assignment networking final

8/7/2019 assignment networking final

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Title: The Latest Development in Computer Networks and Communications

Name: Loo Soo Yong

IC Number: 940326-07-5417

Group Members: Loo Soo Yong

Lee Yanzong

Chew Tsu Sen

Lai Jia Hui

Assignment: LA3.S07.1


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1.0 Introduction

The purpose of a computer communications network is to allow moving information

from one point to another inside the network. The information could be stored on a device,

such as a personal computer in the network; it could be generated live outside the network,such as speech, or could be generated by a process on another piece of information, such as

automatic sales transactions at the end of a business day. The device does not necessarily

have to be a computer; it could be a hard disk, a camera or even a printer on the network. Due

to a large variety of information to be moved, and due to the fact that each type of

information has its own conditions for intelligibility, the computer network has evolved into a

highly complex system. Specialized knowledge from many areas of science and engineering

goes into the design of networks. It is practically impossible for a single area of science or

engineering to be entirely responsible for the design of all the components. Therefore, a study

of computer networks branches into many areas as we go up from fundamentals to the

advanced levels.

2.0 Mobile Computing

2.1 Definition

Mobile computing can be defined as the usage of a computing device while in transit.

Mobile computing implies wireless transmission, but wireless transmission does notnecessarily imply mobile computing. Fixed wireless applications use satellites, radio systems

or wireless radios to transmit between permanent objects such as buildings and towers.

Although mobile computing usually involves wireless applications, however, traditional

wired communications devices such as Ethernet, dialup or ISDN networks sometimes

categorized as mobile computing, too.

The rise of cellular networks has become a trend for mobile computing as cellular

networks has become more reliable and faster. For instance, cellular networks allow users to

access the Internet without the use of cables, as well as eliminating the limitations such as

limited range of WiFi networks. This allows users to perform mobile computing, regardless

of time and place.


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2.2 Specifications, services and frequency of mobile computing

Device: Mobile Phone

Model: Nokia N8

Frequencies GSM 850/900/1800/1900

HSDPA 850/900/1700/2100/1900

Size 113.5 x 59.1 x 12.9 mm, 86 cc

Weight 135g

Display Type AMOLED capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors

Size - Multi-touch input method

- Proximity sensor for auto turn-off

- Accelerometer sensor for UI auto-rotate

- Scratch resistant Gorilla glass display

Alert Tones Vibration; MP3, WAV ringtones

Speakerphone Yes

-3.5mm audio jack

Call records Detailed, max 30 days

Internal 16 GB storage, 256MB RAM, 512 MB ROM

Card Slot microSD, up to 32GB

GPRS Class 33

EDGE Class 33

3G HSDPA, 10.2 Mbps; HSUPA, 2.0 Mbps

WLAN Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, UPnP technology


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Bluetooth Yes, v3.0 with A2DP

Infrared No

USB Yes, microUSB v2.0, USB On-the-go support

Primary Camera 12 MP, 4000x3000 pixels, Carl Zeiss optics,

autofocus, Xenon flash

Features 1/1.83'' sensor size, ND filter, geo-tagging,

face and smile detection

Video Yes, 720p@25fps

Secondary Camera VGA videocall camera

OS Symbian^3 OS

CPU ARM 11 680 MHz processor, 3D Graphics

HW accelerator

Messaging SMS (threaded view), MMS, Email, Push

Email, IM

Browser WAP 2.0/xHTML, HTML, RSS feeds

Radio Stereo FM radio with RDS; FM transmitter

Games Yes + downloadable

Colours Dark Grey, Silver White, Green, Blue, Orange

GPS Yes, with A-GPS support; Ovi Maps 3.0

Java Yes, MIDP 2.1

- TV-out (720p video) via HDMI and

composite

- Dolby Digital Plus via HDMI

- Anodized aluminum casing

- Digital compass

- MP3/WMA/WAV/eAAC+ player

- DivX/XviD/MP4/H.264/H.263/WMV player

- Voice command/dial- Document viewer (Word, Excel,

PowerPoint, PDF)

- Video/photo editor

- Flash Lite v4.0

- T9


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Battery Standard battery, Li-Ion 1200 mAh (BL-4D)

Standby Time Up to 390 h (2G) / Up to 400 h (3G)

Talk Time Up to 12 h 30 min (2G) / Up to 5 h 30 min

(3G)

Music Play Up to 50 h

3.0 Internet Technology and Services

3.1 VOIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP, Voice over IP) is a general term for a family of

methodologies, communication protocols, and transmission technologies for delivery of voice

communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the

Internet. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony,

Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband

phone.

Internet telephony refers to communications services voice, facsimile, and/or

voice-messaging applications that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public

switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet

telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and

compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over

the Internet; the process is reversed at the receiving end.

VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of

calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network

as digital audio via an audio stream. Codec use is varied between different implementations

of VoIP (and often a range of codecs are used); some implementations rely on narrowband

and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs.


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A Residential Network with VOIP

3.2 Blog

A blog (a blend of the term "web log") is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs

are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of

events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in

reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add

content to a blog.

Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message

each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from

other static websites.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as

more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs,

Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in

an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual,

although some focus on art (Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (Video blogging),

music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging,

featuring very short posts.

As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than

112,000,000 blogs.


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4.0 Types of Network

4.1 PAN

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication

among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one's

person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is

typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices

themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and

the Internet. Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and

FireWire.

4.2 VPN

A virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication

infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure

access to their organization's network. It aims to avoid an expensive system of owned or

leased lines that can be used by only one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the

organization with the same secure capabilities but at a much lower cost.

It encapsulates data transfers between two or more networked devices not on the same

private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or more

intervening local or wide area networks. There are many different classifications,

implementations, and uses for VPNs.

The advantages of a well-designed VPN are:-

Extend geographic connectivity

Improve security

Reduce operational costs versus traditional WAN

Reduce transit time and transportation costs for remote users

Improve productivity

Simplify network topology


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Provide global networking opportunities

Provide telecommuter support

Provide broadband networking compatibility

Provide faster ROI (return on investment) than traditional WAN

4.4 WIMAX

WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a

telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of

transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet

access. The technology provides up to 3 Mbit/s speed without the need of cables. The

technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access).The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to

promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a

standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an

alternative to cable and DSL".

In practical terms, WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over

greater distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX could potentially erase the

suburban and rural blackout areas that currently have no broadband Internet access because

phone and cable companies have not yet run the necessary wires to those remote locations.

Wimax often has a larger range than WiFi, since WiFi has a range of about 30m.

However, WiMAX provides a very large coverage radius, sometimes up to 50 km radius.

Under optimal conditions, WiMAX can deliver speeds up to 70Mbit/s, even though it is

shared among hundreds of home users or dozens of business. However, it is capable of

delivering speeds equivalent of a cable internet service. This allows WiMAX to deliver great

speeds without the use of cables, which makes an ideal condition to provide broadband

access in rural or remote areas.

5.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion, computer networks have indeed revolutionized the way we

communicate, work and play. However, computer networks should not be misused and

developed in a continuous matter so that people can maximize their computing experience.


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References

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax1.htm

http://wwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMAX

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Area_Network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN

http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_n8-3252.php

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