assessment of heavy metal concentrations …psasir.upm.edu.my/429/1/t_fp_2006_25.pdf · assessment...

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN VEGETABLES

AND DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN THE KLUANG-KOTA TINGGI AREA,

JOHOR, MALAYSIA

By

JULIANA BINTI BOKHARI

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science

April 2006

ii

DEDICATION

This thesis is specially dedicated to:

My beloved parents,

Bokhari Hitam

and

Hjh. Beah Hj. Salleh

Sisters,

Hazreena

Marlina

& lastly

Muhammad Hafizan Sharudin

Who always supported and encourage me to do the best

iii

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of

the requirement for the Degree of Master of Agricultural Science

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN VEGETABLES

AND DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN THE KLUANG-KOTA TINGGI AREA,

JOHOR, MALAYSIA

By


April 2006

Chairman : Associate Professor Siti Zauyah Bte Darus, PhD

Faculty : Agriculture

The vegetables in Johore are grown on several soil types. Heavy metal contents in Johore

soils and vegetables have not been fully studied although it is known that the

concentration of heavy metals in soils under vegetable cultivation was affected by

excessive use of fertilizers, agrochemical and addition of chicken dung. The quality of

these vegetables and the soils from heavy metals perspective is important lately. The

knowledge of both the total concentration and chemical speciation is necessary to

understand the behavior of heavy metals in soil. This study was conducted to determine

heavy metal contents in organic and mineral soils cultivated with vegetables and the

relationship between heavy metal concentration and some physico-chemical properties.

Heavy metal speciation study is also necessary for evaluating the mobility and

bioavailability of heavy metals in the soils.

iv

Soil and vegetable samples were collected from several vegetable plots in Kluang and

Kota Tinggi. A total of 177 soil samples were collected comprising of 42 organic soil

samples, 81 Rengam series, 27 Telemong series and 27 Batang Merbau series soil. The

soil samples were taken from 3 depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm) using a

stainless steel auger. Top soil samples (0-20 cm) from the surrounding area, werealso

collected in order to determine the background values of heavy metals in the soil as

compared to the vegetable cultivated areas. GPS reading was taken at every sampling

point. The crops selected were leafy vegetables (39 samples) and fruit vegetables (17

samples).

Soil samples were analyzed for the pH, organic C, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and

texture. Available heavy metals were extracted with EDTA, DTPA and 0.1 N HCl

extractants. Total heavy metal contents were determined by the aqua regia-method. The

heavy metal concentrations were extracted through dry ashing of the vegetable tissues.

For the speciation study, 24 cultivated and 12 uncultivated Rengam series samples were

extracted using sequential extraction procedures (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn

oxides, organic and residual fractions) as outline by Abollino et al., (2001) which is a

modified method from Tessier (1979). The heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni)

contents in soil and vegetables were determined using Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The geographical distribution maps were produced using

GIS software (MapInfo).

From the t-test analysis, the pH, OC and CEC values in the top layers of cultivated

v

organic and mineral soils were significantly higher when compared to background soils.

Pearson correlation analysis indicates that the mineral soil pH significantly correlated

with Cu (r=0.435**, n=45) and Zn (r=0.450**, n=45) concentrations. Only Cu

concentration showed significant correlation with carbon percentages of mineral soils

with value of r=0.457**, n=45. Copper, Pb and Zn correlated positively with CEC with

values of r=0.176*, r=0.242** and r=0.219* (n=45), respectively. Correlation analysis

showed that all heavy metals in organic soil correlated positively with soil pH.

The difference between means of heavy metals of mineral soils showed by t-test

indicated that metal concentrations at the top layers of cultivated soils were significantly

higher compared to the background soils. Data from organic soils showed that only Cd,

Cu, Pb and Zn were significantly higher compared to the background soils. Heavy metals

such as Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni in organic and minerals soils were still within the normal range

of Malaysian soils. The concentrations of these metals were still lower than the 95th

Percentile and Dutch target values except for Cd in the all soil types and Zn (138.11

mgkg-1) in Telemong series. From speciation study, the percentages of mobile Cd (32%)

was found to be high in cultivated Rengam series compared to other metals. However, the

percentages of mobile fractions for all metals in the cultivated soils were lower compared

to the uncultivated soils. The majority of metals present were in the residual form

(immobile fraction).

Among the vegetables, Indian Pennyworth exhibited the highest mean concentrations of

Cd (0.02 mgkg-1), Cr (0.8 mgkg

-1), Pb (0.29 mgkg

-1) and Zn (10.16 mgkg

-1) compared to

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the other vegetables species. Fruit and leafy vegetable tissues contain highest Zn and the

least Cd concentrations. Results of the transfer coefficients showed that leafy vegetables

tend to accumulate higher concentration of metals in edible tissue compared to the fruit

vegetables. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that total Ni in vegetables grown on

Rengam series correlated positively with available Ni in soil using EDTA (r=0.408*,

n=27), while Cd in vegetables correlated significantly with available Cd using 0.1N HCl

extraction (r=0.615**, n=27). Positive correlation was only obtained between Cr content

in vegetables grown on organic soil with available Cr (r=0.566*, n=14) using 0.1N HCl.

Results showed that the heavy metal concentrations in fruit and leafy vegetables were

still below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) as stated in the Malaysian

Food Act (1983) and Food Regulations (1985).

Distribution maps of heavy metals in Kluang and Kota Tinggi showed that Cd

concentrations in vegetable areas were higher than the 95th percentile, which is proposed

by Zarcinas et al., (2004) to be Malaysian soil investigative level. One of the vegetable

areas in Kluang (C5) showed high concentration of Zn (157 mgkg-1), which is higher

than the 95th percentile. This farm had been actively producing leafy vegetable for almost

20 years. It is evident that the vegetable areas in Kluang and Kota Tinggi showed higher

content of metal concentration compared to the surrounding areas. The pollution index

(PI) values in the vegetable areas in Kluang and Kota Tinggi are still below 1.0,

indicating that metal concentrations are below tolerable level. However, these vegetable

growing areas must be continuously monitored due to some indication of possible heavy

metal contamination.

vii

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia

sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains Pertanian

PENILAIAN KEPEKATAN LOGAM BERAT DALAM SAYURAN DAN JENIS

TANAH BERBEZA DI KAWASAN TANAMAN SAYURAN SEKITAR

KLUANG-KOTA TINGGI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA

Oleh


April 2006

Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Siti Zauyah Bte Darus, PhD

Fakulti : Pertanian

Kawasan penanaman sayur di Johor didapati terdiri daripada jenis tanah yang berbeza.

Logam berat dalam tanah dan sayuran di Johor tidak dikaji secara mendalam walaupun

secara amnya, sudah sedia maklum bahawa pengumpulan logam berat dalam tanah

adalah disebabkan oleh penggunaan bahan-bahan berasaskan kimia (baja, racun perosak)

serta baja organik (tahi ayam) yang berlebihan di kawasan penanaman sayur. Kualiti

tanah dan sayuran dari sudut perspektif logam berat menjadi semakin penting sejak akhir

ini. Pengetahuan tentang jumlah kandungan dan bentuk kimia logam berat adalah penting

untuk memahami sifat logam berat dalam tanah. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan

tahap kepekatan logam berat di dalam tanah mineral dan tanah organik yang ditanam

viii

dengan pelbagai sayuran serta mengenalpasti hubungan diantara logam berat dengan

sifat-sifat kimia dan fizikal tanah. Kajian penentuan bentuk logam berat dalam tanah

yang dijalankan adalah untuk mengenalpasti bentuk logam berat yang mudah diserap

oleh tanaman sayuran.

Sampel tanah dan sayuran diambil daripada kawasan tanaman sayur di sekitar Kluang

dan Kota Tinggi. Sebanyak 117 sampel tanah yang merangkumi 42 sampel tanah organik,

81 sampel siri Rengam, 27 sampel siri Telemong dan 27 sampel siri Batang Merbau .

Sampel- sampel tanah diambil pada tiga kedalaman berbeza iaitu 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm dan

40-60 cm menggunakan auger anti karat. Sampel tanah permukaan (0-20 cm) daripada

sekitar kawasan kajian diambil untuk digunakan sebagai perbandingan (kawalan). Bacaan

GPS diambil di setiap lokasi sampel. Sebanyak 39 sampel sayur jenis daun dan 17 sampel

sayur jenis buah dipilih untuk dianalisa.

Sifat kimia dan fizik tanah yang dianalisis adalah pH, karbon organik, kadar pertukaran

kation (KPK), tekstur tanah dan kandungan logam berat. Kadar logam berat tersedia di

dalam tanah diekstrak menggunakan 3 bahan pengekstrak iaitu EDTA, DTPA dan 0.1N

HCl. Jumlah kandungan logam berat dalam tanah pula ditentukan dengan menggunakan

kaedah aqua-regia. Kandungan logam berat dalam sayur diekstrak menggunakan kaedah

pengabuan kering. Untuk kajian bentuk logam berat dalam tanah, sebanyak 36 sampel

tanah siri Renggam (tanah sayuran 24 sampel, tanah kawalan 12 sampel) ditentukan

menerusi prosedur pengekstrakan yang terdiri daripada 5 peringkat yang diubahsuai oleh

Abollino et al., (2001) daripada kaedah Tessier et al., (1979). Lima bentuk logam berat

ix

yang dikenalpasti melalui prosedur ini iaitu bentuk tukarganti, karbonat, Fe-Mn oksida,

organik, dan sisa baki. Kadar logam berat dalam tanah ekstrak dan sayuran ditentukan

dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Penyerapan Atom Nyalaan (FAAS). Peta

geografi taburan logam berat dihasilkan dengan menggunakan maklumat dari GPS dan

perisian MapInfo.

Daripada kajian ini, didapati terdapat peningkatan pH, karbon organik dan KPK dalam

tanah yang ditanam dengan sayuran berbanding dengan tanah kawalan. Kajian korelasi

Pearson di antara sifat kimia tanah dan logam berat menunjukkan bahawa pH tanah

mempunyai korelasi dengan kepekatan Cu (r=0.435**, n=45) dan Zn (r=0.450**, n=45)

dalam tanah mineral. Peratus karbon menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan kepekatan Cu

(r=0.457**, n=45) dalam tanah yang sama, manakala KPK tanah mineral mempuyai

korelasi dengan Cu, Pb dan Zn dengan nilai r=0.176*, r=0.242** and r=0.219* (n=45).

Analisis yang sama menunjukkan logam berat dalam tanah organik mempunyai korelasi

positif dengan pH tanah.

Analisis t-test min logam berat dalam tanah mineral pada kedalaman 0-20 cm adalah

lebih tinggi berbanding tanah kawalan dalam kedalaman yang sama. Sebaliknya tanah

organik menunjukkan hanya Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn yang mempunyai min kepekatan lebih

tinggi berbanding tanah kawalan. Kepekatan semua logam berat yang dikaji (Cu, Cr, Pb,

Zn dan Ni) di dalam setiap tanah masih berada dalam julat kepekatan normal, manakala

kepekatan Cd dalam semua jenis tanah dan kepekatan Zn (138.11 mgkg-1) dalam tanah

siri Telemong didapati telah melebihi julat kepekatan peratusan ke-95 iaitu tahap

x

penyiasatan untuk Malaysia yang dicadangkan oleh Zarcinas et al., (2004) dan nilai

sasaran Dutch. Analisis penentuan bentuk logam berat dalam tanah menunjukkan

peratusan Cd (32%) dalam bentuk mudah diserap adalah tinggi dalam tanah yang ditanam

dengan sayur berbanding dengam logam berat yang lain, walaubagaimanapun peratusan

setiap logam dalam bentuk mudah diserap dalam tanah sayuran semakin berkurangan

berbanding tanah yang tidak ditanam dengan sayuran. Majoriti logam berat berada dalam

bentuk sisa baki (tidak diserap).

Antara semua jenis sayur yang dikaji, sayur pegaga didapati mempunyai kandungan Cd

(0.02 mg kg-1 ), Cr (0.8 mg kg

-1), Pb (0.29 mg kg

-1) dan Zn (10.16 mg kg

-1) yang paling

tinggi berbanding dengan jenis sayuran yang lain. Tisu sayur daun dan sayur buah

menunjukkan kepekatan Zn yang tinggi manakala kepekatan Cd adalah yang paling

rendah. Koefisien pemindahan logam berat daripada tanah kepada tumbuhan

menunjukkan bahawa sayur daun mengumpul kepekatan logam dalam tisu lebih tinggi

berbanding sayur buah. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan Ni

dalam sayuran yang ditanam di atas tanah siri Rengam mempunyai kolerasi bererti yang

positif dengan Ni tersedia dengan menggunakan bahan pengekstrak EDTA (r=0.408*,

n=27), manakala kepekatan Cd dalam sayuran yang ditanam di atas siri tanah yang sama

mempunyai kolerasi bereerti dengan Cd (r=0.615**, n=27) tersedia menggunakan bahan

pengekstrak 0.1N HCl. Bahan pengekstrak yang sama (0.1N HCl), menunjukkan korelasi

positif diantara Cr dalam sayuran yang ditanam atas tanah organik dengan Cr tersedia

(r=0.566, n=14). Walau bagaimanapun, kepekatan logam berat dalam tisu kedua-dua

xi

jenis sayuran masih di bawah kepekatan penyerapan maksimum yang dibenarkan oleh

Akta Makanan (1983) dan Peraturan Makanan (1985).

Peta taburan logam berat di Kluang dan Kota Tinggi menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan Cd

di dalam kawasan tanaman sayuran adalah lebih tinggi daripada julat kepekatan peratusan

ke-95. Salah satu kawasan penanaman sayur di Kluang (C5) menunjukkan kepekatan Zn

(157mg kg-1) melebihi julat kepekatan peratusan ke-95. Aktiviti penanaman sayur daun

dilakukan secara aktif di kawasan ini dalam jangkamasa 20 tahun. Terbukti bahawa

kawasan tanaman sayuran mempunyai kandungan logam berat yang lebih tinggi

berbanding kawasan lain di sekitarnya. Indeks pencemaran (PI) di kawasan sayur sekitar

Kluang dan Kota Tinggi didapati masih kurang dari 1.0. Nilai indeks pencemaran kurang

daripada 1.0 menunjukkan kepekatan logam berat di kawasan tersebut belum mencapai

tahap tercemar.

xii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank Allah S.W.T for giving me the strength to complete this study. I am

also sincerely grateful to Assoc. Prof. Siti Zauyah Darus, the chairman of my Supervisory

Committee for her guidance, advise, support and patience during the course of this study

and in the preparation of this thesis. I am also grateful to Assoc. Prof. Che Fauziah Ishak,

for her supervision, comments, and suggestions during the course of this study.

I would also like to thank all the laboratory staff of the Department of Land

Management, Faculty of Agriculture, UPM for their kind assistance and corporation,

especially En. Alias Tahar, En. Rahim, En. Jamil, En. Ramli, Pn. Hashimah, Pn. Pouziah,

Pn. Fauziah, Pn. Hjh. Faridah, Pn. Nomi, and En. Linggam. Special thanks to Dr.

Osmanu Haruna, En. Roslan Asri, staff of the Department of Land Management, to En.

Asari from Department of Agriculture Kluang and En. Zailan from Wisma Tani, for their

help on statistical analysis and preparation of maps. To my friends, Cik Noorhafizah, En.

Roslan, En. Azizi, Cik Nurhanani and Cik Nooreehan, my sincere thanks for their help

and co-operation during the course of my study.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to En. Muhamad Hafizan Sharudin for his

patience, support, encouragement, and understanding. To my beloved parents and sisters,

for their support and love during my study. Finally, my sincerely thanks to all those who

have helped me in my way to make this study success.

xiii

I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 12th April 2006 to conduct the final

examination of Juliana Binti Bokhari on her Master of Agricultural Science thesis entitled

“Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Vegetables and Different Soil Types in

the Kluang-Kota Tinggi Area, Johor, Malaysia” in accordance with Universiti Pertanian

Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree)

Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the

relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follow:

Shamsuddin Jusop, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Aminuddin Hussin, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Rosenani Abu Bakar, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Yahya Mohd Nor, PhD

Associate Professor

Science and Biology

Universiti Sains Malaysia

(External Examiner)

_________________________________

HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI, PhD

Professor/Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

xiv

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science. The

members of Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Siti Zauyah Darus, PhD

Associate Professor



(Chairman)

Che Fauziah Ishak, PhD

Associate Professor



(Member)

________________________________

AINI IDERIS, PhD

Professor/ Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

xv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and

citations, which have been duly acknowledge. I also declare that is has not been

previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

__________________________


Date:

xvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

APPROVAL

DECLARATION

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Page

ii

iii

vii

xii

xiii

xv

xix

xxi

xxiv

CHAPTER

1

2

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Heavy Metals

2.1.1 Cadmium (Cd)

2.1.2 Copper (Cu)

2.1.3 Chromium (Cr)

2.1.4 Lead (Pb)

2.1.5 Zinc (Zn)

2.1.6 Nickel (Ni)

2.2 Source of Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil

2.2.1 Geochemical Sources

2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources

2.3 Heavy Metals in Different Soil Types

2.4 Soil Factors Which Influence the Availability of Heavy

Metals in Soil and Accumulation in Crops

2.4.1 Chemical Properties in Agricultural Soils

2.4.2 Physical Properties

2.4.3 Clay Mineralogy

2.5 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Uptake by Plants

2.5.1 Plant Types

2.5.2 Plant Parts

2.6 Heavy Metals Concentrations in Vegetables

2.7 Heavy Metal Bioavailability

2.8 Range of Transfer Coefficient

2.9 Heavy Metal Fractionation in Soil

2.10 Heavy Metal Contamination and Pollution Levels in Soils

and Crops

2.11 Potentially Toxic Elements

2.11.1 Effect of Heavy Metals on Human Health

1

5

5

6

7

8

8

9

10

11

13

14

18

20

20

25

26

27

27

29

30

33

36

38

42

44

44

xvii

3

4

2.12 Distribution Map of Heavy Metals Contents and Pollution

Index (PI) in Soil

2.13 Summary of Literature Review

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Study Area

3.2 Cultivation and Fertilization History of Study Area

3.3 Soil Types Classification

3.4 Sampling of Vegetables and Soils

3.4.1 Preparation of Soil Samples

3.4.2 Preparation of Plant Samples

3.5 Soil Analyses

3.5.1 Determination of Soil pH

3.5.2 Determination of Organic Carbon

3.5.3 Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

3.5.4 Determination of Particle Size Distribution (Texture)

3.5.5 Determination of Available Heavy Metals

3.5.6 Determination of Total Heavy Metals in Soil

3.5.7 Sequential Extraction Method

3.6 Plant Analyses

3.6.1 Moisture Content

3.6.2 Determination of Tissue Heavy Metals

(Dry Ashing Method)

3.7 Range of Transfer Coefficients

3.8 Statistical Analysis

3.9 Preparation of Distribution Map

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Chemical Properties of Topsoil Cultivated with Vegetables

4.1.1 Soil pH

4.1.2 Organic Carbon

4.1.3 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

4.2 Comparison between Chemical Properties of Study Area and

Mean for Malaysian Soil

4.3 Soil Chemical Properties of Different Depths of cultivated

soils

4.4 Texture of Mineral Topsoil

4.5 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Cultivated Soils

4.5.1 Heavy metals in Cultivated Topsoil and Background

Level

4.5.2 Comparison of Heavy Metals in Soil Cultivated with

Various Vegetables

4.5.3 Heavy metals at Three Different Depths in the

Different Soil Types

4.5.4 Comparison between Total Heavy Metals

Concentration in soil with 95th Percentile and

47

49

52

52

56

57

58

63

63

63

63

64

64

64

65

66

67

70

70

71

71

72

72

73

73

73

74

75

77

77

83

84

84

89

95

xviii

5

Dutch Target Value

4.6 Vegetable Analyses

4.6.1 Quality Assurance of Heavy Metals in Tissue

4.6.2 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Vegetables Grown

On Different Soil Types

4.6.3 Heavy Metals Concentration in Different Vegetable

Types

4.7 Range of Transfer Coefficients of Heavy Metals in

Vegetable

4.8 Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils

4.8.1 Forms of Heavy Metals in Uncultivated and

Cultivated Soil

4.9 Comparison between Speciation of Cultivated with

Uncultivated Soil

4.10 Correlation Studies

4.10.1 Relationship between Total Heavy Metals in

Vegetable Soil and Soil Chemical Properties

4.10.2 Relationship between Total Heavy Metals in

Vegetable Soil and Clay Content

4.10.3 Relationship between Heavy Metals in Vegetables with Extractable Heavy Metals in Soil

4.10.4 Relationship between Forms of Heavy Metals in

Soil with Soil Properties

4.11 Heavy Metals Distribution in Study Areas

4.11.1 Heavy Metal Distribution in Kluang

4.11.2 Heavy metal Distribution in Kota Tinggi

4.11.3 Pollution Index (PI) of Heavy Metals in Soils

CONCLUSION

101

103

103

105

106

113

117

118

127

133

133

136

137

141

143

147

156

165

170

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR

174

199

237

xix

LIST OF TABLES

Table

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.1

3.2

3.3

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Typical concentrations of heavy metals in earth’s crust and

major types of igneous and sedimentary rock (Alloway, 1990)

Agricultural sources of trace element contamination in soils (ppm)

Investigation levels for soil contamination assessment (Total

concentration in soil: mg kg-1)

Trace element distributions in all Malaysian soils (Zarcinas et al.,

2004)

Malaysian Food Act (1983) and Food Regulations (1985)

(Fourteenth Schedule-Regulation 38)

Effect of heavy metals on human health

Significance of intervals of pollution index (PI) (Lacatusu, 2002)

Types of leafy vegetable collected from vegetable areas in Kluang

and Kota Tinggi

Types of fruit vegetable collected from vegetable areas in Kluang and

Kota Tinggi

Location of sampling areas in each district

Chemical properties of Malaysian soil (Zarcinas et al., 2004)

Texture of cultivated soils

Mean, minimum and maximum of heavy metal concentration in

surface soil ( 0-20 cm )

Heavy metal concentration in different soil types and baseline level

Summary of measured and certified reference element concentrations

in SRM1570a

Page

14

17

43

43

44

46

49

61

61

62

77

83

85

101

104

xx

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10a

4.10b

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.17

Comparison of mean heavy metals concentration in vegetable grown

on different soil types with the MPC of Malaysian Food Act 1983

and Food Regulations 1985

Heavy metal concentrations in various vegetables (FWB)

Range of transfer coefficients of heavy metals in vegetables (DWB)

Range of transfer coefficients of heavy metals in vegetables (DWB)

Heavy metal fractions in cultivated soil

Heavy metal fractions in uncultivated soil

Correlation between total heavy metals in top layers (0-20cm) of

mineral soils with chemical properties

Correlation between total heavy metals in all mineral soil samples

with chemical properties

Correlation between total heavy metals in all organic soil samples

with pH and CEC

Correlation between total heavy metals in vegetables (DWB) with

available heavy metal in soils

Correlation between heavy metals concentration in leafy vegetable

with available heavy metal in top soil (0-20cm)

Correlation between heavy metals fractions with Rengam series soil

properties

Significance of intervals of pollution index (PI) (Lacatusu, 2002)

106

107

114

116

118

118

133

134

135

138

139

142

165

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

3.1

3.2a

3.2b

3.3a

3.3b

3.4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

Map of Johore State and location of study areas ie, Kluang and

Kota Tinggi

Map of the Kluang district showing the location of the sampling

areas for soils and vegetables

Map of the Kota Tinggi district showing the location the sampling

areas for soils and vegetables

Map showing the soil types in Kluang

Map showing the soil types in Kota Tinggi

Flow diagram of sequential extraction modified scheme from

Abollino et al., (2001) developed by Tessier et al., (1979)

pH of cultivated soil and comparison with background level

Organic carbon percentages of cultivated soil and comparison with

background level

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of cultivated soil and

comparison with background level

pH of different soil types at different depth.

Organic carbon content at different depth

CEC of different soil types at different depth

Comparison of chemical properties of soils and soil depths

Mean, minimum and maximum cadmium in soils grown with

various vegetables

Mean, minimum and maximum copper in soils grown with various

vegetables

Page

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54

55

59

60

68

74

75

76

78

80

81

82

91

92

xxii

4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

4.17

4.18

4.19

4.20

4.21a

4.21b

4.21c

4.21d

4.21e

4.21f

Mean, minimum and maximum chromium in soils grown with

various vegetables

Mean, minimum and maximum lead in soils grown with

various vegetables

Mean, minimum and maximum zinc in soils grown with

various vegetables

Mean, minimum and maximum nickel in soils grown with

various vegetables

Cadmium concentration in soil at different depths

Copper concentration in soils at different depths

Chromium concentration in soils at different depths

Lead concentration in soils at different depths

Zinc concentration in soils at different depths

Nickel concentration in soils at different depths

Comparison between heavy metals concentration in different

vegetable types (FWB) with the MPC of Malaysian Food Act

1983 and Food Regulation1985

Heavy metal fractions in cultivated and uncultivated soil expressed

as percentage of sum fractions (%)











93

93

94

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

111

120

121

122

124

125

126

xxiii

4.22a

4.22b

4.23

4.24

4.25

4.26

4.27a

4.27b

4.27c

4.27d

4.27e

4.27f

4.28a

4.28b

4.28c

4.28d

4.28e

4.28f

4.29

4.30

Mobile and immobile fractions in cultivated Rengam series

soil expressed as percentage of sum of fractions (%)

Mobile and immobile fractions in uncultivated Rengam series

soil expressed as percentage of sum of fractions (%)

Correlation between Cd concentrations in mineral soil with clay

content

Correlation between Cr concentrations in mineral soil with clay

content

Location of soil samples on different soil types in Kluang

Location of soil samples on different soil types in Kota Tinggi

Total Cd concentrations in Kluang

Total Cu concentrations in Kluang

Total Cr concentrations in Kluang

Total Pb concentrations in Kluang

Total Zn concentrations in Kluang

Total Ni concentrations in Kluang

Total Cd concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Total Cu concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Total Cr concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Total Pb concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Total Zn concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Total Ni concentrations in Kota Tinggi

Pollution index (PI) of surface soils around Kluang

Pollution index (PI) of surface soils around Kota Tinggi

128

130

136

137

145

146

150

151

152

153

154

155

159

160

161

162

163

164

168

169

xxiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ANOVA Analysis of variance

CEC Cation exchange capacity

DTPA Diethylene diamine tetracetic acid

EDTA Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

GIS Global Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

MOP Murate of Potash

MPC Maximum Permitted Concentration

NPK Nitrogen/Phosphorus?Potassium

OC Organic carbon

PI Pollution Index

SAS Statistical Analysis System

TSP Triple Super Phosphate

assessment of heavy metal concentrations …psasir.upm.edu.my/429/1/t_fp_2006_25.pdf · assessment...

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