assessment of the agronomic performance of malayan yellow dwarf × vanuatu tall coconut (cocos...
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Article Citation:
Zadjhi Eric-Blanchard KOFFI, Jean Louis Konan KONAN, Raoul Sylvre SIE, Didier-
Martial Saraka YAO, Yobou KOFFI, Ysidor Nguessan KONAN, Emmanuel Auguste
ISSALI, Thierry Lkadou Tacra, et Kouassi ALLOU.
Assessment of the agronomic performance of Malayan Yellow Dwarf Vanuatu Tall
coconut (Cocos nuciferaL.) hybrid variety tolerant to lethal yellowing disease of Ghanain Cte dIvoire.
Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440JournalofR
esearchi
n
Biology
Assessment of the agronomic performance of Malayan Yellow Dwarf Vanuatu Tall
coconut (Cocos nuciferaL.) hybrid variety tolerant to lethal yellowing disease of
Ghanain Cte dIvoire.
Keywords:
Hybrid coconut MYD x VTT, tolerant, productivity.
ABSTRACT:
This article aims to study the agronomic performance of 18 hybrid progenies
of coconut MYD x VTT and their parents VTT in Cte d'Ivoire. The evaluation was
focused on the number of bunches per year (Nbb), the number of fruits per year
(NBFR), copra produced per tree per year (Cop / tree / year) and per hectare per year
(Cop / hectare / year). It appears from this work that the hybrids MYD x VTT produces
9 to 11 bunches and 76 to 121 fruits, per year with the weight of 12.54 to 19.82 kg of
copra per tree and 2.01 and 3.17t of copra per hectare. These values are statistically
equal to those of PB121+used as a control in the study. Progenies of d5, d6, d8, d11,
d12, d15 and d18 give the best yields and similar to the control PB121+. VTT Parent
produce an average of 11 bunches 96 fruits, and 11.62 kg of copra per tree and 1.66 t
of copra per hectare per year. Parent G1, G 4, G6, G7, G12, G15 and G16have the best
yield. Heterosis effects were observed for copra tree (42.08%) and copra per hectare
(50.04%). Parents that have better yields with best progenies can be selected for the
seed production of MYD x VTT (tolerant and good yield). MYD x VTT hybrid results are
advised to Ivorian and Ghanaian farmers to prevent expansion of this disease.
1427-1440| JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 6
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution andreproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:Zadjhi Eric-Blanchard
KOFFI 1,2*, Jean Louis
Konan KONAN 2, Raoul
Sylvre SIE 1, Didier-Martial
Saraka YAO 1,2, Yobou
KOFFI1,2,Ysidor Nguessan
KONAN 2,3, Emmanuel
Auguste ISSALI 2, Thierry
Lkadou Tacra2et Kouassi
ALLOU2.
Institution:1. Laboratoire de Biologie et
dAmlioration desProductions vgtales,
UFR Sciences de la Nature,
Universit Nangui
Abrogoua, 02 BP 801
Abidjan 02, Cte d'Ivoire.
2. Centre National de
Recherche Agronomique,
Station de recherche Marc
Delorme, 07 BP 13 Abidjan
07, Cte d'Ivoire.
3. Laboratoire de biochimie
et science des aliments,Universit Flix Houphouet
Boigny, Abidjan, Cte
dIvoire, 22 BP 582
Abidjan 22.
Corresponding author:
Koffi Eric Blanchard
Zadjhi.
Email Id:
Web Address:http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0448.pdf
Dates:
Received: 14 Mar 2014 Accepted: 04 Jul 2014 Published: 22 Aug 2014
Journal of Research in iology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
ISSN No:Print: 22316280; Online: 2231- 6299
Abbreviations:
Nbb: Number of bunches per year, NBFR: Number of fruits per year, Cop/
tree / year: copra produced per tree per year, Cop / hectare / year: copra produced per
hectare per year., MYD: Malayan Yellow Dwarf, VTT: Vanuatu Tall, WAT: WestAfrican Tall MYD x VTT : Malayan Yellow Dwarf cross Vanuatu Tall, MYD
x WAT+ : Malayan Yellow Dwarf cross improved West African Tall, Bunch.
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INTRODUCTION
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the most widely
cultivated oilseed plant in the coastal areas of tropics.
The global area of coconut plantation is 12.05 million
hectares (ha), of which approximately 88% are in Asia
and Pacific and 5.27% in Africa (AMRIZAL, 2003).
Besides its interest for millions of smallholders, this tree
is of a global economic importance, is a source of fat and
many industrial products (Bourdeix et al., 2005a).
In Cte d'Ivoire, the coconut is the main cash
crop on the coast where the vast majority of coconut
trees are located. The surfaces used in this part of the
Ivory Coast represent about 80% of the area of the
Ivorian coconut grove covering 50,000 ha (Konan, 2002and Assa et al., 2006) and its culture has more than
12,000 families (Bourdeix Konan, 2005). However, the
economic challenge posed by coconut is compromised
by several diseases, including the lethal yellowing which
is the origin of the devastation of thousands of acres of
coconut groves in the world (Van Der Vossen and
Chipungahelo, 2007) including Jamaica, Mexico,
Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana and Cte d'Ivoire;
phytoplasmas are responsible for this disease (Rohdeet al., 1993). It is manifested by the fruit drop, yellowing
and fall of all the leaves. On affected by this disease,
coconut trees die within months, leaving a field bare
trunks. This is a threat to the global area of coconut
plantations and therefore its production. There is no
chemical control and / or potential mechanics for its
cure. The only possible solution to the fight against this
disease is genetic method of selection or creating
resistant varieties (Oropeza et al., 2005). Behavioral tests
conducted in Ghana have identified sources of varietal
tolerance which MYD x VTT hybrid (Dery et al., 2005.
Bonnot et al., 2009). However, agronomic characteristics
of these hybrid offsprings have never been studied. In
addition, the disease is discovered in Cte d'Ivoire since
2012 and is similar to that of Ghana (Konan et al., 2013).
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the
agronomic performance of MYD x VTT hybrid progeny
planted in Cte d'Ivoire. This study will provide the best
MYD x VTT progeny with dual ability of tolerance and
good productivity offer for growers. VTT parent may
provide the best progeny is also revealed by this study,
for to be use in the seed production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site and plant material
The test PBGC43 (Port-Bouet Genetics Coconut
No. 43) is located on the plot 034 of Marc Delorme
research station (514' and 515' north latitude and 354'
and 355' W) in Abidjan in southern Cte d'Ivoire. Theclimate of the southern region of Cte d'Ivoire has four
seasons, two rainy (April-July and October-November)
and two dry (December-March and August-September).
The average temperature varies between 24.50C and
27.73C. The total insolation reached 2,238.3 hours per
year with an average moisture content of 86.02%.
Rainfall is characterized by an average annual
precipitation of 1673.99 mm and the floor of Marc
Delorme station consists of tertiary sands.The plant material consists of 18 hybrid
progenies (coded d1 to d18) from crosses between
Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Vanuatu Tall
(VTT). These crosses involved 18 male brood stock VTT
(coded G1 to G18) and a female parent MYD using the
technique of assisted pollination (Wuidart and Rognon,
1981). Choosing brood stock VTT was conducted
visually on the general morphology shaft. VTT were
planted in 1988 on plot 022. Their progeny produced on
the seed field plot 033 of Marc Delorme Station, were
planted in 1998.
Experimental design
MYD x VTT Seedlings were planted following a
randomized complete block design at a density of 160
trees per ha with six repetitions (Fig 1). In each block,
the repetition by progeny varied from 3 to 10 coconuts
Zadjhi et al., 2014
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Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 1429
Zadjhi et al., 2014
1
2
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Zadjhi et al., 2014
22
B
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Figure1:Experimentalsetupofthete
stPBGC43coconutMarcDelorme,
Abidjan,
Cted'Ivoire.
NB:Thenumbers1to18corre
spondtothe18progeniesNJM
xGV
T.
Numbers19and20arerespectivelyhybridNJM
xGOAimprovedand
unimproved.
The
NJM
xGOA
improvedorPB1
21+
isderivedfrom
acrossbetweenthefemaleparentNJM
andimprov
edGOA(GOA
maleparent+
).
At
theNJM
xGOA
unimprovedorPB121themaleparentGOAisnotimproved.
1430 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440
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and each block is composed of 10 lines of 12 trees. The
lines 1 and 32 and the trees 1 and 26 constitutes the
borders. A total of 832 coconut trees have been planted
on an area of 5.2 ha. The PB121 + hybrids from the
crossing of MYD and WAT+(MYD x WAT+) have been
used as control. The PB121+coconut trees stay the more
popularized in the world and ever studied (BOURDEIX
etal., 2005a).
METHODS
Variable number of bunches per year (Nbb),
number of fruits per year (NBFR), weight of copra per
tree per year (Cop / tree / year), weight of copra per
hectare per year (Cop / hectare / year) were considered
for the analysis. Production data of the adulthood where
productivity is stabilized (from 9 years) were collected
on the progeny of MYD x VTT (Malayan Yellow Dwarf
Vanuatu Tall) and VTT (Vanuatu Tall). Productivity of
MYD x VTT has been compared to that of MYD x
WAT+ (Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Improved West
African Tall) used as a control.
All data obtained were subjected to statistical
analysis. SPSS 16.0 (software Statistical Package forSocial Sciences 16.0) and CDM 3.0 (Coconut Data
Management 3.0) were used for this purpose. ANOVA
and Duncan test at the 5% level were used to compare
the productivity in MYD x VTT hybrid progenies and
DUNNET test (5%) was used to compare the
productivity of hybrid MYD x VTT with PB121+. The
student t-test at the 5% level was used to compare parent
VTT and progenies. The heterosis effect was estimated
using the following formula:
The strict sense heritability (h2) was estimated by
parent-offspring regression (Jayaraman 1999; Verrier
et al., 2001). The regression coefficient is equal to h2
when we only know the value of single parent and h2
when the values of both the parents are known.
b = regression coefficient, h2= heritability in the narrow
sense, Cov = covariance, Pi = phenotypic value of the
parent VTT i, D = phenotypic value of the progeny and
Var = variance.
RESULTS
Evaluation of the productivity of hybrid MYD x VTT
progenies
MYD x VTT hybrids progenies have the same
level of production plans. The probability P = 0.44
indicates that there is no difference between hybrids for
this trait. They produced an average of 9 1 to 11 1.35
bunches per year (Table-1). ANOVA allows to
discriminate MYD x VTT progenies for the number of
fruits, the amount of copra produced per tree and copra
per hectare. The descendants of d9have the lowest fruit
production (76 12 fruits), coconut tree / year (12.54
2.05 kg) and copra per hectare (2.01 0.33t). For the
same variables, the d11provided the highest values with
121 16 fruits per year, 19.82 2.62 kg of copra pertree / year 3.17 0.42t copra per hectare per year. These
values of d11are not significantly different from those of
most of the other progeny. MYD x VTT progenies
produced an average of 10 bunches and 104 fruits per
year; 16.51 kg of copra per tree and 2.64t copra per
hectare per year. These progeny may then be classified
into two groups. Firstly whose values are greater than the
average and secondly those values below the average.
The first group consists of progenies d5, d6, d8, d11, d12,
d15 and d18. The second group consists of progenies d1,
d2, d3, d4, d7, d9, d10, d13, d14, d16, d17.
In this test, the PB 121+ produced 10 0.73
bunches and 94 5.69 fruits per year per tree. Copra
yields per tree and per hectare per year are respectively
15.58 0.95 kg and 2.49 0.15t. All values are
Zadjhi et al., 2014
(Average offspring - male Sire Average) x 100
Average male Sire
Cov (Pi, D)
h2 = 2b = 2x
Var Pi
Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 1431
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statistically identical to the 18 MYD x VTT progenies
studied (Table -2).Evaluation of the productivity of VTT parent
Number of bunches produced per year differs
from VTT Parent with a significant probability of
P = 0.016. The number of fruits, weight of copra per tree
per year and the weight of copra per hectare per year
permit with the probabilities P
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Zadjhi et al., 2014
Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 1433
VariablesMYD x VTT
hybridesControl P Variables
MYD x VTT
hybridesControl P
Nbb
d1
d19(10 0.73)
0.98
Crop/tree/year
(kg)
d1
d19(15.58 0.95)
0.88
d2 1.00 d2 1.00
d3 1.00 d3 1.00
d4 1.00 d4 1.00
d5 1.00 d5 0.88
d6 1.00 d6 0.94
d7 1.00 d7 0.99
d8 0.90 d8 0.68
d9 0.73 d9 0.61
d10 1.00 d10 1.00
d11 0.99 d11 0.20
d12 0.98 d12 0.97
d13 1.00 d13 0.98
d14 1.00 d14 1.00
d15 0.99 d15 0.47
d16 1.00 d16 1.00
d17 1.00 d17 1.00
d18 0.96 d18 1.00
NbFr
d1
d19(94 5.69)
0.99
Crop/hectare/
year (t)
d1
d19(2.49 0.15)
0.88
d2 1.00 d2 1.00
d3 1.00 d3 1.00
d4 1.00 d4 1.00
d5 0.56 d5 0.88
d6 0.91 d6 0.94
d7 0.71 d7 0.99
d8 0.76 d8 0.68
d9 0.69 d9 0.61
d10 0.99 d10 1.00
d11 0.18 d11 0.20
d12 0.33 d12 0.97
d13 0.97 d13 0.98
d14 1.00 d14 1.00
d15 0.62 d15 0.47
d16 1.00 d16 1.00
d17 1.00 d17 1.00
d18 0.40 d18 1.00
Table 2: Comparison of the productivity of MYD x VTT hybrid witness PB 121 + (t test of DUNETT @5%) interval.
Nbb/year= Number of bunches per year, NbFr/year= Number of fruits per year, Cop/tree/year= Copra product per
tree per year, Cop/hectare/year= Copra product per hectare per year
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The heterosis effect is almost non-existent for
many bunch products per year (Table-4) in all progenies.
Reductions of bunch production, materialized by
negative values are observed (-2.27% to -27.19%) among
all progeny except d3 (25.61%), d8 (0, 41%), d11(24.01%) and d13(3.43%) who improved productions of
bunches are observed. For the production of fruit, this
value ranges from 15.43% (d8) to 214.66% (d3). Copra
per hectare per year is raised from 2.98% to 281.6%.
However, a loss of -33.27% is observed with progeny d 1.
On progeny average, heterosis effects were observed for
number of fruits per year (8.33%), copra per tree
(42.08%) and copra per hectare (50.04%).
Low heritability values were observed for theproduction of traits are measured. Heritability of number
of bunches, number of fruits per tree and copra per tree
are respectively 04% and 10% (Table 5).
DISCUSSION
The realized trial compare coconut hybrids come
from of the cross between a Dwarf coconut and the tall
one. In practice, a simplified crossing plan was adopted
when the two ecotypes crossed did not have the same
variability levels. So for the improvement of the hybrids
Dwarf x Grand, several male tall coconuts are tested to
suppress the reciprocal test. Indeed, the dwarfs of thecollection are autogamous, they have very low
phenotypic variability and are probably close to the pure
line. The results showed that the MYD x VTT progenies
produces bunch per year. The MYD which is the
common parent of all the progenies would have
influenced the crossing and would have standardized the
production of bunch. However, it is necessary to indicate
that the progenies d5, d6, d8, d11, d12, d15and d18give the
best results for the number of fruit per year and thecopra/tree/year and the copra / ha/year. These progenies
could be selected to farmers; otherwise, VTT parents G 5,
G6, G8, G11, G12, G15 and G18 could be selected to
produce MYD x VTT seeds. However, some parents
such as G5, G8, G11and G18that give the progenies d5, d8,
d11, and d18 with good productions, hasnt a good
productivity. Contrary to those, parents G1, G4, G7 and
Zadjhi et al., 2014
1434 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440
Table 3 : Productivity 18 parent males coconut VTT studied
VTT Nbb / year NbFr/year Cop/tree/year (Kg) Cop/hectare/year (t)
G1 13 1 a 145 44a. 22.20 6.77a 3.18 0.97a
G2 11 2 ab 085 36abc 06.76 2.88cde 0.97 0.41cde
G3 08 1 b 029 20c. 04.53 3.20e. 0.65 0.46e.G4 11 3 ab 114 62ab 20.01 10.98ab 2.86 1.57abG5 11 2 ab 078 43abc 06.37 3.49cde 0.91 0.50cde
G6 12 4ab 116 56ab 14.72 7.11abcd 2.10 1.02abcd
G7 12 3ab 128 61ab 13.14 6.32bcde 1.88 0.90bcdeG8 11 3ab 096 44abc 15.66 7.25abcd 2.24 1.04abcd
G9 10 2ab 063 25bc 06.81 2.72cde 0.97 0.39cde
G10 10 2ab 073 33abc 09.16 4.16cde 1.31 0.60cde
G11 09 3ab 060 36bc 05.98 3.55de 0.86 0.51de
G12 12 3ab 121 51ab 12.80 5.39bcde 1.83 0.77bcdeG13 10 2ab 067 31abc 08.59 3.97cde 1.23 0.57cde
G14 12 3ab 105 71abc 10.58 7.14cde 1.51 1.02cde
G15 14 3a 146 64a 16.08 7.00abc 2.30 1.00abc
G16 13 2a 132 35ab 15.97 4.29abc 2.28 0.61abc
G17 11 2ab 072 18abc 06.36 1.64cde 0.91 0.23cdeG18 11 3ab 085 47abc 11.44 6.28bcde 1.64 0.90bcde
Average 11 3.. 096 53.. 11.62 7.34 1.66 1.05.Nbb/year= Number of bunches per year, NbFr/year= Number of fruits per year, Cop/arbre/year= Copra
product per tree per year, Cop/hectare/year= Copra product per hectare per year
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G16 that have the best yield give progenies with low
yield. It shows that the productivity of the progenies is
not always linked to the one of the parents VTT. It could
indicate that bunch production, fruit and copra is not
heritable or are influenced by the environment. The lows
heritability observed for the measured traits prove this
hypothesis. It also indicates that the VTT parents that
give the best progenies with good yield would combine
themselves better with the cultivar Dwarf Yellow
Malaysia. However with coconut, the choice of a tester
in the progeny tests is a compromise between two
contradictory necessities (BOURDEIX et al., 1991).
Indeed, it has to be an representative of its original
population and at the same time transmit high potential
Zadjhi et al., 2014
Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 1435
ba a b
a b ba
aa
a a a a b b aa
a
a
b
aa
a a
aa a
b
a
a
a
a a
a a
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15G15 d16G16 d17G17 d18G18
dx
Gx
NumberofBunches
Parents and progenies
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18G18
Figure 2: Comparison of the number of bunches produced by year of MYD x VTT hybrids with theirmales parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%).
Figure 3: Comparison of the number of fruits produced per year by MYD x VTT hybrids with their males
parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%).
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18G18
b
aa
a
a
a
aa
a
a
aa
a a
b
b a
a
a
b
b
a
b
a
a
a
b
b
b
a
b
a
a
a
b
b
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15G15 d16G16 d17G17 d18G18
dx
Gx
N
umberoffruits
Parents and progenies
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18G18
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of production to its progeny. Crossings between VTT
parents in order to stabilize some traits of interest, before
use in the production of MYD x VTT hybrid could
improve and correct some pre-occupations on the
productivity of the progenies.
In this trial, MYD x VTT hybrids produced on
average of 10 bunches per year; this average value is
below one of the parents VTT. However, different results
showed that Dwarf x Grand coconut hybrids give out
more bunches per year than their male parents
(BOURDEIX et al., 1992; LABOUISSE et al., 2005).
The tall coconuts have more developed vegetative traits
on the whole than Dwarf x Grand hybrids. Their more
robust stem gives them the advantage to resist the
drought more that the Dwarf x Grand. Therefore, these
trees would keep a good level of production during the
difficult periods than hybrids Dwarf x Grand. The
coconut is influenced to the variations of the
Zadjhi et al., 2014
1436 Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440
b
a a b
a a aa
a
a
a
a a
a
a
a
a a
a
b
b
a
b
b b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b a
b
b
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15G15 d16G16 d17G17 d18G18
dx
Gx
Parents and progenies
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18G18
Copra/hectare/year(T)
Figure 4: Comparison of copra weight product per trees per year of coconut MYD x VTT hybrids withtheir males parents VTT (Student's t test at 5%).
Parents and progenies
Copra/hectare/year(T)
b
aa
a
aa a
a
a
a
a
a a
a
a
aa a
a
bb
a
b
b
b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b a
b
b
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
d 1G1 d 2G2 d 3G3 d 4G4 d 5G5 d 6G6 d 7G7 d 8G8 d 9G9 d 10 G1 0 d1 1G1 1 d1 2G1 2 d1 3G1 3 d1 4G1 4 d1 5G1 5 d1 6G1 6 d1 7G1 7 d1 8G1 8
dx
Gx
d1G1 d2G2 d3G3 d4G4 d5G5 d6G6 d7G7 d8G8 d9G9 d10G10 d11G11 d12G12 d13G13 d14G14 d15 G15 d16 G16 d17 G17 d18G18
Figure 5: Comparison of the production of copra per hectare per year of progenies coconut MYD x VTT
and their spawning males VTT (Student's t test at 5%).
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environment (ROUPSARD et al., 2007), that could
explain difference between parents VTT and their
progenies Dwarf x Grand for the bunch produced per
year.
In the trial the MYD x VTT hybrids produced an
average of 2.64t of copra/hectare/year. This yield is
lower to the one of the PB 121+according the results of
BOURDEIX etal., (1992) but is statistically identical to
the one of the PB121+used as control in our trial. Indeed,
these authors who worked on the Station of research
Marc Delorme found that between 9 and 12 years the
MYD x WAT+Hybrids or PB 121+produce on average
of 17 bunches, 124 fruits and 4.06 t of copra per hectare
per year. This difference would be due to the selection
Zadjhi et al., 2014
Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(6): 1427-1440 1437
Effets htrosis (%)
VTT/ MYD x VTT Bunches/year Fruits/year Copra/tree/year Copra/hectare/year
G1d1 -27.19 -42.46 -40.36 -33.27
G2d2 -05.46 17.97 141.27 169.94
G3d3 25.61 214.66 241.04 281.60
G4d4 -10.80 -10.95 -22.00 -12.73
G5d5 -01.82 45.55 181.17 214.62
G6d6 -13.05 -06.62 19.85 34.10
G7d7 -16.21 -12.80 31.00 46.57
G8d8 0.41 15.43 17.61 31.59
G9d9 -10.40 21.41 84.11 106.01
G10d10 -02.27 41.81 82.69 104.41
G11d11 24.01 100.97 231.24 270.62
G12d12 -07.07 -02.30 36.67 52.91
G13d13 3.43 58.40 102.85 126.96
G14d14 -11.99 -07.74 42.95 59.94
G15d15 -21.46 -22.81 17.84 31.85
G16d16 -24.92 -23.48 -07.96 02.98
G17d17 -03.14 40.70 153.59 183.72
G18d18 -02.82 36.55 44.69 61.90
On the average -09.00 08.33 42.08 50.04
Table 4 : Heterosis for the productivity of 18 hybrid progenies coconut
MYD x VTT in relation to their spawns VTT.
NB: Figures in bold represent losses
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criterion of the parents. These researchers selected the
parents producing more 20 kg of copra by tree per year.
To the contrary in our trial the choice of the parents has
been achieved visually on the good general aspect of the
tree. Indeed, the initial objective of this trial was not to
achieve an aptitude test to the combination of the
individuals, but to provide to Ghana the coconut tree
descended from the crossing between MYD cultivars and
VTT for a resistance screening trial to lethal yellowing in
this country. Otherwise the devastation of
Pseudotheraptus devastanscannot be controlled. In this
trial the damages of these insects have also been
accessed. Unfortunately insecticide has not been applied.
The comparative survey of the productivity of every
progeny to his ascendant permitted to appreciate
heterosis effects. These effects that are more observed
with the copra by tree and by hectare showed the
performance of coconut tree hybrids returned by some
authors (BOURDEIX et al., 2005b). Heterosis that is
generally observed at the individual heterozygote could
explain itself by the effects of dominance and
superdominance of the genes implied in the
determination of the quantitative traits (QTLs) or by the
interaction between two complementary genes
(VERRIER et al., 2001; LU et al., 2003). The hybrid
vigor or increase of the performance of the hybrids
appear when the crossed individuals are genetically
distant. Indeed, the crossing between coconuts and
genetically distant would increase heterozygote and
therefore the hybrid vigor. These results would indicate
therefore, a good genetic distance between the Dwarf
Yellow Malaysia used here as female parent and the
parents males VTT.
CONCLUSION
The study assessed the agronomic performance
of 18 Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Vanuatu Tall coconut
hybrids coded d1 to d18 and their parent VTT codes G1
to G18. The results showed that MYD x VTT hybrids
produces per year 9 to 10 bunches, 76 to 121 fruits,
12.54 to 19.82 kg of copra by tree and 2.01t to 3, 17t of
copra by hectare. These yields are statistically equal to
the one of the control PB121+. The progenies d5, d6, d8,
d11, d12, d15and d18had the best yields. The parents VTT
produced 8 to 13 bunches, 29 to 146 fruits per year
4.53 kg to 22.20 kg copra by tree, 0.65t to 3,18t of copra
by hectare. The parents G1, G4, G6, G7, G12, G15and G16
have the best yields. On the average of the progenies,
heterosis effects have been observed for the copra by tree
(42.08%) and the copra by hectare (50.04%). Parents G 6,
G12and G15who give the best yields and provide better
offspring (d6, d12 and d15) are to be used for seed
production MYD x VTT. These three types of best
progenies MYD x VTT are advising farmers to prevent
the spread of lethal yellowing disease in Ghana and Cte
d'Ivoire.
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