Assisting the President:Assisting the President:The presidential advisors The presidential advisors

and the and the Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy

Unit 5Unit 5

Top advisors to the PresidentTop advisors to the President First ladyFirst lady

Many have been active advisors (Abigail Adams; Many have been active advisors (Abigail Adams; Edith Wilson; Eleanor Roosevelt)Edith Wilson; Eleanor Roosevelt)

Vice PresidentVice President Constitutional Responsibilities: Preside over the Constitutional Responsibilities: Preside over the

Senate; Take over if the president is unable to Senate; Take over if the president is unable to serveserve

Top advisors to the PresidentTop advisors to the President

Executive Office of the PresidentExecutive Office of the President or or White White House staffHouse staff: :

Chief of StaffChief of Staff General Counsel General Counsel National Security CouncilNational Security Council Council of Economic AdvisorsCouncil of Economic Advisors

The Federal BureaucracyThe Federal Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy: Bureaucracy: the administrative offices that the administrative offices that handle the everyday business of the handle the everyday business of the governmentgovernment

Includes all persons that help run the Fed. Includes all persons that help run the Fed. Gov’tGov’t

Not clearly defined in ConstitutionNot clearly defined in Constitution A Bureaucrat: A Bureaucrat: non-elected person hired to aid non-elected person hired to aid

the president in running the governmentthe president in running the government

The Federal Bureaucracy1789-2008

Created by Washington First cabinet consisted of Sec of State, Treasury, War, and

Attorney General

Expanded by Jackson and the spoils system

Patronage vs. Pendelton Act/merit system Civil War and Reconstruction New Deal The Great Society 9-11

Who? What? Where?Who? What? Where?

Selection:Selection: 90% are hired the civil service system90% are hired the civil service system 10% are appointed by the president10% are appointed by the president

Type of jobs…everythingType of jobs…everything FBI agents to librariansFBI agents to librarians Many jobs are now issued to subcontractorsMany jobs are now issued to subcontractors

Location:Location: Only 10% work in D.C.Only 10% work in D.C.

Structure…The CabinetStructure…The Cabinet 15 departments15 departments Each established by Each established by

Congress for a specific Congress for a specific tasktask

Headed by a SecretaryHeaded by a Secretary Appointed by the Appointed by the

PresidentPresident Approved by the SenateApproved by the Senate Each Dept is sub dividedEach Dept is sub divided Functions are greatly Functions are greatly

impacted by the impacted by the PresidentPresident

Structure…Structure…Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive Agencies

Cabinet level positionsCabinet level positions Provide a specific service to the countryProvide a specific service to the country President appoints directorsPresident appoints directors Presidential influence is limitedPresidential influence is limited Ex: EPA; NASAEx: EPA; NASA

Structure…Structure…Independent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory Commissions

Established by Congress to regulate a specific Established by Congress to regulate a specific activity or industryactivity or industry

Directors are appointed by the presidentDirectors are appointed by the president Presidential influence is extremely limitedPresidential influence is extremely limited Ex: FCC; FDA; SECEx: FCC; FDA; SEC

Structure…Structure…Government CorporationsGovernment Corporations

Established by Congress to carry out business-Established by Congress to carry out business-like activitieslike activities

Directors are appointed by the presidentDirectors are appointed by the president Presidential influence is extremely limitedPresidential influence is extremely limited Collects profitsCollects profits Ex: U.S. Post Office; Export-Import Bank; Ex: U.S. Post Office; Export-Import Bank;

AmtrakAmtrak

How it works…How it works…

A Hierarchical systemA Hierarchical system Clearly defined goals & objectives given by Clearly defined goals & objectives given by

Congress with plans for implementationCongress with plans for implementation A division of laborA division of labor Often influenced by the Often influenced by the Issue networksIssue networks and and

Interagency councilsInteragency councils & & Policy Coordinating Policy Coordinating CommitteesCommittees (PCCs) (PCCs)

Loyola’s Bureaucracy

How it works…How it works…

Most agencies are given the power of:Most agencies are given the power of: Administrative discretionAdministrative discretion in setting policies in setting policies

and regulationsand regulations May result in an increase in regulations or May result in an increase in regulations or

deregulationderegulation Administrative adjudicationAdministrative adjudication to enforce to enforce

policies and regulationspolicies and regulations

Who keeps the F.B. in check?Who keeps the F.B. in check? President:

Appoints department heads; controls the budget; can reorganize; set policies/regulations

Examples? Congress:

Set policies/regulations through new laws; Shut down departments; alter budgets Investigate questionable activities

Police control vs. fire alarm oversight Office of Management and Budget vs. Congressional Budget Office

Examples?