assisted reproductive technologies in same-sex couples · 2014. 8. 27. · medical team that will...

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Guerrero Bautista, Sergio, tutored by Vidal Domínguez, Francesca Assisted Reproductive Technologies in same-sex couples INTRODUCTION The dissocia+on between gene+c and gesta+onal maternity that Assisted Reproduc+ve Technologies (ART) offer is in direct conflict with the legisla+ons based in the Roman principle according to which the mother is always right. From the prolifera+on of ART and the increasing legal recogni+on of same sex couples, legisla+ons such as the Spanish have started to accept – under certain condi+ons – the establishment of the double maternity in favour of the expectant and the woman with who she agrees to ART. Regarding two men couples, although double paternity is legal in Spain any ART through surrogate gesta+on with in vitro fer+liza+on or ar+ficial insemina+on is not. That is why a lot of homosexual couples decide to go through these procedures in countries where the legisla+ons allow them. BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SAME-SEX COUPLES. GAMETES AND EMBRYOS DONATION The first autonomous law to authorize joint adop+on for homosexual couples was floral law 6/2000, 3 rd of July, of legal equality to stable couples in the Floral, followed by the law 2/2003, 7 th of May, that regulated civil partnerships in the Basque CountryCommunity of Navarra. These ini+al legisla+ve reforms were followed by legal resolu+ons that, through adop+ng the child of her partner, recognized the biological mother’s partner as legal mother of the child. In both cases, the minors that the biological mother’s partner wanted to adopt had been conceived during the rela+onship, from the expectant mothers eggs and third party’s sperm. During the processing of the Law of Assisted Reproduc+ve Human Technologies (LAHRT), the law 13/2005, 1 st of July, became effec+ve – a code modifica+on on the subject of matrimony – legalizing marriage between same sex individuals. Once the LAHRT were effec+ve, the DA 1º of the law 3/2007, 15 th of March, added a third sec+on to the 7 th ar+cle that specifically admi]ed the possibility to determine double maternity to two married women. The Resolu+on of the General Directorate of Registries and Notaries of 18.2.2009 concluded that double paternal affilia+on can only be established through adop+on, and the prohibi+on of surrogacy contracts is discriminatory since it impedes the access to ART to homosexual couples of two men. Even though the double paternal affilia+on is already possible in Spain – since the admission of the establishment of adop+ve affilia+on in favour of two men – and even though double affilia+on through ar+ficial fer+liza+on is possible for two married women, the GDRN decision is nevertheless ques+onable, because it has to do with a biological difference the inequality of treatment is considered to be jus+fied. The last op+on for most couples is then to go to other countries where this procedure is allowed. They can then register the child in the consular civil register provided that at least one of the applicants is Spanish and a legal resolu+on dictated by the country of origin is presented – alongside the applica+on – to the person in charge of the register. This legal resolu+on has to guarantee the DOUBLE PATERNITY DOUBLE MATERNITY NECESSARY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SAME-SEX COUPLE ECONOMICAL ASPECTS In vitro fer+liza+on (IVF) o In vitro fer+liza+on: between 3.000€ and 4.000€ o In vitro fer+liza+on with oocyte dona+on: between 6.000€ and 7.000€ Intracytoplasmic sperm injec+on (ICSI) o ICSI: between 4.000€ and 5.500€ o ICSI with oocyte dona+on: between 7.000€ and 8.500€ Illegal: Spain, France, Portugal, China, Japan and Italy. Legal under the condi+on of an altruis+c contract: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Belgium, UK, Greece, Australia and Holland. Legal regardless of the contract being altruis+c or not: Israel, India (around 23.000$), Panama (around 55.000$), Thailand (around 35.000$), Iran, Romania, Ukraine (between 40.000$ and 60.000$), Russia (between 40.000$ and 60.000$), New Zealand, South GESTATIONAL SURROGACY IN OTHER COUNTRIES ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SPAIN CRITERIA TO DETERMINE AFFILIATION The possibility to establish double maternity as a result of ART consolidates will – formalized from the legal consents – as the basic criteria to establish affilia+on in this context. This way, if the child was conceived by a woman married to another woman but this last one did not give her consent, the child will only be registered as son/daughter of the expectant mother. 14 Opposite to the case of a man not married to the mother – in which a medical document expressing consent to the fer+liza+on is enough , the mother’s partner who also wants to be considered affiliated previous to the birth has to communicate this will to the person in charge of the civil register. In Catalonia, however, a woman – married or not to the mother – is allowed to give her consent to ar+ficial fer+liza+on in order to determine affilia+on in her favour through The donation of gametes is a free and confidential contract that can only be revoked in case the donor needs it, and providing the gametes are available. The selection of the semen donor can only be done by a medical team that will have to choose the semen according to its quality. The embryos that remain unclaimed by couples can be donated in the same way semen and oocytes are donated. All processes related to the donation of gametes are subject to a free and confidential contract. WOMAN COUPLES POSSIBILITES MAN COUPLES DONATION REFERENCES Cabero Roura, Luis. Tratado de Ginecología, Obstetricia y Medicina de la Reproducción. Madrid: Médica Panamericana, 2003. / Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asis+da. España. Bole%n Oficial del Estado, de 27 de mayo de 2006, páginas 19947 a 19956. / Ley foral 6/2000, de 3 de Julio, para la igualdad juridical de las parejas estables, España, BONnúm. 82, de 07/07/2000, Bole2n Oficial del Estadonúm. 214, de 06/09/2000. / Ley 2/2003, de 7 de mayo, reguladora de las parejas de hecho, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estado, de 23 de mayo de 2007, pág 09180. / Ley 13/2005, de 1 de Julio, por la que se modifica el código civil en material de derecho a contraer matrimonio, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estado, núm 157, de 2 de Julio de 2005, páginas 23632 a 23634. / Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rec+ficación registral de la mención rela+ve al sexo de las personas, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estadonúm 65, de 16 de marzo de 2007, páginas 11251 a 11253. / Res. DGRN 1ª de 18 de febrero de 2009, de inscripción de nacimiento. Nacido en el extrangero por medio de técnicas de gestación por sus+tución. Es inscribable en el Registro Civil español a través de cer+ficación registral extrangera, España, Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado. / Farnós Amorós, Esther. Consen+miento a la reproducción assis+da. Crisis de pareja y disposición de embriones. Barcelona: Atelier.

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Page 1: Assisted Reproductive Technologies in same-sex couples · 2014. 8. 27. · medical team that will have to choose the semen according to its quality.! The embryos that remain unclaimed

Guerrero Bautista, Sergio, tutored by Vidal Domínguez, Francesca

Assisted Reproductive Technologies in same-sex couples

INTRODUCTION

The  dissocia+on  between  gene+c  and  gesta+onal  maternity  that  Assisted  Reproduc+ve  Technologies  (ART)  offer  is  in  direct  conflict  with  the  legisla+ons  based  in  the  Roman  principle  according  to  which  

the  mother  is  always  right.  

From  the  prolifera+on  of  ART  and  the  increasing  legal  recogni+on  of  same  sex  couples,  legisla+ons  such  as  the  Spanish  have  started  to  accept  –  under  certain  condi+ons  –  the  establishment  of  the  double  

maternity  in  favour  of  the  expectant  and  the  woman  with  who  she  agrees  to  ART.    

Regarding  two  men  couples,  although  double  paternity   is   legal   in  Spain  any  ART  through  surrogate  gesta+on  with   in  vitro  fer+liza+on  or  ar+ficial   insemina+on  is  not.  That   is  why  a   lot  of  homosexual  

couples  decide  to  go  through  these  procedures  in  countries  where  the  legisla+ons  allow  them.

BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SAME-SEX COUPLES. GAMETES AND EMBRYOS DONATION

The  first  autonomous  law  to  authorize  joint  adop+on  for  homosexual  couples  was  floral  law  6/2000,  3rd  of  July,  of  legal  equality  to  stable  couples  in  the  Floral,  followed  by  the  law  2/2003,  7th  of  May,  that  regulated  civil  partnerships  in  the  Basque  CountryCommunity  of  Navarra.  These  ini+al  legisla+ve  reforms  were  followed  by  legal  resolu+ons  that,  through  adop+ng  the  child  of  her  partner,  recognized  the  biological  mother’s  partner  as  legal  mother  of  the  child.  In  both  cases,  the  minors   that   the   biological   mother’s   partner   wanted   to   adopt   had   been   conceived   during   the  rela+onship,  from  the  expectant  mothers  eggs  and  third  party’s  sperm.  During  the  processing  of  the  Law   of   Assisted   Reproduc+ve   Human   Technologies   (LAHRT),   the   law   13/2005,   1st   of   July,   became  effec+ve  –  a  code  modifica+on  on  the  subject  of  matrimony  –  legalizing  marriage  between  same  sex  individuals.    Once  the  LAHRT  were  effec+ve,  the  DA  1º  of  the  law  3/2007,  15th  of  March,  added  a  third  sec+on  to  the  7th  ar+cle  that  specifically  admi]ed  the  possibility  to  determine  double  maternity  to  two  married  women.

The   Resolu+on   of   the  General   Directorate   of   Registries   and  Notaries   of   18.2.2009   concluded   that  double   paternal   affilia+on   can   only   be   established   through   adop+on,   and   the   prohibi+on   of  surrogacy  contracts   is  discriminatory   since   it   impedes   the  access   to  ART   to  homosexual   couples  of  two   men.   Even   though   the   double   paternal   affilia+on   is   already   possible   in   Spain   –   since   the  admission   of   the   establishment   of   adop+ve   affilia+on   in   favour   of   two   men   –   and   even   though  double   affilia+on   through   ar+ficial   fer+liza+on   is   possible   for   two   married   women,   the   GDRN  decision  is  nevertheless  ques+onable,  because  it  has  to  do  with  a  biological  difference  the  inequality  of  treatment  is  considered  to  be  jus+fied.  The   last  op+on   for  most  couples   is   then  to  go   to  other  countries  where   this  procedure   is  allowed.  They   can   then   register   the   child   in   the   consular   civil   register   provided   that   at   least   one   of   the  applicants  is  Spanish  and  a  legal  resolu+on  dictated  by  the  country  of  origin  is  presented  –  alongside  the  applica+on  –  to  the  person   in  charge  of  the  register.  This   legal  resolu+on  has  to  guarantee  the  

DOUBLE PATERNITYDOUBLE MATERNITY

NECESSARY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SAME-SEX COUPLE

ECONOMICAL ASPECTS

• In  vitro  fer+liza+on  (IVF)  o In  vitro  fer+liza+on:  between  3.000€  and  4.000€  o In  vitro  fer+liza+on  with  oocyte  dona+on:  between  6.000€  and  7.000€  

• Intracytoplasmic  sperm  injec+on (ICSI) o ICSI:  between  4.000€  and  5.500€ o ICSI  with  oocyte  dona+on:  between  7.000€  and  8.500€

• Illegal:  Spain,  France,  Portugal,  China,  Japan  and  Italy.  • Legal  under  the  condi+on  of  an  altruis+c  contract:  Canada,  Mexico,  Brazil,  Belgium,  UK,  

Greece,  Australia  and  Holland.  • Legal   regardless   of   the   contract   being   altruis+c   or   not:   Israel,   India   (around   23.000$),  

Panama  (around  55.000$),  Thailand  (around  35.000$),  Iran,  Romania,  Ukraine  (between  40.000$   and   60.000$),   Russia   (between   40.000$   and   60.000$),   New   Zealand,   South  

GESTATIONAL SURROGACY IN OTHER COUNTRIESASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SPAIN

CRITERIA TO DETERMINE AFFILIATION

The  possibility  to  establish  double  maternity  as  a  result  of  ART  consolidates  will  –  formalized  from  the  legal  consents  –  as  the  basic  criteria  to  establish  affilia+on  in  this  context.  This  way,  if  the  child  was  conceived  by  a  woman  married  to  another  woman  but  this  last  one  did  not  give  her  consent,  the  child  will  only  be  registered  as  son/daughter  of  the  expectant  mother.14Opposite  to  the  case  of  a  man  not  married  to  the  mother  –  in  which  a  medical  document  expressing  consent  to  the  fer+liza+on  is  enough  -­‐,  the  mother’s  partner  who  also  wants  to  be  considered  affiliated  previous  to  the  birth  has  to  communicate  this  will  to  the  person  in  charge  of  the  civil  register.  In  Catalonia,  however,  a  woman  –  married  or  not  to  the  mother  –  is  allowed  to  give  her  consent  to  ar+ficial  fer+liza+on  in  order  to  determine  affilia+on  in  her  favour  through  

The donation of gametes is a free and confidential contract that can only be revoked in case the donor needs it, and providing the gametes are available.!

The selection of the semen donor can only be done by a medical team that will have to choose the semen according to its quality.!

The embryos that remain unclaimed by couples can be donated in the same way semen and oocytes are donated. All processes related to the donation of gametes are subject to a free and confidential contract.!

WOMAN COUPLES POSSIBILITES MAN COUPLES DONATION

REFERENCES

 Cabero  Roura,  Luis.  Tratado  de  Ginecología,  Obstetricia  y  Medicina  de  la  Reproducción.  Madrid:  Médica  Panamericana,  2003.  /  Ley  14/2006,  de  26  de  mayo,  sobre  técnicas  de  reproducción  humana  asis+da.  España.  Bole%n  Oficial  del  Estado,  de  27  de  mayo  de  2006,  páginas  19947  a  19956.  /  Ley  foral  6/2000,  de  3  de  Julio,  para  la  igualdad  juridical  de  las  parejas  estables,  España,  BON  núm.  82,  de  07/07/2000,  Bole2n  Oficial  del  Estado  núm.  214,  de  06/09/2000.  /  Ley  2/2003,  de  7  de  mayo,  reguladora  de  las  parejas  de  hecho,  España,  Bole2n  Oficial  del  Estado,  de  23  de  mayo  de  2007,  pág  09180.  /  Ley  13/2005,  de  1  de  Julio,  por  la  que  se  modifica  el  código  civil  en  material  de  derecho  a  contraer  matrimonio,  España,  Bole2n  Oficial  del  Estado,  núm  157,  de  2  de  Julio  de  2005,  páginas  23632  a  23634.  /  Ley  3/2007,  de  15  de  marzo,  reguladora  de  la  rec+ficación  registral  de  la  mención  rela+ve  al  sexo  de  las  personas,  España,  Bole2n  Oficial  del  Estado  núm  65,  de  16  de  marzo  de  2007,  páginas  11251  a  11253.  /  Res.  DGRN  1ª  de  18  de  febrero  de  2009,  de  inscripción  de  nacimiento.  Nacido  en  el  extrangero  por  medio  de  técnicas  de  gestación  por  sus+tución.  Es  inscribable  en  el  Registro  Civil  español  a  través  de  cer+ficación  registral  extrangera,  España,  Dirección  General  de  los  Registros  y  del  Notariado.  /  Farnós  Amorós,  Esther.  Consen+miento  a  la  reproducción  assis+da.  Crisis  de  pareja  y  disposición  de  embriones.  Barcelona:  Atelier.