assessment of socio-economic conditions of backward ......this section gives the socio economic...

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Assessment of Socio-Economic Conditions

of Backward Castes in Telangana State

Report Submitted to the Telangana State

Commission for Backward Classes

CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STUDIES

N.O. Campus, Begumpet, Hyderabad – 500 016.

Web: www.cess.ac.in, email: [email protected],

Phone: 040-23402789, 23416780, fax: 040-23406808

October 2019

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CONTENTS Page

No.

I Section I – Introduction, Objectives and Methodology 1

II Section II – Socio-economic conditions and backwardness of dependent

backward castes

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III Section III – Findings and Conclusion 92

IV Appendix 1- Note on benchmark indicators - Mission Bhageeratha 98

V Appendix 2 – List of Indicators and Benchmarks 100

VI Appendix 3 – Statistical Tables

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Research team

Prof E Revathi

Prof C Ravi

Dr Pradeep Kamble

Dr P Anjaneyulu

Dr S Harinath

Dr S Naresh

G Thiloth

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Assessment of Socio-Economic Conditions of Dependent Backward castes

in Telangana State

1. Introduction

The Telangana State Commission for Backward Classes (TSCBC) has decided to conduct a

survey to study the social, educational, employment and living conditions of 18 backward

castes for inclusion of them in the state list of BCs. In spite of their stark backwardness, these

18 caste groups have not been included in the State list of BC resulting in persistence of

backwardness over the generations and inability of state affirmative actions to improve their

living conditions and bring them in mainstream social, political, and economic sphere.

Moreover, these caste groups are traditionally dependent on other Castes that are already

identified as backward and getting benefits of reservation policy implemented by the

Government. Thus, on their representation, the BC Commission have decided to conduct a

survey on the levels living of these castes in terms of their socio economic conditions in order

to bring them under the state affirmative actions.

The total number of households belonging to the 18 castes under consideration is 9,971 and

they are spread across in 1,137 villages in the State. In a majority of villages (1080) we can

find only one of these castes. In 44 villages 2 castes can be found and in the rest of 12 villages

more than 2 caste groups can be found. Further, the size of each caste (number of households)

varies from as low as 20 (Addapuvaru) to 1678 (Bail Kammara). Caste groups like Sonnayila,

Kakipadagala, Sarollu, Bail Kammara and Masayyalu/ Patamvaru are spread thinly (less than

10 houeholds) across large number of villages. On the other hand, castes like Govili, Enooti,

Gouda Jetti, Addapuvaru, Aheer Yadav, ODD, Bagothula and Sree Kshetriya Ramajogi can be

found in large number in fewer villages.

In order to assess social, educational, employment, and living conditions of these 18 castes, the

relevant information at individual, household, and community level has been collected from

the field survey. For the said purpose, the information is collected mainly through detailed

structured questionnaire as well as Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and by in-person visit to

households. The important aspects covered under the questionnaire include various dimensions

of traditional occupation, treatment in the society, house and household amenities, assets and

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income, level of education, occupational diversity, and practices such as child marriages, child

labour, etc. Likewise, the major aspects covered under FGD are historical origin of the caste,

migration of the community, traditional occupation, relationship with other castes and social

discrimination, status in the society, continuation of caste based occupation, occupational shift

from traditional to other, festivals, and customs such as marriage, divorce, and treatment to the

women in the community and so on.

1.1 Survey Strategy

As the survey has to cover all the castes, sampling methodology may not be appropriate as it

would require deep stratification (castes and their size in villages) and time consuming to

implement. Therefore, a mixture of sample and census has been adopted. In the first stage all

villages with at least 10 households belonging to target castes have been selected. Once these

villages are selected the coverage of castes for each caste is checked. If the coverage of any

castes is less than 50 per cent, villages having highest number of the households of that caste

from the remaining villages are selected, till the coverage is more than 50 per cent. Finally 271

villages are selected covering 162 mandals. Out of the total target households of 9971, about

50 per cent is selected for the survey (4573).

1.2 Methodology

The backwardness of a community can be assessed based on various dimensions. These

dimensions may include social backwardness, educational backwardness, employment

backwardness, economic status, and political status. The backwardness in these dimensions

reflects overall backwardness of the community and more often than not these dimensions are

interlinked further reinforcing and deepening the backwardness of the community. The main

task of the analysis is to compare various indicators to benchmarks so as to judge the

backwardness of each community. The benchmarks can be state averages or averages of all

backward classes of the state. The latter is also an important benchmark, as most of

communities depend on already identified backward classes. Unfortunately the survey did not

cover general population and therefore cannot provide comparable benchmarks. Therefore

comparable benchmarks were compiled from other sources. The present analysis uses the data

of two large scale surveys conducted recently for this purpose.

The first survey is National Family and Health Survey (NFHS), a Nationwide survey covering

adequate samples in providing reliable estimates not only at state level but also at district level

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(pre reorganised 10 districts). The survey was conducted in 2015-16. This survey data provides

benchmarks for key social indicators, which are otherwise not available (see appendix 2).

The second survey is Mission Bhageeratha (MB) a baseline survey of the flagship programme

on drinking water supply of the Government of Telangana conducted by the Centre for

Economic and Social Studies. The survey was sponsored by the department of Rural Water

Supply and Sanitation (RWSS), Government of Telangana and UNICEF. As a part of the

evaluation, a large household survey was conducted in 2017 to provide baseline for subsequent

evaluation. This survey covered all the rural areas and Nagarpalikas of urban areas. See

appendix 3 for a note on the MB household survey.

Dimensions of backwardness:

The following indicators are used to assess the backwardness of the castes surveyed.

Social Backwardness: With regard to social backwardness, various aspects reflecting the

community’s historical disconnect with contemporary society have been considered. These

aspects broadly include engagement in traditional occupation, status of traditional occupation

in the society and occupation based discrimination faced, living conditions, and continuation

of undesirable customs such as child marriage, divorce practice, treatment of women;

Indicators of living conditions, Indicators of occupational and social discrimination and social

customs.

Educational Backwardness: Further, in case of educational backwardness, focus is laid on

literacy, educational attainment, women literacy and educational attainment, years of

schooling, drop-outs, etc.

Employment Backwardness: Employment backwardness is assessed taking into

consideration of diversity of occupation including traditional occupation, female participation

in traditional and non-traditional workforce, involvement in vulnerable occupation like

agricultural labour and non-agriculture labour, etc.

Economic Status: Economic status of the community has been assessed by considering

poverty, land holding, assets holding, average household income etc.

Political Status: Finally, political status of the community has been assessed by considering

membership in village Panchayat and other local bodies.

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Overall, in assessing backwardness of the 18 castes under consideration, the emphasis is mainly

given on occupational stagnation indicating their inability to upgrade and adopt to modern

occupational opportunities, social and economic vulnerabilities associated with practicing of

traditional occupations, social discrimination, separation from the modern values reflected in

continuation of undesirable customs, living conditions, engagement in non-traditional but

vulnerable occupations like casual labour, poverty, representation in secured jobs, political

representation, etc.

The above mentioned broad five dimensions will be discussed in following sections in order to

assess backwardness of each of 18 castes separately.

For estimating percentage of BPL households the cut-offs used in general for eligibility of

welfare schemes (such as for ration card) are used. Household income of Rs. 1, 50,000 in rural

areas and Rs. 2,00,000 in urban areas have been used as cut-offs for BPL.

Section II

Most of the castes surveyed presently are nomadic or semi-nomadic or non-nomadic

performing communities and they are dependent castes. Information about the caste can be

found from the Hakku Patras found in the possession of these castes ( Study and Collection of

Hakku Patras and other documents among folk communities in Andhra Pradesh, Endangered

Archives programme, 201, British Library). Hakku Patralu are documents of Rights granted to

performers 200-500 years ago, by village elders or other institutions to perform certain duties

in the assigned area. These social documents are a rich source of information on the caste like

name of the village, performing community, dates of sanctioning of grants and form of

performance. They are story tellers, folk narrators and caste priests. They narrate myths from

the origin of the patron castes and also recite genealogies, played the role of folk bards with

‘mirasi rights’ (right to perform in a particular region). Dependent castes keep an oral record

of their castes and its evolution through genealogies, (Survey Report on Hakku Patralu among

the Performing Communities of Andhra Pradesh, 2008, Telugu University). Every caste has its

own sub caste called satellite caste, dependent castes. The main caste is known as the patron

caste and sub caste the dependent caste. There is a patron client relationship between these

castes. The dependent caste is socially and economically dependent and subservient to its

patron caste. A patron caste may also have 1-7 sub castes as its dependent castes.

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This section gives the socio economic conditions of the 18 castes broadly classified under five

heads, social, educational, employment, political and economic. The relative backwardness of

the caste has been assessed with benchmark indicators as detailed in the methodology.

2.1 Addapuvaru

2.1.1 Introduction

Addapuvaru caste is presently located in Perikedu village in Raiparthy mandal in Warangal

district. It is predominantly rural based community. They are permanently settled in the villages

and they live in habitations predominated by BC population within the village (Sl.No. 1R).

Historically, this caste depends on the Nayi Brahmin (Mangali) caste which is the patron

community for their livelihood. Their traditional occupation is to narrate the stories of their

caste history, geneology (gothras) through patam to their patron community. Their clan names

or gothra are munipala, nagashira, pushipala and verundla and their surnames are basivireddy,

gad or gandham and javaji. They generally follow Hindu based traditional marriage system.

They are worshipers of Mother Goddess and pray Chimmateshwara Lingamurthy and Aadi

Shakti. They celebrate all Hindu festivals.

2.1.2 Social Status and Backwardness

The socio-economic status of households is compared with the benchmarks for rural areas for

both State and BC in general. This community is still continuing their traditional occupation

and depending on the Nayi Brahmin community for their livelihood. Of the total sample of

households surveyed, 16.7 percent have own house which is far below the State average and

BC average is at 96 percent (Sl. No. 2R). Further, overwhelmingly 83 per cent of households

are living in the temporary houses. Remaining 17 percent are living in own house. The structure

of house of these 17 percent is of semi-pucca in nature while the State average is at 28 percent.

This implies that there is not a single household belonging to the caste that live in pucca house

while about 71 per cent while about State average is 70 percent and BC average is 71 percent

are living in pucca houses (Sl.No.4R).

Moreover, all these houses comprise only one room. None of the houses have a separate kitchen

whereas about 44 per cent of rural BC and 41 per cent of rural households in the State have

separate kitchen. Further, very few proportion of them (8 percent) have toilets whereas about

66 percent of BC and 60 per cent of all households in the State have toilet facility within the

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premises. Finally, there is no drinking water facility within premises. However, the water

facility is accessible within a kilometre. On the other hand, State average is 57 percent BC

average 63 of households have water facility within the premises (Sl.No. 5R, 6R, 7R, 8R, 9R,

10R, 11R). Further, only about 25 percent of houses are connected with electricity but

compared to the state average at 97 percent it is very low. However, the households are well

connected with telephone facility, about 83 percent have this facility (Sl. No.12R, 13R).

The average household size is 3.9 and the sex ratio is 1000 (females per 1000 males) which is

lower than the state average of 1035 for rural areas (Sl.No. 14, 15R).

Further, all the households are still continuing with their traditional occupation and majority of

them (83 percent) perceive their occupation as inferior to other occupations though they did

not report any caste based discrimination or untouchability and being looked down by others.

They also did not report any incidence of child labour and the age at marriage for women as

well as men is above the legal age of 18 years and 21 years respectively. In this aspect they are

better off compared to the State average of child marriage (women 36 percent and men 23

percent) (Sl.No. 16R, 17R). Women are treated well and there is no restriction on their

movement outside the household for work and for any other purposes. Currently, there is no

practice of polygamy. The divorce is carried out within the caste by considering caste elders

instead of approaching to formal courts.

2.1.3 Educational Status and Backwardness

2.1.3.1 Literacy Rate

Literacy rate for all persons in the sample is at 79 percent which is significantly higher than the

State average or State BC average at 65 percent. Moreover, male literacy is high at 95 percent

which is well above the two averages at around 73 percent and female literacy is at 63 percent

which is also above the State average rate at 56 percent(Sl. No. 26R). With regard to adult

literacy in the age group of 15 to 49 years, literacy among both adult male and adult female is

higher (92 percent and 64 percent) than the State and BC average for male and for female (Sl.

No. 27MR and 27FR).

2.1.3.2 Educational Attainment(10-15 years)

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The educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years indicates that all the

children in the age group have enrolled in the school, while the State and BC average for never

enrolled children is 1.6 per cent. In the same age group, majority of the children have completed

primary schooling and only 33 percent have completed secondary level schooling. Which is

well below the State average at 79 and BC average at 81 percent. (Sl. No. 28RM, 28RF, 28RA).


Similarly, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, majority of male (87 percent) and female (60

percent) in this age group have completed intermediate and above level of education. While

State and BC average have lower proportions (Sl.No. 29R).

2.1.3.4 Educational Attainment (30-60 years)

Further, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that neither male nor female have

achieved educational level more than intermediate and above, i.e more than 10 years of

schooling. Illiteracy in this age group (49 percent) is lower for the caste as compared to the

State and BC averages. Majority of males have completed primary level of education while

higher proportion of State and the BC in general have completed secondary level education. In

case of females, compared to State and BC averages, higher proportion of them have completed

primary and secondary schooling (Sl.No 30R).

2.1.3.5 Average Years of Schooling

Further, average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years (3.8 years) is slightly

lower as compared to State and BC averages. On the other hand, average years of schooling

for the age group of 16 to 29 is higher (11.5 years) compared to State and BC averages.

Likewise, average years of schooling for the 30 to 60 years is lower in case of male but slightly

higher in case of female as compared to State and BC averages. However, for all persons in

this age group, average year of schooling (2.3 years) is slightly lower than both the averages

(Sl.No. 31AR, 31MR, 31FR, 32AR,32MR, 32FR, and 33AR,33MR,33FR). Finally, there are

no incidence of dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years (Sl. No.35)

2.1.4 Employment Backwardness

The number of activities that a worker belonging to a caste engages in (both as main and

secondary) is an indirect indicator of distress in livelihood of that caste group. Higher the

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number of activities, higher is the struggle for livelihood. In case of Addapuvaru the average

activities per workers is 2, which indicates that a large section of workforce depend on more

than one economic activity. A possible reason for this is that 80 percent of workers of

Addapuvaru depend on their traditional occupation, which does not meet their needs, and

therefore engage in secondary activities. For almost 73 per cent of the workers, agriculture

labour is secondary activity. An important point to note is that though 80percent of workers

depend on traditional occupation, it provides only 50 percent of their income, the rest comes

from Labour work. The per household monthly income is Rs. 13,523 and the percentage BPL

households is 33percent. Almost 79percent of the women participate in work, most of them

(71percent) in traditional occupation. (Sl. No. 36)

The finding on participation in government and private jobs shows that none of the family

member of the caste has ever been employed in government and private jobs (Sl. No. 35C and

35P).

2.1.5 Economic Status

All the sampled households belongs to Addapuvaru caste are landless. Moreover, only 8

percent of the households possess assets mainly two wheeler. In case of possession of precious

metal, about 67 per cent do not have gold while remaining have less than 10 grams. None of

the households have reported to possess silver. Similarly, none of the household have

possession of additional house and house-site (Sl. No.41, 50 and 51).

2.1.6 Political Status

None of the households have member of the family as a member of panchayat at any time.

(Sl.No.58).

2.1.7 Possession of Government Documents

All the households have white ration card, all members have Aadhar card, all adult members

have voter ID card, and none of the household possess passport and MGNREGA card (Sl.No.

59R, 60R, 61R and 63R).

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2.2 Aheer Yadav

2.2.1 Introduction

Aheer Yadav community is presently located in Hyderabad and Medchal-Malkajgiri District.

They are migrated from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to Hyderabad and from Mathura and Dwarka

and settled in Medchal-Malakajgiri district. They are mostly urban-based community and

settled permanently in the urban landscape. Around 98 percent live in the town, whereas 68

percent of them live along with mixed castes and 29 percent habitation live in areas

predominated by BC population, Very little percent (2 percent) habitation live outside the town

(Sl. No.1U).

Historically, this caste descended from Nandhavamsi (yaduvamshi) family, also they trace that

their origins(forefathers) came to serve the 16th Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and later settled

here. Their clan names are Attri, Beach wale, Bharaiah, Bhunjwady, Bitoliya, Bunkwadi,

Devratia, Gunjwadi, Jattolla, Kora, Kower, Pahadiwaly, Phool Bharaiah, Ratia, Saipuri,

Shilarpuri, Vattolla. This community uses Father name or Husband name as surnames. Their

surnames are Baniya, Chowdary, Dalaya, Jadiwale, Patherwar, Patel, Pulsunge, Rajawale,

Seth, Silapuri, Siriya. This caste gives priority to perform the group marriages, to reduce the

marriage expenses and follow the Hindu based traditional marriage system. They worship Lord

Krishna, Tulija Bhavani, Vindychal Devi. They celebrate all Hindu festivals.


The socio-economic status of households is compared with the benchmarks for urban areas for

both State and BC in general. This community is continuing with the traditional caste-based

occupations like selling milk and dairy products in all villages except in couple of villages

Bhagwangunj and Ghodei Kabar Villages. Of the total sample of households surveyed, 74

percent have own house which is far below the State average is 83 percent and BC average is

82 percent. For all living in houses (own and rented), 80 percent are living in the pucca house

which is lower than the State average at 90 percent and BC average at 89 percent. More than

25 percent of the households are having single rooms and 85 percent houses are having separate

kitchen, which is very high when compared with the State average at 62 percent and BC

average 59 percent. Almost all households are having toilet facility, higher than the State

average is 92 per cent BC average is 91 percent. While, availability of water (water facility)

in toilets is 91 percent quite high compared to the State average at 36 percent BC average at

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30 percent and only 47 percent of toilets having flushing water facility, is predominantly higher

than the state average at 12 percent and BC average is 7 percent. Whereas, 91 percentare having

drinking water facilities in the premises, comparatively high than State average at 73 percent

and BC average at 79 percent and 8 percent of households are accessing water facility within

one kilometre. Nearly, all the houses are connected with electricity and phone connection

(Sl.No. 2U,4U,5U,6U, 7U, 8U, 9U, 10U, 11U and 12U).

The average household size is 6.4, and female sex ratio is 990.6 (females per 1000 males) is

moderately higher than the state average 977. Among, women aged 20-24years, 1.4 percent

got married before18 years of age, while men aged between 25-29, 0.6 percent got married

before 21 years of age, which is significantly lower than state average(Sl. No. 16U and 17U).

No cases of polygamy is found, while divorces are treated by law in the Mechal-Malkkajgiri

district and resolved with help of caste elders in the Hyderabad District. Overall, Women are

treated well and no restrictions to go out for work, in few cases women are restricted, in the

Bhagwan Gunj, Chudi Bazar, Ghode Ki Kabar, Mutanipura, Osman Shahi, Shah Inayat Gunj,

Shaker Bazar and Regimental Bazar of hyderabad districts. It has been reported that the child

labour between age group 6-15 years and 16-18 years are the 0.4 percent and 3.4 percent

respectively is considerably lower than the State average and BC average (Sl. No. 18 and 19).

One-quarter of the households are continuing the traditional occupation and negligible perceive

their profession is inferior to other professions. While, very few one percent reported caste-

based discrimination and in few cases, social boycott is detected in Risala bazar village from

vaddera caste, SCs and STs and 2 percent opined that they have been looked down by others

(Sl. No. 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24).



Literacy levels of this community, is at 87 percent above the state average for BC and state

average. Similary, male literacy is 91 percent and female literacy is 83 percent above the State

average and BC average(Sl. No. 26U). While, literacy among the adults aged 15-49, is 92 per

cent, in case of males it is high at 95 percent and in case of females it is 90 percent(Sl.No. 27

AU, MU and FU).


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The educational attainment, in the age group 10-15 years, it is found that overall 4 percent are

not even enrolled in the school, which is above the State average. Whereas, in the primay level

male, female and All percentages are higher than both state averages, the percentages of male,

female and All in the secondary level compared to the state average (Sl .No. 28U).

2.2.3.3 Educational Attainment( 16-29years)

In the age group 16-29 years, illiterates are at 2 percent, lower than the state average for BC

and the state average, also illiteracy among the males is one percent and females is two percent

lower than the state averages. In primary education level, All is 5 percent higher than the state

average, among males it is higher than the both the averages, in case of females it is higher

than the State average but lower than the BC average. However, secondary education level for

all, males and females is higher than the both the averages. Inter and above education level of

all, male and female is lower than the state averages(Sl. No. 29U).


Also, the educational attainment in the age group 30- 60, illiterates are 16 percent lower than

the both state averages, similarity is found in the cases of males and females. In this age group

primary education level, for all, male and females is higher than the state averages and similar

trend is observed in secondary education levels and inter and above education levels (Sl. No.

30U).


Average years of schooling for the age group 10-15 years, is 6.3 years for all, for men it is 5.9

years and females it is 6.6 years, more than the state averages(Sl.No.31AU,MU,WU).

However in the age group 16-29 years, mean years of schooling is 10.6 years among all, in

males it is 10.6 years and females it is 10.5 years, marginally higher than both the state

averages(Sl. No. 32AU,MU,WU). While average schooling in the age group 30-60 years, is

7.9 years is higher than the state average, in males it is 8.6 years and females it is 7.2 years

higher than the state average 6.4 years and 3.2 years individually(Sl. No. 33 AU,MU,WU).

Persons with more than ten years of schooling in the age group 15-49 years, is 42 percent and

in males it is seen as 45 percent and females it is 39 per cent. Around one percent of dropouts

are reported in the age group 6-14.( Sl. No. 34MU,FU, AU and 35).

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For Aheer Yadav, the average number of activities per workers is nearly one, implying reliance

on a single main occupation. A possible reason for this is that, this community are self-

employed or regular wage earners. Only 21percent workers of Aheer Yadav depend on

traditional activity. About 32 percent engage in self-employment in non-agriculture and

43percent in regular wage/salary and other activities. The need for supplementing the

livelihoods by resorting secondary activities is low for this caste group. Overall only 2 percent

of workers have secondary activities.

Although, per household monthly income is Rs. 35,945, the percentage BPL households is

54percent. Women work force participation is only 8.3percent (Sl. No. 37U and 38U).

Among the sample, currently, 4 percent are working in the government sector higher than the

State average and 45 percent are working in the private sector also higher than the State

average. The private sector jobs and self-employment include the kirana shop, salesman pan

shop. In the past it is identified that 5 percent are worked in the government sector and 16

percent in the private sector (Sl. No. 35P &35C)


Of the sample, 98 percent are landless and 2 percent fall into Marginal and Small holdings.

The average land holding of the community is 0.09 acres which is lower than the state average

and average wet land holding of the community is 0.04 also lower than the state average 1.0

acres(Sl. No. 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45). Around 11 percent of households are having the livestock.

Almost every household is having the at least one among the following assets like fan( 98

percent) TV (93 percent) two wheeler (82 percent). While, 23 percent households reported

having no gold and one third households do not have silver. Only, 5 percent households are

having the additional house and 2 percent reported possession of additional site(Sl. No. 49, 50,

51, 52 and 53)


Very small number of the persons of the sample (less than percent) are part of the local bodies

(Sl.No. 58).

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2. 3 Arava komati

2.3.1 Introduction

Aravakomati community is presently located in Jagityal town from Jagityal mandal of Jagityal

district. It is predominantly an urban-based community and permanently settled in the urban

landscape. Half of the households are living along with mixed castes and half of them live in

areas mostly dominated by BC castes within the town (Sl. No. 1R). Historically, this caste

migrated from the ‘Arava place’ in Tamilnadu state located at a distance of 1100 km from

Jagityal. They are known as ‘Arava komati,’ and sing songs and preach spirituality for their

livelihood. Their clan names are Kaliyendra Maharshi, Koundinya/ Koundishya, Sathapa

Maharshi, Shatapa Maharshi, Shashindra Maharshi, and Shatana Maharshi and their surnames

are Avari, Bollipelli, Chellam, Chitha, Chuvvalapelli, Gaddala, Giri, Oruganti, Oyyeda, Saipa

and Tramashetti. This caste follows the Hindu based traditional marriage system. They worship

Ammavaru (Parvathi), Kedareshwari, Lord Shiva, Pochamma, Satyanarayana and

Veerabhadrudu. They celebrate Durga Navarathri pooja, Kedareshwari Vratham, Agnigundalu,

and Veerabhadruni Rath Yatras.


This community is continuing the traditional caste-based occupations like preaching

spirituality to people and singing songs. Of the total sample of households surveyed, 59 percent

have own house, which is far below the State average at 83 percent and BC average at 82

percent(Sl. No. 2U). Among all houses (own and rented), 94 percent are living in the pucca

house, which is higher than both the state averages, and Nearly, 15 percent of households are

living in singe room(Sl. No. 4U and 6U). Around 77 percent of houses are having separate

Kitchen, which is higher than both state averages (Sl. No. 5U). All households are having toilet

facilities, while state average is around 92 percent (Sl. No. 7U), and about 97 percent of toilets

have water facility, which is higher than the state average(Sl. No. 8U). More than, one-fourth

of the toilets are having the flushing water facility in toilets, significantly higher than the state

average(Sl. No. 9U). Nearly 5 percent of households are accessing the drinking water within

one-kilometer distance, and remaining households drinking water is available within the

premises(Sl. No. 10 U), and all households are connected with electricity (Sl. No.13U).

The average household size is 3.6, female sex ratio is 836.7 (females per 1000 males) is lower

than the state average(Sl. No. 14 and 15U). No child marriages are noticeable in this caste as,

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no women aged between 20-24 years had married before the 18 years and men aged between

25-29 years had married before 21 years(Sl. No. 16U & 17U). No traces of Polygamy in this

community, and divorces treated before court of law. Women treated well and without

restrictions can go outside for work before marriages. After marriage women are restricted

from doing outside work. However, no child labour is reported in the age group 6-15 years and

16-18 years, which is lower than the state average (Sl.No. 18A & 19A). Only 17 percent of

households are continuing traditional occupations, 49 percent perceive that their occupation is

inferior, and 48 percent alleged that they are looked down by others. Among traditional

occupation continuing households, 46 perceived that their occupation is inferior. While 39

percent of households held that they are looked down by the society. Around, 8 percent of

households detailed that they are facing social discrimination by the Vaishyas (Sl. No. 20, 21,

22, 23, 24 and 25).



Literacy levels of this community are at 90 percent above the State average and BC average.

Moreover, male literacy is 97 percent and female literacy is 81 percent is higher than the state

averages. While literacy among the adults aged 15-49 years is 97 percent, in case of males it is

99 percent and in case of females it is 95 percent, higher than the state average(Sl. No. 27MU,

27FU, 27AU).


Educational attainment of the people in the age group 10-15 years, no illiterate is found in case

of males, whereas in case of females it is 11 percent and All, it is 6.3 percent, more than both

state averages. In the level of primary education, All, males and females literacy is higher than

the State average, whereas in secondary level education, All, males and females literacy is

observed lower than the State average(Sl. No. 28U).


In the age group 16-29 years, all are literates and having primary level education. Whereas, in

secondary level education, it is lower than the state average in case of All, males and females.

16

While in inter and above education level, All, males and females are higher than the State

average(Sl. No. 29U).


In the age group 30-60 years, percentage of illiterates is less than both state averages in All,

males and females. Whereas at primary level, males percentage is less than the state average

and females and all percentage is more than the state average, at the secondary level and inter

and above education level, all, males and females percentages are higher than both averages

(Sl. No. 30U).

2.3.3.5 Average years of schooling

The average years of schooling in the age group 10-15, overall is 4.8 years more than the State

average, in case of males it is 4.6 years and females 5 years higher than the State average (Sl.

No. 31AU, 31MU, 31WU). In the age group 16-29 years, male and female average years are

higher than the State average(Sl. No. 32 AU, 32MU, 32FU). While in the age group of 30-60

years, average years of schooling are higher than the State average in case of All, males and

females. Persons with more than ten years of schooling in the age group 15-49 years, is 64

percent, it is higher in males with 72 percent than in females with 54 percent. However, no

dropouts are reported in the age group 6-14 years((Sl. No. 34 AU, 34MU, 34FU and 35).


Workers of Aravakomati involve only in one main economic activity. Employment for this

caste is concentrated in three sectors - self-employment in non-agriculture, casual labour and

others, which comprises mostly regular wage employment. About 25 percent of the workforce

is in each of the first two sectors and the rest one half in the last. Only one per cent of main

workers have secondary activity (Casual labour). Traditional occupation is almost absent in

this community.

With a monthly household income of Rs. 18,723, the BPL ratio is 49 percent. Women work

force participation is 16 percent (Sl .No. 37U and 38U).

Among the sample, currently, 11 percent are working in the government sector, significantly

higher than the state average and 33 percent working in the private sector, much higher than

the state average. Few have changed their occupation and performing agricultural activities. In

17

the past it is identified that same 7 percent are working in the government sector and in the

private sector (Sl.No. 35 and 35P).


In this community, around 99 percent of the population is landless, the average landholding of

the community is 0.02 acres, and all of that is wetland which is lower than the State average(Sl.

No. 41). No households have livestock in this community. Every household in the sample has

at least one asset, fan possessed by 99 percent of households, and 95 percent of households

have TV in their houses; only 77 percent of households own a two-wheeler. Six percent of

households have no gold and around 15 percent of households possess less than 10 grams of

gold. However, around one-tenth percent of households reported not having silver, and 16

percent of the households are having less than 10 grams of silver. Overall, 2 percent households

have an additional house and 7 percent of households having the additional house site(Sl. No.

49, 50, 51, 52 and 53).


Significantly, less percentage of people, i.e., 4 percent are part of the local bodies (Sl. No. 58)

2.4 Bagothula

2.4.1 Introduction

Bagothula community is presently located in the Mallapur village from Mallapur mandal,

Ramaraopalle and Vempet villages of Metpalli mandal of Jagtial district. It is predominantly a

rural based community and they are permanently settled in the village. They live in the

habitations predominated (83 percent) by mixed castes within village and only few (2 percent)

people are living outside the village (Sl. No 1R). They have good relationship with people in

majority villages. This caste historically narrates the stories by performing stage shows and

covers one district in one year period. The stage shows are like Bhagavatam, Chenchu Lakshmi,

Lavakusha, Prahaladha, Ramadasu, Ramayanam, Vishnu Chalisa and Yakshagaanam. Their

clan names or gothras are Palakaya, pasupuneti, pusunuri and thunuri and their surnames are

Bairi, Bommera, bommela, boira, chinthalapelly, eppa, gone, gorla, irnala, kadem, kalastra,

kallem, kondapalli, mamidi, muggu, mydasu, ponnala, puppala puranam, salla and sankum.

They normally follow Hindu based traditional marriage system. They worship of all Hindu

gods particularly Lord Shiva and Vekateswara. They celebrate all Hindu festivals.

18


This community continuing the traditional occupation performing stage shows known as

Bagotham for their livelihood. Of the total sample of households surveyed, 81 percent have

own house which is less than the State average at 95 percent and BC average 95 percent. Of

all the 81 percent living in own house, the structure is of pucca (59) in nature while state

average is at 71 percent. Out these houses one third (37 percent) of them comprise of only one

room and half of the houses (52 percent) have a separate kitchen which is slightly higher than

the State average at 42 percent and BC average at 44 percent. 83 percent households have

toilets, more than the State average at 61 percent and BC average at 67 percent. whereas 77

percent of toilets are having running water facility which also higher than the state average but

only few (5 percent) of them have flushing water facility which is less than the State average

or below than the BC average. There is a drinking water facility within the premises

significantly higher than the State average (58 percent) and BC average (64 percent);

moreover, almost all houses are having with electricity facility.

The average household size is 3.9, female sex ratio is 1049.7 which is more than State average

i.e. 1007 (Sl. No. 14 and 15). 11 percent of women aged 20-24 years married before 18 years

which is less than state average (26 percent) but in case of men, none of them got married

before age 21 years. There is no child labour in the age group, and majority (71 percent) of this

community households are still continuing the traditional occupation and insignificant (4

percent) of perceive their occupation as inferior to other occupations, though they did not face

caste based discrimination or untouchability (Sl. No. 18A, 19A, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25)



Literacy levels of the Bagothula community, of the total household in the sample is at 61

percent which is less than the State average (66 percent) and BC average. Moreover, male

literacy is slightly higher (75 percent) than the State average but less than the BC average at 74

percent, but it is observed that in female literacy 47 percent is that less than State average and

also less than the BC average (57 percent). While literacy among the adults aged 15-49 men,

85 percent, which is higher than State average (76 percent), and the same found in the women,

i.e. 62 percent whereas state average is at 52 percent (Sl. No. 26R, 27MR, 27FR, 27AR).

19


The educational attainment of the age group 10-15 years, there is no illiterates in male whereas

it is very high in the female i.e. (15 percent) which is above the State average and BC average

(2 percent), while in All, Not literates are significantly higher at 7 percent than the State

average. However, for both male and female primary education level is little higher than the

State average whereas in secondary level it is far below then the State average (Sl. No. 28R).


The educational attainment for the age group 16-29 years, in case male, percentages of not

literates on par with the State average at 7 percent but higher than the BC average 6 percent.

The same is found in the female. However, male secondary education level is slightly higher

(35 percent) than the State average (28 percent) but in case of female, it is lower (30 percent)

than the State average and BC average also. It is found that, the educational level Inter and

above for both male (52 percent) and female (44 percent) are below State average at 62 percent

and 47 percent respectively (Sl. No. 29R).


Educational attainment in age group 30 to 60 years, it is observed in the case of male and

female, not literates are more in the female and less in the male compared to State average

and BC average. To sum up in this age group, percentage of male and female with primary

education level are higher than the State average. whereas in secondary and intermediate and

above level education the percentage of both male and female are far below than the State

average and BC average. (Sl. No. 30R).


It is observed that in the cases of male and female average years of schooling for the age group

10-15 years is higher than the State average and BC average. The same found in the cases of

male and female average years of schooling for the age group 16-29 years and age group 30-

60 years (Sl.No. 31 AR, 31MR, 31FR, 32AR, 32MR and 32FR). Persons with more than ten

years of schooling, in case of male is 31 percent and in females it is 20 percent. No dropouts

found in the age group of 6-14 years in the sample (Sl. No.34MR 34AR and 34FR and 35).


20

The average number of economic activities that workers perform is 1.04, implying their

dependence on mostly the main activity. However, almost 84 percent of the workers are casual

labour in non-agriculture and another 6 percent in agriculture. Dependence on traditional

occupation is almost absent. A few workers – 3.6 percent depend on MGNREGA as secondary

activity. The average monthly household income is Rs. 8,452 of which nearly 80 percent is

wage income. The percentage of BPL households in Bogothula is as high as 75 percent. The

work participation rate for women is high at 87 percent.(Sl. No. 36)

Among the sample, at present, no person is working in the government sector and only 3

percent are working in the private sector. The private sector jobs and self-employment include

the kirana shop, salesman and pan shop. In the past also none have worked in the government

or in the private sectors (Sl. No. 35C and 35P)

2.4.5 Economical Status

In the sample, it is found that, there are 88 percent are landless and 10.5 percent marginal

farmers and 2 percent are small farmers. The average land holding of the community is 0.16

acres which is lower than the State average and BC average. Six percent of households are

having the livestock, almost every household is having the at least one among the following

assets like fan (90 percent) TV (67 percent) two wheeler (30 percent). (Sl. No. 41, 49 and 50)

Moreover, 28 percent of households are not having the gold whereas 54 percent households

are having less than 10 grams, only 17.5 percent households are having gold more than 10

grams. In case of silver, 50 percent of households are not having the silver, whereas 27.2

percent households are having less than 10 grams, only 18 percent households are having silver

more than 10 grams. However, very few one percent households are having an additional house

and 4 percent reported possessing an additional house site (Sl. No. 51, 52 and 53).


Only, 5 percent of the sample households members of village panchayat (Sl. No. 58).

21

2.5 Bail Kammara

2.5.1 Introduction

Bail Kammara caste is spread almost all across the State. The highest number households are

located in Vikarabad (18 per cent) followed by Rangareddy (11 percent) and Adilabad (11 per

cent). The caste is located in both the urban and rural areas. The survey undertaken by the

study indicates that they are permanently settled in the 10 districts in 28 villages and in 23

districts they have migrated from various places like Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Bihar, and

Gujrat. They have also migrated from other districts of Telangana like Adilabad to Karimnagar,

Adilabad to Kharkhanagadda, Adilabad to Mahabubabad, etc. The community is

predominantly located within the villages mixed with other caste groups in case of both rural

and urban areas.

The traditional occupation of the caste is blacksmith. Some of their Gotras include Balancha,

Kathya Gotram, Payana gotram, and Suryavamsi. Some of their surnames include Ghisadi

kammari, Bhukya, Jadhav, Tholya. They mostly follow Hindu and Christian festivals. They

follow Hindu based marriage system with exception of Peddapalli and Wrangal (Kasibugga

village) where they follow Christian tradition.


Of the total households surveyed, 45 per cent in rural and 23 per cent in urban areas have

own house which is considerably lower than the State average (96 per cent and 83 per cent

respectively) BC average (96 percent, and 82 percent respectively) (Sl. No. 2R). Further, about

31 percent of households are living in temporary houses in rural areas and the proportion for

urban areas is even higher (47 per cent). As compared to the State averages and BC average,

these proportions are very high in magnitude. About 24 per cent of rural and 30 per cent of

urban households are living in rented houses with average monthly rent of Rs. 1443 and Rs.

2103 respectively (Sl. No. 3R).

Moreover, about 27 per cent of rural and about 23 per cent of urban households are living

in pucca houses which is considerably lower than State averages and BC average, on the

other hand, households living in kuccha houses are considerably higher (Sl. No. 4R).

Further, only about 17 per cent in rural and 18 per cent in urban households have separate

kitchen implying lower proportion as compared to the State average and BC average.

22

Moreover, households living in 2 and more than 2 rooms in both urban and rural areas are

significantly lower than that of BC and the State averages (Sl. No. 5R and 6R).

With regard to availability of toilets, about 38 per cent of rural and about 35 per cent of urban

households have toilet facility which is drastically lower than BC and the State averages.

However, higher proportion of rural households have water facility in toilet (25 percent) as

compared to rural State average and BC average. In case of urban households, however, the

proportion (26 per cent) is lower compared to the State average and BC average. However,

considering both rural and urban areas together, the proportion is 25.6 per cent which is higher

than State and BC averages at 13 and 11 respectively. However, considering urban and rural

households together, the flush water facility in the toilet (12 per cent) is almost equal to the

State average but higher than BC average (Sl. No. 7R, 8R and 9R).

Similarly, about 35 per cent of rural and 31 per cent of urban households have drinking

water facility within the premises whereas State averages and BC average are at much higher

level (57 per cent and 73 per cent respectively). Among those who do not have water facility

at premises, 54 percent in rural and 64 percent in urban have to travel less than a kilometre for

fetching water (Sl.No. 10R and 11R).

With regard to electricity as well the proportion of households having electricity is lower in

both rural (89 per cent) and urban (67 per cent) area as compared to State average and BC

average(Sl. No. 13R). The households are well connected with telephone facility (about 93 per

cent) (Sl. No. 12R).

The average household size of the caste is 5.3. The overall sex ratio of population is 1026

which is slightly lower than the state average (1027), mainly because of lower than average

ratio observed in urban areas (1032 as against State average-1096 and BC-1047) (Sl. No. 14

and 15).

Majority of the households belongs to this community are still continuing their traditional

occupation (about 90 per cent) out of which about 44 per cent feel that their occupation is

inferior as compared to other occupation. About 36 per cent of households reported that they

are not being treated well in the society and often looked down by others. About 31 per cent of

households have also reported that they have faced caste based discrimination, social boycott

(Champapet) by others (Sl. No. 20 to 25).

23

Further, with regard to early age marriages, 51.3 percent in rural and 37.7 percent in urban

areas, female in the age group of 20 to 25 are married before legal age of 18 which is

significantly higher than the State and BC averages. However, marriage before the legal age

among male is lower than the State and BC averages (Sl.No. 16 and 17). Further, there is higher

proportion of child labour observed in the age group of 6 to 15 years (3 per cent) and 16 to 18

years (36 per cent) compared to BC and the State averages (Sl.No. 18, 19). Moreover, women

are allowed to go outside for work in 53 villages while in 11 villages there are restrictions on

them.

Polygamy is still in practice in some of the following villages – Boath, Metpalli, Jangoan town,

Karimnagar, Kothirampur, Kusumanchi (one/two families follow). Mancherial, Armoor,

Kammarpally, Jakora, Amangal (to help in the traditional occupation), Chevella, Champapet

(with the consent of first wife). Narayankhed, Ramachandrapuram, Sangareddy, Siddipet,

Ampally, Kodangal, Angadi Raichur, Ravalpally, Peddemul, Parkal.In case of divorce,

majority of them approach to the caste elders and only in exceptional cases they approach to

the legal body.



Literacy among male and female (51 percent and 41 percent respectively) is lower than the

State and BC averages (Sl. No. 26R). In case of adult literacy, both male and female (47 per

cent and 33 percent respectively) have reported considerably lower literacy rate than the State

and BC averages.


The educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years indicates that

considerably higher proportion of children in the age group (15 percent) are not literates

indicating they have never enrolled in the school, while the State and BC average for never

enrolled children is comparatively lower. In the same age group, comparatively lower

proportion of male and female in rural areas have completed secondary education (54 per cent

and 62 per cent respectively) vis-à-vis State and BC averages. Similarly, in urban areas, 44

per cent and 52 per cent of male and female respectively have completed secondary education

which is drastically lower than the BC and the State averages (Sl. No. 28R).

24


Moreover, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, very high proportion of male and female (42

per cent and 55 per cent respectively) have reported illiteracy as compared to State and BC

averages. On the contrary, very less proportion of them have completed education level of

intermediate and above (8 per cent for all) compared to BC and the State averages (Sl.No. 29R).


Further, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that the illiteracy is very high among

male and female (75 per cent and 92 per cent respectively) compared to the State and BC

averages. In case of rural areas, only about 5 per cent of male and one per cent of female have

achieved educational level of more than intermediate which is lower than the State and BC

averages. Similarly, in case of urban areas, about 1 per cent of male and none of female have

completed more than intermediate level. For all persons in the same age group, only 1.6 per

cent have completed education level more than intermediate level which is lower than both the

averages (Sl. No. 30R).


Moreover, the average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years is 5 years which

is slightly higher than State and BC averages. On the other hand, average years of schooling

for the age group of 16 to 29 is lower (4 years) as against 9 years for both State and BC and the

State average respectively. Likewise, average years of schooling for the 30 to 60 years is 1

year as against 3 for both State and BC averages (Sl. No. 31 AR, 31MR, 31FR, 32AR, 32MR

and 32FR). Finally, 3 per cent of dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years is reported for the

caste (Sl. No. 35).


For a predominant section of workforce in Bail Kammara the main activity is traditional

occupation and engages several secondary activities to supplement their incomes. The average

number of activities per worker is 1.14. Overall (rural +urban) 85 percent of the workforce is

in traditional activity. The corresponding share is 79 percent in rural and 90 percent in urban.

Further, one-fourth of the workforce in rural areas engages in secondary activities.

Corresponding figures for urban areas is 4 percent. Most of secondary activities in rural areas

25

are 3 percent self-employment, 7 percent casual labour and another 4 percent MGNREGA.

Though the share of traditional employment is 85 percent, it contributes 80 percent to the

income (Rural + Urban). In Rural and Urban areas traditional employment contributes 70

percent and 88 percent respectively. The average per household monthly income is Rs. 9,368

in rural areas and Rs. 8,070 in urban areas. The share of BPL households is 81 percent in rural

and 88 percent in urban. Workforce participation rate for women is high at 51 percent. A

striking feature of the traditional occupation of Bail Kammara is large scale participation of

women. Overall (Rural + Urban), 83 percent of women workforce is in traditional

occupation. Corresponding figures for rural and urban areas are 71 percent and 91 percent

(Sl.no. 36).

With regard to participation in government jobs, only 0.3 per cent of total households have

reported to have a member of family working as government employee in the present and 0.7

per cent in the past. Further, 3 per cent of households have reported to have a member in

working in private sector currently and 1 per cent in the past (Sl. No. 35C and 35P).


Majority of sampled households belongs to the caste are landless (96 percent) and those who

have agricultural land, mostly they are marginal land holders. Average land holding per

household of the community is 0.12 acres which is lower than the State and BC averages.

Among those who own the land they own on an average 3 acres. Only about 3 per cent of land

holders have irrigation source. On an average, the community holds 0.03 acres of wet land per

household which is lower than the State and BC averages of 1 acre. Majority of the land holders

grow one crop a year (about 52 per cent), while there is considerable proportion of landholders

that do not take any crop (31 per cent). Further, about 10 per cent of the households have

livestock (Sl. No. 41 to 49).

About 76 per cent of households possess at least one type of assets and most of them possess

TV, Fan, and Two Wheeler. In case of possession of precious materials, about 48 per cent do

not possess gold and only about 9 per cent possess more than 10 grams. In case of silver, about

54 per cent do not possess silver and about 14 per cent possess more than 50 grams. Finally,

less than 2 per cent of the household have possession of additional house and 6 per cent have

house-site (Sl. No. 50 to 53).

26


Less than one percent of the household have member of the family working or worked as

member of panchayat (Sl. No. 58).


Majority of the households have white type of ration card (82 percent), 96 per cent have Aadhar

card, 92 per cent have voter ID card for all adults member, and 1 percent of the household

possess passport and 29.2 per cent of households possess MGNREGA card (Sl.No. 59R, 61,

60 and 62).

27

2.6 Enooti

2.6.1 Introduction

Enooti presently are located in the Ravirala village of Nellikudur mandal, Mahabubabad

district, Enagurthy and Akaram villages from Dubbak mandal of Siddipet district, Pastala

village from Nagaram mandal of Suryapet district and Venkatapur Village from Nekkonda

mandal of Warangal Rural districts. It is mostly a rural based community and they are

permanently settled in the village. They live in the habitations predominated (81 percent) by

the mixed castes within village and only few (3 percent) people are living outside the village.

They have good relationship with Gouda caste in majority villages. This caste historically

follows the story telling and bird hunting. Their clan names or gothras are Koudinyamuni,

Koudinyamaharshi and Kamandalam and their Surnames are Akula, Balagani, Erukonda and

Molanguri. They normally follow Hindu based traditional marriage system. They worship

KantaMaheshwarudu, Mutyalamma, Mysamma, Rajanna/Shiva, Vanam Mysamma, and

Yellamma. They celebrate Kuntla Maheshwarudu Jatara, RathYatra in Pastala village,

BayatiDevara in Ravirala village, Yellamma festival (Enagurthy and Akaram villages) and all

others Hindu festivals.


This community is continuing the traditional occupation. Social status of the Enooti

community, of the total sample of households surveyed, 78 percent have own house which is

less than the State average (95 percent) and BC average (95 percent). It is noteworthy that, 14

percent of this caste people are living in temporary houses. Of the total 78 percent are living

in own house, of which only 19 percent are pucca in nature while State average is at 71

percent. One third (31 percent) of these houses comprise of only one room. It is significant

to note that, only few houses (8 percent) have a separate kitchen which is far lower than the

State average (42 Percent) and BC average (44 percent) (Sl. No. 2R, 4R, 5R and 6R).

In case of toilets, in this community, slightly more than half (65 percent) has toilets which is

less than the State average for the BC (67 percent), whereas only 42 percent of toilets are having

running water facility and (31 percent) of them have flushing water facility which also higher

than the state average and State average for the BC. There is a drinking water facility within

the premises (47 percent) significantly lower than the State average for the state average (58

percent) and BC average (64 percent) and distance is less than 1km for 53 percent of

28

households for fetching drinking water, moreover, only 86 percent of houses are having with

electricity facility which less than State average (Sl.No. 7R, 8R, 9R, 10R 11R and 13).

The average household size for Enooti is 4.5, overall sex ratio is 935.1 which is less than state

average i.e. 1007. However, there are no traces of child marriage found in this community as

women age group 20-24 years married before 18 years, the same is found in case of men. When

it comes for divorce, the community couples approach the local body meetings/Caste elders in

Akaram, Enagurthy, Pastala and Venkatapur villages, Panchayat elders sit under Banyan tree

to resolve the couples problems in Ravirala village and dowry system is existing in Akaram,

Enagurthy villages. No polygamy is existing in all villages (Sl.No 14, 15 and 16)

It is important to note that, child labour (9 percent) is found in girls in the age group of 6 to

15 years which is remarkable; moreover, in the age group of 16 to 18 years, 60 percent of

girls’ child labour is found which is highly significant and higher than the State average.

Majority (87 percent) of this community households are still continuing the traditional

occupation and slightly less than half (46 percent) of them perceive their occupation as inferior

to other occupations. The treatment by the society, they are looked down by others as felt by

23 percent whereas majority (42 percent) households are facing social discrimination

particularly by Reddy and Velma Castes in Ravirala, Enagurthy and Venkatapur villages.

Women are treated well and they have freedom to go out for work (Sl.No. 18 to 25)



Literacy levels of the Enooti community, of the total household in the sample is at 58 percent

which is less than the State average and BC average (66 percent). Moreover, male literacy is

lower (71 percent) than the State average and the BC average at 74 percent, whereas it is

observed that in female literacy (45 percent) that is less than state average and less than the

BC average (57 percent). While literacy among the adults aged 15-49 men, 77 percent, which

is equal to the state average (77 percent), but in case female, it is 48 percent which is less than

state average (52 percent) (Sl. No. 26R, 27MR, 27AR and 27FR)

29

2.6.3.2 Educational Attainment of the age group (10-15 years)

The educational attainment of the age group 10-15 years, none are illiterate among both male

and female. However, primary education level of male and female are little higher than the

State average whereas in secondary level it is lower than the state average (Sl. No. 28RM, 28

RF and 28RA).

2.6.3.3 Educational Attainment of the age group (16-29 years)

The educational attainment for the age group 16-29 years, in case male, not literates are higher

(14 percent) than the State average (7 percent) and BC average (6 percent). The same is

found in the female. However, male secondary education level is higher (54 percent) than

the state average (28 percent) and same found in female (59.5 percent). It is observed that,

the educational level inter and above is far below(13 percent) from the State average and BC

average (55 percent) in both male and female cases (Sl. No. 29R).

2.6.3.4 Educational Attainment of the age group 30-60 years

Educational attainment age group 30 to 60 years, it is observed in the cases of male and female,

not literates are more in the female (83 percent) and less in the male (41 percent) than the state

average and state average for BC. In this age group, 31 percentage of male and 13 percent of

female have completed primary level education which is slightly higher than the state average,

whereas in secondary level education the percentage of both male and female are far below

than the state average and state average for BC. In the Inter and above level of education, none

of the male has studied inter, whereas 3 percent of female has done inter which is less than

the state average (Sl. No. 30R).


It is observed that in the cases of male and female average years of schooling for the age

group 10-15 years is higher than the State average and BC average. The same found in the

cases of male and female average years of schooling for the age group 16-29 years. However,

average years of school going age group 30-60 years is less than the state average in male but

higher in female (Sl. No. 31 AR, 31MR, 32AR, 32MR, 33AR and 33MR). Persons with more

than ten years of schooling, in case of male it is 15.9 percent and in females it is 2.3 percent.

30

There is 2.1 percent dropouts found in the age group of 6-14 years of the total sample (Sl. No.

35).


For Enooti, the average number activities per worker are as high as 1.4, indicating distress

diversification of livelihoods. A predominant share of workforce depends on casual labour (51

percent) and traditional occupation (30 percent). Further nearly 30 percent of the work force is

engaged in casual labour as secondary activity. The contributions of traditional occupation and

casual labour are 28 percent and 55 percent respectively. With a per household monthly income

of Rs. 10,464/-, the BPL ratio is 64 percent. Women work participation is as high as 80 percent

and 30 percent of the women workforce is in traditional occupation (Sl. No 36).

Among the sample, at present, no one is working nether in government sector and nor in

private sector. In the past it is identified few of them were working in the private sector (Sl.

No. 35C and 35P)


In the sample, it is found that, there are 82 percent are landless and 18 percent are marginal and

small holdings. The average land holding of the community is 0.12 acres which is lower than

the state average (2 acre) and state average for BC (1 acre). The average land holding of land

owner households is 0.69 acres and average wet land holding of the community is 0.05 which

also lower than the state average 1.0 acres, average wet land holding of the households is

0.3 acres. It is found that, 76 percent of households having at least one asset. It is also observed

that the around 43 percent land has no irrigation facility and 43 percent of land having no crop.

27 percent of households are having the livestock, almost every household is having the at

least one among the following assets like fan (73 percent) TV (50 percent) two wheeler (26

percent). Moreover, 30 percent of households are not having the gold whereas 68 percent

households are having less than 10 grams, only few 3 percent households are having gold more

than 10 grams. In case of silver, 38 percent of households not having the silver, whereas 56

percent households are having less than 10 grams. However, it is found none of the households

is having additional house or additional house site (Sl. No. 41 to 53).

31


Very few persons of the sample (1 percent) are members of village panchayat (Sl.No. 58).

32

2.7 Ganjikutivaru

2.7.1 Introduction

Ganjikutivaru are presently located in Raikal in Raikal mandal in Jagitial district, Thorruru in

Thorruru mandal in Mahabubabad district, Ramannakkapeta in Mangapet mandal in Mulugu

district and Chaldapur in Chinnakoduru mandal in Siddipet district. They are settled in the

villages and they live in habitations predominated by BC population and majority (74) percent

of them live within the village and one fourth (26) percent of them live outside the village. This

caste depends on Rajaka (BC-A) (Chakali) community for their livelihood by performing

Madelayya moral stories. Their clan names are Gajinela and Jalanila Gothram and their

surnames are Bovanagiri, Chikyala, Ganjikunta, Kandukuri, Patam, Pasupuleti and Patiri. They

basically follow traditional marriage system. They are worshipers of Durgamma, Lord Shiva,

Madelayya Vidunachari, Mysamma, Pochamma, Seethamma, Vidunachari and Yellamma.

However they celebrate all Hindu festivals.


In this community, they are still continuing traditional occupation which is begging from

Rajaka community for their livelihood. Of the total sample of households surveyed (18)

percent have own house which is far below the State average (96) percent or BC (96) percent.

Very few (5) percent of the houses are pucca which is lower than State (70) percent ore BC

(71) percent. However, only (15) percent of the houses are having one room. Insignificantly

(3) percent of houses are having kitchen facility which is very low than State average (41)

percent or BC (44) percent. Out of the total sample, only (8) percent of the households are

having toilet facility which is predominantly less than State average (60) percent or BC (66)

percent. Pathetically to say none of the houses don’t have water facility and flushing water in

toilets within the premises. Nearly one fourth (23) percent of the households are having

drinking water facility which is low than State average (57) percent BC (63) percent. However

(77) percent of the households go around less than 1 kilometre for accessing water. Remarkably

more than half (62) percent households are having electricity facility which is lower than

State average (97) percent or BC (100) percent (Sl.No. 2R, 4R to 13R).

The average household size is 4.2, overall sex ratio is 1000 (females per 1000 males) which is

low than State (1035) average. Around (46) percent of child marriages are still existing in this

caste community which is significantly higher than State average (26) percent. Still the practice

33

of child marriages are taking place in Ramanakkapeta village in Mangapet mandal of

Mulugu district (Sl.No.14,15R, 16R)

However, child labour in the age group of 6-15 years is (9) percent which is relatively higher

than State average (1.0) percent or BC (0.9) percent. Among male it is (22) which is higher

than State average (1.1) percent BC (1.0) percent. Similarly child labour under the age group

of 16-18, is about (55) percent which is higher than State average (12) percent or BC (10)

percent. In this group cent percent of male are child labours which is higher than State

average (14) percent or BC (13) percent, similarly among female it is (29) percent which is

predominantly high than State average (10) percent or BC (8) percent. This trend shows that

the child labour is more in this community. As of now the age at marriage for women and as

well as men is above the legal age of 18 years. Women in the age group of 20-24 years who

got married before 21 years is (46) percent which is low than State average (36) percent,

similarly men in the age group of 25-29 years who got married before 21 years is (17) percent

which is slightly low than the State average (23) percent. However, child marriages are taking

place in Ramanakkapeta in Mulugu district. In case of divorce it is taking place in the

presence of village elders. However polygamy is existing in Raikal and Chandlapur villages.

The women in this community are treated well and they have freedom to work out side also

(Sl. No. 16R and 17R

Of the total sample (13) percent of them are still continuing their traditional occupation and

(18) percent of them perceive that their occupation is inferior. However, cent percent of them

felt that their traditional occupation is inferior to other occupations and more than half (69)

percent of them felt that they are looked down. Nearly, about (74) percent of them felt that they

are socially discriminated by other social groups and the practice of untouchability is still

existing in Chandlapur village of Siddipet district (Sl. No 20 to 25).

2.7.3 Educational Status


The literacy among the total sample is (36) percent which is lower than State average (65)

percent or BC (65) percent. The literacy among female is (34) percent which is less than male

(39) percent as well as low than State average (56) percent or BC (57) percent respectively.

The literacy among adult age group of 15-49 is (28) percent, among which the literacy of

34

women is (25) percent which is comparatively low than men (32) percent and to State average

(52) percent (Sl.No.26R, 27MR, 27FR and 27AR)


The illiteracy in the age group of 10-15 years is (38) percent which is much higher than State

average (2) percent or BC (2) percent. The illiteracy among female in this group is (17)

percent, which is higher than State average (2) percent or BC (2) percent. However, cent

percent of male in this group are illiterates.

The overall primary level of education in this age group is (50) percent which is higher than

State average (21) percent or BC (20). Primary level of education of female in this group is

more than half (67) percent which is high than BC (17) percent or State average (19) percent.

Overall Secondary level of education in this group is (13) percent which is low than State

average (78) percent or BC (79) percent. Secondary level of education of female is (17) percent

which is drastically low than State average (80) percent or BC (82) percent (Sl.No. 28RM,

28RF, 28RA)


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 16-29 years is (62) percent which is higher than

State average (11) percent or BC (9). Illiteracy among female is (63) percent which is less than

male (61) percent and higher than State average (15) percent or BC (13). Overall primary level

of education in this group is (9) which is high than State (5) percent or BC (4) percent. Primary

level of education among female is (10) percent which is higher than male (9) percent and

higher than State average (6.3) percent or BC (5.3). Overall Secondary level of education in

this group is (23) which is less than State average (30) percent or BC (32) percent

respectively. Secondary level of education among female in this group is (17) percent which

is low than male (30) percent and State average (31) percent or BC (35) percent. The overall

education level of inter and above is (6) percent which is much below than State average

(55) percent or BC (55) average. Similarly, among female it is (10) percent which is low than

State average (47) percent or BC (47) percent. None of them is found among male who is

above inter. This indicates that there is good improvement and awareness towards higher

education among female (Sl.No. 29R)

35


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 30-60 years is (90) percent, which is higher than

State average (60) percent or BC (59) percent, however cent percent among female are

illiterates and (80) percent of male are illiterates which is higher than State (44) percent or BC

(43) percent. Overall Primary education level in this group is about (7) percent which is slightly

less than BC or State average (9) percent. The primary education among male is (13) percent

which is higher than State average (10) percent or BC (10) percent. The overall secondary level

of education is (3) percent which drastically very low than State average (22) percent or BC

(24) percent. Among male it is only (7) percent very low than State average (30) percent or BC

(33) percent. There is no one who is educated above intermediate in this age group (Sl.No.30R)

2.7.3.5 Average years of Schooling

Of the total sample, the average years of schooling in the age group of 10-15 years is (2) percent

which is slightly less than State average (4) percent or BC (4) percent. In case of female it is

(3) percent which is significantly less than State average (5) percent or BC (5) percent. The

average years of schooling in the age group of 16-29 years, is (3) percent which is low than

State average (9) percent or BC (9) percent. In case of male it is (2.6) percent which is less

female (2.8) and State average (9) percent or BC (10) percent. The average years of schooling

in the age group 30-60 is (0.4) percent which is low than State average (3) percent or BC

percent. The average years of schooling among male is (0.8) percent which is low than State

average (4) percent or BC (4) percent. There is no average schooling for female in this age

category. Persons having 10 or more years of schooling in the age group of 15-49 years is (4)

percent. Among women it is (7) percent which is predominantly low than State average (31)

percent. There is no dropout rate in the age group of (6-14) years (Sl.No.31, 32, 33-AR, MR,

FR and 35)


This predominantly rural community has average number activities per workers of 1.13. More

than three fourths of the workforce depends on Casual labour, especially in non-agriculture.

About 20 percent engage in self-employment in non-agriculture. Participation in traditional

activity is only 2 percent. Almost one-fourth of the work force also engages in secondary

activities. About 5 percent of the main workers also go for MGNREGA as secondary activity.

Though 20 percent workers are self-employment in non-agriculture, their contribution to total

36

household income is nearly 30 percent. Casual labours contribute 65 percent of the income

though they constitute 78 percent of the workforce. Per household income is Rs. 8,009 with a

BPL ratio of 77 percent. The work force participation rate for women is 65 percent (Sl.No.36)

Only (3) percent of them from this particular caste are working in private sector. This trend

shows that majority of them are engaged in their traditional work (Sl.No.35P and 35C).


Among the total sample majority (97) percent of them are landless. Slightly (3) percent of them

are marginal and small farmers. The average land holdings of this particular community is

(0.01) acres which is less than State average (1.9) acres or BC (1.0) acres. However there is no

irrigation facility. Of the total sample only (21) percent of them are having livestock. However

majority (80) percent of them are having at least one type of assets. Majority (49) percent of

them are having fan, similarly (41) percent of them are having two wheelers and about 26

percent of them are having Television (Sl.No.41, 42, 47, 49, 50)

Of the total sample (26) percent of them are not having any kind of precious metals. Majority

(72) percent of them are having less than 10 grams of gold and only (3) of them are having

more than 10 grams of gold. Only (18) of them are having silver ornaments between 10 to 50

grams. Interestingly only (3) of them are having additional house site(Sl.No.51, 52 and 53)


Interestingly there is no political participation in the local body from this caste(Sl. No. 58)


Of the total sample majority (90) percent of them are having white ration cards, followed by

(5) percent pink cards and (5) percent of them are not having ration card. Interestingly (3)

percent of them have passport. However majority (97) percent of them are having Aadhar card,

about (95) percent of them are having voter ID card and only (8) percent of them are having

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment card(Sl.No.59R, 60R, 61R, 62 and 63R).

37

2.8 Gouda Jetti

2.8.1 Introduction

Goudajetti community are presently located in Metpalli village in Metpalli mandal and

Rechapally in Sarangapur manda in Jagitial district, Kambalapally villiage in Mahabubabad

mandal and Vavilala in Nellikudur mandal in Mahabubabad district, Chalaparthy village in

Duggondi mandal in Warangal Rural District. Permanent settlers are located in Chalaparthy

and Kambalpally villages. People residing in Metpalli, Rachapally and some part of Vavilala

are migrated from various other places and the distance is about 70 kilometres. They are settled

and mixed with other caste communities within the village and they live in habitations

predominated by BC population. Majority (97) percent of them live within the village this

particular community depends on Gouda (BC-B) community for their livelihood by performing

Yakshaganam (story telling). Their clan names are Arukobanda, Basanpalli, Margan,

Koundinya and Shivanama and their surnames are Basanpalli, KoundinyaMaharshi,

Malanguri, Maragani, Shivanama, Yerukonda. They follow Hindu traditional marriage system.

They are worshipers of Lord Shiva, Kantama Maheswara Swamy, Suramamba Sametha,

Yellamma and Bonalu and celebrate all Hindu festivals.


As part of their livelihood, their traditional occupation is still continuing which is begging by

storytelling from Gouda community. Of the total sample of households surveyed (61) percent

households have own house which is far below the BC (96) percent or State average (96)

percent. Majority half (55) percent of the houses are pucca which is lower than BC (71) percent

or state (70) percent. However, more than one fourth (38) percent of the households are having

one room and very low (20) percent of households are having kitchen facility which is very

low than BC (44) percent or state average (41) percent. Of the total sample, more than half (54)

percent of the households are having toilet facility, which is low than BC (66) percent or state

average (60) percent. However, nearly (20) percent of the households are having water facility

in the toilets, which is higher than BC (11) or state average (12) percent. Within the premises

no single household is having flushing water facility in toilets. Remarkably (66) percent of the

households are having drinking water facility which is slightly less than BC (63) percent or

state average (57) percent. However, more than one fourth (32) percent of the households go

around less than 1 kilometre for accessing water. Notably cent percent of households are having

38

electricity facility which is higher than BC (99.5) percent or state average (97 percent) and (94)

percent of the households are having phone connection (Sl. No. 2R to13R)

The average household size of this community is 3.7. Sex ratio is 1057.1(females per 1000

males) which is higher than state (1035). But still (33) percent of child marriages are existing

in this community which is higher than the state average (36 percent). Men in the age group of

25-29 years got married before the age of 21 years is (6) percent which is lower low than the

state average (23) percent. Now the age for getting marriage both for male and female is 18

years which is legal. In case of divorce it takes place in the presence of village elders and

sometimes they approach legally through courts. However polygamy is still continuing in the

villages like Chalaparthy and Metpalli villages. The women in this community are treated well

and they have freedom to work out side also (Sl.No.14, 15R, 16R, 17R, 18 and 19) .

Of the total sample majority (88.9) percent of them are continuing their traditional occupation

and (53.5) percent of them perceive their occupation is inferior. However (57.1) percent felt

that their traditional occupation is inferior to other occupations and one third (75) percent of

them felt that they are looked down. About (40.8) percent of them felt that they are

discriminated by other social groups like Reddys, Gouds, Padmashali, Vaishyash, Yadavs,

however, the practice of untouchability is not found in the villages where these communities

are residing (Sl.No.20 to 25).



The literacy among the total sample is more than half (63) percent which is slightly less than

BC (65) percent or state average (65) percent. The literacy among female is nearly (50) percent

which is less than male (77) percent as well as low than BC (57) or State average (56) percent.

The total literacy among adult age group of 15-49 years is (71) percent, among which the

literacy of women is (59) percent which is comparatively low than men (85) percent and state

average (52) percent (Sl.No.26R, 27MR, 27FR and 27AR).


The illiteracy in the age group of 10-15 years is (8) percent which is higher than BC or state

average (2) percent. There is no illiteracy among female in this group, however illiteracy

39

among male is (9) percent which is high than BC (2) or state average (1) percent. The overall

primary level of education in this age group is (33) percent which is low than BC (20) or state

average (21) percent. Primary level of education among male in this group is (36) percent which

is high than BC (24) percent or state average (23) percent. Overall Secondary level of education

in this group is more than half (58) percent which is low than BC (78) percent or state average

(78) percent. Secondary level of education among female is cent percent which is drastically

high than male (55) percent, BC (82) or state average (79) percent (Sl.No.28RM, 28RF, 28RA).


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 16-29 years is (13) percent which is higher than

BC (9) or state average (11) percent respectively. Illiteracy of female is (18) percent which is

high than male (8) percent and BC (13) or state average (15) percent. Overall primary level of

education in this group is (7) which is high than BC (4) or State (5) percent. Primary level

education among female is (9) percent which is relatively high than male (5) percent and BC

(5) state average (6) percent. Overall secondary level of education in this group is (55) which

relatively high than BC (32) or state average (30) percent. Secondary level of education among

female in this group is (44) percent which is low than male (65) percent and BC (35) or state

average (31) percent. The overall education level of inter and above is (25) percent which is

relatively low than BC (55) and state average (55) percent. Among female it is more than one

fourth (30) percent which is higher than male (22) percent and lower than BC (47) percent and

state average (47) percent. This indicates that there is improvement among female towards

higher education (Sl.No.29R).


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 30-60 years is more than half (56) percent, which

is closely lower than BC (58) or state average (60) percent, however among female it is (74)

which is more higher than male (30) and BC (73) percent, and lower than state average (80)

percent. Overall Primary education level in this group is more than one fourth (32) percent

which is high than BC or state average (9) percent respectively. The primary education among

female is (20) percent which is low than male (49) and higher than BC (8) or state average (7)

percent. The overall secondary education level is (10) percent which comparatively very low

than BC (24) or state average (22) percent. Among female it is bitter low (4) percent less than

male (18) low than BC (16) or state average (10) percent. Considerably only (3) percent of

40

them have educational levels above inter which is low than BC (8) or state average (10) percent.

Among female it is (2) percent which is quite low than male (3) percent and BC (3) or state

average (3) percent (Sl.No.30R).


Of the total sample, the average years of schooling in the age group of 10-15 years is (5) percent

which is slightly high than BC or state average (4) percent respectively. In case of female it is

(7.5) percent which is significantly high than male (5) percent and State average (5) percent

BC average (5) . The average years of schooling in the age group of 16-29 years, is (8) percent

which is low than BC (9) or state average (8) percent. In case of female it is (8) percent which

is less than male (9) and BC (8) or state average (8) percent. The average years of schooling in

the age group 30-60 years is (2) percent which is low than BC (2) or state average (3) percent.

The average years of schooling among female is (1) percent which is low men (3) percent and

BC or state average (1) percent respectively. Persons having 10 or more years of schooling in

the age group of 15-49 years is (16) percent. Among women it is (16) percent which is slightly

high than male (15) percent and lower than state average (301) percent. It is found that there

are no dropouts in the age group of (6-14) years (Sl.No.31, 32, 33-AR, MR, FR and 35)


Gouda Jetty community still depend on their traditional activity. For more than 50 percent of

the workforce traditional occupation is a major activity. About 24 percent of the workforce are

casual labour and another 16 percent, self-employed. With average number activity of 1.4, the

Gouda Jetti workforce also engage in secondary activities like, casual labour (21 percent) and

self-employment (13 percent). The contribution of traditional income is about 60 percent. The

average monthly household income is Rs. 7,000 and percentage of BPL households is 77

percent. Almost two thirds of the women are in workforce. About one third women workers

are in traditional occupation. (Sl. No 36)

Interestingly, still there is practice of cent percent who are practicing their traditional

occupation. However, sometimes they are engaged in other works also. (Sl. No 35P and C)

41


Among the total sample, majority three fourth 78 percent of them are landless. Nearly one fifth

23 percent of them are marginal and small farmers. The average land holdings of this particular

community is 0.07 acres which is less than State average 2 acres or BC 1. The average land

holdings of the land owner is 0.29 acres. The average wet land holdings of the community is

0.03 acres which is low than BC or state average 1 percent. The average land holdings of the

wet land owners is 0.1 acres. However, majority half 69 percent of them are having ground

water facility, followed by surface water facility 19 percent. Majority 69 percent of them yield

one crop and one fourth 25 percent of them do not yield any crop. Of the total sample, very

least 9 percent of them are having livestock. However, majority 93 percent of them are having

fan, 68 percent of them are having Television, followed by two wheeler 31 percent and

18)percent are having Auto. (Sl. No.41 to 50)

Of the total sample 16 percent of them are not having any kind of precious materials. However,

three fourth 78 percent of them are having less than 10 grams of gold and very low (7) percent

of them are having more than 10 grams of gold. Only 34 percent of them are having silver

ornaments between 10 to 50 grams. Interestingly only 1 percent and 3 percent of them are

having additional house and additional house site respectively.(Sl. No. 51 to 53)


Interestingly 1 percent of the members have representation in the panchayats from this caste

community.


Of the total sample majority (91.5) percent of them are having white ration card, followed by

(5.6) percent pink card and least (2.8) percent of them are not having ration card. Interestingly

(18.3) percent of them are having passport. However cent percent of them are having Aadhar

card. About (97.20 percent of them are having voter ID card and (40.8) percent of them are

having Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment card. (Sl. No. 59R, 60R, 61R, 62 and

63R)

42

2.9 Govili

2.9.1 Introduction

Govili caste is mainly located in Hyderabad district 53 per cent followed by Rangareddy 26

percent, and Mahabubnagar 8 per cent. The caste is predominantly located in urban areas. The

survey undertaken by the study indicates that they are permanently settled in the 4 villages

(Wadhone, Narayankhed, R.C.Puram, Tandur) and in remaining 6 villages they are migrated

from Maharashtra and Karnataka. The community is predominantly located within the urban

towns mixed with other caste groups.

The traditional occupation of the caste is cattle rearing and milk business. Some of their gothras

are Lingyaath, Vishab, Nandeeshwara, etc. Some of their surname include Mahagowli,

Devarshi, Birkad, Toldi, Galende, etc. Most of them follow Hindu traditions and festivals and

marriage practices is influenced by Bhrahmin and Lingayat style.


Out of total households surveyed, majority of them (79 percent) are living in their own house

which is lesser than State and BC average. However, proportion of households living in

temporary settlement is very minimal (0.2 per cent) and slightly lower than both BC and the

State averages. Moreover, 21 per cent of households are living in rented houses with average

monthly rent of Rs. 3597 (Sl. No. 2U and 3U).

With regard to structure of the house, about 79 per cent are living in pucca structure which

is lower than the BC and the State average at 89 per cent and 90 per cent respectively. The

proportion of households living in kuccha houses (6 per cent) is also higher as compared to BC

and the State averages (zero per cent) (Sl.No. 4U).

Further, about 70 per cent of households reported that they have separate kitchen in the house

which is higher than the BC and the State averages (59 per cent and 62 per cent respectively).

Moreover, little over half of the households are living in the single room houses while 36.4 per

cent are living in two room (Sl.No. 5U and 6U).

With regard to availability of toilets in the premises, 95 percent are having toilet facility, 63

percent are having water in toilet facility, and 27 percent are having flush water facility in

43

the toilet. The proportions reported by the caste in case of all above toilet facilities is above

the State and BC averages (Sl. No. 7U, 8U, 9U).

In case of drinking water facility, 93 percent of the households have drinking water facility

in the premises which is higher than the proportion for State and BC as whole. With regard

to the households who do not have drinking water facility within the premises, 6 percent travel

less than a kilometre and 1 per cent travel more than a kilometre to fetch water (Sl. No. 10U,

11U).

In case of electricity connection, cent percent of the households have electricity connection

which is equivalent to the State average. The households are well connected with the telephone

facility (95 per cent) (Sl. No. 12U, 13U).

The average household size of the caste is 4.4. The population sex ratio is 928.9 (females per

1000 males) which is considerably lower than the state average of 977 (Sl. No. 14, 15U).

Moreover, 25 per cent of the households are continuing their traditional occupation and very

lower proportion of them (6 per cent) feel that their occupation is inferior. Further, 15 per

cent of the households feels that they are not treated well in the society and looked down by

the others. About 16 per cent of households have faced caste based discrimination in the society

(Sl.No. 20 to 25).

The community reported lower proportion of child marriages for both male and female (3

per cent and 5 percent respectively) as compared to the State and BC averages. Further,

there is no incidence of child labour reported in the age group of 6 to 15 years. The incidence

of child labour in the age group of 16 to 18 years is 12.2 for male and 4.3 per cent for female

which is lower than both State and BC averages (Sl. No. 16U, 17U, 18 and 19).

Women are treated well in the community and allowed to go outside for the work. Women are

not allowed to work other than in their traditional occupations in some localities (Vijayanagar

Colony, Gowlidoddi, Gowliguda). There are restrictions observed in case of education of girls

wherein girls are not allowed to pursue higher class (Mahbubnagar Urban).

Polygamy is not practiced in the caste at present. In case of divorce, majority of them approach

caste elders except Basheerbad and PC Puram.

44



Literacy among male (78 percent) is lower that the State and BC averages (84 percent).

However, proportion of female literates is higher (66 per cent) lower than the State average(67

percent) but higher than the BC average (63 per cent). The overall literacy for entire

population, however, is lower (72 per cent) is slightly lower than both the State average and

BC averages (Sl.No. 26U). Moreover, literacy among male (83 per cent) and female adults (73

per cent) is slightly lower than the State and BC averages (Sl.No. 27MU and 27FU).

2.9.3.2 Educational Attainment( 10-15 Years)

The educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years indicates that 6.3 per

cent of male and 3.9 per cent of female are illiterate indicating they have never enrolled in the

school, while the State and BC average for never enrolled children is comparatively lower. The

finding further indicates that comparatively lower proportion of male and female have

completed secondary education (60 per cent and 68.8 per cent respectively) vis-à-vis BC and

the State averages (Sl.No. 28U).


Further, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, slightly higher proportion of male (5.2 per cent)

have reported illiteracy as compared to BC and the State averages (3.3 per cent and 4.2 per cent

respectively. Whereas in case of female, slightly lower proportion of them (8.3 per cent) have

reported illiteracy as compared to BC and the State averages (12.6 per cent and 9.6 per cent

respectively). However, for all persons in the same age group, illiteracy is at 6.7 per cent which

is equivalent to the State average but lower than BC average. Moreover, very less proportion

of both the male and female have completed education level of intermediate and above

compared to BC and the State averages (Sl.No. 29U).


Further, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that the illiteracy is comparatively

higher among both male and female (32 per cent and 51 per cent respectively) compared to the

BC and the State averages. Similar is the case with educational attainment of more than 10

years of schooling. Male in the same age group have reported lower proportion of educational

45

level of intermediate and more (19 per cent) as compared to BC and the State average while

female have reported equivalent proportion to BC average (9 per cent) but lower than State

average (13 per cent). However, the overall proportion is 14.4 per cent which is lower than the

BC and the State averages (Sl.No. 30U).


Further, the average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years is slightly higher

in case of both male and female (5.7 and 6 years respectively) as compared to state and BC

averages. Moreover, average years of schooling for the age group of 16 to 29 is higher for

both male and female (10 .2 and 9.6 years respectively) as compared to both State and BC

averages. Similarly, average years of schooling for the 30 to 60 years is also higher in case

of both male and female (6.1 years and 4 years) as compared to State and the BC averages

(Sl.No. 31, 32, 33-AU, MU,FU).

Finally, 0.4 per cent of dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years is reported for the caste

(Sl.No. 35C and 35P).


The Govili community is predominantly urban. As Regular wage salary and other related

occupation is the main work for nearly 41 percent of the workers, the need for secondary work

low. As a result the average number of activities per workers is only 1.02. Of the total work

force 27 percent pursue their traditional occupation. The per household monthly income is Rs.

13,503, of which 36 percent is from traditional occupation and 43 percent from other

occupations. The BPL ratio for Govili community is 65 percent. The women workforce

participation rate is 50 percent and only 12 percent depend on traditional occupations.

With regard to participation in government jobs, 1.4 per cent of total households have reported

to have a member working as government employee in the present and 1.7 per cent in the past.

However, about 37 per cent of households have a member working in private sector currently

and 11 per cent in the past (Sl.No. 37 and 38).


The proportion of households that are landless is very high (94.5 per cent) and 5.2 per cent are

marginal land holders. On an average, the community owns 0.15 acres of land per household,

46

with 2.76 acres per households for those who own land. On an average, the community holds

0.06 acres of wet land which is lower than the BC and the State average of 1 acre. Further,

about one fourth of households possess livestock (Sl.No. 41 to 49).

Further, majority of households possess at least one type of assets (97.4 per cent) and most of

them possess TV, Fridge, and Two Wheeler. In case of possession of precious metals, about

22 per cent do not possess gold and 35.2 per cent possess more than 10 grams. In case of silver,

about 27 per cent do not possess silver and about 29 per cent possess more than 50 grams.

Finally, only one per cent of the household have possession of additional house and very

minimal proportion (0.2 per cent) have additional house-site (Sl.No. 50 to 53).


Only one percent of the household have member of the family working or worked as member

of panchayat (Sl.No. 58).


About 75 per cent of households have white ration card while 14 per cent are without ration

card. Further, 96 per cent have Aadhar card, 98 per cent have voter ID card for all adults

member and 2 per cent of the household possess passport (Sl.No. 59U, 60U and 61U).

47

2. 10 Kakipadagala

2.10.1 Introduction

Kakipadagala community is mostly located in the Mahabubabad, Medak, Siddipet and

Warangal Rural districts. It is mostly a rural based community and they are permanently settled

in the village. They live in the habitations predominated (41 percent) by mixed castes within

village and slightly less than one quarter (17 percent) people are living outside the village. They

do not have any relationship with village. This caste historically, is divided from Mudiraj caste,

as told in Achampet, Balwantapuram, Sudanpalle, Venkatapoor, Bollonpalli, Parvathagiri,

Katrepalli, Station Ghanpur, and Darga. It is mentioned in Ramayana Epic as told by

Shamnapur, Thimmayipalli villagers. This community intra-migrated within the state. They

follow traditional occupation storytelling of Ramanyana and Mahabharata Mudhiraj Charitra

and Peddamma Pandaga. Their clan names or gothras are Akshinthala, Inukulavarigotramu,

Palakayalagotramu and Pasunudigotramu and their surnames are Battu, Kasturi, Nimmala,

Pushthamu, Patnam, Reddaboyina, Shikkudu and Yata. They normally follow Hindu based

traditional marriage system. They worship Peddamma and all Hindu Gods. They celebrate all

Hindu festivals.


This community is continuing the traditional occupation of storytelling like Ramayana and

Mahabaarata, Mudhiraj Charitra and Peddamma Pandaga in all villages for their livelihood. It

is noteworthy that, of the total sample of households surveyed, 28 percent of them are living

in temporary house which is significantly higher than the State average and the BC average

(0.2 percent) and 66.7 percent of them have own house which is less than the State average

and BC average (95 percent). Of the total 66.7 percent are living in own house, the structure

is of only few (25 percent) are in pucca in nature while state average is at 71 percent and near

about half of them have (47 percent) of them have only one room. It is significant to note that,

only few houses (7 percent) have a separate kitchen which is far lower than the State average

(41 percent) and BC average (44 percent) (Sl.No.2R to 6R)

In case of toilets, in this community, less than half (40 percent) has toilets which is less than

the BC average (66 percent), whereas only 22 percent of toilets are having running water

facility and 12 percent of them have flushing water facility which also higher than the state

48

average and State average for the BC. There is a drinking water facility within the premises

(50 percent) significantly lower than the state average (58 percent) and BC average (64

percent) and distance is less than 1km for 50 percent of households for fetch drinking water,

moreover, only 73 percent of houses are having with electricity facility which less than state

average and 87 percent people have phone connection (Sl.No.7R to 13R).

The average household size is 4.4, sex ratio is 1089.8 which is higher than state average i.e.

1035. It is significant to note that, 48 percent of the women age group 20-24 years married

before 18 years, whereas it is found in men is 14.3 percent. They are following Hindu based

traditional marriage customs. When it comes for divorce, couples are approaching courts in

some villages such as Darga, Thimmayipally, Shamnapur, Tirumalagiri, Venkatapoor and

some of them are approaching only caste elders in some places which means both (courts and

elders) are in practice. Polygamy exists in some places such as Achampet, Thimmayipally,

Balwantapuram, Venkatapur, and Parvathagiri (Sl.No. 14, 15R, 16R and 17R)

There is only girl child labor (5 percent) in the 6 to 15 age group which is remarkable, and

child labor in the age group of 16 to 18 years is found in female significant i.e. 80 percent

and in male 40 percent which is far higher than the State average and the BC average. Most

of them (95 percent) of this community households are still continuing the traditional

occupation and more than half (57 percent) of them perceive their occupation as inferior to

other occupations. The treatment they are getting from the society looked down by others 55.6

percent whereas majority (38 percent) households are facing social discrimination. Women are

treated well and they have freedom to go out for work (Sl.No.18 to 25).



Literacy levels of the Kakipadagala community, of the total sample, 47 percent which is

significantly less than the state average (65 Percent )and BC average (65 percent). The total

male literacy is lower (64 percent) than the State average and BC average at 74 percent,

whereas it is observed that in female literacy (32 percent) is less than State average but also

less than BC average (57 percent). While literacy among the adults aged 15-49 men, 56 percent,

which is less than the state average (77 percent), and in case female, it is important to note that,

49

it is 19.6 percent only which is very much lower than state average (52 percent) (Sl.No.26R,

27MR, 27FR, 27AR).

2.10.3.2 Educational Attainment( 10-15 years)

The educational attainment of the age group 10-15 years, there are 7 percent illiterate found in

male and 18 percent illiterates found in female which is noteworthy. However, primary

education level of female (55 percent) is little higher than male (39 percent) and both are higher

than the State average. In case of secondary, in both male (55 percent) and female (28 percent)

is much lower than the State average 76 and 78 percent respectively(Sl.No. 28RM, 28RF,

28RA).


The educational attainment for the age group 16-29 years, it is significant to note that, in case

male, illiterates are higher (40 percent) than the State average (7 percent) and BC average (5.8

percent), the extreme found in the female i.e. 69.3 percent of them are illiterates. However,

male secondary education level is higher (38 percent) than the State average (28 percent) but

in female it is less than (11 percent) State average. It is observed that, the educational level

Inter and above is far away from the State average or BC average in male and none of female

cases found who has done inter and above (Sl.No. 29R).


Educational attainment age group 30 to 60 years, it is observed in the cases of male 46.1 percent

are not literates and half of them have completed only primary which less than the State

average and BC average, whereas in case of female, all are not literates (Sl.No. 30R).



10-15 years is slightly less (4.2 years) than the State average and BC average. In case of male

(5.1 years) which is higher than the State average and in case of female it is less (3.4 years)

than the State average (4.6 years). The average year of schooling for the age group 16-29 years

for All and in both male and female is less than the State average. The same is found in case of

the average years of school for the age group 30-60 years (Sl. No. 31 AR, 31MR, 32AR, 32MR,

33AR and 33MR). Persons with more than ten years of schooling, in case of male it is 4 percent.

50

There is 8 percent dropouts found in the age group of 6-14 years of the total sample in this

community which is important to note (Sl. No. 35).


Kakipadagala is another community who still depend on their traditional occupation. Almost

81 percent the work force of this predominantly rural community still depend on traditional

occupations. The rest are mostly casual labour. As a result, 40 percent workforce of this

community depends on casual labour as secondary activity and another 6 percent on self-

employment. Thus the average number of economic activities engaged per worker is 1.4.

Although 80 percent of workforce depends on traditional occupation, its contribution to total

income is only 50 percent. The rest of the income comes from casual labour activity. With an

average household monthly income of Rs.10,659/- , a large proportion of Kakipadagal

households is BPL (71 percent). The workforce participation of women of Kakipadagala is 68

percent, and account for two-third of workers in traditional occupation (67 percent). (Sl.No.36)

Among the sample, at present, no one is working either in government sector and or in private

sector. In the past it is identified few of them were working in the private sector (Sl.No. 35C

and 35P)


In the sample, it is found that, there are 85 percent are landless and 14 percent are marginal

and small farmers. The average land holding of the community is 0.17 acres which is lower

than the state average (2 acre) and state average for BC (1 acre). The average land holding of

land owner households is 1.18 acres and average wet land holding of the community is 0.03

which also lower than the state average 1.0 acres, average wet land holding of the households

is 0.2 acres. It is found that, 71 percent of households having at least one asset. It is also

observed that the around 75 percent land owned has no irrigation facility and 90 percent of land

having only one crop. There are 22 percent of households are having the livestock, almost every

household is having the at least one among the following assets like fan (64 percent), TV (38

percent), two wheeler (22 percent). Moreover, half of the (46 percent) households are not

having the gold whereas 47 percent households are having less than 10 grams, only few 7

percent households are having gold more than 10 grams. In case of silver, 49 percent of

households are not having the silver, only 16.3 percent households are having less than 10

51

grams. However, it is found very few (2 percent) of households is having the additional house

as well as additional house site (Sl.No. 41 to 53).


None of the persons of the sample are in the member of village panchayat (Sl.No. 58).

52

2.11 Kullakadigi

2.11.1 Introduction

Kullakadigi community is mostly located in the Kamareddy, Nirmal, Medak, Nizamabad and

Sangareddy districts. It is mostly a rural based community and they are permanently settled in

the village. They live in the habitations predominated (45.8 percent) by BC population and the

(45.8 percent) mixed of all castes within village and few (5.9 percent) of them are living outside

the village. Most of them are migrated from the Maharashtra and Karnataka states also within

the state. They have good relationship with village particularly cultural bond and during festive

seasons. This caste historically, can be traced to 12th Century it is traced to Basvapuranam.

They were in praise of Lord Sri Siddeshwara of Solapur and these community teachers are

called as Jangam. The traditional occupation is Cattle Grazing and Shepherd were main

occupations. They do not have clan names or gothras but their surnames are Addale, Belllidige,

Biradher, Bojje, Borde, Chittepu, Dudigi, Gaddam, Pallavva, Kalappa, Perugu, Ganna,

Kanchari, Nagamolla, Gurappa, Pillikandlode, Nande, Koshidgode, Rajap, Karode and Gade.

They normally follow Hindu based traditional marriage system. They worship Sri Lakshmi

Narasimha Swamy, Sri Rama, Venkateshwara Swamy and Lord Krishna.


This community is continuing the traditional occupation of Cattle Grazing and Shepherd but

presently, some of them are shifting from traditional to agriculture/ non-agriculture sectors for

their livelihood. It is noteworthy that, there is bonded labour existing in many (32) of the

villages. It is noted that, 95 percent have own house which is slightly less than the State

average and BC average (96 percent). Only few of them (4 percent) of them live in rented

house and the average rent paid is Rs. 944/- per month. Of the total 95.6 percent are living in

own house, the structure is very few (9 percent) are in pucca in nature which is less than state

average (71 percent). Near about half (44 percent) of them have only one room. It is significant

to note that, only few houses (6 percent) have a separate kitchen which is far lower than the

State average (41 percent) and BC average (44 percent) (Sl.No. 2R.3R, 4R, 5R and 6R).

In case of household having toilets, in this community, very few (23 percent) has toilets which

is less than the BC average (67 percent), whereas only 7 percent of toilets are having running

water facility which is less than state average and 1 percent of them have flushing water

facility which is less than the State average and BC average. It is noteworthy to highlight that,

53

there is a drinking water facility within the premises (16 percent) most significantly lower

than the State average (58 percent) BC average (64 percent) and distance is less than 1km for

78.3 percent of households for fetching drinking water. Moreover, almost all houses are having

electricity facility and only 39.3 percent people have phone connection (Sl.No. 7R to 11R, 12

and 13).

The average household size for Kullakadigi is 4.3, overall sex ratio is 934.7 which is lower

than state average i.e. 1035. It is significant to note that, 27 percent of the women age group

20-24 years married before 18 years which is higher than the State average (26 percent),

whereas it is found in men is 11 percent which is lower than the State average (18 percent).

They are following Hindu based traditional marriage customs. When it comes for divorce,

couples are approaching caste elders in majority villages. Polygamy exists in most of the

villages (Sl.No.14, 15R, 16R and 17R).

There is child labour (2 percent) in the 6 to 15 years age group which is remarkable and

higher than the State average, whereas child labour in the age group of 16 to 18 years, it is

found more significant i.e. 30 percent in which female are 26 percent and male is 34 percent

which is far higher than the state average and the BC average. Very few of them (15 percent)

of these community households are still continuing the traditional occupation and majority (80

percent) of them perceive their occupation as inferior to other occupations. The treatment they

are getting from the society looked down by others 76 percent whereas majority household are

(80 percent) are looked down by others, whereas majority (85 percent) household are facing

social discrimination by Lingayaths, Brahmans, Marati, Munnurukapu, Padmashali, Gouds,

Jangam, Veerashaiva, Yadava/Golla, Nayakpode, Arya, Chakali, Kuruma, Mudiraj, Mangali,

Mala, Madiga, and Komati. Moreover, the Untouchability is existing in 28 villages such as

Baswapur, Wajrakhandi,Vittalvadi, Nandiwada, Nigwa, Babulgaon, Chinthalawadi, Kangti,

Sidhangarga, Turkwadgaon, Wangdhal, Wasar, Athimial, Bellapur, Davvur, Pulkurthy,

Karasguthi, Enkapally, Ananthasagar, Chaptakhadeem, Gadthi Hokrana, Gangapur, Juzalpur,

Narayanakhed, Rudrar, Ryakal, Nyalkal and Rejinthal. Women are treated well, they have

freedom to go out for work and women are given a unit under a scheme and no restrictions to

run (Sl.No.18 to 25).

54

2.11.3 Education Status and Backwardness


Literacy levels of the Kullakadigi community, of the total sample, 38 percent of literacy which

is significantly less than the State average and BC average (65 percent). The total male literacy

is lower (43 percent) than the State average and BC average at 73 percent, whereas it is

observed that in female literacy 32 percent that less than State average also less than the BC

average 56 percent. While literacy among the adults aged 15-49 years men, 44 percent, which

is less than the State average 77 percent, but in case female, it is important to note that, 30

percent which is less than State average 52 percent (Sl.No.26R, 27MR and 27FR).


The educational attainment of the age group 10-15 years, there are 17.3 percent not literates is

found which is higher than the State average and BC average. In case of male, it is 19 percent

not literates and in female, it is 20 percent which is noteworthy and much higher than the state

average and BC average. However, primary education level of male and female is at 42 percent.

both are higher than the State average. However, in case of secondary, it is noted that, in both

male (40 percent) and female (38 percent) lower than the state average (Sl.No. 28R).


The educational attainment for the age group 16-29 years, it is significant to note that, not

literates are higher (40 percent) found in male which is higher than the State average (7 percent)

and BC average (6 percent). All most half (49 percent) of female are not literates which is

higher than the State average (7 percent) and the BC average (6 percent). However, male

secondary education level is higher (33 percent) than the State average (28 percent) but in

female less than (25 percent) state average. It is observed that, the educational level Inter and

above is far away from the State average or BC average in both male and female (Sl.No. 29R).


Educational attainment age group 30 to 60 years, it is observed of total 84 percent are not

literates. In the cases of male, 77 percent are illiterates and only very few of them has done

primary (8 percent), secondary (10 percent) which less than the State average and BC average,

whereas in case of female, 91 percent are not literates. (Sl.No. 30R).

55



10-15 years is slightly less (4.1 years) than the State average and BC average. In case of male

(4.2 years) which is less than the state average and in case of female it is less (4 years) than the

state average. The average year of schooling for the age group 16-29 years for all and in both

male and female is less than the State average. The same found in the average years of school

going age group 30-60 years (Sl.No. 31 AR, 31MR, 32AR, 32MR, 33AR and 33MR). Persons

with more than ten years of schooling age in the age group 15-49, in case of male is 9 percent

and in female it is 5. There is 1.1 percent dropouts found in the age group of 6-14 years of the

total sample in this community (Sl.No. 34MR, 34WR and 35).


The average number of activities per worker belonging to Kullakadigi is 1.2, which implies

that some workers of this community more than one economic activity. Workers of this

community are predominantly Non-Agricultural labour (75 percent). In addition another 11

percent are agricultural labour. Only 1 percent of the workers are in traditional occupation. The

secondary occupations of these workers are MGNREGA-15 percent and self-employment for

another 5 percent. The average household monthly income is Rs. 7.843. The percentage of

households below poverty line is as high as 87 percent. Women workforce participation rate

is high at 75 percent (Sl.No.36)

Among the sample, at present, only 0.8 percent is working in government sector which is less

than state average (1 percent) and less than one percent in private sector which is less than State

average (2 percent). In the past it is identified less than one percent were working in the

government sector and private sector (Sl. No. 35C and 35P)


In the sample, it is found that, 33 percent are landless and 65 percent are marginal and small

land holders. The average land holding of the community is 1.43 acres which is less than the

state average (1.9 acre) and slightly higher than BC average (1 acre). The average land holding

of land owning households is 2.13 acres and average wet land holding of the community is

0.11 which is also lower than the state average 1.0 acres, average wet land holding of the

households is 0.2 acres. It is found that, 92 percent of households are having at least one asset.

56

It is also observed that the around 89 percent land has no irrigation facility and 63 percent of

land having only one crop. There are 23 percent of households having the livestock, almost

every household is having the at least one among the following assets like fan (89 percent), TV

(32 percent), two wheeler (15 percent). Moreover, majority 83 percent household are having

less than 10 grams, only few 13 percent households are having gold more than 10 grams. In

case of silver, 30 percent households are having less than 10 grams and more than half (57

percent) of households are having bewtween 10 to 50 grams. Moreover, very few (0.1 percent)

household is having the additional house and the same (0.1 percent) have additional house site

(Sl.No. 41 to 53).


There are few 2.6 percent of persons of the sample are in the member of village panchayat

(Sl.No. 58).

57

2.12 Masayyalu_Patamvaru

2.12.1 Introduction

Patamvaru caste is located in both the urban and rural areas. The survey undertaken by the

study shows that they are permanently settled in villages Anthargaon and Peddapalli in Jagtial

and they have migrated from within the state like from Sattupalli to Kalluru, from Betupally to

Sattupalli, and from Adilabad to Sircilla, etc. The community is predominantly located within

the villages mixed with other caste groups in case of both rural and urban areas.

The traditional occupation of the caste is story telling by showing pictures about Madelayya

Katha and about Rajakas caste. They also provide services to Rajaka caste (washer man) in

Peddapalli and Sircilla. The community is mainly dependant on Rajaka community for their

livelihood. Their Gotras include Gajanilla, Jalanila, and Pasupunita. Some of their surnames

include Bandari, Basavarajula, Bhonagiri, Mamidi, Manigilla, etc. Most of them follow Hindu

culture and follow Hindu based marriage system.


Of the total households surveyed, 77 per cent in rural and 41 per cent in urban areas are

staying in their own house which is considerably lower than the State average for the BC and

State average (Sl.No. 2R and 2U). Moreover, none of the households in this community is

living in the temporary settlements, both in rural and urban areas. Therefore, rest of the

households are staying in rented houses with monthly rent of Rs.1125 for rural and Rs.1294

for urban areas. As compared to the State averages and BC averages, the proportion of

households staying in rented houses is very high 45.7 percent (Sl.No.3R and 3U).

Moreover, majority of households live in pucca houses, both in rural and urban areas 59 per

cent and 69 per cent respectively, however, the proportion is lower than State averages and

BC averages. On the other hand, households living in kuccha houses, both in rural and urban

areas, (18 per cent and 28 per cent respectively) are considerably higher compared to the overall

averages (Sl.No. 4R and 4U).

With regard to availability of the kitchen, 71 per cent of rural households have separate

kitchen which is higher than the State averages and BC averages. On the contrary, in urban

areas the proportion is slightly lower than the averages. However, overall proportion for both

58

the rural and urban households taken together 63 per cent indicates that the proportion is well

above BC and the State averages (Sl.No.5R and 5U). Moreover, majority of households in

rural areas are living in two room houses 59 per cent while in case of urban areas, majority

of them are living in single room 90 per cent. Considering all households, 65 per cent are

living in single room houses (Sl. No. 6R and 6U).

In case of availability of toilets, about 77 per cent of rural and 100 per cent of urban

households have toilet facility which is higher than the State averages and BC averages.

Further, proportion of households having water facility in the toilet is very high in case of

both the rural and urban areas as compared to BC and the State averages. On the contrary,

none of the households have flush water facility in the toilets (Sl.No.7, 8 and 9).

With regard to water facility, the proportion reported by the households, both in rural and in

urban areas (77 per cent and 93 per cent respectively), is very high as compared to State

averages and BC averages. Moreover, among those households who do not have water facility,

majority of them travel less than a kilometre to fetch the water (Sl.No.10 and 11).

Further, proportion of households having electricity is lower in rural 94 per cent compared to

the State averages and BC averages, while in urban area reported 100 per cent. The

proportion for all households is 94 per cent which is almost equal to both the averages

(Sl.No.13). The households are well connected with telephone facility about 93 per cent

(Sl.No.12).

The average household size of the community is 4.6. The overall sex ratio of the community

as whole is 897.7 which is considerably lower than the State average of 1007, mainly because

very low ratio reported in rural areas (790.7), however, the urban areas have also reported lower

ratio (1000) than the State averages and BC averages (Sl.No.14 and 15).

Further, 38 per cent of households are continuing their traditional occupation and out of

which about 53 per cent feel that their occupation is inferior as compared to other

occupations. About 20 per cent of households reported that they are not treated well in the

society and looked down by others. About 15 per cent of households have also reported that

they have faced caste based discrimination by others (Sl.No.20 to 25).

Next, with regard to early age marriages, 33 per cent of female in rural areas married before

the legal age while there is no incidence of early age marriage reported in urban areas. For

59

all women in the same age group the proportion is 14 per cent which is lower than the State

average. None of the male in both rural and urban areas have reported early age marriages

(Sl.No.16 and 17). Further, there is higher proportion of child labour observed in the age

group of 6 to 15 (3per cent) compared to BC and the State averages. On the contrary there

is no incidence of child labour reported in the age group of 16 to 18 years (Sl.No.18 and 19).

Moreover, women are allowed to go outside for work. Polygamy is not practiced except in

Sattupally villages. In case of divorce, some of them approach to the caste elders in Kalluru,

Sattupally, and Peddapalli villages. In some cases, they take help of both caste elders and court

in Sattupally and Sircilla villages.



Literacy among male and female is slightly higher (77 per cent and 61 per cent respectively)

than the State averages and BC average (Sl.No. 26A). Rural male and urban female have

reported slightly higher literacy and rural female and urban male have reported lower literacy

than the State average and BC average. However, the literacy for all persons is at 70 percent

which is lower than both the averages. In case of adult literacy, male literacy is 81 percent is

slightly lower BC and the State averages whereas female literacy is slightly higher at 70 per

cent (Sl.No. 27AM and 27AF).


The educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years shows that there is no

incidence of illiteracy in this age group. Majority of rural male and female have completed

secondary schooling more than 60 percent, however, the proportions are lower than BC and

the State averages. In case of urban areas, proportion of male and female for completion of

secondary education is considerably lower than the BC and the State averages. About 52 per

cent all children in the same age group have completed secondary level of schooling which is

lower than both the averages (Sl.No.28).


Further, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, there are no cases of illiteracy found in rural male

while very high proportion of female have reported illiteracy 29 per cent as compared to BC

60

and the State averages. Illiteracy among urban male is high at 14 percent as compared to BC

and the State average while comparatively less proportion reported by the urban female 8

percent. The proportion of illiterates for all persons in the same age group is at 12 percent which

is slightly higher than both the averages. Further, higher proportion of urban male is 70 per

cent have completed intermediate and above level of education which is higher than the BC

and the State averages while the proportion for rural male is lower 36 percent. In case of female,

both urban and rural, they have reported lower proportions. If we consider all the persons in

this age group, about 39 per cent have completed intermediary and above level of education

which is lower than the State averages and BC averages (Sl.No.29).


Further, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that the illiteracy is higher for male

(43 per cent) and lower for female in rural areas is 57 percent compared to the State average

and BC averages. Whereas, in case of urban areas, illiteracy among both male and female is

lower (25 percent and 45 percent) than both averages. Illiteracy for all persons in the same age

group is at 51 per cent which is lower than both the averages. Further, none of the rural person

have achieved education level more than intermediate while in case of urban areas some of

them have achieved (3 percent) but the proportion is very low than the BC and the State

averages. The proportion of all persons achieving education higher than intermediate is 2 per

cent which is lower than the State average and BC average (Sl.No.30).


Further, the average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years is relatively higher

in case of male in both the rural and urban areas and female in rural areas while it is slightly

lower for urban female as compared to BC and the State averages. The average years of

schooling for all the above categories considered together is 5.1 years which is slightly higher

than both the averages. The average years of schooling for the age group of 16 to 29 is higher

for rural men while it is lower for urban male and rural women as compared to BC and the

State average. The average years of schooling for all persons in the same age group is 8.8 years

which is almost equivalent to both the averages. Moreover, the average years of schooling for

the age group of 30 to 60 years shows that the average is lower for men in both rural and

urban areas and female in rural areas whereas it is slightly higher in case of urban female

if we consider the BC average and whereas it is lower as compared to the State average. The

61

overall average schooling for the same group is 3 years which is slightly higher than both

averages (Sl.No.31 to 33).

Finally, no dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years is reported for the caste (Sl.No.35).


This community has presence in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas almost 57 percent of

the workforce is casual labour and another 32 percent is in traditional occupations.

Corresponding figures for urban are 57 percent and 12 percent. In addition 5 percent of rural

workforce and 10 percent urban workforce depend self-employment. About 17 percent of the

urban workforce also engages in regular wage salary and other activities. The average number

of activities per worker is 1in rural and urban. A 20 percent of rural main workers also have

labour as their secondary activity in rural areas. The average household income is Rs. 9,475 in

rural areas and Rs. 8,721 in urban areas. Almost 82 percent of rural households and 76 percent

of urban households are BPL. Overall women work participation is 55 percent. In rural areas

almost one third of workers in traditional activity are performed by women (Sl.No.36).

The community reported that none of the family members have ever worked as government

employee whereas 15 per cent are working in private sector and 4 per cent worked in private

jobs in the past (Sl.No.35C and 35P).


With regard to agriculture land holdings, majority of the households are landless (69.7 per cent)

and among the landholders, mostly they are marginal type (30.4). Further, the average land

holding per household is 0.13 acres which is lower than the State average and BC average.

Among those who own the land they own on an average 0.42 acres. Further, about 14 per cent

of land holders have irrigation source. On an average, the community holds 0.11 acres of wet

land per household which is lower than the State average of 1 acre and BC 1 acre. Majority of

the land holders grow two crops in a year (about 57 percent), whereas there is considerable

proportion of landholders that do not take any crop is 21 percent. Further, about 13 per cent of

the households have livestock (Sl.No.41 to 49).

As far as assets are concerned, overwhelmingly about 93 per cent of households possess at least

one type of assets and most of them possess TV, Two Wheeler, Cycle, etc. In case of possession

62

of precious materials, about 22 per cent do not possess gold and only about 2 per cent possess

more than 10 grams. In case of silver, 37 per cent do not possess silver and 13 per cent possess

more than 50 grams. Finally, about 2 per cent of the household have possession of additional

house and none of them have additional house-site (Sl.No.50 to 53).


None of the household have member of the family ever worked as member of panchayat or

local body (Sl.No.58).

2.12.7 Possession of government documents:

Majority of the households have while type of ration card is 96 percent, 98 per cent have

Aadhar card, 100 per cent have voter ID card for all adults member, and 7 per cent of the

household possess passport and 65 per cent of rural households possess MGNREGA card

(Sl.No.59 to 63).

63

2.13 Odd

2.13.1 Introduction

Odd caste is located in both the urban and rural areas. The survey undertaken by the study

shows that they most of them are permanently settled in villages and some of them have

migrated from Rajasthan and Maharashtra as well as from within the state like from Adilabad

to Sircilla and Armoor to Nizamabad. The community is predominantly located within the

villages mixed with other caste groups in case of both rural and urban areas.

Their Gotras include Bhoger, Chandravathu/navtha, Chohan, Daravathu, Ellavali, etc. Some of

their surname include Jadav, Chowhan, Salanka, Mohithi, Pawar, etc. Most of them follow

Hindu culture and follow Hindu based marriage system.


With regard to status of house, 65 per cent of rural and 51 per cent of urban households are

staying in their own houses and the proportion is considerably lower than State and BC

average (Sl.No. 2U). The proportion of households staying in temporary settlements is also

comparatively higher in case of both rural and urban areas (6 percent and 8 percent

respectively) as compared to State and BC level proportions. Further, about 29 per cent of

households in rural and about 40 per cent in urban areas are living in rented houses with

monthly rent of Rs. 746 and Rs. 1502 respectively. As compared to BC and the State averages,

proportion of households staying in rented houses is very high as compared to both State and

BC averages (Sl.No. 3U).

Further, proportion of households living in pucca houses, both in rural and urban areas (36

percent and 27 percent respectively) is lower than State and BC averages. On the other hand,

proportion of households living in kuccha houses in rural as well as in urban areas is ( about

18 per cent and about 12 per cent respectively) considerably higher compared to both the

averages (Sl.No. 4R, 4U).

Moreover, about 22 per cent of rural and 9 per cent of urban households have separate kitchen

which is drastically lower than the State and BC averages (Sl.No. 5R, 5U). The proportion of

households living in one room houses higher (45 per cent) followed by two rooms houses (43

per cent) (Sl.No. 6A).

64

In case of availability of toilets, around half of the households have toilet facility indicating

that it is lower than the State and BC averages. Further, proportion of households having water

facility in the toilet is higher (27 per cent) as compared to State and BC averages so as flush

water facility in toilet (3.3 per cent) (Sl.No. 7, 8, 9).

With regard to water facility, the proportion reported by households, both in rural and in urban

areas, is lower (51 per cent) than State and BC averages. Moreover, among those households

who do not have water facility within the premises, majority of them travel less than a kilometre

to fetch the water (44 per cent) (Sl.No. 10, 11).

Further, about 94 per cent of households have electricity facility in their houses indicating that

the proportion is slightly lower than BC and the State (Sl.No. 13). The proportion of households

having phone connection is about 88 per cent (Sl.No. 12).


as whole is 1028.9 which is comparatively higher than the state average of 1007, mainly

because comparatively higher ratio reported in urban areas (1047.5) (Sl.No. 14 and 15).

Further, about 30 per cent of households are continuing their traditional occupation and among

these households 29 per cent feel that their occupation is inferior as compared to other

occupations. A high proportion of households (48 per cent) have reported that they are not

treated well in the society and looked down by others and the proportion is even higher for

those households that are continuing their traditional occupation (about 65 per cent). Similarly,

38 per cent of households have also reported that they have faced caste based discrimination

by others (Sl.No. 20 to 25).

Moreover, proportion of early age marriage for female is lower for all households taken

together (21 per cent) as compared to BC and the State averages, however, the proportion is

substantially higher in case of urban female (37 per cent). On the contrary, proportion of male

getting married before the legal are is lower than both the averages. Further, the incidence of

child labour in the age group of 6 to 15 years (less than one percent) is almost equivalent to BC

and the State proportions. Whereas, in the age group of 16 to 18 years, the proportion is very

high (21 per cent) as compared to BC and the State proportions (Sl.No. 17 and 18).

Finally, women are allowed to go outside for work and they are not practicing polygamy.

65

In case of divorce, some of them approach to the caste elders (in 17 villages), some of them

approach to the court (5 villages) whereas some of them approach to both caste elders and

courts (9 villages).


2.13.3.1 Literacy level

Literacy level reported by the caste is 54 per cent which is lower than the State and BC averages

(Sl.No. 26A). Indiscriminately for all categories like rural, urban, male, and female, literacy

level is lower that both the averages. In case of adult literacy (age 15 to 49 years) as well similar

pattern can be observed wherein both male, female, rural and urban categories reported lower

literacy than both the averages (Sl.No. 27).

2.13.3.2 Educational Attainment (10-15 Years)

In case of educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years, the proportion

of illiterates is higher (8 per cent) as compared to State and BC averages (2 per cent each).

Majority of persons in this age group have completed secondary schooling (about 62 per cent),

however, the proportion is lower than the State and BC averages (about 78 per cent). Illiteracy

is very high for rural female in this age group (16.1 per cent) while no incidence among case

of urban male (Sl.No. 28A).


Further, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, about 28 percent of persons have reported illiteracy

which is significantly higher than the State and BC averages. Majority of the persons in this

age group have completed secondary level of education (40 per cent). The proportion of

persons completed intermediary and above level of education is 24 per cent which is

significantly lower than State and BC averages. The proportion of illiteracy is higher among

female in rural and urban areas (35 per cent and 31 per cent respectively) (Sl.No. 29A).


Further, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that the illiteracy is very high (76

per cent) in this age group, especially among females (88 per cent) and the proportion is high

as compared to the BC and the State averages. About 4 per cent of persons have manged to

66

achieve education level of intermediate and above which falls below the both averages. Further,

illiteracy is higher among the urban female (91 per cent) and none of the urban female have

achieved education intermediary and above level (Sl.No. 30A).


Next, the average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years (5.9 years) is slightly

higher than BC and the State averages. The average years of education is slightly higher than

both the averages for all categories of male, female, rural, urban, etc. The average years of

schooling for the age group of 16 to 29 is slightly lower (6.7 years) as compared to BC and the

State average. Likewise, the proportion is lower for all categorise of male, female, rural, urban,

etc. Finally, the average years of schooling for the age group of 30 to 60 years (1.7 years) shows

that it is lower than BC and the State average (around 2.6 years). The least average years of

schooling in this category can be observed among urban female (0.5 years) (Sl.No. 31A to

33A).

Finally, dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years is 1.3 per cent reported for the caste

(Sl.No.35).

2.13.4 Employment backwardness

A majority of Odd community workers are non-agricultural labour- 65 percent in rural and 76

percent in urban. Also, 9 percent of rural workers and 14 percent of urban workers engage in

self-employment. Only 9 percent of rural and 4 percent of urban workers are in traditional

occupations. On an average the rural workers engage in 1.37 activities, while their urban

counterparts are better with an average of 1.02. The secondary occupation for rural main

workers is casual labour 16 percent and MGNREGA for 19 percent. The average household

income in rural areas is Rs. 9000 of which 65 percent is from casual labour and 14 percent from

traditional activity. In urban areas the average per household monthly income is Rs. 7,698 of

which 70 percent is contributing by casual labour and a mere 5 percent by traditional

occupation. The percentage of BPL households is 79 percent in rural and 87 percent in urban.

The overall (rural + urban) female work participation is 51 percent only a few share traditional

occupation (Sl.No.36).

67

The community reported that less than half per cent of the family members are working

currently as government employee and none in the past whereas 5 per cent are working in

private sector and 2 per cent worked in private jobs in the past (Sl.No. 35C and 35P).


With regard to agriculture land holdings, majority of the households are landless (about 98 per

cent) and marginal landholders constitutes 1 per cent. Further, the average land holding per

household in the community is 0.10 acres which is lower than the BC and the State averages.

Further, about 6 per cent of the households have livestock (Sl.No. 41, 42 and 49).

As far as assets are concerned, majority of the households possess at least one type of assets

91 per cent which mainly include TV, Two Wheeler, Air Cooler, etc. In case of possession of

precious materials, about 43 per cent do not possess gold and 9 per cent possess more than 10

grams. In case of silver, 48 per cent do not possess silver and 11 per cent possess more than 50

grams. Finally, very minimal proportion of households less than one per cent have possession

of additional house and 4 per cent of them have additional house-site (Sl.No. 50 to 53).


Less than one per cent of the household have member of the family worked as member of

panchayat or local body (Sl.No. 58).


Majority of the households have while type of ration card (94.9 per cent), 99.1 per cent have

Aadhar card, 99.1 per cent have voter ID card for all adults member, and 11.5 per cent of the

household possess passport and 58.2 per cent of rural households possess MGNREGA card

(Sl.No. 59 to 63).

68

2.14 Sarollu

2.14.1 Introduction

Sarollu presently are located in Hyderabad, Medchal, Rangareddy and Vikarabad Districts.

They are an urban-based community and settled permanently in the urban landscape. They

migrated to Khalimandir (Ara Maisamma), Sai colony, Basheerabad villages from a distance

of 25-75kms and from Medak to Moosapet, Shapur and settled permanently. Nearly, 95 percent

of them living with a mix of all castes, and 3 percent are living in areas with the predominance

of BC population, in the town and whereas only little percent is living outside town, 1 percent

living in the area with predominance of BC population, and 1 percent living with mixed castes.

Historically, this community is selling ‘sara’ for their livelihood and now preparation of Sara

is banned in Moosapet, Fathenagar (Sanathnagar), Shapur, Vinayak Nagar, Moulali. Their clan

names are Athreya, Balayarao, Durvasa, Gargeya, Gowthami, Kasyapa, Lolokapuolla,

Sirikondalu, Unyala, Vasista and Viswamitra and their gotras are Balaso, Balerao, Basavakaa,

Bolakpuri, Boredha, Bursangi, Druperao, Jaithwala, Jajerao, Kankankapur, Lokanakumbini,

Lolakpuri, Rudravalambi, Sarollu, Sawal, Shetty, Srikande, Sugandhi, Surganthi, Ujini,

Unyala, Vilambi and Warangale. They generally follow the Hindu based traditional marriage

system. They are worshipers of Bhavan Matha, Chamundeswari, Durga matha, Komaravelli

Mallanna (Shankarpalle), Lakshmi Narasimha, Lord Shiva, Shivudu (Khalimandir),

Tuljabhavani and Venkateswara. They celebrate all Hindu festivals and Eruvaka festivals,

which happen in the month of June in fathenagar (Sanathnagar).


A little percentage of this community 3 Percent are continuing the traditional caste-based

occupations like running a sarabatti (preparation of sara) and majority changed their

occupations. Of the total sample of households surveyed, 48 percent have own house which is

far below the state average for the state average is 83 percent and BC is 82 Percent. Of all

houses (own and rented), 70 Percent are living in the pucca house which is lower than the state

average for the state average is 90 percent and BC is 89 percent. All the houses (Own and

Rented), 37 percent houses have a single room, and only 70 percent houses have separate

Kitchen, which is high when compared with the state average for the State average is 62 percent

and BC is 59.1 percent (Sl.No. 5). Houses having toilet facility is 98 percent, higher than the

State average is 92 percent and BC 91 percent (Sl. No. 7). Whereas, availability of water facility

69

in toilets is 91 percent reasonably high compared to the BC is 30 percent and state average is

35.9 percent (Sl.No. 8) and toilets having flushing water facility is 39.6 percent is

predominantly high while state average for BC is 7 percent and state average is 12 percent

(Sl.No.9). Around 86.6 percent have drinking water facilities in the premises, comparatively

higher than the state average (Sl.No.10). However, the water facility is accessible within one

kilometre for the remaining households. All the houses connected with electricity.

The average household size is 4.3, and the female sex ratio is 982.7 is higher than the state

average. There are no instances of child marriages in this caste, as women aged 20-24, no

one married before 18 years of age and similarly, men aged between 25-29, no one married

before 21 years age. Traces of polygamy noticed in shankarpally village (Rangareddy Distrct),

except this village divorce cases resolved before court of law. Women are treated well in this

community and no restrictions to go outside and work, few villages like Basheerabad and

shankarpally, women having MNREGS job card. No account of child labour reported between

age group 6-15 years, whereas in the age group 16-18 years, 5.3 percent of males reported

in child labour activity and 3.1 percent in all and no females, lower than the state average

(Sl.No.14 to 19).

Out of total households, 3 percent are continuing the traditional occupations, 14 percent

perceive their occupation is inferior and 17 percent stated they are looked down by society.

While very few 9 percent reported social discrimination, in few cases, Balija caste is looking

down these castes in Dhoolpet, Asifnagar, Gowliguda villages (Sl.No.20 to 25).

2.14.3 Educational Backwardness


Literacy levels of this community are 87 percent above the state average for state average and

BC average. Moreover, male literacy is 92 percent and female literacy is 81 percent higher

than both state averages (Sl.No.26). While literacy among the adults (aged 15-49 years) is 95

percent, in case of males it is 96 percent and females 93 percent is higher than the state average

(Sl.No. 27).


70

Educational attainment of the people in the age group 10-15 years, it is observed that 4 percent

are illiterate and in case of males, whereas in case of females it is 4 percent, all it is 4 percent,

are more than the state average. In level of primary education, males literacy is lower, whereas

females and all literacy, is higher than the state average, whereas in secondary level education,

males literacy level is higher, females and all literacy is observed lower than the state

average(Sl.No.28).


In the age group 16-29 years, all are literates and completed the primary level education,

whereas, in secondary level education in all, males and females percentages are higher than the

state average, in inter and above education level only males and all are higher than the state

average, while females are lower than the state average (Sl.No.29)

2.14.3.3 Educational Attainment (30-60) years

In the age group 30-60 years, percentage of illiterates in case of males, females and all are

less than state average, whereas, in primary level, the percentages of males, females and all are

more than the state average, similar trend followed in secondary level and inter and above

education level, males it is lower than both state averages, in case of females percentages are

higher than both state averages and overall percentage is 24 is higher than the state average for

BC and lower than the state average (Sl.No.30)

2.14.3.5 Average age of schooling

The average years of schooling in the age group 10-15, is 7 years more than the state average,

in case males it is 7 years and females 6 years, higher than both state average (Sl.No.31). In

the age group 16-29 years, all, male and female overall average years of schooling are 11 and

11 years, respectively, all are higher than the state average (Sl.No.32). While in the age group

30-60 years, average years of schooling are higher than the state average in case of all, males

and females. Persons with more than ten years of schooling in the age group 15-49 years, is

42 percent, in case of males it is 49 percent and in case of females, it is 34 Percent. Only 4

percentage of dropouts are reported in the age group 6-14 years (Sl.No.33 and 34).

71

2.14. 4 Employment Backwardness

Sarollu is a predominantly urban community. The average number of activities per worker is

1.01. The main activity of Sarollu is self-employment in non-agriculture 22 percent, casual

labour in non-agriculture 21 percent. However, almost half of the Sarollu workers engage in

regular wage employment and other activities. Contribution of these activities to the household

income is more or less similar to worker distribution. Regular wage salary employment

contributes 53 percent, casual labour contributes 19 percent and self-employment contributes

22 percent. The average monthly household income is Rs. 13,948, but the percentage of BPL

households is 75 percent. The women work participation is low at 10 percent(Sl.No.36)

Of the total sample, currently, 0.7 percent are working in the government sector; all are in

central government, lower than the state average of 1 percent and 64 percent working in the

private sector significantly higher than the state average. The majority have changed their

occupation to agricultural activities and working as daily wage labour, watchman, etc. In the

past it is identified that same 0.7 percent are working in the government sector, both central

and state governments individually and 1.3 in the private sector (Sl.No.35C and 35P).

2.14.5 Economic Backwardness

In this community, nearly 95 percent population is landless, the average landholding of the

community is 0.13 acres and wet land holding is 0.01, which is lower than the state average

(Sl.No. 41 to 45). While average land holding of the Households is 2.86 acres of which wet

land is 0.2 acres. Only 4.7 percent of households have livestock. Almost all household in the

sample has at least one asset, fan possessed by 94 percent of households, and 85 percent of

households have TV in their houses; only 60 percent of households own a two-wheeler. Six

percent of households have no gold and nearly one-fifth percent of households possess less

than 10 grams of gold. However, 13 percent of households reported sliver less, and 16 percent

of the households are having less than 10 grams of silver. Overall, 1 percent households have

an additional house and 1 percent of households having the additional house site (Sl.No.49 to

53).


Significanlty, less percentage of people i.e, less than percent are member of the local bodies

(Sl.No.58).

72

2.15 Sonnayila

2.15.1 Introduction

Sonnayila caste households are located in both the urban and rural areas. The survey undertaken

by the study shows that most of them are permanently settled in villages (27 villages) and some

of them have migrated from within the state like from Korutla to Mallapur, Banswada to

Bhiknur, Kothakonda to Karimnagar, Jagithyal to Nizamabad and Karimnagar to Bonagiri, etc.

The community is predominantly located within the villages mixed with other caste groups in

case of both rural and urban areas.

Their traditional occupation is playing Sonnayi in marriages and Temples. Their Gotras include

Bharithaja, Koushik/Nandi, Markendaya/Guravaiah, Nandivardhan, Parachura, etc. Some of

their surname include Bandari, Bathina, Chatpelti, Gidikandle, Jevalagiri, Mahadev, Mathangi,

etc. Most of them follow Hindu culture and follow Hindu based marriage system.


With regard to status of house, about 76 per cent of rural and about 48 per cent of urban

households are staying in their own houses and the proportion is considerably lower than

BC and the State average (Sl.No.2). However, proportion of households living in temporary

settlement is slightly higher (0.7 per cent) as compared to both the averages. About 36 per cent

of all households are living in rented houses with average rent of Rs. 2055. Further, about 60

per cent of households are living in pucca structure and the proportion is lower than the BC

and the State proportions. The urban households have reported higher proportion among the

caste (about 72 per cent) but it is below the averages. Further, about 45 per cent of all the

households have separate kitchen in their house and the proportion is slightly higher than

the BC and the State averages. Majority of the households 52 per cent are living in two room

houses and there is considerable proportion 22 per cent that are living in more than two

room houses, especially in urban areas 31 per cent (Sl.No.3 to 6)

In case of toilet facility, overwhelmingly about 91 per cent of the households have toilet facility

indicating higher proportion than BC and the State averages. Further, very high proportion of

households (63.3 per cent) have water facility in the toilet and 23.6 per cent have flush water

facility implying that the proportions are drastically higher than BC and the State averages,

especially in case of urban areas (Sl.No.7, 8, 9).

73

Similarly, proportion of households having drinking water facility is higher 65 per cent BC

and the State averages. Moreover, among those households who do not have water facility

within the premises, majority of them travel less than a kilometre to fetch the water 34.1 per

cent) (Sl.No.10, 11).

Further, about 99 per cent of households have electricity facility at their houses implying

slightly higher proportion than BC and the State (Sl.No.13). The proportion of households

having phone connection is about 88 per cent (Sl.No.12).


as whole is 1027.3 which is much higher than the state average of 1007. However, sex ratio is

lower in rural areas (976.1) as compared to the State average of (Sl.No.14, 15).

Further, 37.1 per cent of households are continuing their traditional occupation and among

these households less than 10 per cent feel that their occupation is inferior as compared to

other occupations. Moreover, 13.5 per cent of households have reported that they are being

looked down by the society and the treatment they receive is not dignified. About 12 per cent

of households have also faced caste based discrimination by others (Sl.No.20 to 25).

Moreover, proportion of early age marriage for female and male is lower (15.9 per cent and 1.7

per cent respectively) than BC and the State averages (26.2 per cent and 17.8 per cent

respectively). There is no incidence of early age marriage among the urban male observed.

Further, there is no incidence of child labour in the age group of 6 to 15 years (0.9 per cent)

observed. Whereas, in the age group of 16 to 18 years, the proportion is 8.2 per cent which is

lower as compared to BC and the State proportions (Sl.No. 16 to 19).

Finally, women are allowed to go outside for work and in Jangaon women are managing a SHG

unit. Polygamy is existing in five villages namely; Korutla, Bhoopathipur , Faizabad, Lingapur,

Marepally villages.

In case of divorce, seven villages (Jagtial, Rudraram, Ishapur, Chitkul, Narsingi, Chennur, and

Karimnagar) all are approaching caste elders and six villages are following both caste elders

and courts (Kamalpally, Peddapally, Lingpuram, Armoor, Modala, and Luxettipeta). The

remaining villages are approaching the court for divorce.

74



Literacy level of caste is 70 per cent which is lower than BC and the State averages. Except for

rural female category, rural male and both male and female of urban areas have reported higher

literacy rate than both the averages (Sl.No.26). In case of adult literacy (age 15 to 49 years),

both male and female have reported higher than both the averages and the proportion is higher

for both rural and urban areas as well (Sl.No.27).


In case of educational attainment of persons in the age group of 10 to 15 years, the proportion

of illiterates is higher (17 per cent) as compared to BC and the State averages (2 per cent each).

About 53 per cent of children in this age group have completed secondary schooling, however,

the proportion is lower than the BC and the State averages (about 78 per cent). Moreover,

illiteracy is very high among urban male and female in this age group (20.5 per cent and 22.2

per cent) (Sl.No.28).


Further, for the age group of 16 to 29 years, about 7 percent of persons have reported illiteracy

implying lower proportion than BC and the State averages. Majority of the persons in this age

group have completed intermediate and above level of education (51.9 per cent) which is

slightly lower that BC and the State averages. The proportion of persons completed

intermediate and above level of education higher among urban male and female (62.4 per cent

and 66.7 per cent respectively) (Sl.No. 29).


Moreover, educational attainment of 30 to 60 years indicates that majority of them are illiterates

(41.4 per cent), however, the proportion is lower than BC and the State averages. The

proportion of persons achieving education level intermediary and above is 20.5 per cent which

is much higher than both the averages and the proportion is higher among urban male and

female (43.9 per cent and 27.1 per cent respectively) (Sl.No.30).

75


Next, the average year of schooling for the age group of 10 to 15 years (5.2 years) is slightly

higher than BC and the State averages. The average years of education is slightly higher than

both the averages for all categories of male, female, rural, urban, etc. The average years of

schooling for the age group of 16 to 29 is relatively higher (10 years) as compared to BC and

the State average. The proportion is lower for all categorise of male, female, rural, urban, etc.

Finally, the average years of schooling for the age group of 30 to 60 years is 5.4 years indicating

that it is higher than BC and the State average (around 2.6 years). The least average years of

schooling in this category can be observed among rural female (1.9 years) (Sl.No.31 to 33).

Finally, there is no incidence of dropouts in the age group of 6 to 14 years reported for the caste

(Sl.No.35).


Sonnayila is predominantly rural based community has average number activities per worker

is 1.22. More than half (63.7 percent) of them are depended on causal labour, particularly in

non-agriculture. More than one fourth of them are engaged in the agriculture. Very few (13.5

percent) of them are participating in traditional activity. Some (11.2 percent) of them are self-

employed in non-agriculture. About 8.6 percent of the marginal workers go for the MGNREGA

as their secondary activity. Women work participation in this community is about slightly

higher than one third (39.1 percent) and women workforce in traditional occupation is very less

at 3.8 percent. Though the majority of them work in causal labour, their contribution to total

monthly income per household is Rs. 10,493/- in rural and Rs. 13057/- in urban areas and the

BPL household is 77 percent (Sl.No.36).

The community reported about 7 per cent of the family members are working currently in

government jobs and 5.4 per cent in the past. Further, 16 per cent are currently working in

private sector and 8.5 per cent worked in private jobs in the past (Sl.No.35C and 35P).


With regard to agriculture land holdings, majority of the households are landless (about 82

per cent) and 16.7 per cent constitutes marginal landholders. Further, the average land

holding per household in the community is 0.43 acres which is lower than the BC and the

76

State averages. Among those who own the land they own on an average 2.39 acres. Further,

about 15 per cent of land holders have irrigation source. On an average, the community holds

0.12 acres of wet land per household. About half of land holders grow single crop in a year

whereas very high proportion of them (30.2 per cent) do not cultivate any crop. Further, 5.4

per cent of the households have livestock (Sl.No.41 to 49).

With regard to assets, majority of the households possess at least one type of assets (97 per

cent) which mainly include TV, Two Wheeler, Fridge, Air Cooler, etc. In case of possession

of precious materials, about 18 per cent do not possess gold and very high proportion (39.5 per

cent) possess more than 10 grams. In case of silver, 24 per cent do not possess silver and 24

per cent possess more than 50 grams. Finally, 3 per cent of households have possession of

additional house and 7 per cent of them have additional house-site (Sl.No.50 to 53).


Of the total households, 1.5 per cent of the household have member of the family worked as

member of panchayat or local body (Sl.No.58)


Majority of the households have while type of ration card (89 per cent), 99 per cent have Aadhar

card, 99 per cent have voter ID card for all adults member, and 17 per cent of the household

possess passport and 39 per cent of rural households possess MGNREGA card (Sl.No.59 to

63).

77

2.16 Sri Kshatriya Ramajo

2.16.1 Introduction

Sri Kshetriya Ramajo presently located in Ramanthapur, in Uppal Mandal, in Medchal, and

Pragnapur village of Gajwel mandal in Siddipet Districts. They are an urban-based community

settled permanently in the urban landscape. Nearly 60 percent of them living along with mixed

of all castes, and 38 percent are living in areas with the predominance of BC population, in

town and whereas only little percent is living outside town; 1 percent are living with mixed

castes. Historically, this caste are involved in preparing Ramajogi Medicines

(Ayurvedic/Herbal) and singing songs related to Sri Ramachandra and Sri Ramadasu for their

livelihood. Their clan names are Gargeya, Marchirushi, Parusuram, Pasunuti and Yadrushi and

their surnames are Govindh, Gujjeti, Gurram, Kongalla and Shabolu. They follow Hindu

traditional marriage system. They are worshipers of Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy, Sri Rama,

Lord Venkateshwara Swamy and Lord Krishna. They celebrate Sri Lakshmi Narasimha

Swamy, Shravana maasa pooja.


This community is not continuing the traditional caste-based occupations now, like preparing

Ayurvedic/Herbal medicine. Of the total sample of households surveyed, 54 percent have own

house, which is far below the State average (83 percent) and BC average (82 Percent). All

houses (own and rented), 51 percent are living in the pucca house which is lower than the

State average is 71 percent and BC is 71 percent and among them half of the houses have

only single room. Among all the houses, separate Kitchen is available for only 25 percent of

households, which is low when compared with the State average is 62 percent and the State

average for BC is 59 percent and (Sl.No.5U). Around 88 percent households are having toilet

facility, lower than the both state averages for (Sl.No. 7U). Whereas, availability of water in

toilets is 43 percent marginally high compared to the State average is 36 percent and the State

average for BC is 30 percent (Sl.No.8U) besides that no toilet is having flushing water facility,

while the State average is 12 percent and State average for BC is 7 percent and (Sl.No.9U).

Around 85 percent of households are having drinking water facilities within the premises,

moderately higher than the State average (Sl.No.10U). However, the water facility is accessible

within one kilometer for the remaining households. All the houses connected with electricity.

78

The average household size is 4, and sex ratio is 1081.1 is higher than the State average. There

are no instances of child marriages in this community, as women aged 20-24 years, no one

got married before 18 years of age and similarly, men aged between 25-29 years, no one got

married before 21 years of age. No account of child labour is reported between age group 6-

15 years and in the age group16-18 years, which is very low compared to state average

(Sl.No.14, 15U, 16U, 17U, 18 and 19). In this caste, divorces before law solved at courts and

polygamy is existing. Women are treated well and allowed to go outside for work, only in few

families women are restricted. No household is continuing the traditional occupations, when

65 percent perceive their profession is inferior to other professions and same percent felt that

they are looked down by others. Whereas 69 reported that they are facing social discrimination

by the Reddy, Velama, Padmashali, Vaishaya, although there is no report of untouchability

(Sl.No.20 to 25).



Literacy levels of this community is at 73 percent lower than the State average and the State

average for BC. Whereas, male literacy is 82 percent and female literacy is 63 percent lower

than both the State averages (Sl.No.26U). While, literacy among the adults aged 15-49 years

is 81 percent, in case of males it is 89 percent and in case of females it is 73 percent both are

lower than the State average (Sl.No.27AU, MU,FU).


Educational attainment of 10-15 years, all are literates, in primary level education, males

literacy is lower, whereas females and overall literacy is higher than the State average, where

as in secondary education males literacy level is higher, females and all literacy level is

observed lower than the State average (Sl.No.28 UM, UF, UA).


In the age group 16-29 years, overall 6 percent are illiterates, lower than the state average,

similar analysis found in the case of male and female illiteracy. While, the primary level

education for all is 6 percent, higher than the State average, in case of males it is 12 percent

higher than the State average and no females are reported in this level. Whereas, in secondary

79

level education in all, males and females percentages are higher than the State average.

However, inter and above education level all, males and females and overall percentages are

lower than the State average (Sl.No.29UM, UF, UA).


In the age group 30-60 years, 40 percentage of illiterates reported, lower than the State average

for BC and in case of males it is 20 percent which is lower than the State averages, in case of

females it is 58 percent is lower than State average and higher than the State average for BC.

Whereas, in primary level, the percentages of all, males and females more than the State

average. While, secondary level males percentages are higher and females percentages are

lower than the State average, overall it is higher than the State average. However, in inter and

above education level, males, females and all percentages are lower than the State averages

(Sl.No. 30UM,UF,UA).


Average years of schooling, in the age group 10-15, for all is 6 years more than the State

average, in case of males it is 7 years and females 6 years, higher than both state averages

(Sl.No 31AU, 31MU, 31WU). In the age group 16-29 years, male average years of schooling

is 9, lower than the State averages and in case of female it is 10 years more than the State

average and overall average years of schooling is 9 years is lower than the State average (Sl.No

32 AU, 32MU, 32FU). While in the age group 30-60 years, overall average years of schooling

is higher than lower than the State average and the BC average, in case of males, it is equals

with the State average and higher than the BC average. In case females, it is lower than the

State average and higher than the BC average. Persons with more than ten years of schooling

in the age group between15-49 years, is 21 percent overall, only 18 percent in case of males

and in case of females it is 23 percent (Sl.No. 34MU,WU, AU). No dropouts are reported in

the age group 6-14 years (Sl.No. 35).


Sree Kshetriya Ramajogi is predominantly urban based community, and average number

activities per worker is 1.03. None of them are participating in their traditional occupations and

engaged in several activities to increase their income. Slightly less (41.3 percent) than half of

them are in casual labor, one third (33.8 percent) of them are non-agriculture labour, total self-

80

employed are 32.5 percent and one fourth of them are engaged in other works as in secondary

activities. The average monthly income per household is Rs.11,572/-. The percentage of BPL

household in this community is 70.8 percent. Women work participation in this community is

about one fourth (24.1 percent) and no woman is following the traditional occupation

(Sl.No36).

Of the total sample, currently, no one is working in the government sector at all and 24.6

percent are working in the private sector. The majority have changed their traditional

occupation and performing private jobs like drivers etc. In the past, no instances like people

from these communities are working in the government sector and 15 percent working in the

private sector (Sl.No. 35C and 35P).

2.16.5 Economic Backwardness

In this community, 98 percent of population is landless; the average landholding of the

community is 0.01 acres and all that is wetland, which is lower than the State average and the

BC average (Sl.No 41 and 43). While landholding of the households is 0.50 acres and that

comprises of total wetland. No irrigation facility is available and no crop grown in this land.

No single household is owning livestock. Around 94 percent of households in the community

have at least one asset, fan possessed by nearly 94 percent of households, and 65 percent of

households have TV in their houses; only 18 percent of households own a two-wheeler. One-

fourth of households have no gold and nearly half of the households reported sliver less.

Overall, 1 percent households have an additional house and 1 percent of households having the

additional house site (Sl.No.49 to 53).


No member form this castes are members of the local bodies (Sl.No. 58).

81

2.17 Theracheerala Golla

2.17.1 Introduction

Theracheerala Golla community are presently located in Chikataipalem, Polepalle villages in

Thorrur mandal in Mahabubabad district, Mutyalammagudem (Dugunevally) village in

Kattangur mandal, Kanchanpalle village n Nalgonda mandal in Nalgonda district, D.

Kothapally in Nagaram mandal, Suryapet town in Suryapet mandal in Suryapet district. In

suryapet town people from this community had migrated long back.

This community people are settled and mixed with other caste communities within the village

and they are predominated by BC population. Majority (77 percent) live within the village and

(23 percent) live outside the village. This community depends on Yadava (Golla) (BC-D)

community for their livelihood by performing story telling. Their clan names are Angineela,

Chelivella, Kastunoorla, Munagala, Paailla, Panchannla, Rayilla, Sheshendra, Valluvula

andYantras. Their surnames are Battula, Burkal, Chegondi, Dongari, Matta, Mettu, Thanda,

Thandu and Tharala. They follow Hindu traditional marriage system. They are worshipers of

Gangadevi, Lingamanthula – Shiva, Lord Srikrishna, Mallanna, Manikyamma, Souneshwari

and Yelamanchamma. They celebrate all Hindu festivals.


As part of livelihood, this community is depending on agricultural, non-agricultural works and

still they are continuing their traditional occupation which is begging by storytelling from

Yadava (Golla) community. Of the total sample households surveyed majority (92 percent)

have own house which is slightly below the State average (96 percent) and BC (96 per cent).

Nearly one fourth (27 percent) of the households have pucca house which is lower than the

State (70 percent) and 71 per cent. However, very low (19 per cent) of the households are

having one room and 20 percent of households are having kitchen facility which is very low

than the State average (41 per cent) and BC (44 percent). Of the total sample, majority (94

per cent) of the households are having toilet facility which is higher than the State average (60

per cent) and BC (66 percent). However, nearly one third (72 percent) of the households are

having water facility in the toilets which is higher than the State average (12 per cent) and

BC (11 per cent). None of the households is having flushing water facility in toilets. Notably

83 percent of the households are having drinking water facility within the premises which is

slightly higher than the State (57 per cent) and BC (63 percent). However, still 17 percent of

82

the households go around less than 1 kilometre for accessing water. Interestingly cent percent

of households are having electricity facility which is higher than state average (97 percent) and

cent percent of the households are having phone (Sl.No.2R to 13R)

The average household size of this community is 4. Female sex ratio is 924 (females per 1000

males) which is lower than state (1035) average. This trend shows that in this community the

female birth rate slightly low when compared to male. However nearly one fourth (24 per

cent) of child marriages are still existing in this community which is higher than the State

average (36 percent). In case of divorce it takes place in the presence of village elders and

sometimes they are approaching legally through courts. There is no practice of polygamy in

this community and it is strictly restricted. The women in this community are treated well and

they have freedom to work out side but in few villages like Chikatayapalem and Polepalli the

women are restricted not to work outside. However, child labour in the age group of 16-18

years is 9 percent which is relatively lower than the State average (12 per cent) and BC (10

per cent) and it is found among male which is 12 percent. However, in this age group among

male it is 12 per cent which is lower than the State average (14 per cent) and BC (12 per cent)

(Sl.No. 14, 18 and 19)

The age for getting marriage both for male and female is 18 years which is legal. Of the total

sample surveyed nearly three fourth (74 per cent) of them are continuing their traditional

occupation and 17 per cent of them perceive their occupation is inferior. However19 per cent

felt that their traditional occupation is inferior to other occupations and 27 percent of them felt

that they are looked down. Only 10 percent of them felt that they are discriminated by other

social groups like Reddys, Gouds, Padmashali, Vaishyash, Yadavs, but the practice of

untouchability is not found (Sl.No.16R and 17R)



Literacy among the total sample is more than half (71 percent) which is slightly high than

the State average (65 per cent) and BC average (65 percent). The literacy among female is

more than half (61 percent) which is less than male (81 percent) but higher than the State

average (56 per cent) and BC average (57 per cent). The literacy among adult age group of 15-

49 years is 83 percent. Among female it is 70 percent which is low than male (95 per cent), but

high than State average (52 percent) (Sl.No. 26R, 27MR, 27FR and 27AR).

83

2.17.3.2 Educational attainment (10 to 15 years)

The illiteracy in the age group of 10-15 years is 4 percent which is higher than the State average

and BC average (2 percent). Illiteracy among female in this group is 9 percent which is high

than the State average (2 per cent) and BC average (1 percent). However, there is no illiteracy

among male is this particular age group.

The overall primary level of education in the age group of 10-15 years is 22 percent which is

low than the State average (21 per cent) and BC average (20 per cent). Primary level of

education among female in this group is 36 percent which is high than male (12 percent) and

the State average (19 per cent) and BC (17 per cent). Overall secondary level of education in

this group is nearly three fourth (74 percent) which is low than the State average (78 per cent

and BC average (78 percent). Secondary level of education among female is more than half (54

percent) which is lower than male (87 percent) and the State average (79 per cent) and BC

average (81 per cent) (Sl.No. 28R)

2.17.3.3Educational attainment (16 to 29 years)

The overall illiteracy under the age group of 16-29 years is 6 percent which is low than the

State average (11 per cent) and BC average (9 per cent). Illiteracy of female is 9 percent which

is high than male (2 percent) and lower than the State average (15 per cent) and BC average

(13 per cent). Overall primary level of education in this group is 2 percent which is slightly less

than the State average (5 per cent) and BC average (4 per cent). Primary level education among

female is (2.4) which is equal with men and less than BC (5.3) or state average (6.3) percent.

Overall secondary level of education in this group is (22.6) which relatively low than BC (31.7)

or state average (29.8) percent. Secondary level of education among female in this group is

(26.2) percent which is higher than male (19.0) percent and less to BC (35.0) or state average

(31.4) percent. The overall education level of inter and above is (69.0) percent which is

relatively high than BC (55.0) and state average (54.7) percent. Among female it is more than

half (61.9) percent which is lower than male (76.2) percent and higher than BC (46.6) percent

or state average (47.3) percent (Sl.No. 29R)

2.17.3.4 Educational attainment (30 to 60 years)

The overall illiteracy under the age group of 30-60 years is (41.7) percent, which is slightly

high than BC (58.4) or state average (59.5) percent, however among female it is (63.2) which

84

is higher than male (22.4) and low than BC (72.9) or state average (79.7) percent. Overall

Primary education level in this group is (13.9) percent which is high than BC or state average

(8.9) percent. The primary education among female is (14.7) percent which is relatively higher

than male (13.2) and BC (7.6) or state average (7.0) percent. The overall secondary education

level is (30.6) percent which is comparatively very high than BC (24.3) or state average (21.9)

percent. Among female it is (19.1) percent less than male (40.8) percent and relatively higher

than BC (16.1) or state average (10.1) percent. Notably (13.9) percent of them are above inter

which is higher than BC (8.4) or state average (9.7) percent. Significantly among female it is

(2.9) percent which is drastically low than male (23.7) percent and relatively less than BC (3.4)

or state average (3.2) percent (Sl.No 30R)


Average years of schooling in the age group of 10-15 years is 6.2 years which is slightly high

than BC or state average (4.4) years. In case of female it is (5.0) years which is significantly

low than male (7.0) years and BC (4.6) or state average (4.5) years. Average years of schooling

in the age group of 16-29 years, is (10.7) years which is relatively high than BC (8.8) or state

average (8.6) years. In case of female it is (10.1) years which is less than male (11.2) and BC

(8.0) or state average (7.9) years. Average years of schooling in the age group 30-60 is (4.7)

years which is more than BC (2.6) or state average (2.7) years. The average years of schooling

among female is (2.4) years which is low than men (6.8) years and higher than BC or state

average (1.4) years.

Persons having 10 or more years of schooling in the age group of 15-49 years is (41.8) percent.

Among women it is (31.5) percent which is low than male (51.6) percent and state average

(30.5) percent. There are no dropouts in the age group of (6-14) years(Sl.No. 31, 32, 33, 34 -

AR, MR, FR and )


Theracheerala is predominantly rural community, average number activities per worker is 1.54.

More than half (52 percent) of them are self-employed in which most of them are engaged in

agriculture related activities. However, One third (31.6 percent) of them are practicing the

traditional occupation and very few household are going for MGNREGA. With average

number of activity of 1.54, the Theracheerala community workforce also engage in secondary

activities such as one fifth (20.9 percent) of them are self-employed in agriculture and almost

85

17 percent are depended on causal labour and 6.8 are in engaged in traditional works. Their

average monthly income is Rs.12,526/- with BPL household is 57.8 percent. More than three

fourth of the women are in workforce and about 1.2 percent women workforce in traditional

occupation (Sl.No. 36)

Interestingly in this community (4.2) percent of them are working in state and central

government sectors and (13.5) percent of them are working in private sector. However in the

past (10.4) percent of them have worked in central and state government sectors (Sl.No. 35C

and 35P)


Among the total sample (17.7) percent of them are landless. However majority (76.0) are

marginal and small farmers. The average land holdings of this particular community is

(1.66) acres which is marginally low than BC (1.0) or state average (1.9) acres. The average

land holdings of the land owner is (2.02) acres. The average wet land holdings of the

community is (0.85) acres, which is marginally low than BC or state average (1.0) acres. The

average land holdings of the wet land owners is (1.0) acres. However (46.8) of them are not

having irrigation facility and nearly (49.4) percent of them are having surface water facility.

Majority (59.5) percent of them yield one crop and (24.1) are yielding two crops. Of the total

sample nearly (41.0) percent of them are having livestock. However majority (96.9) percent of

them are having at least one type of assets like fans, (79.2) percent of them are having

Television and (31.0) percent are having two wheelers. Of the total sample (65.6) percent of

them are having precious materials like gold less than 10 grams. More than one fourth (28.1)

percent of them are having more 10 grams. Only (13.5) percent of them are not having silver

ornaments but (36.5) percent of them are having more than 50 grams of silver. Interestingly

(only 1.0) percent of them are having additional house site (Sl.No.41 to 53).


Interestingly (5.2) percent of the members have representation in the village panchayats from

this caste community (Sl.No.58).

86


Of the total sample majority (91.7) percent of them are having white ration card, followed by

(6.3) percent pink card and very low (2.1) percent of them are not having ration card. Only

(1.0) percent of them are having passport. However (99.0) percent of them are having Aadhar

card. About (95.6) percent of them are having voter ID card and (86.7) percent of them are

having Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment card (Sl.No.59 to 63).

87

2.18 Tholubommalata / Boppa

2.18.1 Introduction

Tholubommalata/Boppa community are presently located in Dhawderpalli village in Gadwal

mandal, Balgera and Thappetlamorsu villages in Ghattu mandal, Mallapuram and Mailagadda

villages in Kaloor Thimmandoddi (K.T Doddi) mandal, Dharoor in Dharoor mandal,

Uligepalle, Peddoddi and Kurthiravalcheruvu villages from Maldakal mandal in Jogulamba

Gadwal district and Ashok Nagar village in Narayanpet mandal in Narayanpet district.

This community people are settled and mixed with other caste communities within the village,

and are predominated by BC population. Majority (91.5) percent live within the village and

only (8.5) percent live outside the village. This community depends on all other communities

for their livelihood by performing Tholubommalata. Their clan names are Atokk, Avatt,

Cekander, Vanarach and Rykynder. Their surnames are Atokk, Avatt, Cekander and Vanarach.

They follow Hindu traditional marriage system. They worship especially Bandari Devatha

Lord Shiva as well as Hindu gods.


As part of their livelihood, they are engaged as daily labours, involved in agricultural works

and self-employed in running tea stall, tailoring etc. apart from these they are still continuing

their traditional occupation which is performing Tolubommalaata. Of the total sample of

households surveyed nearly (39) percent households are having own house which is

drastically below State and BC average 96 percent (Sl.No 2R). About 19 percent of the

households have pucca house which is lower than State average 70 percent and BC average

71 percent (Sl. No 4R). However, more than one fourth (31) percent of the households are

having one room and only (11) percent of households are having kitchen facility which is

very low than State average 41 percent and BC average 44 percent (Sl.No.5R, 6R). Of the

total sample, nearly one fourth (25) percent of the households are having toilet facility which

is lower than State average 60 percent and BC average 66 percent (Sl.No. 7R) . However,

more than one firth (24) percent of the households are having water facility in the toilets

which is higher than State average 12 percent and BC average 11 percent . Notably only

(15.4) percent of the households are having flushing water facility in the toilets. Nearly half

(47.9) percent of the households are having drinking water facility within the premises which

is slightly lower than BC (63.4) percent or state average (57.3) percent. However more than

88

half (52.1) percent of the households go around less than 1 kilometre for accessing water.

However, majority (99.1) percent of the households are having electricity facility which is

higher than state average (97.2) percent and simultaneously (99.1) percent of the households

are having phone connections (Sl.No.8R to 13R).

The average household size of this community is 4.6, female sex ratio is 1008.9 (females per

1000 males) which is less than state (1035) average. This indicates that female birth rate in this

community less than male. However nearly (40.0) percent of child marriages are still existing

in this community which is higher than the state average (35.8 percent). Men in the age

group of 25-29 years who are married before 21 years is (9.1) percent which is slightly low

than the state average (22.9) percent. In case of divorce some of them are approaching the

village elders and some of them are approaching legally through courts. Yet polygamy is still

existing in Balgera, Mallapuram, Peddoddi, Dharoor, Mailagadda, Kurthiravalcheruvu,

Thappetlamorsu, Dhawderpalli and Uligepalle villages. However, women in this community

are treated well and they have freedom to work out side also (Sl.No.14 and 15).

However, child labour in the age group of 6-15 years is (5.6) percent which is relatively

higher than BC (0.9) or state average (1.0) percent. Among female it is (8.1) which is higher

than male (3.1) and low than BC (0.8) or state average (1.0) percent. Similarly, child labour

in the age group of 16-18 years is (57.1) percent which is relatively higher than BC (10.3) or

state average (11.8) percent and it is more among female (80.0) percent which is lower than

male (36.4) or BC (7.7) or state average (9.6) percent (Sl.No.18 and 19).

However the age for getting marriage for male and female is 18 years which is legal. Of the

total sample majority (76.9) percent of them are continuing their traditional occupation and

all of them perceive their occupation is inferior. However (82.2) percent felt that their

traditional occupation is inferior to other occupations and only very few (2.6) percent of them

felt that they are looked down. However, more than one third (77.8) percent of them felt that

they are discriminated by other social groups (Sl.No.16, 17, 20 to 25).



The literacy among the total sample nearly half (45.4) percent which is low than BC (65.3)

percent or state average (64.9) percent. The literacy among female is (36.1) percent which is

89

less than male (55.3) percent and also lower than BC (56.7) or state average (56.4) percent.

The literacy among adult age group of 15-49 years is (31.6) percent. Among female it is (20.8)

percent which is low than male (43.6) percent, and state average (52.4) percent (Sl.No.26R,

27AR, 27MR, 27FR).

2.18.3.2 Educational Attainment (10-15) years

The illiteracy in the age group of 10-15 years is nearly (14.9) percent which is higher than BC

or state average (1.6) percent. Illiteracy among female in this group is (21.9) percent which is

relatively higher than male (8.6) percent and high than BC (1.6) percent or state average (1.9)

percent.

The overall primary level of education in this age group is (38.8) percent which is higher than

BC (20.3) or state average (20.7) percent. Primary education level among female in this group

is (28.1) percent which is lower than male (48.6) percent and BC (16.9) percent or state average

(18.7) percent respectively. Overall secondary level of education in this group is nearly (46.3)

percent which is lower than BC (78.1) percent or state average (77.7) percent. Secondary level

of education among female is (50.0) percent which is higher than male (42.9) percent and lower

than BC (81.5) or state average (79.4) percent (Sl.No.28R).


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 16-29 years is (60.8) percent which is higher than

BC (9.3) or state average (10.7) percent. Illiteracy among female is (73.9) percent which is

high than male (44.6) percent and low than BC (13.1) or state average (15.0) percent. Overall

primary level of education in this group is (16.8) percent which is slightly less than BC (4.0)

or State average (4.8) percent. Primary level education among female is (11.6) which is less

than men (23.2) percent and higher than BC (5.3) or state average (6.3) percent. Overall

secondary level of education in this group is (16.0) percent which relatively low than BC (31.7)

or state average (29.8) percent. Secondary level of education among female in this group is

(11.6) percent which is lower than male (21.4) percent and lower than BC (35.0) or state

average (31.4) percent. The overall education level of inter and above is significantly low (6.4)

percent which is predominantly lower than BC (55.0) and state average (54.7) percent. Among

female it is only (2.9) percent which is lower than male (10.4) percent and lower than BC (46.6)

percent and state average (47.3) percent (Sl.No.29R).

90


The overall illiteracy under the age group of 30-60 years is (82.3) percent, which is higher than

BC (58.4) or state average (59.5) percent respectively, however among female it is (93.8)

percent which is higher than male (70.8) percent and low than BC (72.9) or state average (79.7)

percent. Overall Primary education level in this group is (11.5) percent which is slightly high

than BC or state average (8.9) percent. The primary education among female is drastically very

low (1.5) percent which is lower than male (21.5) percent and BC (7.6) or state average (7.0)

percent. The overall secondary education level is (6.2) percent which is very low when

compared to BC (24.3) or state average (21.9) percent. Among female it is (4.6) percent slightly

less than male (7.7) percent and relatively lower than BC (16.1) or state average (10.1) percent

respectively. Pathetically there is no persons who have qualifications above inter (Sl.No.30R).


Of the total sample, the average years of schooling in the age group of 10-15 years is (4.9)

percent which is slightly high than BC or state average (4.4) years. In case of female it is (5.1)

percent which is significantly higher than male (4.6) years and BC (4.6) or state average (4.5)

years. The average years of schooling in the age group of 16-29 years, is (2.6) years which is

significantly lower than BC (8.8) or state average (8.6) years. In case of female it is (1.6) years

which is less than male (3.8) and BC (8.0) or state average (7.9) years. The average years of

schooling in the age group 30-60 is (0.8) years which is very less than BC (2.6) or state average

(2.7) years. The average years of schooling among female is (0.5) years which is low than men

(1.2) years and BC or state average (1.4) years respectively. Persons having 10 or more years

of schooling in the age group of 15-49 years is (3.6) years. Among women it is (2.3) years

which is low than male (5.1) years and state average (30.5) years. There are around (13.9)

percent of dropouts in the age group of (6-14) years in this community (Sl.No.31, 32, 33, 34-

AR, MR, FR and 35).


For Tholubommalata/Boppala community, the average number of economic activities are as

high as 1.65. The majority (66.5 percent) of them are practicing the traditional occupation.

With average number of activity of 1.65, the Tholubommalata community workforce also

engage in secondary activities, such as more than one fourth (45.8 percent) are depended in

causal labour and other 45.8 percent are working in the non-agriculture in rural area. With an

91

average monthly income is Rs.13,503/-, the BPL ratio is household is 72.6 percent. Workforce

participation rate for women is high at 86.2 percent. A striking feature of the traditional

occupation of Tholubommalata is large scale participation of women. Almost half (48.8

percent) of women workforce is in traditional occupation (Sl.No.36).

However, there is no one who is working in central, state and private institutions (Sl.No.35C

and 35P).


Among the total sample (80.3) percent of them are landless. However, only (19.7) percent are

marginal and small holders. The average land holdings of this particular community is (0.17)

acres which is marginally low than state average (2) acres or BC (1) acres. The average land

holding of land owner is size is (0.84). No irrigation facility is available.

Majority three fourth (83) percent of them growing one crop and only (12) percent of them are

having livestock. However, majority (93) percent of them are having at least one type of assets

like fans, (73) percent of them are having Television and (55) percent of them are having two

wheelers. Of the total sample, majority (95) percent of them are having precious materials like

gold which is less than 10 grams and (86) percent of them are having silver ornaments which

is less than 10 grams. None of them is having additional house and interestingly (30) percent

of them are having house sites (Sl.No.41 to 53).


There is no political representation from this community in gram panchayats (Sl.No.58).


Of the total sample majority (97) percent of them are having white ration card, followed by (3)

percent of them are not having ration cards. Cent percent of them are having voter ID cards

and Aadhar cards and (20) percent of them are having Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Cards (Sl.No.59 to 63).

92

III Findings and Conclusion

The present survey assessed the socio economic conditions of the 18 dependent backward

castes and also their backwardness vis-à-vis benchmark indicators for the State average as well

as State BC average in the five dimensions.

Main findings of the survey

1. Of the 18 castes eight castes- Addapuvaru, Bagothula, Enooti, Ganjikutivaru,

Goudajetti, Kakipadagala, Theeracherla, Tholubommalata, Goudajetti are

predominantly rural castes; five castes- Aheer Yadav, Arava Komati, Govili, Sarollu,

Sree Kshetriya Ramajo are urban; and five castes- Bail Kammara, Kullakadigi,

Massayalu/Patamvaru, Odd, Sonnayilu, are located both in rural as well as urban areas.

2. Kullakadigi and Theerachaerla are the only two castes which almost are on par with

benchmarks in term of owning house; less than 20 percent households have own house

in case of Addapuvaru, and Ganjikutivaru castes; while among Bail kammara,

Tholubommalata and Sarollu communities less than 50 percent households have own

house and in the rest of the castes 50 and 80 percent of households own house.

3. Aheer yadav, Arava Komati, Govili, are the communities which meet the State average

benchmark regarding living in a pucca house. Less than 10 percent households are

living in pucca houses in the Ganjikutivaru, Kullakadigi castes, while among Baili

Kammara, Theeracherla and Tholubommalata communities around 20-30 percent

households reside in pucca houses. The most vulnerable in respect of housing (own

and pucca house) are the Ganjikutivaru, Kullakadigi and Theeracherla, and

Addapuvaru, Bail Kammara and Tholubommalata castes.

4. Sex ratio is higher than State average in case of Bagothula, Goudajetti, Kakipadagala,

Odd, Sonnayilu, Sree kshetriya Ramjo castes and the castes with least sex ratio are

Arava Komati, Masayyalu, govili and Enooti in that order. Marriage before legal age

is high in Bail Kammara, Ganjikutivaru, Kakipadagala, Goudajetti, Tholubommalata

castes. Child labour (6-15) is highest among ganjikutivaru ( among 22 percent HH),

followed by Bail Kammara and Tholubommalata. Child labour in the 16-18 years is

high among Enooti, Ganjikutivaru, Kakipadagala, Kullakadigi , Tholubommalata and

Bail Kammara in that order. In terms of social indicators (child marriage, child

labour) their incidence is high among Ganjikutivaru, Tholubommalata,

Kakipadagalu, Bail Kammara castes.

93

5. In case of Addapuvaru, Bail kammara, Kakipadagala, Enooti, more than 85 percent

and among Ttheeracherla, Tholubommalata castes more than 75 percent households

are continuing their traditional occupation. Addapuvaru depend on more number of

activities per worker ( 1.7) and derive only 50 percent income from traditional activity.

In case of Bail kammara 80 percent income flows from traditional activity which is

surviving in current times also. In case of Enooti and Kakipadagala castes average

activities per worker is high (1.4) and share of income from traditional activity ranges

between 25- 50 percent. In the Theeracherla caste too average activities per worker is

high (1.5) and percentage income from traditional activity is lower and similar is the

case of Tholubommalata caste with even more activities per worker (1.6). With respect

to traditional occupations except Bail Kammara rest contribute lower share of

income on average to the household and hence their dependence on number of

secondary activities is higher. But percentage BPL households is highest at 83

percent among Bail Kammara and above 60 percent in Tholubommalata,

Kakipadagala , Enooti, in that order. Poverty is high among these castes following

traditional occupations.

6. Status of women - workforce participation rate (WPR) is more than 80 percent in the

Tholubommalata, Bail Kammara, Bagothula, Enooti, Addapuvaru, and 75 percent in

Kullakadigi, Theeracherla castes. Other castes like Kakipadagala, Govili, Goudajetti,

Ganjikutvaru, Massayyalu, Odd have WPR in the range of 60-65 percent. Most of

these castes predominantly practice traditional occupation. Workforce participation of

women is lowest among Ahir Yadav, Arava Komati, Sarollu, Sri Kshetriya Ramjo

which are urban based. Women are restricted to some extent to go out and work

especially after marriage in these communities.

7. Education indicators – in terms of general literacy Ganjikutivaru, Kullakadigi rank

lowest where average literacy is around 36 percent. In some communities like

Bagothula, Enooti, Goudajetti, Kakipadagala, Odd, Tholubommalata female litracy is

below the State average. Educational attainment in the 10-15 years is an important

indicator some communities consist of not literate in this age group like in Bail

Kammari, Ganjikutivaru, Goudijetti, Govili, Kakipadagala, Massayyalu, odd,

Sonnayila, Tholubommalata. Compared to male, female percentage of illiterates is

more in these cases. Primary level of education is mostly in line with the benchmark

indicators but in secondary level almost all castes fall below the benchmark with an

exception of some castes like Sarollu, Sree Kshetriya, Aheer Yadav and again which

94

are urban based. Other indicators like average years of schooling also follow similar

trends. Aheer Yadav, Bagothula, Enooti, Govili, Goudajetti, Sarollu, Sonnayila, are

better off in average years of schooling vis-à-vis benchmarks. On the education

indicators Ganjikutivaru, Kullakadigi are the most deprived followed by Bail

Kammari, Ganjikutivaru, Goudijetti, Govili, Kakipadagala, Massayyalu, odd,

Sonnayila, Tholubommalata.

8. Economic Status- landlessness is high among the rural communities, Bagothula,

Enooti, Goudijetti, Kakipadagala, Kullakadigi, Massayalu, Theeracherla,

Tholubommalata are some communities owning land. Theeracharla community has

the highest percentage of small holders with average holding of 1.66 acres closer to the

benchmark of 1.9 acres. In all the communities land holdings are marginal in size and

do not have assured irrigation source, sometimes left fallow but mostly cultivated for

one season. Along with traditional occupations the rural communities work as

agriculture labour, MGNREGS work, non-farm labour, self-employed in non-

agriculture, casual labour.

The per household monthly income is lowest in case of Goudajetti, Ganjikutivaru,

Bagothula, kullakadigi, Massayyalu, Odd, which is below Rs 10,000. The average

size of household lies in range of 3-4 where per capita monthly income works out to be

Rs 2500 to 3000. Aheer Yadav has the highest monthly household (MHH) income at

Rs 35,000. For most other castes MHH ranges between Rs 10,000 and 15,000. Other

household consumption goods are possessed by most households in all communities.

The socio economic conditions of urban based castes are better compared to the rural based

castes. Economic deprivation is more than social, educational deprivation in case of all castes.

The Summary of selected important Socio economic indicators are presented below.

95

Summary Table Deprivations by Major Indicators

Deprived Not Deprived

Educational Backwardness Indicators

Indicator

Exclusive Rural Exclusive Urban Both

Ad

dap

uva

ru

Bag

oth

ula

Eno

oti

Gan

jiku

tiva

ru

Go

ud

a Je

tti

Kak

ipad

agal

a

Ku

llaka

dig

i

Ther

ach

eera

la

Tho

lub

om

mal

ata/

Bo

pp

a

Ah

eer

Yad

av

Ara

vako

mat

i

Go

vili

Saro

llu

Sree

Ksh

etri

ya R

amaj

o

Bai

l Kam

mar

a

Mas

ayya

lu/P

atam

varu

Od

d

Son

nay

ila

Social Backwardness Indicators

Status of own house Type of House Pucca Availability of separate kitchen Household having Toilets Household having water facility in toilets Toilet having flushing water facility Household having drinking water source within the premises Household having electricity Sex ratio of the total population (females per 1,000 males)

96

Indicator


Ad

dap

uva

ru

Bag

oth

ula

Eno

oti

Gan

jiku

tiva

ru

Go

ud

a Je

tti

Kak

ipad

agal

a

Ku

llaka

dig

i

Ther

ach

eera

la

Tho

lub

om

mal

ata/

Bo

pp

a

Ah

eer

Yad

av

Ara

vako

mat

i

Go

vili

Saro

llu

Sree

Ksh

etri

ya R

amaj

o

Bai

l Kam

mar

a

Mas

ayya

lu/P

atam

varu

Od

d

Son

nay

ila

Women age 20-24 years married before age 18 years (%) Men age 25-29 years married before age 21 years (%) Child labur in the age group of 6 to 15 years Child labur in the age group of 16 to 18 years Educational Backwardness Indicators Literacy Literacy among Adults (age 15-49) (Male) Literacy among Adults (age 15-49) (Female) Educational attainment: age group 10-15 years Not literate Secondary Educational attainment: age group 16-29 years

Not literate Inter and above Educational attainment: age group 30-60 years

Not literate Inter and above Average years of schooling for age 10 to 15 years Average years of schooling for age 16 to 29 years

97

Indicator


Ad

dap

uva

ru

Bag

oth

ula

Eno

oti

Gan

jiku

tiva

ru

Go

ud

a Je

tti

Kak

ipad

agal

a

Ku

llaka

dig

i

Ther

ach

eera

la

Tho

lub

om

mal

ata/

Bo

pp

a

Ah

eer

Yad

av

Ara

vako

mat

i

Go

vili

Saro

llu

Sree

Ksh

etri

ya R

amaj

o

Bai

l Kam

mar

a

Mas

ayya

lu/P

atam

varu

Od

d

Son

nay

ila

Average years of schooling for age 30 to 60 years Employment Backwardness

Any member of family working in following sectors

Government total Private Average Number of Economic Activities Engaged per Worker Distribution of Workers in Rural Total Casual Labor Workforce participation of women in age group of 15-59 Economic Status Average land holding of the community Average wet land holding of community Per cent BPL (above 30%

Note: Deprivation with respect to any indicator is decide based on comparison between the value of indicator and Benchmarks based on State

average or averages of all BCs.

98

Appendix 1

The sample survey of Mission Bhageeratha Baseline survey is intended to provide statistically

reliable estimates at district level. To meet this objective, a multi-stage stratified sample design

with adequate sample size is adopted. The first stage unit for the sampling is village in rural

areas and ward in urban areas of Nagarapalika. A total of 1500 villages and wards are selected

n, representing more than 10 percent of the total villages and wards in the state. The sample

design treated all the rural villages in each district as a stratum. In addition, all the wards in

Nagarapalika in the state were treated as a separate stratum. Thus the state will be divided into

30 rural strata and one urban stratum. The total sample size of 1500 villages will be allocated

to the 31 strata in proportion to size of population.The total sample size allocated to a strata is

divided into two equal halves and two independent sub-samples are drawn.

The list of villages as per 2011 census formed the sampling frame of rural areas for selection

of the villages (first stage units). In case of urban areas, the sample frame is the list of all wards

of Nagarapalika in the state. The villages/wards in each stratum are further stratified into three

sub-strata, viz. SC villages/wards, ST villages/wards and other villages/wards. Sample size

allotted to strata is distributed to the three sub-strata according to their population sizes. In the

first stage of sampling, villages are be selected from each sub-strata using probability

proportional to size (PPS) with replacement in the form of two independent sub-samples.

In the second stage, a total of 8 households only will be selected due to huge number involved

from each sample village/ward. For this all the households are listed in a simple listing

schedule. At the time of listing, all the households are stratified further into two sub-strata –

households having piped connection within the premises (in working condition) and (those that

do not have). The household list thus prepared serves as a sampling frame for drawing sample

households. The sample size for each sub-stratum is determined based on the total number of

households listed. In case of large villages/wards house listing becomes very cumbersome and

may result in non-sampling errors. To overcome this, the large villages/wards will be further

divided into 3 or more number of hamlet groups following conventional procedure. From the

list of hamlet groups so formed, a sample of 2 hamlet groups is selected for house listing.

Finally, the sample households are selected following simple random sampling without

replacement. The sampling frame is designed to provide estimates at State level as well as

district level. However, the sample design will not provide statistically reliable estimates at

sub-district level. In case of Nagarapalikas, estimates can be provided only at the state level

99

and not at the district level as the spread of Nagarapalikas is less across the districts. The

summary of sampling scheme is presented in Table 1.1

Table 1.1: Summary of Sampling Scheme

Sl.

N

o

Sam

pling

Stag

e

Samplin

g Unit

Descripti

on of

strata

Sample

frame

Sampl

e size

Procedure Sub-

strata

Procedur

e

1 1st Village/

Ward

30 rural

(villages)

1 urban

(ward)

1)All rural

villages in

each district

2)All wards in

Nagarapalika

s

1500

(>10

percent

)

Probability

Proportion

to Size with

replacement

SC, ST,

Others

PPS

2 2nd House

hold

Village/

ward

HH Listing 12000

(@ 8

per

village

/ ward)

Simple

Random

Sampling

Without

Replacement

HH with

piped

connection

within

premises/

not within

premises

Number

of HH in

each

category

Note: In case of large sample villages there will be another stage of sampling. The selected

sample village will be divided into a specified number of hamlet groups from which two will

be selected.

100

Appendix 2

List of Indicators and Benchmarks

Indicators

Benchmark I (Average for BC)

Benchmark II (State Average ) Year Source

Social Backwardness Indicators

Status of own house (All)

Own 95.4 95.3 2017-18 MB

Rented 4.5 4.4 2017-18 MB

Temporary 0.2 0.2 2017-18 MB

Status of own house (Rural)

Own 95.6 95.8 2017-18 MB

Rented 4.2 4 2017-18 MB

Temporary 0.2 0.2 2017-18 MB

Status of own house (Urban)

Own 81.9 82.8 2017-18 MB

Rented 17.6 16.8 2017-18 MB

Temporary 0.5 0.3 2017-18 MB

Type of House (All)

Temporary

Kutcha 1.5 2.3 2017-18 MB

Semi-pucc 27.2 27.1 2017-18 MB

Pucca 71.3 70.6 2017-18 MB

Type of House (Rural)

Temporary

Kutcha 1.5 2.4 2017-18 MB

Semi-pucc 27.5 27.7 2017-18 MB

Pucca 71 69.9 2017-18 MB

Type of House (Urban)

Temporary

Kutcha 0 0 2017-18 MB

Semi-pucc 10.9 10 2017-18 MB

Pucca 89.1 90 2017-18 MB

Availability of separate kitchen

All 44.1 41.9 2017-18 MB

Rural 43.8 41.2 2017-18 MB

Urban 59.1 62 2017-18 MB

HH having Toilets

All 66.5 60.9 2017-18 MB

Rural 66 59.8 2017-18 MB

Urban 91 92 2017-18 MB

HH having water facility in toilets

101

Indicators



All 11.2 12.8 2017-18 MB

Rural 10.8 12 2017-18 MB

Urban 30 35.9 2017-18 MB

Toilet having flushing water facility

All 5.4 7 2017-18 MB

Rural 5.4 6.8 2017-18 MB

Urban 7 12 2017-18 MB

HH having drinking water source within the premises

All 63.7 57.8 2017-18 MB

Rural 63.4 57.3 2017-18 MB

Urban 78.8 72.6 2017-18 MB

HH having electricity

All 98.3 20015-16 NFHS

Rural 97.2 20015-17 NFHS

Urban 99.5 20015-18 NFHS

Sex ratio of the total population (females per 1,000 males)

All 1007 20015-18 NFHS

Rural 1035 20015-18 NFHS

Urban 977 20015-18 NFHS

Women age 20-24 years married before age 18 years ( percent)

All 26.2 20015-18 NFHS

Rural 35.8 20015-18 NFHS

Urban 16.3 20015-18 NFHS

Men age 25-29 years married before age 21 years ( percent)

All 17.8 20015-18 NFHS

Rural 22.9 20015-18 NFHS

Urban 12.3 20015-18 NFHS

Child labur in the age group of 6 to 15 years

Male 1.0 1.1 2017-18 MB

Female 0.8 1 2017-18 MB

All 0.9 1 2017-18 MB

Child labur in the age group of 16 to 18 years

Male 12.9 14 2017-18 MB

Female 7.7 9.6 2017-18 MB

All 10.3 11.8 2017-18 MB

Educational Backwardness Indicators

102

Indicators



Literacy (All)

Male 75 73.7 2017-18 MB

Female 56.8 56.6 2017-18 MB

Total 65.5 65.2 2017-18 MB

Literacy (Rural)

Male 73.8 73.4 2017-18 MB

Female 56.7 56.4 2017-18 MB

Total 65.3 64.9 2017-18 MB

Literacy (Urban)

Male 83.7 84.3 2017-18 MB

Female 63.7 67.2 2017-18 MB

Total 73.9 76.1 2017-18 MB

Literacy among Adults (age 15-49) (Male)

All 83.4 20015-18 NFHS

Rural 76.5 20015-18 NFHS

Urban 90.7 20015-18 NFHS

Literacy among Adults (age 15-49) (Female)

All 65.5 20015-18 NFHS

Rural 52.4 20015-19 NFHS

Urban 79.1 20015-20 NFHS

Educational attainment: age group 10-15 years (All)

Male

Not literate 1.7 1.2 2017-18 MB

Primary 23.6 22.7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 74.7 76.1 2017-18 MB

Female


Primary 16.8 18.6 2017-18 MB

Secondary 81.7 79.5 2017-18 MB

All


Primary 20.3 20.7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 78.1 77.7 2017-18 MB

Educational attainment: age group 10-15 years (Rural)

Male


Primary 23.4 22.6 2017-18 MB

Secondary 74.9 76.2 2017-18 MB

103

Indicators



Female


Primary 16.9 18.7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 81.5 79.4 2017-18 MB

All


Primary 20.3 20.7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 78.1 77.7 2017-18 MB

Educational attainment: age group 10-15 years (Urban)

Male


Primary 28.6 25.4 2017-18 MB

Secondary 68.1 72.4 2017-18 MB

Female


Primary 13.0 15.4 2017-18 MB

Secondary 87.0 84.7 2017-18 MB

All


Primary 21 20.6 2017-18 MB

Secondary 77.4 78.3 2017-18 MB


Male


Primary 2.8 3.3 2017-18 MB

Secondary 28.1 28.1 2017-18 MB

Inter and above 63.4 62.2 2017-18 MB

Female

Not literate 13.1 14.8 2017-18 MB

Primary 5.2 6.1 2017-18 MB

Secondary 34.8 31.3 2017-18 MB


All


Primary 4 4.7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 31.3 29.6 2017-18 MB



Male

104

Indicators




Primary 2.7 3.3 2017-18 MB

Secondary 28.3 28.2 2017-18 MB


Female

Not literate 13.1 15 2017-18 MB

Primary 5.3 6.3 2017-18 MB

Secondary 35 31.4 2017-18 MB


All


Primary 4 4.8 2017-18 MB

Secondary 31.7 29.8 2017-18 MB

Inter and above 55 54.7 2017-18 MB


Male


Primary 3.7 2.4 2017-18 MB

Secondary 21.5 20.6 2017-18 MB


Female


Primary 3.3 2.8 2017-18 MB

Secondary 27.7 26.2 2017-18 MB


All


Primary 3.5 2.6 2017-18 MB

Secondary 24.3 23.3 2017-18 MB



Male

Not literate 42.4 43.7 2017-18 MB

Primary 10.1 10.1 2017-18 MB

Secondary 33.3 29.9 2017-18 MB


Female

Not literate 72.4 78.9 2017-18 MB

Primary 7.5 7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 16.4 10.6 2017-18 MB

105

Indicators




All

Not literate 57.8 58.9 2017-18 MB

Primary 8.8 8.8 2017-18 MB

Secondary 24.6 22.2 2017-18 MB



Male

Not literate 42.9 44.3 2017-18 MB

Primary 10.3 10.3 2017-18 MB

Secondary 33.1 29.7 2017-18 MB


Female

Not literate 72.9 79.7 2017-18 MB

Primary 7.6 7 2017-18 MB

Secondary 16.1 10.1 2017-18 MB


All

Not literate 58.4 59.5 2017-18 MB

Primary 8.9 8.9 2017-18 MB

Secondary 24.3 21.9 2017-18 MB



Male

Not literate 26.7 25.5 2017-18 MB

Primary 6.2 5.8 2017-18 MB

Secondary 37.8 34.2 2017-18 MB


Female

Not literate 58.1 53.4 2017-18 MB

Primary 7 6.9 2017-18 MB

Secondary 25.6 26.7 2017-18 MB

Inter and above 9.3 13 2017-18 MB

All


Primary 6.6 6.3 2017-18 MB

Secondary 31.8 30.5 2017-18 MB


Average years of schooling for age 10 to 15 years (All)

106

Indicators



Rural 4.4 4.4 2017-18 MB

Urban 4.5 4.5 2017-18 MB

All 4.4 4.4 2017-18 MB

Average years of schooling for age 10 to 15 years (Male)

Rural 4.3 4.3 2017-18 MB

Urban 4.2 4.1 2017-18 MB

All 4.3 4.3 2017-18 MB

Average years of schooling for age 10 to 15 years (Female)

Rural 4.6 4.5 2017-18 MB

Urban 4.8 4.8 2017-18 MB

All 4.6 4.6 2017-18 MB


Rural 8.8 8.6 2017-18 MB

Urban 9.5 9.8 2017-18 MB

All 8.8 8.6 2017-18 MB


Rural 9.5 9.3 2017-18 MB

Urban 10.1 10.3 2017-18 MB

All 9.5 9.3 2017-18 MB


Rural 8 7.9 2017-18 MB

Urban 8.8 9.3 2017-18 MB

All 8 7.9 2017-18 MB


Rural 2.6 2.6 2017-18 MB

Urban 4.3 4.8 2017-18 MB

All 2.6 2.7 2017-18 MB


Rural 3.8 3.8 2017-18 MB

Urban 5.9 6.4 2017-18 MB

All 3.9 3.9 2017-18 MB


Rural 1.4 1.4 2017-18 MB

Urban 2.7 3.2 2017-18 MB

107

Indicators



All 1.5 1.5 2017-18 MB

Employment Backwardness

Government total 1

Private 2

Workforce participation of women in age group of 15-59

50 2017-18 MB

Avg land holding of the community 1 1.9 2017-18 MB

Avg wet land holding of community 1.0 1.0 2017-18 MB