Forest Extension Service Delivery in Tanzania: Implications to PFM

Muluken G. Wordofa

School on Local Development, University of Trento, Italy

1

1. Introduction

Global realization about role of forests Sustainable FM PFM as a strategy to achieve sustainable FM Forestry extension as a tool for PFM

• Forest extension services in Tanzania

Organized by FBD of MONART 1998 National Forest Policy and Forest Act of 2002

(=PFM) Aim – sustainable FM and improved livelihoods Increasing Districts under PFM in the country

2

Problem statement

Limited extension services (few EAs, many Districts, single service provider, lack of coordination)

EAs blamed for not doing enough extension work

Reports of corrupt EAs

Involvement of paraprofessionals (NPEAs)

Dissatisfaction of community members

3

2. Objectives of the study

Compare forest extension services provided to community members by PEAs and NPEAs;

Compare working conditions of PEAs and NPEAs; and

Assess factors adversely influencing forest extension service delivery (as perceived by PEAs, NPEAs and community members).

4

3. Research methodology

5

Selection of Iringa region-District-Village

Sample size (16 EAs and 80 community members)

Selection of individual HHs

Village Sub-villageNumber of households PPS

Sample households

Kiwere

Mwaya-A 118 118/397*80 24

Mwaya-B 86 86/397*80 17

Chapakazi 103 103/397*80 21

Makondo 90 90/397*80 18

  Total 397 80

6

5. Result and Discussion5.1 Forest extension services in PFM

Views of PEAs, NPEAs and community (Table 2)

organize trainings to community and VNRC assist the community in problem-solving assistance in decision-making and conflict resolution provision of pass/permission to use NR explain PFM activities to guests e.g. researchers

7

Comparison: Extension services of PEAs and NPEAs vs job description

Roles of extension agents Extension services actually provided to community 

PEAs (n=8) NPEAs (n=8)1. organize trainings to community and VNRC2. supervise PFM activities and advise VNRC3. conduct awareness creation meetings with community4. patrolling the forest5. assist the community in problem-solving6. explain PFM activities to guests e.g. researchers7. participate in demarcating village/forest boundaries8. forest revenue collection9. enforcement of village by-laws10. planning and implementation of PFM activities11. report progresses of PFM in villages to DFO12. assistance in decision-making and conflict resolution13. provision of pass/permission to use NR14. make environmental impact assessment

√

√√√

√

√√√√√

√

√√√√√√

√√√√

8

Comparison: Current extension services vs community demands

Forest extension services Provided Required1. organize trainings to community and VNRC2. supervise PFM activities and advise VNRC3. conduct awareness creation meetings with community4. patrolling the forest5. assist the community in problem-solving6. explain PFM activities to guests e.g. researchers7. participate in demarcating village/forest boundaries8. forest revenue collection9. enforcement of village by-laws                                                                                                       10. planning and implementation of PFM activities11. report progresses of PFM in villages to DFO12. assistance in decision-making and conflict resolution13. provision of pass/permission to use NR14. make environmental impact assessment15. provision of education on FM e.g. harvesting, afforestation16. encourage community to actively participate in PFM

√√√√

√

√

√

√√

√

√√

9

5.2 Working conditions of PEAs and NPEAs

Compared on the basis of:

A. Extension service delivery

B. Trainings and seminars

C. Interactions

10

A. Extension service delivery

• Operational area Involvement in non-extension activities

• Number of HHs Office distance and facilities

• Means of transport Extension message

• Accommodation Per-diem/salary

11

Sl. no.Mean

PEAs NPEAs tSig.

(2- tailed)

1 Area of operation from home (km) 90.13 7.63 2.67 .032

2 Area of operation from office (km) 120.13 10.38 4.01 .005

3 Total number of HHs working with 2100.88 2183.00 -1.00 .351

4 Number of HHs addressed daily 31.13 27.13 .40 .699

5 Distance of nearest HH (km) 4.38 .63 1.60 .154

6 Distance of furthest HH (km) 120.13 12.50 4.02 .005

7 Per-diem amount (TShs) 31875.00 2937.50 9.75 .000

8 Office distance from home (km) 6.81 1.93 1.80 .115

9 Size of office (m2) 18.25 24.00 -1.61 .152

10 Number of people sharing office  6.00 10.00 -1.00 .500

12

B. Trainings and seminars

Sl. no.

Mean

tSig.

(2- tailed)PEAs NPEAs

1 Duration of pre-service training (days) 67.00 7.00 1.373 .263

2 Duration of on-the-job training (days) 22.50 1.50 3.000 .205

3 Frequency of on-the-job training (per month) .43 .75 -.401 .727

4 Duration of seminar (days) 2.58 2.96 -.371 .726

5 Frequency of seminars (per month) .27 .15 .719 .504

13

C. Interactions

14

5.3 Factors adversely affecting extension service delivery

15

6. Conclusion

Supply-led extension outweighs demand-driven

EAs varied significantly in terms of: per-diem, distance of furthest HH, area of operation, transport,

involvement in non-extension activities,

source of extension information, and

linkage to other organizations

Variations in seriousness of challenges faced

16