteria listed above.

3. Examination of urine, stool, etc. for isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria.

4. Bacteriology of food, water, milk.

5. Preparation and standardization of bacterial vaccines and antiserum

6. Collection of specimens for fungal examination.

7. Direct KOH examination.

8. Isolation and identification of fungi from clinical specimens

9. Stool examination(direct& KOH mounting)

10. Preparation and identification of hemoglobin derivatives using hand spectroscope.

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11. Complete Urinalysis- quantative and quantitative analysis – characteristics of normal urine –appearance –specific gravity – reaction- microscope examination – normal and abnormalConstituents in urine.

12. Estimation of blood glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, total lipids, proteins, bilirubins, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, Estimation of urea, creatine, and proteins in urine.

13. Estimation of blood gas analysis and electrolytes

14. Determination of clearance values.

15. Qualitative screening tests of toxic substances like carbon monoxide, phenol, organophosphates, heavy metals, methanol, phenol, salicylates, Cyanides.

16. Assay of hormones like T3, T4 insulin TSH by radio-immunoassay procedures, ELISA

TEXT BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Text Book of Parasitology by K.D. Chatterjee, Chatterjee medical Publishers, Calcutta.2. Text book of Medical Parasitology by S.C. Parija.3. Parasitic diseases in man by Richard Knight English Language Book Society (ELBS)

4. Medical Microbiology by R. Cruickshanketal, Vol.I ELBS

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Paper IV

HEMATOLOGY, BLOOD BANKING & HISTOPATHOLOGYTHEORY:

UNIT 1: HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

General-Hematology: Origin, development, morphology, maturation, function and fate of blood cells, nomenclature of blood cells.

Various methods of blood collection, anticoagulants-mechanism and uses.

Counting chamber- hemocytometry. Enumeration of RBC including various counting chambers, diluting fluids for RBC count.

Hemoglobinometry. Principles and methods of quantitating Hb. Concentration of blood including knowledge of errors and quality control in various method. Abnormal hemoglobin and its investigation.

Principles and methods of determining PVC calculation and interpretation of red cell indices.

ESR: introduction, factors affecting ESR, principles and methods of determining ESR, increasing and decreasing conditions of ESR.

WBC: introduction, development of WBC, diluting fluids. Absolute eosinophil count, errors in sampling, mixing, diluting and counting.

Preparation of peripheral smear and bone marrow smear. Thin smear, thick smear. Buffy coat smear, wet preparation. Romanowsky stain. Preparation advantages and disadvantages.

Principle and methods of staining of Blood smears and bone marrow smears. Supravital stain. Recticulocyte count. Heinz bodies.

Description of morphology of normal and abnormal red cells.Blood differential WBC counting. Recognition of abnormal cell. Anaemia – definition etiology classification

and laboratory diagnosis.

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Hemolytic anaemia, definition, causatives, laboratory investigations. Auto hemolysis, acid hemolysis.

Methods of identification of abnormal hemoglobin including spectroscopy. Alkali denaturation Test. Sickle cell preparation.

Various benign leucocyte reaction – Leukocyposis. Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Lymphocytosis. Infectious mononucleosis. leucopenias..Leukemias – definition, causes, classification, detection of leukemia. Total leucocyte count in leukemias. Multiple myeloma.

Blood Coagulation and disorders of hemostasis. Principles and methods of assessment of coagulation. BT, CT, Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thromboplastin regeneration time.Thrombocytopenia, thrombocythemias, platelet function test, platelet count. Clotretraction test. Platelet factor III Test.LE cell – definition, morphology causative agents. Various methods of demonstrating LE cells.

Preparation of donor and collection of blood. Solution and apparatus used. Storage of blood. Preparation and storage of plasma. Preparation of packed red cells. Principle involved in Blood grouping. ABO system and the methods used. Factors influencing the results of blood grouping, Rh system. Rh antigen. Principles and methods used. Cross matching. Compatibility test, direct and indirect Coomb’s test – Principle involved and the methods used. Blood transfusion and its Hazards.

UNIT 2: HISTOPATHOLOGY

Definition, sources and types histological specimens, kinds of histological presentations.

Labeling, fixation, properties of fixing fluids, classification and composition of fixing fluids. Advantages and disadvantages of secondary fixatives. Post chroming.

Tissue processing, dehydration and cleaning.

Embedding. Water soluble substances, embedding in paraffin nitrocellulose.

Equipment for sectioning microtome, knife, honing and stropping. Types, care and use of microtome.

Technique for sectioning – frozen section. Technique for sectioning – Paraffin embedded tissue. Errors in sectioning and remedies. Attaching blocks to carriers.

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Technique of processing bone for histological studies. Mounting and covering. Mounting media.

Staining – theory, types of staining agent. Mordents and differentiation. H & E staining. Types of hematoxillin and its preparation. Eosin stock stain and other counter stain used.

Principles of histo chemistry. And its application

Cytology – introduction, definition, types of cytological specimen, preparation of slide for microscopic studies, stains used.

Museum technique. Preparation, setting up of an arrangement of museum.

FNAC, definition, techniques involved in preparation of smear and staining. PAP smear.Demonstration of sex chromatin, barr bodies, Amniotic fluid study.

PRACTICAL:

1. Collection of blood – finger prick, venous blood.

2. Hb estimation, RBC count and estimation of packed cell volume.

3. Total WBC count and absolute eosinophil count, Differential count of WBC, staining of

blood smears.

4. Platelet count by various methods.Erythrocyte sedimentation rate by various methods.

5. Preparation of leishman stain.

6. Osmotic fragility of RBC. Clot retraction test and reticulocyte count.Preparation of bone

marrow smears. Preparation of LE cell smears.

7. Comment on peripheral smear.

8. Screening of donors.

9. Preparation of anticoagulant fluids

10. Grouping of blood.Cross matching of blood samples.

11. Coomb’s test, Screening of HbS .Ag.

12. Paraffin section cutting.

13. H & E staining

14. Special staining.

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