assessment of the sustainability level of community waste recycling program in malaysia

NOTE

Assessment of the sustainability level of community wasterecycling program in Malaysia

Kian-Ghee Tiew Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri

Kohei Watanabe Mohammed F. M. Abushammala

Mohd. Takiyuddin Bin Ibrahim

Received: 10 June 2013 / Accepted: 1 June 2014

Springer Japan 2014

Abstract A sustainable municipal waste recycling pro-

gram is important to successfully increase the recycling

rate in Malaysia. This paper evaluates and assesses the

sustainability level of the recycling activities by Surau Al-

Husna in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Five criteria were selected

in the evaluation process. These criteria were divided into

the continuous publicity of recycling programs, operation

cost, participation rate/recyclables collection rate, dissem-

ination of information regarding recycling and the enthu-

siasm level regarding environmental concerns. The results

showed that Surau had a proper management system.

However, several suggestions and recommendations were

provided to improve the current recycling program. In

conclusion, the Surau Al-Husna maintains sustainable

recycling practices and is a good role model for sustainable

recycling programs at the nationwide scale in Malaysia.

Keywords Sustainability Waste recycling Surau Recycling program

Introduction

Waste management is a global environmental challenge.

Recycling is an environmentally sustainable waste man-

agement method. The United States Environmental Pro-

tection Agency (USEPA) defines recycling as the process

of collecting and processing waste to produce new products

that could benefit the community and the environment [1].

Thus, a municipal waste recycling program could be an

environmental sustainable solution to reduce the current

burden on landfills. In Malaysia, conventional waste

management still disposes of 95 % of waste into landfills

[2]. Currently, the national-level waste recycling rate in

Malaysia is only 5 %, even after launching a recycling

program in 1993 [3]. Developing a sustainable waste

recycling program is important to achieve a national

recycling rate of 22 % by 2020.

Many Asian countries have adopted the 3Rs (Reduce,

Reuse, Recycle) culture in recycling management practices

[46]. In response, waste recycling is required to be prac-

ticed in the daily life of every citizen. There are numerous

factors influencing waste recycling programs. These

include the continuous publicity, maintenance and opera-

tional income (510 % from the sales of recyclables),

community, continuous training, and enthusiasm and

K.-G. Tiew (&) N. E. Ahmad Basri M. F. M. AbushammalaDepartment of Civil and Structural Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

N. E. Ahmad Basri

e-mail: [email protected]

M. F. M. Abushammala


K. Watanabe

Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI),

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia


K. Watanabe

Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan

M. F. M. Abushammala

Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East College,

Knowledge Oasis Muscat, P.B. No. 79, Al Rusayl 124,

Sultanate of Oman

Mohd. T. Bin Ibrahim

Pusat Pemikiran dan Kefahaman Islam (CITU), Universiti

Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia


123

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

DOI 10.1007/s10163-014-0273-7

knowledge of program leaders towards environmental

protection [7]. However, to attain a sustainable waste

recycling program, two main roles are important: practice

of the mentioned system within neighborhoods (commu-

nity-based recycling management system, CBR) and

benchmark learning or modified integrated sustainable

waste management to apply to current recycling practices.

Studies covering integrated sustainable waste manage-

ment can provide a benchmark and be further adopted to

develop a sustainable waste recycling program. This is

because a recycling management system is unlikely to be

integrated with sustainable waste management. Hence,

factors that influence the sustainability of waste recycling

programs could include stakeholders, elements of man-

agement, and technical management requirements [4].

Stakeholders include the local authorities (LAs), private

sector (formal and informal), Non-Government Organiza-

tions (NGO), and consumers. Each stakeholder plays an

important role in sustaining a waste recycling program in

the community. The second factor that could influence the

sustainability of waste recycling program is the manage-

ment of elements such as the generation of waste, the 3Rs

culture, the operation of the recycling process (collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal) and the storage of

waste. The third factor is the technical management of the

process covering environmental, health, financial, socio-

cultural, institutional, managerial, and policy aspects.

Overall, these three factors influence the waste recycling

program. Therefore, when the cooperation and interaction

between each stakeholder breaks down, the other two

factors, the management of specific elements and technical

process, would highlight the influence of this strained

relationship on the rate of recycling.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness and sustainability

of a community waste recycling program conducted at the

Surau Al-Husna and studies the potential of scaling this

program to a nation-wide level.

Solid waste management in Malaysia

Background information

In Malaysia, municipal solid waste (MSW) from house-

holds, businesses and institutions are managed by LAs,

whereas the wastes generated by construction, demolition,

and industry are managed by private waste-management

service contractors. Table 1 shows the total waste gener-

ated between 2000 and 2012. The amount of waste gen-

erated increased gradually from 15,586 tons in 2000 to

28,565 tons in 2012. For Malaysia, this change in waste

generation represents an approximately 1,000 tons increase

per year. Malaysia depends on landfills to manage daily

waste disposal [8]; approximately 95 % of the waste is

disposed into landfills [2]. Therefore, the cost of waste

management practices would be a burden to the economy

of the nation, and landfills cannot solely serve this massive

waste generation [9].

Problems and challenges

According to Guilberto and Shigefumi [11], Malaysia

showed positive results when implementing sustainable

and integrated MSW management system. These positive

results were because of several national/local management

advances such as economic instruments, technologies,

partnerships, informative measures, informal sectors, and

stakeholder participation [9, 11]. Additionally, Malaysias

municipal waste management challenges include an

increase in the waste generation rate, high operational costs

to treat and dispose of solid waste, irresponsible solid waste

disposal methods, and the absence of an integrated solid

waste plan or management structure. Moreover, landfills

manage 95 % of the daily waste disposed in Malaysia [2].

The government estimated that greenhouse gas emissions

will increase by 50 % by 2020 if Malaysia still depends on

landfills for waste disposal [9]. However, approximately

68 % methane emission reduction from landfills was esti-

mated by increasing amount of waste recycling from the

year 2000 to reach 24 % in 2024 [12].

Solid waste management towards federalization

government

On September 1, 2011, the Solid Waste Management and

Public Cleansing 2007 (Act 672) Act took effect. Several

states in Peninsular Malaysia relinquished their authority

over waste management, delegating executive powers to

the federal government. These states include Perlis, Kedah,

Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan,

Malacca, Perak and Johor. However, this list of states

excludes Penang State and Selangor State. Therefore, two

new governmental agencies were established to manage the

waste in Peninsular Malaysia [9]:

1. National solid waste management department (JPSPN)

Formulate policies, plans and strategies.

Formulate plans for solid waste management

facilities (location, type and size).

Set the standards, specifications and codes of

practice.

Perform regulatory functions.

2. Solid waste management and public cleansing corpo-

ration (PPSPPA)

Implement policies, plans and strategies.


123

Table 1 Daily waste generations at Peninsular Malaysia [10]

States Solid waste generated (tons/day)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012

Johor 1,915 2,093 2,255 2,429 2,577 2,655 2,734 3,004

Kedah 1,323 1,446 1,559 1,679 1,781 1,835 1,890 2,078

Kelantan 1,034 1,130 1,213 1,302 1,381 1,423 1,465 1,622

Melaka 514 562 604 650 690 710 732 807

Negeri Sembilan 757 827 889 956 1,015 1,045 1,077 1,188

Pahang 957 1,046 1,125 1,209.8 1,283 1,322 1,361 1,502

Perak 1,527 1,669 1,795 1,930.3 2,047 2,109 2,172 2,396

Perlis 195 213 229 247.1 262 270 278 307

Pulau Pinang 1,087 1,188 1,278 1,374 1,458 1,502 1,547 1,706

Selangor 2,826 3,089 3,322 3,572 3,790 3,904 4,021 4,435

Terengganu 882 964 1,037 1,115 1,183 1,219 1,255 1,385

Wilayah Persekutuana 2,566 2,824 3,099 3,403 3,611 3,719 3,831 3,968

Sabah NA 2,490 2,641 2,886 3,062 3,154 3,248 2,136

Sarawak NA 1,905 2,021 2,208 2,342 2,413 2,485 2,027

Total 15,586 21,452 23,072 24,968 26,489 27,284 28,102 28,565

a Kuala Lumpur and Labuan

Table 2 Examples of successful community-based recycling programs in Malaysia [13]

Features Batu Caves Temple

(Hinduism)

Surau Al-Husna (Islam) Beautiful Gates (Christianity) Tzu Chi Association (Buddhism)

Operating

Period

(Established

date)

14 years (2000) 9 years (2005) 10 years (2004) 19 years (1995)

Recycling

facilities/

services

Recycling bins Recycling points and

recycling bins

Recycling points, recycling bins,

recycling center and door-to-

door collections

Recycling points and recycling

centers

Handling of

recyclables

Handled by the

municipality

Sold to private recyclers Sold to private recyclers Sold to private recyclers

Motivation to

recycle

Environmental

protection

Environmental

protection; Charity

Environmental protection;

Charity

Environmental protection;

Charity; Cultivation of spiritual

lifestyle

Human

resources

Temple supervisor,

temple cleaners and

volunteers.

Surau committee and

volunteers.

Disabled staff members of

Beautiful Gates and volunteers

Volunteerswith some support from

the association

Organizational

structure

Temple management Surau management

(small mosque)

Christian center for the disabled Movement of volunteerswith

support from Tzu Chi Association

liaison office

Leadership No information Initiated by Mr Mazlan

Idus, a Surau

committee member

Initiated by Pastor Sia Siew Chin,

founder of Beautiful Gates

Initiated by Grand Master Cheng Yen

in Taiwan. Mostly based on a

volunteer system

Support and

funding

Local municipality

Private sector

NGOs

Local municipality

Local politicians

Local municipality; Foreign

foundation;

Churches;

Embassy of Japan

Local municipality

Resident association


123

Monitor the compliance with standards, specifica-

tions and codes of practice.

Implement and enforce the appropriate acts and

regulations.

Implement efforts to encourage public involvement

and public awareness.

Ensure and improve the quality of solid waste

management and public cleansing.

Municipal waste recycling in Malaysia

The national recycling campaign was launched in 1993 and

relaunched in December 2003 [13]. Additionally, the

government declared November 11th as National Recy-

cling Day [9]. In 2006, approximately 13 years after the

first recycling campaign was launched, a 5 % recycling rate

was achieved [3]. However, the goal for the 2020 national

recycling rate set by the Malaysian Government in the

1990s is 22 % [13].

In Malaysia, there are two main routes for recyclables

collection: the first is the buy-back of recyclables and/or

establishing collection centers by local authorities, con-

cessionaires, NGOs and private organizations, and the

second is by private collectors of recyclable materials. In

both methods, the collected recyclable materials are then

sold to recycling factories or intermediate buyers. Cur-

rently, initiatives for community-based recycling activities

are well-managed and active [13]. Table 2 provides several

successful sustainable waste recycling programs initiated

by different communities in Malaysia.

Recycling practices for Hindu-based organization pri-

marily occur during festivals recycling, in which recycling

bins are provided during festival events. However, other

Islamic (Surau Al-Husna), Christian (Beautiful Gates), and

Buddhist (Tzu-Chi) associations provided recycling points/

centers and door-to-door collections (on call-basis) to

collect recyclable items. The primary purpose of these

respective recycling programs is to raise funds for charity

(Surau Al-Husna), to provide jobs for disabled staff

(Beautiful Gates) and to establish activities for senior cit-

izens (Tzu-Chi Association). As a case study, this inves-

tigation focuses on the Surau Al-Husna integrated

community recycling programs.

Studies on community waste recycling program

at Surau Al-Husna

General information

Surau Al-Husna is an Islamic place of worship located in

Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia (3.056011N, 101.53618E).

Surau Al-Husna was established in 2003 and is supported

by the local community. The facility was initially a steel

container. In 2011, a new building housing the Surau Al-

Husna was constructed. Approximately, 2,000 people

reside in the neighborhood. The majority of the local

community is Muslim with ages ranging from 30 to

70 years old.

In Surau Al-Husna, a recycling program was established

in July 2005. Their objectives are to nurture the local

communitys love of nature, generate income for mosque

maintenance and to operate and enhance charity works.

Initially, this recycling program faced challenges associ-

ated with the lack of human resources to handle the process

of recyclable segregation and a lack of awareness in the

local community of the recycling program. Some people

assume that recyclable bins function as garbage bins

dropping off used diapers and other garbage at the center or

disposing of them in recyclable bins. These initial chal-

lenges were mitigated after promoting education awareness

of the recycling process by the Surau Al-Husna. The initial

challenges are summarized and discussed below, and may

potentially serve as a case study for other organizations

initiating a recycling collection/center:

1. The residents did not separate recyclable materials by

type.

2. Recyclable items were packed or mixed with garbage.

3. Unpleasant odor occurred if recyclable items were

stored for a long period.

4. Community involvement was not exhaustive.

5. The market selling price for recyclable items is

unstable.

6. A general lack of participation from members and

community because of a gap in knowledge about the

importance of environmental conservation to society

and religious worship.

Table 3 details the effects of the collection of recyclable

items by Surau Al-Husna. The program collected 4,986 kg

in 2005; in 2009, it successfully collected 20,400 kg, which

is approximately four times the amount collected in 2005

(409 %). The average monthly income from 2005 to 2009

generated by collecting recyclables was (Malaysian Ring-

git) RM 464. The community waste recycling program at

Surau Al-Husna successfully managed 69 tons of waste

generated by the community and lowered the overall waste

disposal costs paid by local authorities. Additionally, the

recycling program generated income for the facility.

The dominant collected recyclable items in Surau Al-

Husna were paper (approximately 60 %), followed by

plastic and iron (17 and 16 %, respectively) (Fig. 1). These

three items are common recycled items collected in

Malaysia, and their market price is stable compared to

other recyclable items.


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The management of Surau Al-Husna publicizes this

program through various activities: posting flyers or ban-

ners, sending mass SMSs to the community, talking after

prayer sessions and posting on blogs and Facebook.

Community members can easily drop-off recyclable items

at any time. Furthermore, Surau Al-Husna also promotes

several motivational programs, such as continuous educa-

tion and awareness programs, to the members and com-

munity such as the recycling used cooking oil, zoo

volunteering, love the river partnership and beach coastal

cleanup programs.

Recycling program evaluation

The sustainability of the waste recycling program imple-

mented at Surau Al-Husna was based on a recycling

practices key performance index (RP-KPI). The RP-KPI is

a set of indicators that was taken from various literature

sources followed by selection criteria. The function of the

RP-KPI is to assess the performance, reliability, and veri-

fiability of and to suggest improvements to management

decisions [14, 15]. Through this assessment, the recycling

practices/system is assessed on the performance, selected

indicators and current implemented recycling practices

[16]. The following sections will discuss the recycling

performance indicators, criteria of selection and scoring

evaluation.

Recycling performance indicators

Performance indicators are measures of project effects,

outcomes, outputs, and inputs that are monitored during the

implementation of the project to assess progress toward

project objectives [17]. The Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines an indica-

tor as a parameter, or a value derived from parameters,

which provides information about a phenomenon. The

indicator has significance that extends beyond the prop-

erties directly associated with the parameter value [18].

According to the World Bank (1996), performance indi-

cators can be used for (i) strategic planning (ii) perfor-

mance accounting, (iii) forecasting and early warning

during program implementation, (iv) measuring program

results, (v) program marketing and public relations, (vi)

benchmarking, and (vii) quality management. Selecting

appropriate and useful performance indicators requires

careful consideration through iterative refining, collabora-

tion, and consensus building [19].

Criteria selection

Following the above review, the authors offer the following

elaboration of sustainability waste recycling programs.

Five evaluative criteria were selected:

1. Continuous publicity.

2. Cost of operationmaintenance and operational

income (510 % from income resulting from the sales

of recyclables).

3. Participation rate/recyclables collection rate.

4. Dissemination of recycling knowledge to the society.

5. Enthusiasm level of the leader over environmental

concerns.

These five criteria were used to evaluate the waste

recycling program in Surau Al-Husna.

Table 3 Recyclables and income generated in Surau Al-Husna (Bin-Ibrahim, M.T., Personal communication, March 22, 2013)

Year Amount

(kg)

Average (kg

per month)

Income

(RMa)

Average

monthly income

(RM)

Year 1: Jul

Dec 2005

4,986 800 1,516 250

Year 2:

JanDec

2006

11,545 900 4,714 375

Year 3:

JanDec

2007

15,167 1,250 6,290 520

Year 4:

JanDec

2008

17,001 1,400 6,979 580

Year 5:

JanDec

2009

20,400 1,700 5,607 467

Total 69,099 1,280 25,104 464

a Malaysian Ringgit

Fig. 1 Recyclable items composition in Surau Al-Husna (Bin-Ibrahim, M.T., Personal communication, March 22, 2013)


123

Scoring of Performance

Base on the selected criteria, the performance score was

evaluated through interviews, personal observations, site

visits and data provided from Surau Al-Husnas manage-

ment. The scores ranged from 1 to 5, where 1Lowest,

2Low, 3Standard, 4Good, and 5Excellent.

Results and discussion

The assessment of the sustainability level of the waste

recycling program in Surau Al-Husna was based on the five

criteria that were mentioned and discussed previously

(Table 4). The results showed that the management of

Surau had a proper system. The success of the program

resulted from the high participation of the community and

the Surau members, and from the voluntary efforts of the

community.

To improve the level of sustainability of the recycling

program at Surau Al-Husna, additional recommendations

should be followed such as adopting additional computer

programs for managing the recycling database and the

development of a participant contact list, reorganizing the

department and constructing a new recycling storage sys-

tem to combat odors.

Potential scaling up to nationwide

The community waste recycling program at Surau Al-Hu-

sna could potentially be scaled to a nationwide process.

This is because the program is sustainable, the effect to the

neighbors/community is positive and the cost of operation

is low (which also can be considered a zero cost).

Table 5 describes the major recyclable items in terms of

their respective percentage of the waste composition. The

Table 4 Scoring the sustainability recycling program at the SurauAl-Husna

Criteria Scorea Remarks

1. Continuous publicity 5 Surau Al-Husna had good

continuous publicity

programs in the community

2. Cost of operation 5 Successfully generated an

average monthly income of

RM 460. Starting cost of the

programs was around RM

3,000. Currently there is a

net profit to the Surau

3. Participation rate/

recyclables collection

rate

4 Recording participation is

poor. The recyclables

collection rate is gradually

increasing. Positive effects

are shown by Surau Al-

Husna recycling programs.

4. Dissemination of

recycling knowledge to

society

4 A good dissemination of

information on recycling rate

to the community was

achieved through educational

and promotional activities

for the awareness of green

practices. Notably displayed

in younger participants,

which a good outcome from

Surau Al-Husna management

5. Enthusiasm level of

leaders over

environmental concerns

4 Surau Al-Husna started this

program from steel container

to proper building. A good

enthusiasm from the leader

about environmental

concernsand youth

involvement nurtures the

green program (indoor and

outdoor programs)

a Score range (1lowest, 2low, 3standard, 4good, 5

excellent)

Table 5 Recyclable items from the municipal solid waste inMalaysia [20]

Item Share of waste

composition (%)

Current situation

Food

waste

49.3 Although large scale of composting

has yet to be implemented, the

government actively promoted

Takakura and Bokasi composting

Paper 17.1 Paper products for recycling are

mostly collected at the source

because of the well-known value

of paper recyclables

Plastics 9.7 Plastic products actively collected

for recycling include PET bottles,

HDPE, PE, PP, etc. Recently,

plastic bags began to be collected,

but the public is still unclear the on

this point

Glass 3.7 Glass products recycled includes

glass bottles, jars and colored or

clear glass

Public actively separates at source

because of the effect of launching

the 3-recycle bins campaign in

1993

The limited number of glass bottle

manufacturers in Malaysia

generates low demand

A bottle reuse market exists

Ferrous

metal

1.6 Wide range of ferrous metal

recyclables in the local market

Highly separated at source because

of market values

Aluminum 0.4 Highly separated at source because

of market values


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results of Table 5 displayed that potentially recyclable

items are still uncollected, consisting of food waste, paper,

plastics, glass, ferrous metal and aluminum.

The Malaysia society does not practice recycling

activities in their daily lives even with environmental

knowledge [21]. Thus, the Malaysian recycling rate is

considered low, approximately 9.7 % in 2013 [22]. This

rate is compared to countries such as Singapore (11 %),

Thailand (14 %), Japan (40 %), China (13 %) and Ger-

many (53 %) [23]. However, the government established

two waste agencies, the National Solid Waste Management

Department (JPSPN) and the Solid Waste Management and

Public Cleansing Corporation (PPSPPA), to federalize the

management of waste disposal. Thus, a successful waste

recycling program at Surau Al-Husna could serve as a role

model. One important point is that the Malaysian popula-

tion consists, in terms of religious affiliation, of nearly

70 % of the population practicing the Islamic faith [24].

Therefore, Islamic places of worship are omnipresent in the

nation. Worship places are a regular place the community

visits and are easily accessed for recycling practices. The

unit population of Selangor State is 2,425 with a mosque

located in the state (Table 6). For example, assume that

2,000 units in Surau applied the waste recycling program

based on the Surau Al-Husna model. Assuming a total of

1.3 tons per month which is similar to the amount of items

collected by Surau (according record of Surau Al-Husna in

Table 3), 2,600 tons per month would be recovered, pre-

venting its disposal to a landfill. Additionally, the cost of

operation is lower at around RM 3000. The essential key of

the waste recycling program at Surau Al-Husna is their

purpose for the program: charity fund-raising and place of

worship building fund-raising. Surau Al-Husna is a

potential role as a model in waste recycling program

operation for nation-wide implementation because of the

similarly in the Malaysia culture and socioeconomic

patterns.

Conclusion

An assessment of sustainability of waste recycling programs

in Malaysia is required. Based on these assessments,

governmental agencies can track the recycling rate and

create an online database for recycling management systems.

The results of an assessment of the sustainability level of a

waste recycling program in the Surau Al-Husna displayed an

excellent sustainability level. This program was an initiative

by the local community and resulted from the enthusiasm of

an environmental steward. The assessment also shows that

Surau Al-Husna is promoting education and assisting the

younger generation in establishing a future green commu-

nity. Surau Al-Husna required technical improvement in

their recycling programs; a computer database for recording

the recycling rate must be established and a better storage

policy of recyclable items must be implemented.

In conclusion, the community waste recycling program

at the Surau Al-Husna could be a role model in Malaysia

for a good continuous recycling collection/sustainable

recycling management system with income generation.

Surau Al-Husna could serve as a role model for scaling up

recycling practices in Malaysia because of the low opera-

tion cost obtained and to the generated income for chari-

ties, potentially sustaining recycling programs.

Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the support to thisproject which was performed at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

(under research grants: DLP-2013-019, BKBP-FKAB-K006400,

DPP-2013-064, UKM-PTS-007-2009, UKM-GUP-PLW-08-13-052,

PTS-2012-096, FRGS/1/2013/TK03/UKM/02/5 and OUP-2012-051)

and scholarship of MyPhD under Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

The authors would like to thank Ms. Qistina Azman and Ms. Jasmine

Tan Pui Ee for their assistance in this article.

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Table 6 Number of Mosques and Suraus in Selangor state, 2012 [25]

No Type of Mosque Petaling Sepang Hulu

Selangor

Klang Kuala

Selangor

Sabak

Bernam

Gombak Hulu

Langat

Kuala

Langat

Total

1 Mosque 78 23 23 42 56 47 43 46 34 392

2 Surau 365 73 158 192 154 224 220 342 126 1854

3 Surau Solat

Jumaat

49 14 9 21 4 1 19 53 9 179


123

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Assessment of the sustainability level of community waste recycling program in MalaysiaAbstractIntroductionSolid waste management in MalaysiaBackground informationProblems and challengesSolid waste management towards federalization governmentMunicipal waste recycling in Malaysia

Studies on community waste recycling program at Surau Al-HusnaGeneral informationRecycling program evaluationRecycling performance indicatorsCriteria selectionScoring of Performance

Results and discussionPotential scaling up to nationwide

ConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences

assessment of the sustainability level of community waste recycling program in malaysia

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