assisted reproductive technologies in same-sex couples · 2014. 8. 27. · medical team that will...
TRANSCRIPT
Guerrero Bautista, Sergio, tutored by Vidal Domínguez, Francesca
Assisted Reproductive Technologies in same-sex couples
INTRODUCTION
The dissocia+on between gene+c and gesta+onal maternity that Assisted Reproduc+ve Technologies (ART) offer is in direct conflict with the legisla+ons based in the Roman principle according to which
the mother is always right.
From the prolifera+on of ART and the increasing legal recogni+on of same sex couples, legisla+ons such as the Spanish have started to accept – under certain condi+ons – the establishment of the double
maternity in favour of the expectant and the woman with who she agrees to ART.
Regarding two men couples, although double paternity is legal in Spain any ART through surrogate gesta+on with in vitro fer+liza+on or ar+ficial insemina+on is not. That is why a lot of homosexual
couples decide to go through these procedures in countries where the legisla+ons allow them.
BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SAME-SEX COUPLES. GAMETES AND EMBRYOS DONATION
The first autonomous law to authorize joint adop+on for homosexual couples was floral law 6/2000, 3rd of July, of legal equality to stable couples in the Floral, followed by the law 2/2003, 7th of May, that regulated civil partnerships in the Basque CountryCommunity of Navarra. These ini+al legisla+ve reforms were followed by legal resolu+ons that, through adop+ng the child of her partner, recognized the biological mother’s partner as legal mother of the child. In both cases, the minors that the biological mother’s partner wanted to adopt had been conceived during the rela+onship, from the expectant mothers eggs and third party’s sperm. During the processing of the Law of Assisted Reproduc+ve Human Technologies (LAHRT), the law 13/2005, 1st of July, became effec+ve – a code modifica+on on the subject of matrimony – legalizing marriage between same sex individuals. Once the LAHRT were effec+ve, the DA 1º of the law 3/2007, 15th of March, added a third sec+on to the 7th ar+cle that specifically admi]ed the possibility to determine double maternity to two married women.
The Resolu+on of the General Directorate of Registries and Notaries of 18.2.2009 concluded that double paternal affilia+on can only be established through adop+on, and the prohibi+on of surrogacy contracts is discriminatory since it impedes the access to ART to homosexual couples of two men. Even though the double paternal affilia+on is already possible in Spain – since the admission of the establishment of adop+ve affilia+on in favour of two men – and even though double affilia+on through ar+ficial fer+liza+on is possible for two married women, the GDRN decision is nevertheless ques+onable, because it has to do with a biological difference the inequality of treatment is considered to be jus+fied. The last op+on for most couples is then to go to other countries where this procedure is allowed. They can then register the child in the consular civil register provided that at least one of the applicants is Spanish and a legal resolu+on dictated by the country of origin is presented – alongside the applica+on – to the person in charge of the register. This legal resolu+on has to guarantee the
DOUBLE PATERNITYDOUBLE MATERNITY
NECESSARY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A SAME-SEX COUPLE
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
• In vitro fer+liza+on (IVF) o In vitro fer+liza+on: between 3.000€ and 4.000€ o In vitro fer+liza+on with oocyte dona+on: between 6.000€ and 7.000€
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injec+on (ICSI) o ICSI: between 4.000€ and 5.500€ o ICSI with oocyte dona+on: between 7.000€ and 8.500€
• Illegal: Spain, France, Portugal, China, Japan and Italy. • Legal under the condi+on of an altruis+c contract: Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Belgium, UK,
Greece, Australia and Holland. • Legal regardless of the contract being altruis+c or not: Israel, India (around 23.000$),
Panama (around 55.000$), Thailand (around 35.000$), Iran, Romania, Ukraine (between 40.000$ and 60.000$), Russia (between 40.000$ and 60.000$), New Zealand, South
GESTATIONAL SURROGACY IN OTHER COUNTRIESASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SPAIN
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE AFFILIATION
The possibility to establish double maternity as a result of ART consolidates will – formalized from the legal consents – as the basic criteria to establish affilia+on in this context. This way, if the child was conceived by a woman married to another woman but this last one did not give her consent, the child will only be registered as son/daughter of the expectant mother.14Opposite to the case of a man not married to the mother – in which a medical document expressing consent to the fer+liza+on is enough -‐, the mother’s partner who also wants to be considered affiliated previous to the birth has to communicate this will to the person in charge of the civil register. In Catalonia, however, a woman – married or not to the mother – is allowed to give her consent to ar+ficial fer+liza+on in order to determine affilia+on in her favour through
The donation of gametes is a free and confidential contract that can only be revoked in case the donor needs it, and providing the gametes are available.!
The selection of the semen donor can only be done by a medical team that will have to choose the semen according to its quality.!
The embryos that remain unclaimed by couples can be donated in the same way semen and oocytes are donated. All processes related to the donation of gametes are subject to a free and confidential contract.!
WOMAN COUPLES POSSIBILITES MAN COUPLES DONATION
REFERENCES
Cabero Roura, Luis. Tratado de Ginecología, Obstetricia y Medicina de la Reproducción. Madrid: Médica Panamericana, 2003. / Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asis+da. España. Bole%n Oficial del Estado, de 27 de mayo de 2006, páginas 19947 a 19956. / Ley foral 6/2000, de 3 de Julio, para la igualdad juridical de las parejas estables, España, BON núm. 82, de 07/07/2000, Bole2n Oficial del Estado núm. 214, de 06/09/2000. / Ley 2/2003, de 7 de mayo, reguladora de las parejas de hecho, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estado, de 23 de mayo de 2007, pág 09180. / Ley 13/2005, de 1 de Julio, por la que se modifica el código civil en material de derecho a contraer matrimonio, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estado, núm 157, de 2 de Julio de 2005, páginas 23632 a 23634. / Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rec+ficación registral de la mención rela+ve al sexo de las personas, España, Bole2n Oficial del Estado núm 65, de 16 de marzo de 2007, páginas 11251 a 11253. / Res. DGRN 1ª de 18 de febrero de 2009, de inscripción de nacimiento. Nacido en el extrangero por medio de técnicas de gestación por sus+tución. Es inscribable en el Registro Civil español a través de cer+ficación registral extrangera, España, Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado. / Farnós Amorós, Esther. Consen+miento a la reproducción assis+da. Crisis de pareja y disposición de embriones. Barcelona: Atelier.