assessment and way forward with regard to recreational facilities in the city of vadodara

Assessment AND WAY FORWARD WITH REGARD TO green and open spaces IN THE CITY OF VADODARA

Primary Guide:Dr. Ravikant JoshiSecondary Guide:Ms. Sudeshna Panchal

Presented By: Kruti Desai (04)

Masters of Urban and Regional PlanningFaculty of Technology, the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

Contents1Introduction11.1Background / Context11.2Need for the study21.3Problem Statement31.4Focus of the Study31.5Justification31.6Goal:41.7Objectives:41.8Scope51.9Limitation of the study51.10Approach51.11Methodology61.11.1Secondary data source:61.12Area of Study72Basic concept about recreational facilities92.1Recreational facilities and classification of its elements92.2Types of Recreational facilities102.3Principles of Recreation and Open Space Planning112.4Importance of recreational facilities122.5Planning norms and policies regarding recreational facilities132.5.1Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act:142.5.2The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution192.5.3UDPFI guidelines:202.5.4Constitutional212.5.5Provisions212.6Institutions working for development of recreational facilities222.6.1Parks and garden department:222.7International history and chronological development of parks and open spaces232.8Indian history and chronological development of recreational facilities262.9Parks and open spaces International Best Practices Case study292.10Gardens - Indian Best Practices Case study of Bangalore293Assessment of parks and open spaces in Vadodara333.1Introduction of the city Vadodara333.2History of recreational facilities in the city353.3Recreational facilities - present status374Critical Assessment of present Recreational Facilities in Baroda City554.1Assessing adequacy of recreational facilities in Baroda City554.1.1Men Power:574.1.2Financial management flaws:584.1.3Administrative flaws:644.2Assessing future needs of recreational facilities in Baroda City644.3Reasons/causes for inadequacy of recreational facilities644.4Leanings from Best Practices for solving problems of Baroda City645Improving adequacy and quality of recreational facilities for better future655.1Changes required to address backlog and future needs of recreational facilities in Baroda City655.2Changes required at legislative level655.3Changes required at plan formulation stage655.4Changes required at policy level655.5Changes at institutional and implementation level655.6Strategies by government for development and maintenance of recreational facilities655.7Summing up65

1

Introduction Background / ContextEvery community needs a symbol of its existence, a centre on which to focus life. Recreational spaces can be such a symbol and are the pulse of a city. They form nodes or focal points, symbolizing shared identity and culture. A city is made up of many urban spaces. Recreational spaces are among the most important of these. These are tangible spaces with some intangible qualities where friends and strangers alike can come together, communicate, recreate, transact business, work, stroll, promenade, relax, sit, or just enjoy the sights and sounds of each other. Over the ages, the nature of recreational spaces and peoples preference for one kind over another has changed. Urban public spaces are living organisms, which respond to the varying socioeconomic conditions and cultural patterns of cities. The meanings of recreational spaces have varied with time, culture and context. Aristotle believed that an ideal square was one where nothing was bought or sold, instead ideas were exchanged and debates took place. Shakespeare said all the world is a stage. That stage is a space where the drama of public life is played out. Todays fast pace of life, the Internet revolution and the rupture in traditional value systems have given a new meaning to public spaces. They are expressions of our daily rituals and reflect our way of life. As recreational life evolves with the culture, new types of spaces may be needed and old ones discarded or revivedUrban recreational spaces are essentially open spaces and could be public parks, gardens, maidans, chowks or squares, plazas, water bodies, streets, and boulevards. Recreational spaces may be planned and designed or may have naturally evolved over time. Recreational spaces may be either owned or managed publicly, or owned privately but open to the public.According to Carr, Francis, Rivlin, Stone, public welfare is the primary motivation for creating or improving public space. Good streets provide for convenient and safe movement, squares provide space for social interaction, and parks are the lungs of a city, a substitute countryside which provides fresh air and sunlight and the opportunity to stroll freely and relax

Need for the studyIn developing countries urbanization is progressing at an unprecedentedly rapid rate and a demographic switch from a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban society is taking place. UN (1991) figures indicate that in 1990 only 37% of the total population of developing countries was living in urbanized area. It is predicted that by the year 2025 the proportion will be 61%. Already rapid and uncontrolled urbanization in many developing countries is having fundamental social and environmental consequences. From every angle - demographic, environmental or social - cities in the Indian subcontinent are far more significant today than they were a just a few decades ago. In India alone, they are home to an estimated 340 million people, or 30% of total population. By 2030, existing and new Indian cities are expected to provide shelter to 590 million people, or 40% of the population. It is a fact that urbanization in Indian sub-continent is well underway, and will continue unabated. Now, as per census of India, definition of urban is All places with a Municipality, Corporation or Cantonment or Notified Town Area All other places which satisfied the following criteria: A minimum population of 5,000. At least 75% of the male working population was non-agricultural. A density of population of at least 400 sq. Km.Taking Gujarat into consideration, as per Census 2011, population of Gujarat is 6,03,83,628, from which the urban population is 2,57,12,811. Level of urbanization in Gujarat In 2001 -37.4% In 2011- 42.6%Infrastructure is very necessary for any area to develop. For development of infrastructure, many grants from many government authorities are provided. Gujarat was given Rs 2578.81 crore between 2005 to 2012 under urban infrastructure and governance (UIG) sub-mission of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The allocation was more than eight per cent of the total allocation of Rs 31500 crore. So, infrastructure is well thought of by the government and other institutions associated with it.But the issue which arises due to urbanization which should be focused upon is lack of recreational facilities. While planning new areas, recreational facilities should also be planned and properly placed along with other infrastructure and services.Recreational facilities are highly patchy and dynamic, formed by biophysical and ecological drivers on the one hand, and social and economic drivers on the other. Given the accelerating rate of urbanization worldwide, recreational facilities are becoming increasingly important to society as nodes of interactions between humans and nature.Source : Congress on Urban Green Spaces, On March 2012 | New Delhi, India, Organized by Delhi Government, Dept of Environment, censusgujarat.gov.in, census of India 2011., http://www.gidb.org

Problem StatementRecreational Facilities are insufficient in the city of Vadodara

Focus of the StudyFocus of the study is to concentrate only on parks, Gardens and open spaces from all the types of possible recreational facilities.

JustificationThere were about 78 gardens and a zoo in 2005. In the past, Vadodara enjoyed sound recreational facilities. In the last 30 years, the population of the city has almost doubled, but the recreational facilities have not proportionately increased. The growing urbanization and the demand for more housing and transportation have led to a decline in urban greens and water bodies. The share of recreation area has also reduced by 1.17% in 2005 from 2.58% before 30 years and is far below the norms of 10%. A similar situation exists with the water bodies; these have reduced nearly by half, from 4.38 sq. km in 1991 to 2.77 sq. km in 2005, causing concern. The increase in slum population has also led to a proliferation of illegal encroachments on public and open spaces, reserved land and recreational land. As on 2012, Area of Vadodara is 149sqkm. VMC maintains 85 gardens spread over an area of approximately 15.2 lakhs sqm. These gardens are maintained to have lawns, trees, shrubs, bushes, and jogging tracks, and fountains, play centers for children, senior citizen area, toilets and music systems. YearPopulation% riseShare of recreational facilitiesRecreational facility according to norms (10sqm/capita)Ideal share of recreational facilities*(*Area of VMC is taken as 149sqkm for calculation)

1981 734,473 2.58% 734,4730 4.9%

1991 1,031,346 40% 1,031,3460 6.9%

2001 1,306,035 26.6% 1.17% 1,306,0350 8.7%

2011 1,666,703 27.6% 1,666,7030 11.1%

Goal: To assess Vadodara with adequate green and open spaces, essential for the balanced development of human beingObjectives: To assess sufficiency and adequacy of parks, gardens and allocated open spaces as per norms of UDPFI guidelines in the proposed in Development plan and Town Planning Schemes of Vadodara City. To find whether the existing facilities provided/ created are accessible, adequate, well maintained and match with the proposed Development plan and TP Schemes. To examine the reasons behind inadequacies To identify the appropriate/ possible steps that can be taken in future

Scope Scope is to examine areas covered under parks, gardens and open spaces within the city limits of Vadodara Study will focus upon guideline provided by UDPFI. (Urban Development Plan Formulation Implementation) Guidelines The gardens and open spaces included in the research, are of community and city level

Limitation of the study Data collected from government office are believed to be correct without second verification Private gardens and any such recreational facilities are not considered

Approach For achieving the goal, assessment of the present condition in parks and gardens are necessary and if it is insufficient than it is necessary to propose norms and policies to recover the backlog and suffice the future needs. As per the requirements of UDPFI, the research has been formulated. The approach to research is by addressing the following questions. What are recreational facilities and their benefits? What is the status of gardens and open spaces at present in Vadodara city? What are the policies or government schemes affecting it? Are the spaces sufficient according to norms? If not then what are the reasons? Calculation of future needs of parks, gardens and open spaces in the city of Vadodara. What changes are to be brought in norms and policies for adequate and sufficient recreational facilities at present and in future?

MethodologyIn order to achieve the objectives of the study, the following methodology has been adopted.

Secondary data source:Data RequiredPolicies and guidelines regarding recreational facilitiesHistory of Vadodara- recreational facilityProposed reserved recreational facility in TP schemes by VMCExisting gardens and open spaces in the city of Vadodara within and outside TP schemesGardens taken care by other institutions / trusts to develop and/or maintainBudget and its maintenance for parks and gardensMen power and staff existing and required to meet the goalAdministrative and planning ways to develop and maintain gardensProjected population growth within VMC limit

SourcePlanning department, Khenderao market, VMCParks and garden department, VMCVadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan (VMSS)SOCLEEN Planning cellCrisil Infrastructure AdvisoryUDPFI GuidelinesDevelopment Plan

Area of StudyPlanning needs to respond to local needs, values, and capacities of any area. Vadodara is known as City of Gardens. Numerous parks along with ponds were planned and developed by late Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. Special attention was given to the type of plantations in all parks. It was almost followed like a tradition that there had to a garden along with a water body. The water body gave a feeling of openness but green space gave life to the very existence of pond. The combination of a garden with a water body was a synthesis of landscape and aqua space. The Gardens/ parks can be broadly be grouped under these four types, based on extent of influence each one has on the population. These have been identified as follows: Parks at City level: An area of more than 10 hectares (25acres) and central location Parks at zonal level: An area of more than 4 hec. (10 acres) and less than 10 hec. Parks at neighbourhood level: An area of more than 1 hec (2.5 acres) and less than 4 hec. (10 acres) Parks at the residential level: An area of less than 1 hec (2.5 acres)Under this classification, as per a study carried out by SOCLEEN, in Dec 1997, there was only one park at the city level, known as Sayaji Park, which was centrally located between the eastern and the western side of the city. There were 2 zonal parks- Sardar Baug on the western side and Lal baug on the southern. Three Baugs in the neighbourhood level existed but one of them was located on the crematory grounds, hence cannot be utilized for recreation.

Basic concept about recreational facilitiesRecreational facilities and classification of its elementsRecreation ranges from home entertainment such as playing mahjong and watching television, through passive activities such as strolling and playing in the morning, to active games and competitive sports. This section is concerned with those aspects of recreation which: Require special facilities to cater for widespread public demand; and Require land areas to be allocated in town plans.Recreational facility in its basic terms means, a refreshment of one's mind or body after work through activity that amuses or stimulates; play, relaxation and enjoyment, traveling for pleasureThe notion of recreational space is better captured by the social sciences. In political philosophy, the concept of the public has drawn an important inspiration from the notions of the Greek agora and the Roman forum, taken as ideal models of recreational areas where the public affairs of the city are discussed among an assembly of equal citizens. But today, the only foray into publicly accessible space has been through the cafes and, more recently, on the more visible but still placeless pages of the Internet.Sociology has paid more attention to the physical venues of the city and the daily interactions of the citizenry. Thus, in addition to streets and parks, a vast array of spaces of mobility, such as transportation facilities (train and subway stations, airports, highways, parking lots) or spaces of mass consumption (shopping malls for the most part) can be analyzed according the criterion of sociology.In planning aspects, the definition of recreational facilities can be considered taking a reference of UDPFI guidelines. According to UDPFI guidelines, the term recreational facilities include: Parks and Open Spaces Sports Centre and Play Grounds Botanical and Zoological Parks Water Bodies/ Other Natural FeaturesThe definition given in UDPFI guidelines are followed for assessment as it is related to planning aspects and it gives a accurate definition which avoids ambiguity and defines particular areas to be focused upon.Also, from the definition given by UDPFI guidelines, the study is focused only the first parameter of it. i.e. Parks and Open space.

Types of Recreational facilitiesThis is the outdoor or indoor space which is used principally for active and/or passive recreation use, developed either by the public or private sector Active Recreation Facilities (Parks) - Recreation open or closed space which contains recreation facilities, mainly for the core activities including games facilities. Active recreational facilities are structured or unstructured outdoor and indoor recreation activities such as sports fields play areas, golf courses, marinas, waterfront, swimming pools, skating rinks, outdoor theaters, gyms, meeting space, or game rooms. It refers to a structured individual or team activity that requires the use of special facilities, courses, fields, or equipment. Passive Recreation: Recreation space which exists as natural resources, and has a minimal impact on ecological environment. landscaped as parks, gardens, sitting-out areas, waterfront promenades, paved areas for informal games, children's playgrounds, jogging and fitness circuits, hiking, horseback riding, cross country skiing, bird watching, kite flying, and bicycling etc., where people can enjoy the surroundings in a leisurely manner. Recreation which involves Examples: It refers to recreational activities that do not require prepared facilities like sports fields or pavilions. Passive recreational activities place minimal stress on a sites resources; as a result, they can provide ecosystem service benefits and are highly compatible with natural resource protection. Indoor Recreation: Activities that does not need any open ground or outdoor area and can be performed in a covered indoor space are called indoor recreational facilities like Music, Dance, Watching Movies, Video Games, Internet Browsing, Art Activities, Knitting, Painting, Indoor Gardening, Reading, Table Tennis, Writing, Craft Making, Watching TV, Badminton, Cooking, Playing Cards, Chess, Bowling, Billiards. Outdoor Activities: It is Activities that do need open ground and outdoor space to perform like Volleyball, Basketball, Baseball, River Rafting, Bungee Jumping, Hiking, Scuba Diving, Swimming, Golf, Lawn Tennis, Nature Walk, Cycling, Horse Riding, Boating, Traveling, Fishing, Pet Training, Beach Games, Museum Visit, Amusement Park, Photography. Formal Recreation: A dedicated space for refreshment like gardens, playgrounds, parks etc Informal recreation: Any place that refreshes the mind like standing on bridge, sitting on society benches, roaming around the city etc

Principles of Recreation and Open Space PlanningThe following four principles, namely Quantity, Quality, Good Practice and Vision have relevant considerations in the planning and provision of recreation facilities at the strategic, district and local levels. Quantity: Sufficient open space and recreation facilities should be provided to meet the demand for the most popular activities, the 'core activities', within each planning district. Should there be scope, the range of facilities should be widened to enable provision be made for special activities. Quality: Recreation facilities and open space provided should be of a high quality, in terms of facilities, layout and design, which meet the needs and aspirations of the users. They should also meet environmental standards, and contribute to good civic design. Good Practice: To provide easy access, encourage optimum usage and enable complementary improvements to the environment, open space and recreation facilities should be provided within an integrated recreation and open space framework incorporating continuous pedestrian and/or cycle links. Vision: Planning requires vision, so does the planning for recreation facilities and open space. In deriving a vision for the district, we may need to consider such attributes as the function(s) of the district (e.g. whether it is principally a residential and/or tourist area); location and physical characteristics; population structure and socio-economic characteristics; recreation potential and opportunities particularly any attractive recreation spots; level of existing facilities and areas of shortfall; flexibility in the use of facilities including dual or multiple use; accessibility of facilities; scope for private development; scope for special facilities; and provision and accessibility of facilities for special groups such as the disabled.Source: http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/tech_doc/hkpsg/full/ch4/ch4_text.htm#1.2 Importance of recreational facilitiesJust as growing communities need to upgrade and expand their built infrastructure of roads, sewers, and utilities, they also need to upgrade and expand their green infrastructure, the interconnected system of green spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions, sustains clear air and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife. COMMUNITY REVITALIZATION- They can serve scores of different uses; they act to define the shape and feel of a city and its neighborhoods. They also function as a conscious toolfor revitalization. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- Parks provide intrinsic environmental, aesthetic, and recreation benefits to our cities. They are also a source of positive economic benefits. They enhance property values, increase municipal revenue, bring in homebuyers and workers, and attract retirees. CREATE SAFER NEIGHBORHOODS- Time spent in natural surroundings relieves mental fatigue, which in turn relieves inattentiveness, irritability, and impulsivity, recognized by psychologists as precursors to violence. Green spaces also support frequent, casual contact among neighbors. This leads to the formation of neighborhood social ties, the building blocks of strong, secure neighborhoods where people tend to support, care about, and protect one another. Also, Barren spaces are more frightening to people and are more crime prone than parks landscaped with greenery and open vistas. PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH- Along with the expected leisure amenities, parks can also provide measurable health benefits, from providing direct contact with nature and a cleaner environment, to opportunities for physical activity and social interaction. Recreational activities help you relax and give soothing effect to your nerves. It helps you release the tension and maintain equilibrium PROMOTE THE ARTS AND CULTURAL PROGRAMS- Urban parks have always been an important setting for arts and cultural programs. During the late 19th century, parks commonly hosed musical events. By the beginning of the 20th century, dance, theatre, and even the new medium of film began to be represented in parks programming.

Planning norms and policies regarding recreational facilitiesThe existing recreation and open space conditions in a community are primarily a result of the specific policies followed and actions taken by the community in the past. Because of the interrelationship of state, national, and private recreation and open space systems with the local system, local policies are not the only determinant of local recreation and open space conditions; however, local actions are the principal reason for the existing characteristics of the local system.In India, the recreation and open space policy of the Board of County Commissioners has been consistent over time, evolving to an ever more active role in the area of recreation and open space. These policies are best illustrated by considering the two main components of the local recreation and open space system. These are: site acquisition/facility development and program development. Past policies, however, are probably best reflected by existing conditions, since existing parks, recreation facilities, open spaces, and recreation programs were established, acquired, or developed based upon past local policy decisions.Beginning in the early 1980's, India embarked upon a more ambitious program of acquisition and development of parks. That program complemented and conserved the county's major natural resources. To that end, the county focused on acquiring beachfront sites, providing beach and river access, and developing a county-owned golf course. That policy resulted in an emphasis on the acquisition of resource-based facilities, while giving a lower priority to providing neighborhood parks and related facilities.During the first half of the 1980's, the county took two major actions to acquire and develop recreational parks. In 1982, the county issued five million dollars in bonds in order to acquire beachfront property and to match state Save Our Coasts funds for additional beachfront land acquisition. Then, in 1985, the county issued another bond to construct an eighteen hole public golf course on part of an existing park site. Since then, the county has continued to focus on resource based park development through its Environmental Lands Acquisition Program.In India in the 1980s and 1990s, sub-urbanisation and the proliferation of televisions, videos and the personal computer changed peoples priorities from public life towards the pleasures of private life and security. This phenomenon has been showcased by the fall and rise in the fortune of movie theatres in many cities in India. During the 1980s people preferred renting a movie cassette and watching it in the comfort and security of their home. As a result many movie theatres either shut down or became dilapidated. But in the late 1990s going to the movies became a fun family outing again (as the novelty of the video diminished); and many of the theatres got a face lift, and some were converted into multiplex cinemas with bowling alleys and video game arcades (example: Anupam theatre, New Delhi). At least for the middle classes of our society, nearby public space is no longer so necessary as a relief from crowded living and working environments nor as an essential setting for the social exchange that helped to hold together the old urban villages with their social support systemsSince 1990, however, the county has focused on the provision of user-based facilities. In so doing, the county developed South County Park, an 80 acre site containing several multi-purpose fields, tennis courts, and a playground. The county also provided user-based facilities through coordination with the cities of Vero Beach, Sebastian, and Fellsmere. For example, the county provided approximately 50% of the cost of developing the Barber Street Complex in Sebastian. Similarly, the county paid for approximately 50% of Fellsmere's parks and recreation improvements. A comparable situation exists at the 16th Street Ballfields. Although located in the City of Vero Beach, the land is owned by the county.Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act: As per the section 63 and 66 of the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act, the VMC is responsible for certain obligatory and discretionary services. Obligatory functions of municipal councils:It shall be incumbent on every municipal council to make adequate provision by any means or resources which it may lawfully use of take for each of the matters within the [municipal area]. These obligatory functions/services are listed as under: Erection of substantial boundary marks as approved by the State Government defining the limits or any alteration in the limits of the City; Planning for social and economic development; Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects The watering, scavenging and cleansing of all public streets and places in the City and the removal of all sweepings there from; The collection, removal, treatment and disposal of sewage, offensive matter and rubbish and, if required by the State Government, the preparations of compost manure from such waste The construction, maintenance and cleansing of drains and drainage works and public latrines, water closets, urinals and similar conveniences The management and maintenance of all municipal water works and the construction or acquisitions of new works necessary for a sufficient supply of water for public and private purposes The lighting of public streets, municipal markets and public buildings vested in the Corporation The construction or acquisition and maintenance of public hospitals and dispensaries including hospitals for the treatment of persons suffering or suspected to be infected with a contagious or infectious disease and carrying out other measure necessary for public medical relief Preventing and checking the spread of dangerous diseases, and Public vaccination in accordance with the provisions of the Bombay District Vaccination Act, 1892 The naming or numbering of streets and of public places vesting in the Corporation and the numbering of premises The maintenance of a municipal office and of all public monuments and open spaces and other property vesting in the Corporation The regulation and abatement of offensive and dangerous trades or practices The removal of obstructions and projections in or upon streets, bridges, and other public places The construction, maintenance, alteration and improvement of public streets, bridges, subways, culverts, cause-ways and the like The securing or removal of dangerous buildings and places Maintaining, aiding and suitably accommodating stocks for primary education The entertainment of a fire brigade equipped with suitable appliances for extinction of fires and the protection of life and property against fire The reclamation of unhealthy localities, the removal of noxious vegetation and generally the abatement of all nuisances The maintenance, change and regulation of places for the disposal of the dead bodies and the provision of new places for the said purpose The construction and maintenance of residential quarters for the municipal conservancy staff The construction, acquisition, maintenance and regulation of public markets and slaughter houses cattle pounds The registration of births and deaths Fulfillment of any obligation imposed by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force Subject to adequate provision being made for the matters specified above the provisions of relief to destitute persons in the City in times of famine and scarcity and the establishment and maintenance of relief works in such times Discretionary functions of municipal councils:Every municipal council may, in its discretion, provide either wholly or in part for all or any of the matters. The discretionary functions of the Corporation as defined under section 66 of the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act (BPMC), 1949 are: The Organization, maintenance or management of institutions within or without the City for the care of persons who are unwell, sick or incurable, or for the care and training of blind, deaf, mute or otherwise disabled persons or of handicapped children; slum improvement and up gradation; urban poverty alleviation; cattle pounds and prevention of cruelty to animals; regulation of tanneries; The Organization, maintenance or management of maternity and infant welfare homes or centers; The provision of milk to expectant or nursing mothers or infants or school children The Organization, maintenance or management of chemical or bacteriological laboratories for the examination or analysis of water, food or drugs, for the detection of diseases or for researches connected with public health Swimming pools, public wash houses, bathing places and other institutions designed for the improvement of public health Dairies or farms within or without the City for the supply, distribution and processing of milk or milk products for the benefit of the residents of the City The construction and maintenance in public streets, or places of drinking fountains for human beings and water troughs for animals The planning and maintenance of trees on road sides and elsewhere; providing for parking or halting places or lots for vehicles on any part of any public street or public place which vests in the Corporations The provision public parks, gardens, play-grounds and recreation grounds, holding of exhibitions, public athletics or games etc. The maintenance of ambulance service The construction, establishment, maintenance and regulation of lodging houses of theatres, rest-houses, camping grounds and other public buildings The Organization or maintenance, in times of scarcity, of shops or stalls for the sale of necessaries of life The building or purchase and maintenance of dwellings for municipal officers and servants The grant of loans for building purposes to municipal servants on such terms and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the Corporation, other measures for the welfare of municipal servants or any class of them The purchase of any undertaking for the supply of electric energy or gas or the starting or subsidizing of any such undertaking which any be in the general interest of public The construction, purchase, Organization, maintenance or management of light railways, tramways, trackless trams, or motor transport facilities for the conveyance of the public or goods within or without the City The furtherance of educational objects other than those mentioned in clause (15) of section 63 and making grants to educational institutions within or without the City The establishment and maintenance or the aiding of libraries, museums and art galleries, botanical or zoological collections and the purchase of construction of buildings therefore The destruction of birds or animals causing a nuisance, or of vermin, and the confinement or destruction of stray or ownerless dogs The construction or maintenance of infirmaries or hospitals for animals Contributions towards any public fund raised for the relief of human suffering within the City or for the public welfare The granting of rewards for information which may tend to secure the correct registration of vital statistics The registration of marriages Paying the salaries and allowances, rent and other charges incidental to the maintenance of the Court of any salaried magistrate or any portion of such charges The acquisition& maintenance of grazing grounds and the establishment & maintenance of a breeding stud Establishing and maintaining a farm or factory for the disposal of sewage Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes and other appliances in accordance with the general system approved by the Corporation, whatsoever on or for the use of premises for receiving and conducting the sewage into drains under control of the Corporation Granting rewards for information regarding the infringement of any provisions of this Act, or of the rules, by-laws regulations or standing orders Laying out whether in areas previously built upon or not, new public streets and acquiring land for the purpose and land required for the construction of buildings or cartilages about such street or streets The building or purchase and maintenance of suitable dwellings for the poor and working classes, or the grant of loans or other facilities to any person, society, or institution interested in the provision of such dwellings The provision of shelter to destitute or homeless persons and any form of poor relief The building or purchase and maintenance of sanitary stables, or byres for horses, ponies or cattle used as carriages of carts. Construction and maintenance of public parks and gardens are included in discretionary service.The Twelfth Schedule of ConstitutionThe Twelfth Schedule of the 74th the Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, (Article 243) provides an illustrative list of eighteen functions, which may be entrusted to the municipalities. Urban planning including town planning Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings Planning for economic and social development Roads and bridges Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management Fire services Urban forestry, protection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of the weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Slum improvement and up-gradation Urban poverty alleviation Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play-grounds Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects Burial and burial grounds; cremation and cremation grounds and electric crematorium Cattle pounds and prevention of cruelty to animals Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths Public amenities including street lighting, bus-stops, public conveniences Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneriesUDPFI guidelines: According to UDPFI guidelines, the term recreational facilities include: Parks and Open Spaces Sports Centre and Play Grounds Botanical and Zoological Parks Water Bodies/ Other Natural Features The norms for parks, play fields and other open space such as specified park, amusement park, maidan, a multi-purpose open space, botanical garden and zoological parks, traffic parks etc. are as underPlanning UnitArea in sq.m. per person

Housing Cluster3-4 local parks and playgrounds

Sector3-4 local park and playgrounds

Community2-3 community level park and open space

District1 district level park and sports centre. maidan

Sub-city centre1 city level park. sports complex, botanical/zoological garden, maidan

Overall town/city level10 sqrn. - 12.00 sqm. per person

Constitutional ProvisionsIndia has a plethora of Policies, Acts, Rules and Laws in the Water Resources, Environment, Forest, Agriculture, Fisheries and Social sectors, directly or indirectly related to lake management. The Indian Constitution provides, in clear and unambiguous terms, for the State's commitment to protect the environment. Article 48-A of the directive principles states, "The State shall endeavor to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country". Under Article 51-A (g), it is the fundamental duty of every citizen of India "to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures. The Constitution empowers Panchayats and Urban local bodies with functions and responsibilities, as relevant to Lakes Environment:

Institutions working for development of recreational facilitiesParks and garden department:The Parks and Garden Department was established with a mission to provide the best environmental condition to live in by providing the citizens with recreational area by creating parks, garden, fountain and tree plantation near their neighborhood with reduced level of air and noise pollution by improving micro alignment at city level. The major functions of the Parks & garden Department are as enlisted below Development of parks & garden in reserve plots of T.P .schemes Maintenance of existing gardens Development & Maintenance of recreations park, childrens traffic park, fountains etc. Development & Maintenance of plantation & mass plantation along road side and road divider Creating awareness towards benefits of tree plantation /Environment Distributing trees sapling during monsoon period at free of cost. Disaster rescue operation carried out like tree cutting, pruning during heavy storm, rain, flood etc. Traffic week is organized during the period of 1st January to 7th January for development of civic sense at Sayajibaug traffic centre. Flower show and Exhibition are organized for public awareness regarding environment. Amphitheatre for cultural program Permission of movie shooting in garden Permission of removing Tree or branches

International history and chronological development of parks and open spacesTo provide a meaningful background for the study of parks and gardens in modern society, it is helpful to have a clear understanding of its role in the past. We can trace the origins of many of our contemporary views and related cultural customs to the traditions and practices of ancient cultures. The history of recreation is a rich tapestry of people, places, events, and social forces, showing the role of religion, education, and government and the customs and values of different cultures, their arts, sport, and pastimes. By becoming familiar with the evolution of our recreation, we are better able to understand and deal effectively with the present.Prehistoric era: One would expect a chronological study to begin by examining the play of prehistoric peoples during the Paleolithic and Neolithic epochs. Archaeologists have uncovered artifacts that provide some first-hand evidence of the creative, athletic, and recreation activities of primitive peoples from around the world. When an activity was no longer useful in its original form (such as archery for hunting or warfare), it became a form of sport offering individuals and groups the opportunity to prove physical skill and strategy. Often, the origin was a religious ritual, in which games were played to symbolize a continuing struggle between good and evil or life and death.Popular games were often vestiges of warfare, practiced as a form of sport. Musical instruments were likely created for use in religious rituals. Pottery, painting, drawings, and other early art provided a record of both daily life and cultural mythology. As prehistoric societies advanced, they developed specialization of functions. Humans learned to domesticate plants and animals, which permitted them to shift from a nomadic existence based on hunting and food gathering to a largely stationary way of life based on grazing animals and planting crops.As early as the ninth century B.C., parks were established as sites for royal hunting parties. They also provided settings for feasts, assemblies, and royal gatherings. On the estates of other monarchs during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. were vineyards, fishponds, and the famed hanging gardens of Babylon.The ancient Greeks developed the art of town planning and customarily made extensive provisions for parks and gardens, open-air theaters and gymnasiums, baths, exercise grounds, and stadiums. During the time of Plato, the gymnasium and the park were closely connected in beautiful natural settings, often including indoor halls, gardens, and buildings for musical performances. Early Athens had many public baths and some public parks, which later gave way to privately owned estates.Even more than the Greeks, the Romans were systematic planners and builders. Their towns generally included provisions for baths, open-air theaters, amphitheaters, forums for public assemblies, stadiums, and sometimes parks and gardens. They developed buildings for gymnastic sport, modeled after the Greek palaestra and including wrestling rooms, conversation areas for philosophers, and colonnades where games might be held in winter despite bad weather.During the Middle Ages, the need to enclose cities within protective walls necessitated building within a compact area that left little space for public gardens or sports areas. As the walled city became more difficult to defend after the invention of gunpowder and cannon, residents began to move out of the central city. Satellite communities developed around the city, but usually with little definite planning.In the middle ages, there were village feasts and sport, practical joking, throwing weights, cockfighting, bull baiting, and other lively games. "Ball games and wrestling, in which men of one village were pitted against men of another, sometimes resulted in bloodshed." There was sometimes dancing on the green, and, on holidays, there were miracle and morality plays. An illustration of the extent to which popular recreation expanded during the Middle Ages is found in the famous painting of children's games by the Flemish artist Pieter Breughel. This painting depicts more than 90 forms of children's play, including marbles, stilts, sledding, bowling, skating, blind man's bluff, piggyback, leapfrog, follow- the- leader, archery, tug-of-war, doll play, and dozens of others, many of which have lasted to the present day.As the Renaissance period began, European town planning was characterized by wide avenues, long approaches, handsome buildings, and similar monumental features. The nobility decorated their estates with elaborate gardens, some of which were open to public use, as in Italy at the end of the thirteenth century. There were walks and public squares, often decorated with statuary. In some cases, religious brotherhoods built clubhouses, gardens, and shooting stands for archery practice that were used by townspeople for recreation and amusement.Compared with the nations of Europe, the early American colonies showed little concern for developing parks in cities and towns. Beautiful village greens established during the colonial period still exist throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In the design of new cities, the colonists began to give attention to the need for preserving or establishing parks and open spaces. Among the first cities in which such plans were made were Philadelphia, Savannah, and Washington, D.C. Almost from the earliest days of settlement, there was concern for the conservation of forests and open land in the New England countryside. As early as 1626 in the Plymouth colony, the cutting of trees without official consent was prohibited by law. The Massachusetts Bay Colony passed the Great Ponds Act in 1641, which set aside 2,000 bodies of water, each over 10 acres in size, for such public uses as "fishing and fowling." The courts supported this conservation of land for recreational use. During industrialization, factory wages were usually higher than those in domestic industry or agriculture. So, great numbers of people moved from rural areas to the cities to work. Often a family lived crowded in a single room under unsanitary and unsafe conditions. The new urban slums were marked by congestion and disease. Work was considered the source of social and moral values, and therefore the proper concern of churches, which renewed their attack upon most forms of play. The churches condemned many commercial amusements as "the door to all the sins of iniquity." By the 1880s and 1890s, church leaders recognized that religion could no longer arbitrarily condemn all play and offered "sanctified amusement and recreation" as alternatives to undesirable play.The period extending from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century is referred to by recreation scholars as the public recreation movement. The period was characterized by the widespread development of organized recreation activities and facilities by government and voluntary agencies with the intent of achieving desirable social outcomes.The first conservation action was in 1864, when Congress set aside an extensive area of wilderness primarily for public recreational use, consisting of the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees in California. This later became a national park. The first designated national park was Yellowstone, founded in 1872. All such developments did not lend themselves immediately to an emphasis on recreation.Until the nineteenth century, North America lagged far behind Europe in the development of municipal parks, partly because this continent had no aristocracy with large cultivated estates, hunting grounds, and elaborate gardens that could be turned over to the public. There long had been a need for open space in New York City. During the first 30 years of the nineteenth century, plans were made for several open squares to total about 450 acres, but these were not carried out completely. By the early 1850s, the entire amount of public open space in Manhattan totaled only 117 acres. Pressure mounted among the citizens of the city for a major park that would provide relief from stone and concrete.In America, municipalities were discovering new ways to add parks. Many acquired areas outside their city limits, while others required that new real estate subdivision plans include the dedication of space for recreation. Some cities acquired major park properties through gifts. The pattern that began to develop was one of placing a network of small, intensively used playgrounds throughout the cities, particularly in neighborhoods of working-class families, and placing larger parks in outlying areas.Ref: Early History of Recreation and Leisure- By Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Indian history and chronological development of recreational facilitiesGardens and open spaces: India is one of the few nations to have had a continuous civilization from about 3000 B.C. The earliest civilization we have is from the Harappa Civilization, i.e. around 2500-2000 B.C. Trees were considered important and to protect them they were given religious values. Even at this early period, there were trade and cultural contacts with Central Asia. Lord Buddha was born in a park (563 to 483 B.C.). During that period more emphasis was on woodlands and parks rather than on gardens. Around 1200 to 1000B.C. India had a developed art of town planning. Irrigation systems were also developed and were in use. King Ashoka (270- 250 B.C.) not only loved trees and parks but gave royal orders to plant trees and develop gardens all over his kingdom. Each Park was expected to have water pools, creeper arbours and shaded walks. The design was more informal than formal, the emphasis was on shade and the cooling effects of water; and trees, shrubs and creepers were given preference for their fragrance, and their fruits, etc. Menander (180- 160 B.C.) was the Indian-born Greek king. His capital, Sagola (present day Sialkot), had extensive parks and gardens. Many of these gardens and parks had lakes and tanks with shaded walks.Chola kings {around 10th and 11th Century A, D,) in South India, Their cities were well developed and had well planned gardens, The great South-Indian temples, gems of Indian architecture, usually had water tanks in their compounds with gardens attached to them, Invariably, such gardens were called Nandanvanam (heavenly gardens). Similarly, on the western coast, some 80kms, to the north of the present City of Ahmedabad, was Anhilvad, capital of the Solanki Kings of Gujarat (961 A.D.).The king best known for his love of gardens before Babar would be King Firoz Shah (1351 A. D.). Sultan Firoz developed more than 1200 gardens in and around Delhi. The gardens may have been mainly fruit orchards, but recreation was no sman part of it. More use was made of running water in the gardens. He developed forty-four gardens near Chittor and eighty gardens near Salaura. He was responsible for completing about 30 gardens which were started by Ala-ud-din (1296 A.D.). Most of the gardens bad irrigation channels, and some bad fountains also. Sultan Firoz Shah was a great builder. It is recorded that he established nearly 200 towns in addition to a new capital called Firozabad. The Lodhi dynasty which ruled from 1450 to 1526 A.D. contributed greatly to architecture and to the art of gardens in India. It was to King Baz-Bahadur, 1555 to 1562 A. D. that the honours must go for the development of the art of gardening. The Reva Garden was square in shape with a great tank or pool in the centre. The garden was set with trees and flowers. In the centre of the garden was a pleasure house. In the palace, there were fountains and tanks with coloured glass. Water used to flow over the coloured glass tiles which were lighted. The gardens of this period were enriched by introducing plants from other nations.Feroz Shah Bahmuny built a town called Ferozabad on the banks of the river Bhima in the Deccan: The palace was provided with water from a canal which was connected to the Bhima River. The palace was divided into several courtyards. Many court yards had gardens with water running through channels. Similarly the Tomb of Quasim Barid who died in 1504 had a well laid out garden with paved paths etc.Coming to the gardens of Bidar, we have some interesting information. The "RangaMahall" (literally: Ranga= colour, Mahall=pavilion, but it was actually a hall for recreation) had a courtyard. This court-yard was developed as a garden with a cistern. The royal pavilion in the same palace also had a fountain made of dark hornblende, octagonal in shape. The kings were very fond of water, and running water in particular .Then there is a Lalbagh or Ruby (red) garden, so called because of red flowers which may have been grown in the garden. The pavilion which is in the centre has water channels beside it. The water for the garden was lifted from wells. Then there is the Tarkash Mahall, with a garden and cistern.First, Mahmud Peghadra, King of Gujarat (from 1459to 1511 A"D.) built an excellent palace in a lake at Sarkhej near Ahmedabad. Babar did give a very solid impetus to garden development in India. Babar was a shrewd observer and a very ambitious person. He tried to make the best of every situation. His observations of Indian plant life are remarkable in this respect. Babar laid and improved many gardens around Kabul. Important among these gardens is the Bagh-i- Vifa (Garden of fidelity) which he developed with great care, planting trees and plants brought from India.The gardens developed by Babar .were usually constructed in a series of terraces of sloping ground, which was the usual Turkey and Persian plan. The religious concept of Paradise was predominant in garden planning. Paradise had eight divisions and based on this concept the gardens were divided into eight terraces. However, in some places, the number seven was also chosen to represent the seven planets.

Islamic gardens could be divided into three types: Gardens developed around a mausoleum, Gardens developed as pleasure gardens, Court yard gardens.The simple plan which was followed in the plains could have been influenced by Hindu mythology. The Hindus considered Mount Meru as the centre of the world, while from the four cardinal points holy springs the life giving springs used to flow, on the central mount stood the tree of knowledge and a temple. ln the Islamic concept, which had a strong ideology of a Paradise, the mausoleum replaced the temple. Arnong mausoleum gardens we have: Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, (1556 A.D.), Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra near Agra, (1605 A.D.) Jahangirs Tomb, Shahadra, Lahore, (1627 A.D.) The Taj Mahal, Agra, (1658 A.D.) Mausoleum for Rabi a Darauni.Among pleasure gardens" the important gardens are the Nasim Bagh by Akbar .Shalimar Achabal, Vernag and Nishat, built during the time of Jahangir. Then during Shahjahan's time, the Chasma Shahi in Kashmir was built, Shalimar at Delhi and also at Lahore and the gardens of the Red Fort at Delhi. The Pinjore Gardens near present-day Chandigarh are perhaps the only important gardens of Aurangzebs period. Among court-yard gardens, we have the Anguri bagh, Agra fort, the Garden of the Amber Fort and Udaipur Lake Palace. The garden around Humayuns tomb is perhaps the oldest garden of the Mughal period to have preserved most of its original design.Ref: The Gardens of India by Prabhakar B. Bhagwat

Parks and open spaces International Best Practices Case study Gardens - Indian Best Practices Case study of BangaloreThe basic reason to take Bangalore as a case is the similarity in the pattern in which the deterioration of water bodies has accrued and the green areas, parks and open space have not matched the pace of urbanization. The following study describes the way Bangalore has developed, the problems faced by it in recreational facilities and strategies they have followed to overcome the problem.Gardens and open spaces: From Pensioners Paradise to Silicon Valley or from Garden City to Garbage City, the city of Bangalore, India has evolved considerably. Bangalore has been fertile ground for trade and industry, research and educational institutions, floriculture and biotechnology, and as a destination for tourists and retirees. In Bangalores colonial past, it saw establishment of a cantonment (a colonial military settlement) next to the historic city (Indian city) and you get an interesting blend of east and west, which even today is reflected.In 1947 India gained independence and the Indian and colonial cities were merged in 1949. Bangalore has since remained the capital of Karnataka state. Bangalore continued to grow and several public sector industries were set up from 1940 -1970 transforming it into a science and technology centre. By 1961, Bangalore had become the 6th largest city in India with a population of 1,207,000. Between 1971-1981, Bangalores growth rate was 76%, the fastest in Asia. By 1988 the Electronic City had been developed and Bangalore emerged as Indias software capital. Consequently the 1990s saw a construction boom fuelled by Bangalores growing reputation as Indias silicon valley, which saw many young professionals migrate to the city.Though rapid urbanization has led to these two cities blending into one, the urban fabric or structure of each is still perceivably different. Hence the volumetric perception of the public spaces, apart from the architecture is different. The so-called native town (Indian city) or Pete (or otherwise simply known as city or city area) is very organic in structure with narrow winding streets dating from a time before the automobile. The colonial city or cantonment (otherwise also known as the Civil and Military station, CMS) on the other hand was made up primarily of the cantonment proper, a main street and residential suburbs. The town had a loosely knit structure with large bungalows and parks. Over the years many of these bungalows were subdivided and new houses were built. Some of the larger properties were bought by developers, who built high-rise apartments and office buildings. Hence the historic colonial city has been lost and replaced by a Central Business District (CBD). As a result, an essentially small town fabric has been burdened by dense urban development and the tree-lined avenues, which provided adequate public space, have become congested physically as well as visually because of the high-rise buildings.The quality of public spaces in Bangalore has deteriorated over the years due to several reasons. Rapid development Change in land use Increase in traffic Encroachment into public spaces Lack of management of public spacesThe increase in population has also altered the demands on public space in Bangalore. The city has always attracted people from various parts of the world. The Information Technology boom today has seen people migrating to Bangalore not only from all over India, but also from around the world. The cosmopolitan image that Bangalore has acquired has resulted in the creation of many eclectic spaces such as pubs, open-air cafs, and food courts. The young and globalised citizens of Bangalore crave spaces to hangout, to shop, to meet friends, to recreate, and to see and be seen. Thus far a private services industry and the public streets have catered to these urges, though in a haphazard way. The streets, which were used to be a democratic public space, are being reduced to the function of circulation. The public realm is slowly diminishing and the semi-private realm is filling the void.Lower income groups use space more intensely and often prefer the street as public space in Bangalore. Public space is extremely important for the lower income groups in Bangalore, especially those living in traditional neighbourhoods who need open space as a respite from crowded living conditions, and for fresh air and recreation.Parks in Bangalore have been established at varying points of time, with different purposes in mind. The two largest and oldest parks in the city, the Lal Bagh, were established in the 18th and 19th century respectively: the Lal Bagh is a botanical garden of repute in South Asia, while the Cubbon Park constitutes a large and important lung space for the city. Several other parks were established towards the earlier part of the 20th century up until the 1960s, largely managed by British appointed foresters. These parks (constituted before the 1970s) form the first group, categorized as old parks. A number of parks were established in the decades after Indian independence, with significant tree planting initiatives carried out during the 1980s in particular (Neginhal 2006). The second group of parks, in the intermediate age group, are defined as those constituted after 1970 but before 1990.Finally, in the past 10 years, a large number of small parks have been established in different areas of the city, which are widely used by local residents for recreational purposes. Parks established on or after 1990 are accordingly categorized into a third group of recent parks. They largely separate three phases of park creationthe first during and just after periods of British governance, the second during a phase of park creation carried out during the 1970s and 1980s, and the third during a phase of recreational park establishment, especially focused towards the development of small city parks, carried out during and after the 1990s.Bangalores rapid urbanization has led to congestion in the city and pressure on its infrastructure. Bangalore was essentially a small town, which has grown rapidly. Thus streets and public spaces, which were designed for a much smaller population, are now being subjected to enormous pressure by urban development. The unquenchable thirst for land for development has led to many public spaces being eliminated. This has resulted in reduction in percentage of land devoted to open spaces and deterioration in the quality of the public spaces. Streets which once had only horse drawn carriages and bicycles commuting on them have to bear the burden of todays high-speed automobile traffic. The narrow streets of Bangalore have not been able to cater to this and roads have been widened to the extent possible, in some cases leaving no space for a sidewalk. This has adversely affected street life and eroded the potential of streets as quality public spaces as well. The demand for land for development has led to encroachment into other public spaces. For example part of Cubbon Park has been used to build government offices and road widening has eaten into the sidewalk on M.G. Road. Also several precious lakes have been drained and built on. Therefore over the years public space has shrunk and become even more precious. The garden city image has been lost and replaced by an image of a chaotic city with no clear city centre. Even the bi-nuclear character of the city has become eroded.Ref: Tree diversity, distribution, history and change in urban parks: studies in Bangalore, India by Harini Nagendra & Divya Gopal

Assessment of parks and open spaces in VadodaraIntroduction of the city Vadodara

Ankotaka 2 BC-300 AD Vadapadraka 900 AD-1500ADThe new settlement of Vadapadraka (present day Kothi), that grew to the east around 600AD, perhaps, brought the development of Ankottaka to an end. Vadapadraka served as the administrative centre during Mauryan, Gupta and Chalukyan rule from 900AD to 1500AD.Evidence shows that the inhabitants lived in well-built houses of burnt brick. Ankottaka was the seat of nonferrous foundry, molding bronze sculptures known to be better than the Chola bronzes. Gujarat artisans in metal foundry were prior to any other culture in the world. Ankottaka was also the centre of Jainism.

Formation of Daulatabad FortFirst extra mural growthMadvifort (1511 AD)Extension of the fort (1650)Baroda began to experience the first aspects of urbanization during the rule of Sir SayajiraoGaekwad III (1875-1939AD). Sayajirao III was a visionary and institution builder. Under his able guidance, the princely state of Baroda became one of the most progressive states in the country. Sayajirao III initiated large scale urban renewal projects. Outside the walled city, the area around Sursagar was developed as a civic cultural centreand Kothi as the new administrative centre. Within, the existing fabric around Mandvi and Bhadra were restructured and new linkages established.

Second Extra mural growthBritish settlement (1818 AD)The extension of the fort (1725)

Sayajirao III also had the foresightedness to realize that planned development has to be supported by infrastructure development. He initiated the construction of an earthen dam across the river Surya at Ajwa, 22km to the east. The city began to receive filtered water through pipelines in 1894AD. The flow in the entire network was through gravity. Piped sewerage was put in place in 1896AD. The first water boosting station with elevated reservoir and the first sewage treatment plant were commissioned in 1952, although localized collection of sewage by pumping was in practice prior to that. Surface runoff was directed to detention tanks interconnected by storm water drains. Surplus water from the tanks was directed by underground tunnels to Sursagar. Water from Sursagar was emptied into the river Vishwamitri when in excess.The change in governance and the introduction of building regulations brought subsequent changes in the spatial growth of the city. From the walled city of Kille- e-Daulatabad established by the Mughals in 1511 AD covering an area of 1sq km, the city is now spread over 148.95sq km and is a part of the Vadodara Urban Development Area which admeasures 714.56sq km. The physical expansion was an outcome of the changes inadministration and in legislation, each period synchronizing with the next to create a blend of built forms that marks the city today.The Municipality of Baroda was constituted in 1830 and limited to within the city walls. In 1859, it was extended beyond the walled city. In 1905, it became an `A' class Municipality and was eventually elevated to a Corporation in 1966.The change in governance and the introduction of building regulations brought subsequent changes in the spatial growth of the city. The walled city of Kille- e-Daulatabad established by the Mughals in 1511 AD covering an area of 1sq km, to the city now spreads over 148.95sq km. now it is a part of the Vadodara Urban Development Area which admeasures 714.56sq km. The physical expansion was an outcome of the changes in administration and in legislation, each period synchronizing with the next to create a blend of built forms that marks the city today. 1830: Constitution of The Municipality of Baroda and limited to within the city walls. 1859: Extension beyond the walled city 1905: It became an `A' class Municipality 1966: Elevated to a Corporation

History of recreational facilities in the city

Vadodara city, in fields of arts, education and culture, has an important place in the map of India under the rein of Sir Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad-3. Under his rule, the citizens of Vadodara got the facility of underground pipelines for clean drinking water, health and medical facilities, underground gutter facility and primary education. In addition to this, for health and entertainment facilities of the citizens, he had built many parks and gardens like in Kamatipura area, Kamati baug was constructed which is well known today as Sayaji baug.1879:The construction of Sayaji baug, located in the center of the city, was thought of in 1875-76. The administrative work was given to colonel Karls and execution of planned work was given to Mr. Fomstamp. In total area of 87 acres of garden, the work of lying routes within the garden and development of different departments was completed in 1878. And the Kamati baug was inaugurated on 4th January 1879. Thereafter, chronologically, the baug developed and today, the baug is spread over an area of 113acres.1880:A separate office was started in Kamati baug for monitoring and maintenance in 1880 which was known as garden department. Today, it is known as parks and garden department. This department looks after all the gardens in the city and organizing and developing new parks and garden in the city. It also maintains the trees along main roads and in different T.P. plots. Planting new trees and cutting down hindering trees is also done by this department.1908:While moving straight from Raopura tower is located the garden of Jubeli baug. This garden was open for people after the celebration of anniversary of Accession (Rajyarohan) of Maharaja Sayajirao in 1908. In this garden, there is a sculpture of lord Buddha. It is quite small as compared to Sayaji baug but can well serve with entertainment, refreshment and enjoyment of the citizens.1966:To maintain the precious gift by Gaekwads rein, borough improvements by adding new places of attraction and constant try to improve existing was done by Municipality and from 1st April 1966 by Municipal Corporation. Famous all over the country for tourist attraction, Sayajibaugs main places for attraction are museum, and picture gallery, bench stand, health museum, floral clock, toy train, zoo, and Sardar Patel Planetarium etc. 1975:The floral clock was built in 1975 in Sayaji baug which was first of its kind in Asia. Its diameter is 40 feet and weight of 1 needle is around 22 kg. A zoo was opened in Sayaji Baug on 1979 which had around 30 cages and housed more than 100 different types of Animals and plants. At present, there are around 239 cages, compounds and water bodies in which animals and birds are kept.

1980:This garden was created by Vadodara Municipal Corporation in the northern part, 22km away from the city, near Sayaji sarovar, Ajwa in 1980, with the objective to facilitate people with neighbourhood garden and reduce pressure on the parks and gardens those are located in the centre of the city. The sarovar is spread over 130 acres of land and the garden has facilities of childrens play area, fountain which can reach 100ft high, and coloured fountains to serve the people. Its maintenance and balanced development is taken care by Parks and garden department.

Recreational facilities - present statusThere are in total 461 gardens proposed in all T.P schemes with a total area of 0.96sqkm.In addition to these, there are gardens that already existed before the TP schemes or the Town Planning Department came in to existence. All the parks and open spaces are allocated properly in every TP schemes in reserved plots to protect the space that can be used for no other purpose but for which it is allotted. The details of such plots are described as under:

Sr. No.Admin wardElection wardTPfp noplot typearea

1614TP1 final 67Garden22340

2614TP1 final 234Children Playground3114

3614TP1 final 249Children Playground 1344

4614TP1 final 285Playground35408

5614TP1 final 280 Open Space 3355

61011TP2 final35 Garden5714

71011TP2 final265Open Space720

81011TP2 final 294Open Space742


101011TP2 final 405Open Space 353

111011TP2 final408Open Space 1088


13318/19TP3 final 961Open Space474

14318/19TP3 final1017Open Space 1282

15318/19TP3 final 904Open Space 1300




19318/19TP3 final1024Open Space2953





24318/19TP3 final751 Open Space 892












36318/19TP3 final780 Garden2118

37318/19TP3 final 951Garden1102

38318/19TP3 final 779 Garden 1735

39318/19TP3 final 778Garden2152

40318/19TP3 final 805 Garden 2329

41318/19TP3 final 742Garden 1986












53318/19TP3 final 428/1 Open Space 1295

54318/19TP3 final 428/2 Open Space585
















71318/19TP3 final 387Playground 35579












8396TP4 final 375Green Strip 1191

8496TP4 final 428Green Strip302

























10996TP4 final524Green Strip 415







11696TP4 final 263 Green Strip863

11796TP4 final 245 Green Strip568


11996TP4 final247 Green Strip313

120 2/9 5/6/7TP5 final 3Open Space501



123 2/12 5/6/10TP5 final 9Green Strip 166


125 2/14 5/6/12TP5 final 15Open Space 498


127 2/16 5/6/14TP5 final23Open Space 1400


129 2/18 5/6/16TP5 final44Green Strip250





134 2/23 5/6/21TP5 final68Open Space553




138 2/27 5/6/25TP5 final106 Green Strip242



141 2/30 5/6/28TP5 final 129 Green Strip 209


143 2/32 5/6/30TP5 final 134Green Strip221














157 2/46 5/6/44TP5 final203Green Strip 248
































189 2/78 5/6/76TP5 final471Open Space626















204 2/93 5/6/91TP5 final 660 Open Space332























22724TP7 final 9Green Space456

22824TP7 final 50Green Space 929

22924TP7 final 99Playground and Garden15425



2328 8/9TP9 final3Open Space 1864

2338 8/9TP9 final 33Open Space 1160


2358 8/9TP9 final 39Open Space1246

2368 8/9TP9 final 52Play Ground 3362


















2548 8/9TP9 final373Garden 8980

2558 8/9TP9 final 374Garden 9084











2667 2/3TP11 final 193Garden 10039




2707 2/3TP11 final 230/1Green Strip 264






2767 2/3TP11 final 507Green Strip 838




2807 2/3TP11 final 577Garden 4269

28172TP11FV Ext final 81Open Space 653



28472TP11FV Ext final 73Garden 2341

2857 1/2TP12 final14Green Space 180

2867 1/2TP12 final 45Green Space 2981



2897 1/2TP12 final 55/1 Green Space 263



2927 1/2TP12 final 75Green Space575

2937 1/2TP12 final 80/2 Green Space 234



2967 1/2TP12 final 103/1 Green Space355












3087 1/2TP12 final 372Garden 2124





313TP13 final 56Garden and Open space 8533










323TP14 final 8Garden 1092



326TP18 final 55Playground955

327TP18 final 144Playground 1103



330TP18 final37Playground878





335TP18 final 45Waterworks and Garden2446





























364TP19 final 195Cremation Ground and Garden2840






370TP19 final 353Recreation Ground and Garden52530








378TP20 final 100Garden and Playground10436





383TP23 final 78Play Ground 2435





388TP23 final 94 Garden 1621

389TP 16 Prelim 154Garden 1203

390TP 16 Prelim 157Play Ground 2858

391TP 16 Prelim 163Open Space 125

392TP 16 Prelim 165Garden 4025

393TP22 Prelim 24Garden 640

394TP22 Prelim 59Garden1122






400TP22 Prelim 262+ 302 Garden 768

401TP22 Prelim 10Play Ground 2766



404TP22 Prelim 38Open Space 217



407TP22 Prelim308Open Space 3023






413Sayajipura 2 Prelim41Open Space 1690

414Sayajipura 2 Prelim42Open Space 1662

415Sayajipura 2 Prelim49Garden 14362

416TP 4 Ext Draft 105Garden 1340

417TP 4 Ext Draft 110Garden 780

418TP 4 Ext Draft 117Garden2400

419TP6 Draft 163Garden6453

420TP6 Draft 174Open Space 512


422TP6 Draft 182Open Space422

423TP6 Draft 183Garden 6506





428TP17 Draft 101Play Ground 2948



431TP 60 Draft 122Garden 8340

432TP 60 Draft 128play Ground 43880

433TP 60 Draft 132Garden 8652

434TP 60 Draft 134Open Space 428



437TP61 Draft 178Play Ground 5510




441TP61 Draft 229/1 Garden and Open Space 520

4421068 TP61 Draft 229/2 Garden and Open Space 1300

443TP63 Draft 121Open Space800

444TP63 Draft 122Play Ground1238


446TP63 Draft 128 Play Ground 1805



449Harni 1 Draft 133Garden 4200


451Harni 1 Draft 139play Ground 5500


453Harni 2 Draft105Garden1380

454Sama-2 Draft83Open Space260

455Sama-2 Draft 88Open Space 1290

456Sama-2 Draft 101Open Space 722

45

assessment and way forward with regard to recreational facilities in the city of vadodara

Documents

recreational facilities132

recreational facilities92

nature of recreational

urban spaces

tangible spaces

urban public spaces

baroda city554

baroda city644