assignment 3 phonetics and phonology

8/12/2019 Assignment 3 Phonetics and Phonology

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Study Period 2, 2011 1 Tim Curnow

Lang1055 Introduction to the Study of LanguageUniversity of South Australia

Assessment 4 (Ass3): Phonetics/phonology

Due 4pm, Friday 17 June 2011 (worth 15% of your final result)

Note that internal students must submit this assignment in two ways usingthe electronic submission program AssignIT, and by submitting a hard-copytoyour lecturer in class or to the course box outside room B1-14 (Magillcampus). You must submit your assignment in bothways before the deadline.If you submit in only one way, it will be considered that you have notsubmitted the assignment. Students enrolled in the online-only course maysubmit just via AssignIT. Unless you have requested an assignment beforethe

due date, any late submissions will lose 10% of the possible assignment markper day, and will not be accepted later than one week after the due date.

Instructions:

1. Complete the four questions of this assignment, preferably typewritten in atleast 12 point font. For this assignment, youll have to use Charis SIL, oreverything will probably fall apart. For details on the Charis SIL font and howto get it, have a look at the page Fonts on the course website; or else thesection in the Course Information Booklet.

2. Attach the Internal Assignment Cover Sheet to the front of your assignment.3. The Assessment Feedback Sheet shows the key components of the assignment

that is, the areas which will be taken account of in assessing yourassignment. So you might want to have a look at the Assessment FeedbackSheet, either in the Course Information Booklet, or on the website. Its likely toimprove your grade, if you know before you start what Im looking for in theassignment.

4. Submit your assignment on or before Friday 17 June 2011 by placing in theappropriate assignment pigeonhole at the School of Communication,International Studies and Languages, Magill before then. Also before then,submit an electronic version of your assignment via AssignIT.

All students complete the same questions for Questions 1 and 2. Questions 3 and 4are language-specific you should answer one version of Question 3 and oneversion of Question 4, either Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japaneseor Spanish, depending on which language you want to answer. If you are studyingmore than one of these languages, just select one to answer here (though obviouslyyou can do the other if you wish!); as usual, you cannot answer the question usingthe data of your native language. Unfortunately, Arabic isnt an option for thisassignment.

While you are working out the answers to these problems, you can work onyour own, or together with a few other students. However when it comes to writing

up your final solution to submit, you must do this on your own. That is, everystudent must hand in a solution which they wrote themselves.


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Assignment 3 (phonetics and phonology) Lang1055


Question 1 (all students to answer)

a) English voiced oral plosives/stops are made at three places of articulation.What are the three places, and what are the IPA symbols for each of the threevoiced stops?

Place 1: Voiced stop symbol:



b) What is the difference between the plosive (or oral stop) [b] and the nasal (ornasal stop) [m] in terms of articulation? That is, what do you do differentlyin your mouth between [b] and [m]?

c) On the vowel charts for Australian and New Zealand English shown in thelecture and give below (taken from Robert Mannells page at MacquarieUniversity, which used to be at the following, but isnt there any morehttp://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/ausenglish/auseng_vowels.html), a position is given for the Australian English monophthong(pure vowel) in the word hair. There is no corresponding word hairon theNew Zealand English monophthong chart (nor, on the website, for the BritishRP (Received Pronunciation) nor the US English monophthong charts).Given that all these varieties of English have the word hair, why do you thinkits not marked on these non-Australian monophthong charts?


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Question 2 (all students to answer)

For this question youll need to look at an IPA chart. There is one in the lecturenotes, and many others are available on the web, and in most linguistics textbooks.

The exact terminology used sometimes varies slightly, but thats OK, any of thepossible terms is fine.

Part A What is the phonetic description of the following consonants?

e.g. [t] voiceless alveolar stop(or voiceless alveolar plosive; or voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop)

e.g. [] voiceless velarized alveolar lateral approximant

1. []2. []

3. []

4. []

5. []

6. [r]

7. []

Part B What is the phonetic description of the following vowels?

e.g. [i] high front unrounded vowel (additionally, could add tense, short)

e.g. [] high back rounded lax vowel (additionally, could add short)

1. [e]

2. [y]

3. []

4. [u]

5. []


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Question 3 Do ONE language

Q3 ChineseGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set ofpractice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.

Note that I have carefully picked words whose pronunciation may be inconflict with their (traditional) spelling; some of the words may consist of morethan one word, but ignore that for this exercise, and treat them as single words.

Listen to the five words for Question 3 (Chinese). For each of the words,circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription. Note that the tones areindicated by lines after the transcriptions a line at the top indicates a high tone, aline at the bottom indicates a low tone, a line going up indicates a rising tone, etc.

1. [stilj ] [tilj ] [tilj ]

2. [tsmi ] [tsmi ] [tsmi ]

3. [shoti ] [oti ] [oti ]

4. [futn ] [fuqn ] [fytn ]

5. [tjtj ] [jiji ] [tjtj ]

Q3 EnglishGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set ofpractice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.


Listen to the five words for Question 3 (English). For each of the words,

circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:1. [kep] [kip] [kip]

2. [knes] [knes] [kes]

3. [pkan] [pkan] [pkun]

4. [sumns] [sumnz] [samns]

5. [npt] [npt] [mpt]


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Q3 FrenchGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set of

practice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.Note that I have carefully picked words whose pronunciation may be in

conflict with their (traditional) spelling; some of the words may consist of morethan one word, but ignore that for this exercise, and treat them as single words.

Listen to the five words for Question 3 (French). For each of the words, circlethe most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:

1. [tzz] [trz] [teiz]

2. [peti] [pti] [pti]

3. [lapom] [lapum] [lapom]

4. [leos] [leoz] [leozz]

5. [lavej] [labej] [labaj]

Q3 GermanGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions of

the assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set ofpractice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.


Listen to the six words for Question 3 (German). For each of the words,circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:

1. [daskni] [dasni] [daskni]

2. [dasefens] [dasfens] [dasfens]

3. [anmpana] [anumpan] [anmpana]

4. [daslp] [daslp] [daslp]

5. [dile] [dile] [dile]

6. [estn] [estn] [estn]


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Q3 IndonesianGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set of



Listen to the five words for Question 3 (Indonesian). For each of the words,circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:

1. [dan] [dnan] [dean]

2. [demokasi] [dmokasi] [dmokrasi]

3. [bente] [benten] [bente]

4. [tantik] [tanti] [tanti]

5. [rentana] [rntana] [rntana]

Q3 ItalianGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions of

the assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set ofpractice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.


Listen to the five words for Question 3 (Italian). For each of the words, circlethe most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:

1. [bnne] [bne] [bni]

2. [laabbja] [laabia] [larabbja]

3. [ilfatto] [ilfato] [ilfatto]

4. [blo] [bllu] [bllo]

5. [lamelodia] [lamelodia] [lamelodja]


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Q3 JapaneseGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set of



Listen to the six words for Question 3 (Japanese). For each of the words,circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription (the pitch accent is given to theright; ignore it):

1. [] [] [sh] (HL)

2. [itsai] [itsgai] [itsuai] (LHL)3. [odin] [odin] [odi] (HHL)

4. [tsnami] [tsnami] [tsunami] (LHL)

5. [osawai] [osaai] [osaai] (HHLLL)

6. [itaate] [itaate] [itaatte] (LHLL)

Q3 SpanishGo to the course website and in the Assessment block, click on Assignment 3:Phonetics and phonology. That takes you to a page that has electronic versions ofthe assignment, and then a list of language names. Click on the appropriatelanguage name. That will take you to the point on the page that contains a set ofpractice words (with transcriptions), and then the set of words for this question.


Listen to the five words for Question 3 (Spanish). For each of the words,circle the most accurate IPA phonetic transcription:

1. [karro] [karo] [caro]

2. [ubas] [uvas] [uas]

3. [tambje] [tambien] [tambjen]

4. [kance] [kanse] [kanse]

5. [kmbinasjons] [kmbinasjons] [kmbinasions]


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Question 4 Do ONE language

Q4 Chinese

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in Chinese is the following:1

/k/ [t] / ___ i and ___ y (that is, before high front vowels)[k] elsewhere

What is the phonetic description of [t]?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)

What is the phonetic description of [k]?

Part B

Given the following list of Chinese words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /k/ would be produced as [t] or as [k]:

Phonologicaltranscription

[t] or [k] Phonologicaltranscription

[t] or [k]

ku [ k ]u dog tsk ts[ ] self

kin [ ]in between kiu [ ]iu nineteenki [ ]i give wnk wn[ ] toy

miku mi[ ]u USA bkn b[ ]n biscuit

k [ ] brother tsnk tsn[ ] respect

ktsi [ ]tsi tangerine lkun l[ ]un hotel

Part C

What is the phonetic description of [t]?

What is the phonetic description of [k]?

1Note that there are several different ideas about the best way to analyse Chinese phonologically. Ihave used one of these ideas here for the purposes of this question, it wouldnt actually matterwhich version I used.


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Part D

Here are some more Chinese words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [t] and [k].

Transcription Transcription

[t] seven [t]in money

[t] request [k] approve

[k]seu cough [t] go

[k]n read [t] interest

t[k]i open [k]u mouth

li[k]uai cool m[t]n mother

Given this set of words, are [t] and [k] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [k] and [k] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F

Is there anything similar about the phonological rule in Part A, and the rule or rulesyou developed in Parts D and/or E? Could you generalize and write a single more

abstract rule?


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Q4 English

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in English is the following:2

/n/ [n] / #s___ (that is, at the beginning of words after s)[n] elsewhere

What is the phonetic description of [n]?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)

What is the phonetic description of [n]?

Part B

Given the following list of English words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /n/ would be produced as [n] or as [n]:


[n] or [n] Phonologicaltranscription

[n] or [n]

snel s[ n ]el snail na [ ]a now

sn s[ ] snigger sn s[ ] snag

netv [ ]etv native nas [ ]as nice

snp s[ ]p snip snad s[ ]ad snide

nl [ ]l niggle nel [ ]el nail

ntl [ ]tl natural snt s[ ]t snot

Part C

What is the phonetic description of [m]?

What is the phonetic description of [m]?

2Actually the rule is more complex than this. But it will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more English words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [m] and [m].

Transcription Transcriptions[m]l small [m]t much

[m]at might s[m]u smooth

[m]el mail [m]ez maze

s[m]at smite [m]as mice

s[m] smog s[m]al smile

[m]l mall s[m]ut smooch

Given this set of words, are [m] and [m] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [m] and [n] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F


abstract rule?


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Q4 French

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in French is the following:3

/y/ [] / ___ V (that is, before a vowel)[y] elsewhere

What is the phonetic description of []?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)

What is the phonetic description of [y]?

Part B

Given the following list of French words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /y/ would be produced as [] or as [y]:


[] or [y] Phonologicaltranscription

[] or [y]

yin []in ruin sye s[ ]e sweat

ly l[ ] read ty t[ ] exhausting

syd s[ ]d south ty t[ ] you

yit [ ]it eight y [ ] road

byo b[ ]o office syav s[ ]av smooth

lyi l[ ]i him yls [ ]ls ulcer

Part C

What is the phonetic description of [w]?

What is the phonetic description of [u]?

3The actual rule in French is slightly more complex than this it depends whether the /y/ comesafter a single consonant or two consonants but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more French words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [w] and [u].


b[w]a drink [w]i yes

t[u] all f[w] whip

l[w]a law [u]blije forget

b[u]l ball t[u]p troop

f[u]l crowd t[w]a three

l[w]i Louis k[u]l colour

Given this set of words, are [w] and [u] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [y] and [u] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F


abstract rule?


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Q4 German

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in German is the following:4

/t/ [t] / ___ and s ___ (i.e. after and after s)[t] elsewhere

What is the phonetic description of [t]?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)

What is the phonetic description of [t]?

Part B

Given the following list of German words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /t/ would be produced as [t] or as [t]:


[t] or [t] Phonologicaltranscription

[t] or [t]

tap [t]ap pole batant ba[ ]an[ ] help

tan [ ]an fir stetk s[ ]e[ ]k aesthetics

tam [ ]am trunk eta e[ ]a storey

atm a[ ]m breath stax s[ ]ax Austria

bttn b[ ][ ]n confirm tim [ ]im team

Part C

What is the phonetic description of [p]?

What is the phonetic description of [p]?

4The actual rule in German is slightly more complex than this, but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more German words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [p] and [p].


as[p]kt aspect [p]an breakdown

o[p]a grandad ta[p]et wallpaper

[p]ak pile [p]ax language

[p]ital hospital vs[p] wasp

ba[p]il example s[p]so espresso

a[p]etit appetite b[p]akn load

Given this set of words, are [p] and [p] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [t] and [p] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F


abstract rule?


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Q4 Italian

Part AOne of the phonological rules which operates in Italian is the following:5

/a/ [a] / ___ CV (That is, you only get [a] in stressed syllables, and thenonly if it is directly followed by a single consonant and then avowel. In other words, you dont get [a] if the syllable isunstressed; you dont get [a] if there is no consonant after it;you dont get [a] if there are two consonants after it; and youdont get [a] if the consonant after it is at the end of theword.)

[a] elsewhere

(NB: For Italian phonology, // and // count as single consonants; long

consonants count as two consonants.)What is the phonetic description of [a]?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)

What is the phonetic description of [a]?

Part B

Given the following list of Italian words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /a/ would be produced as [a] or as [a]:


[a] or [a] Phonologicaltranscription

[a] or [a]

kane k[a]ne dog gatto g[ ]tto cat

davvero d[ ]vvero really fae f[ ]e do

alto [ ]lto tall sale s[ ]le salt

anke [ ]nke also kadde k[ ]dde she fell

kza kz[ ] thing pasta p[ ]st[ ] doughandae [ ]nd[ ]e go bavo b[ ]vo good

mano m[ ]no hand mamma m[ ]mm[ ] mother

Part C

What is the phonetic description of [i]?


5The actual rule in Italian is slightly more complex, but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more Italian words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [i] and [i].


v[i]tto food p[i]sta runway

kk[i] eyes v[i]no wine

f[i]lo string ven[i]e come

s[i]mpat[i]ko nice vent[i] twenty

am[i][i] friends f[i]nto fake

[i]a rage kamm[i]no I walkd[i][i]tto straight

Given this set of words, are [i] and [i] in complementary distribution or contrastivedistribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, if the two canoccur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you think they are incomplementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a single phoneme),design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [a] and [i] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F

Is there anything similar about the phonological rule in Part A, and the rule or rulesyou developed in Parts D and/or E? Could you generalize and write a single moreabstract rule?


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Q4 Indonesian

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in Indonesian is the following:6

/a/ [] / Cnasal___ (i.e. after a nasal consonant, e.g. [m], [n] and [])[a] elsewhere


What is the phonetic description of [a]?

Part B

Given the following list of Indonesian words in phonological transcription, indicatewhether the /a/ would be produced as [] or as [a]:


[] or [a] Phonologicaltranscription

[] or [a]

umah um[]h house ada [ ]d[ ] there is

bka bk[ ] work kanto k[ ]nto office

pu a pu[ ] have makan m[ ]k[ ]n eat

anak [ ]n[ ]k child kakak k[ ]k[ ]k sibling

aik [ ]ik infatuated nama n[ ]m[ ] name

sama s[ ]m[ ] equal ani [ ]ni warp

alan [ ]l[ ]n road

Part C

What is the phonetic description of []?


6The actual rule in Indonesian is more complex, but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more Indonesian words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [] and [i].


m[]mba pulpit lak[i] man

har[i] day pon[]s verdict

lb[i]h more [i]bu mother

b[]s cruel bn[]h seed

p[i]ntu door a[]n wind

[i]n[] this bn[i] hateb[i]u blue kam[] we (exclusive)

Given this set of words, are [] and [i] in complementary distribution or contrastivedistribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, if the two canoccur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you think they are incomplementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a single phoneme),design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [a] and [i] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F



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Q4 Japanese

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in Japanese is the following:7

/i/ [i] / Cvoiceless___ Cvoiceless (i.e. between voiceless consonants)[i] elsewhere

What is the phonetic description of [i]?(e.g. voiced alveolar stop or high back unrounded vowel)


Part B

Given the following list of Japanese words in phonological transcription (pitchaccent is not marked), indicate whether the /i/ would be produced as [i] or as [i]:


[i] or [i] Phonologicaltranscription

[i] or [i]

kik k[i]k listen kimo k[ ]mo liver

midori m[ ]dor[ ] green kita k[ ]ta north

tikai t[ ]ka[ ] near siba s[ ]ba firewood

hikari h[ ]kar[ ] light ziko z[ ]ko accident

sasimi sas[ ]m[ ] a day sikk s[ ]kk performance

Part C



7The actual rule in Japanese is slightly more complex since word-final /i/ also may be [i], and thepitch accent interacts with this rule but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more Japanese words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [] and []. (Pitchaccent is not marked.)


k[]sa grass t[]k[]r[] make

k[]mo spider s[]ppai sour

s[]ki opening s[]s[]m[] advance

k[]s[]ri medicine h[]k[]m[] public service

h[]j[] winter sjok[]zi meal

Given this set of words, are [] and [] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [i] and [] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F



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Q4 Spanish

Part A

One of the phonological rules which operates in Spanish is the following:8

/b/ [] / V ___ V (i.e. between vowels)[b] elsewhere


What is the phonetic description of [b]?

Part B

Given the following list of Spanish words in (Latin American) phonologicaltranscription, indicate whether the /b/ would be produced as [] or as [b]:


[] or [b] Phonologicaltranscription

[] or [b]

baso [b]aso arm sombeo som[ ]eo hat

xabali xa[ ]ali wild boar bao [ ]ao bathroom

lababo la[ ]a[ ]o washbasin abol a[ ]ol tree

bi [ ]i I saw kabesa ka[ ]esa head

uba u[ ]a grape xabon xa[ ]on soap

baka [ ]aka cow baso [ ]aso glass

Part C


What is the phonetic description of [d]?

8The actual rule in Spanish is slightly more complex than this, but this will do for our purposes.


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Part D

Here are some more Spanish words. They are primarily in phonologicaltranscription, except that a phonetic transcription is used for [] and [d].


[d]jente tooth an[d]a walk

sali[]a exit ka[]a each

[d]eeo right mo[]a fashion

o[d]o fat [d]i I gave

espal[d]a back to[]o all

xu[]ia bean

Given this set of words, are [] and [d] in complementary distribution orcontrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastive distribution (that is, ifthe two can occur in the same places in words), give evidence of it. If you thinkthey are in complementary distribution (that is, the two are allophones of a singlephoneme), design a phonological rule like the one in Part A above to show whichallophone occurs in what environment.

Part E

Given the combined two sets of words, are [b] and [d] in complementarydistribution or contrastive distribution? If you think they are in contrastivedistribution, give evidence of it. If you think they are in complementarydistribution, design a phonological rule like that above to show which allophoneoccurs in what environment.

Part F


abstract rule?

assignment 3 phonetics and phonology

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