assessing educational policy and objectives (2)
TRANSCRIPT
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Assessing Fire Safety Policy for Educational Establishment
MOHD FADZIL MOHD IDRIS(Ph.D)
Faculty of Manufacturing & Technology Management, UMP, Kuantan Pahang.
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Introduction
BUILDING PROGRESS
PROFESSIONALS
ARCHITECT
ENGINEERS
QUANTITY SURVEYORS
CONTRACTORS
BUILDING OWNER
LOCAL AUTHORITY
BUILDING ASSESSMENT
POLICY
OBJECTIVES
OR
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Fire Safety and Building Life Cycle (Building Process)
• Design & Approval• Construction• Commissioning• Accidental Coverage /Recovery• Improvement, Rebuilding,
Maintenance, Alteration
• Stages of Fire Building Construction Activities, ActionsSafety Development Process & Requirements
I Design & Approval - Assessment on Fire Safety,(Regs & Act)
- Costing, - Performances- Maintainability- Reliability- Safety Plans & Supervision
• II Construction - Health and Safety on Site(workers and staff, visitors)
- Layout Plan - Housekeeping and Material
distribution on site- Security and Monitoring on site
• III Commissioning - Introducing new system if possible- Introduce Support System- Occupancies Responsibilities- Checking and Maintenance
• IV Accidental Coverage - Insurance for Recovery Lifes & Properties
- Structural Stability- Performance Assessment- Notify the Safety and Risk Factors- Loss Estimation
•V Improvement, - Rechecking the Regs, & Acts,
Rebuilding or - Layout, Boundary etcMaintenance or - Building StructuralAlteration or - Building MaterialsMaintenance - Building Services
- Building Environment Diagram 1.0: Fire Safety and Building Life Cycle
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Fire Safety In Buildings
• Building Selection• Building Purpose• Building Design• Selection of Materials• Layout and Planning• Construction • Commissioning and • Maintenance• Regulations, Codes and Standards, Cost.
FIRE SAFETY GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERD
• LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND– FIRE ACT 1988– UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW (UBBL)1984– OSH ACT 1997
• ORGANIZATION’S POLICY– SAFETY FOR ALL & BENEFITS COME ALONG
• SUSTAINABILITY– BUSINESS PROJECTIONS– CONTINUITY– PROFITS– SAVINGS– PROSPEROUS– REPUTATION
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
• Fire Service Act 1988:– Part V (28)(1): Every designated premises shall
require a fire certificate.– Part V (28)(2): Fire Certificate shall be renewable
annually.– Part V (28)(3): Subsection(1) shall not apply to
premises appropriated to, and used solely or mainly for ,public religious worship, or premises consisting of or comprised in a house that is occupied as a single private dwelling.
Fire Service Act 1988
• Part V (33): Where there is no fire certificate in force in respect of any designated premises the owner of the premises shall be guilty of an offence.
• Part V (35)(5): fine <RM 10,000 or < 5 yrs imprisonment for a term or both and shall liable to further fine of RM 1000 each day during which the offence is continued after the conviction.
Uniform Building By Law 1984• No person shall occupy or permit to be occupied
any building or any part thereof unless a certificate of fitness for occupation, a partial certificate of fitness for occupation or a temporary certificate of fitness for occupation has been issued under these By-laws for such building and any failure to comply with this by-law shall render such person liable to prosecution under the Act.
(Act means the Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974)
Objectives of OSH Act 1994
To secure safety & health of persons at workTo protect other persons at the place of workTo promote appropriate and suitable environment for persons at workTo promote use of industry codes of practice
Application of OSHA ‘94 Manufacturing Mining and Quarrying Construction Agriculture, Forestry
& Fishing Transport, Storage &
Communication Wholesale & Retail
Trade Hotels & Restaurants Utilities
– Electricity– Gas– Water– Sanitary Services
Finance, Insurance Real Estate
Public Services & Statutory Authorities
Except:
onboard ships & armed forces
Except:
onboard ships & armed forces
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Making Decision
• WHY? – Needs, uncertainties in construction fields / building organization
i.e: Fire Safety Policy & Objectives for Educational Establishment- to reach a satisfactory level of safety- to give good value for money- to sustain its continuation of mission, - benefits and priority for the future development.- to fulfill the legal requirement
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Decision Making Process
Experience Primary data Document Analysis Statistics Dept.
Survey News Questionnaire Know-how Reports
and Knowledge Building
Experimentation Regulations & Legislations Professional Judgment
Decision Making
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DefinitionKnowledge- The nature of desired outcomes
Know –How- The Course of action which will ensure the
achievement of the desired outcomes
Delphi- The susceptible of two interpretation or more
meaning, ambiguous, of doubtful meaning, equivocal, obscure or uncertain position or classification
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Why Delphi Technique?
• To discuss the uncertainty of several factors• To obtain a group consensus on a forecast.• To be able to assess policy or objectives (In this
case Fire Safety In Educational Estb.)
• “Delphi may be characterized a s a method for structuring a group communication process so that the process is effective in allowing a group of individuals as a whole, to deal with a complex problem”.(Linstone and Turoff)
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Delphi Technique: Approach & Procedure
• Anonymity (freedom from identification or state of being noticed)
• Controlled feedback
• Statistical group response
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Delphi Approaches
• Selection of Members
• Meetings (Venue & Dates)
• Invitation letter
• Set Topic & Questionnaires
• Incentive and Appreciation
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Professional Judgment
• Loss Impact
( Individual, Community, District, National or International level)
• Priorities/Importance
• Using Scaling Number
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4 Major Elements( Solving Problems)
• Prioritization of Issues
• Setting up Objectives
• Design suitable courses of action
• Method to assess or evaluate
WHAT IS A POLICY?• A policy is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and
achieve rational outcome(s). The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. Presidential executive orders, corporate privacy policies, and parliamentary rules of order are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or law. While law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income) policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.
• Policy or policy study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals.
When the term policy is used
It may also refer to:• Official government policy (legislation or
guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)
• Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets
• A company or organization's policy on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally
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Fire Safety Policy
i.e:-• Fire Free Educational Environment
Fire Safety Objectivesi.e:-•Human Life•Property Protection•Educational Continuity•Educational Environment•Public Anxiety•Economy
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Assessing Fire Safety Policy
• To Inculcate Positive Values. i.e:-- To Minimize the Level Of Risk- To Maximize the Level of Safety- To Create/Maintain the Educational
Environment- To Ensure the Adequacy of the Services and
Infrastructure, etc.- To set a Standard Fire Safety Evaluation
Scheme
Assessing Fire Safety Objectives
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Life Safety:Occupant
-Maturity, Aged, Child
-Ability to Escape/ Evacuate
-Location
-Physical Requirement or
Building Provision
-Human Resource
Management, etc.
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Property Protection
• Within a Room• Within a Building• Outside Building• Portable or Fixed Appliances• Fire Engine &Fire Officers• Rescue Team• Building Materials etc.
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Educational Environment• Environmental Temperature• Good Views• Air Circulation• Mobility • Good Odor• Acoustics• Sun Light• Shading• Number of occupants
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Public Anxiety
• The standard of fire safety
• Allocation and management
• Political and Moral Issues
• Organizational Reputation
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Economy
• Installation
• Commission
• Maintenance
• Alteration
PURPOSE OF STUDY Providing guidelines to ensure the safety of the establishments from danger of fire.
Formulating evaluation checklists consisting of numbers which is applicable to assess fire safety components
Establishing the procedure to evaluate fire safety standard via the set objectives, tactics and components to achieve the fire safety policy
Sources of fire safety knowledge PercentagesGeneral reading 34.6 %Mass media and friends 17.7 %Notices and sign system 11.8 %Rules and regulations 9.9 %Subjects taught in schools or colleges 8.1 %Extra Co-curriculum activities 7.1 %Assigned Responsibility 4.8 %Past Fire Accident(s) 3.1 %Other 1.5 %Profession 1.3 % 32
Source(s) of Ignition Percentage %
1/ Carelessness 38.4
2/ Electrical Appliances 25.6
3/ Not known 12.8
4/ Arson 9.3
5/ Smoking habit 5.8
6/ Natural Disasters 5.8
7/ Other specify 2.3
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Types of Fire Threat within the Educational Premises
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Clas
sroo
m
Staff
room
Cante
en
Labo
rator
y/Wor
ksho
p
Libra
ry/R
esou
rce C
entre
Comp
uter
room
Asse
mbly
Hall
Spor
t Cen
tre/
Gymn
asium
Stor
e roo
m
Hoste
l/Acc
omod
ation
Dinin
g hall
Building Areas
Perc
enta
ges % Electricity
Gases
Chemical
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The Most Important Areas For Fire Safety System Within Hostel/ Accomodation Building
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dor
mito
ry
Din
ing
Hal
l/kitc
hen
Roo
m(S
ingl
e)
Can
teen
Com
mon
Roo
m
Util
ities
Roo
m
Sto
re R
oom
War
den
Fla
t
Pra
yer
Roo
m
Areas
Ran
kin
g Series1
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Rank of Vulnerability Towards Fire Hazards (Areas Within Educational Buildings)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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Labo
rato
ry
Hos
tel
Wor
ksho
p
Com
pute
r cen
tre
Can
teen
Din
ing
Hal
l
Res
ourc
e C
entre
Libr
ary
Cla
ssro
om
Staf
f roo
m
Offi
ce/G
ener
alof
fice
Lect
ure
Hal
l
Tuto
rial
Spor
t Cen
tre
Asse
mbl
y ha
ll
Areas
Prio
rity
Ran
king
L
ess
Prio
rity
Series1
Building Area Percentage % Fire Safety Objective within Educational Establishment and it’s priority.
Classroom 33.5 Life / Mission / PropertyHostel 21.0 Life / PropertyLibrary 12.4 Property / Cost - books, references,
equipmentLaboratory 10.3 Property / Environment or high hazard
Staffroom 6.5 Life / Mission or teaching references
Computer 3.9 Property / Cost or electrical itemsGeneral office 3.4 Property / Mission - records
Individual office
2.8 Property or teaching or learning references
Studio 2.4 Property or combustible materialsOther 2.2Workshop 1.1 Property or High hazard areaKitchen 0.6 Property or electrical and source of
ignition
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CLASSROOM/
LABORATORY
GYMNASIUM/SPORT CENTRE
CANTEEN
LIBRARY
COMPUTER CENTRE
RESOURCECENTRE
STAFFROOM
WORKSHOPS
HOSTEL
DINING HALL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Priority Ranking from 1 to 8 Less Priority
CLASSROOM/
LABORATORY
GYMNASIUM/SPORT CENTRE
CANTEEN
LIBRARY
COMPUTER CENTRE
RESOURCECENTRE
STAFFROOM
WORKSHOPS
HOSTEL
DINING HALL
Are
as
The Areas Within Educational Establishment Which Are Very Important To Be Considered
For Fire Safety System Installation
Series1
EVALUATION PROCESS
EVALUATION CONSIDERATION
Quantitative appraisal Analysis
DELPHI TECHNIQUE
QUESTIONNAIRE 1
QUESTIONNAIRE 2Involving
building occupants
Professional judgment
POINT SCHEME
EVALUATION PROCESS The first fire safety evaluation scheme was developed for the patients area in hospitals for Department of Health and Social Services in June 1982
Development and application of the scheme is now concentrated on educational establishmentin Malaysia
THE MAKING OF EVALUATION POINT SCHEME Establish the NORM
Establish the component of fire safety
Formulating policy, objectives and tactics to
achieve
Setting up questionnaire for the Delphi Group
Attributing contribution numbers or points scheme
for each fire safety components, tactics,
objectives and policy based on their inter-
relationships
Setting up the Evaluation/Assessment Checklist
Application of Checklist
WHY POINTS SCHEME? (NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT)
A convincing method for non-technical professionals and authorities
Evaluation based on acceptable level
Evaluation on specific area of the building will lead to overall numerical assessment of the premise with regard to fire safety requirement and performance
Comparison between buildings of the same group can facilitate authorities in decision making process for current and future development
FRAMEWORK INTERACTION POINTS SCHEME
QUESTIONNAIRE
Explanatory Notes
Interaction Boxes
Contribution
A guide to experts and respondents on limitation of the questionnaire
Boxes and arrows between levels of hierarchical framework
Numbers between 0 to 10 is given to represent a range of limitation
LEVEL OF QUESTIONNAIRE
STEP1 Policy Level
STEP2 Objectives Level
STEP3 Practice Level
STEP4 Component Level
HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORK INTERACTION STAGES
OBJECTIVES VS POLICY
POLICY
OBJECTIVES Average Percentages
Life Safety 9.6 25%
Property Protection 7.0 18%
Education Continuity 6.9 18%
Education Environment 5.3 14%
Public Anxiety 5.0 13%
Economy 5.3 14%
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Rank Order of The Fire Safety Objectives
• In Achieving the Policy
• Based on Loss of Life
• Based on Concern• Based on Priority• Based on Loss
Impact
Fire Safety Rank
Life safety 1
Educational Continuity 2
Property Protection 3
Educational Environment
3
Public Anxiety 4
Economy 5
A = BUILDING OCCUPANTS 8.26 8B = PREPARED FOR FIRE EMERGENCY 9.12 9C = FIRE PREVENTION 9.63 9.5D = INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 7.64 7.5E = SERVICES 6.33 6F = DETECTION 8.16 8G = COMMUNICATION AND ALARM 8.12 8 H = EGRESS OR ESCAPE 5.33 5.5 I = FIRE FIGHTING 6.87 7 J = PROTECTED AREAS 5.92 6 K = AUTO SUPPRESSION 6.89 7 L = SMOKE MOVEMENT CONTROL 6.64 7 M = BUILDING STRUCTURE 7.45 7.5 N = EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 3.64 4_
100
COMPONENTS POINTS(%) V2%
NORM VALUES
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Building Type: A B C D E F
Building Area: Sport halls Percentages Contribution
Components (Pp) Values(Nc)
A. Building Occupants 90% 8 = 720
B. Preparedness For Fire Emergency 70% 9 = 630
C. Fire Prevention 80% 9.5 = 760
D. Internal Environment 80% 7.5= 600
E. Services 80% 6 = 480
F. Detection System 60% 8 = 480
G. Communication and Alarm 50% 8 = 400
H. Egress or Escape 95% 5.5= 522.5
I. Fire Fighting 50% 7 = 350
J. Protected Areas 85% 6 = 510
K. Auto Suppression 0 7 = 0
L. Smoke Movement/Control 75% 7 = 525
M. Building Structure 80% 7.5= 600
N. External Environment 70% 4 = 280
Total = 6857.546
1-->14P’ = Pp x Nc 100%
n 10000
Overall Safety Performance P’ = 68.57% (Acceptable level of
safety and the standard is good). This evaluation observation checklist is considered to be the simplest way to assessed the
performance of safety components within an area with adequate experience and having strong knowledge background in fire safety.
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1 2 3 4 5
Worst Bad Average Good Very Good
Highly
Vulnerable
below 30%
30% to 40%
41% to 60%
61% to 80%
81% to 100%
High Threat
Average Threat
Less Threat
High Risk Medium Risk
Low Risk
Low Safety
Medium Safety
High Safety
Vulnerability Less Vulnerable
Percentages perceptions:
Performances Assessment
Zero, 0 = The component is not available . Survey Grade:
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Conclusion The fire safety policy and objectives has been considered by
the Delphi group members of various background and qualifications. Yet, the outcome was really impressive in terms of the agreement towards achieving the fire safety policy for the educational establishment. It was agreed that life safety as the main priority objectives in achieving the policy and followed by educational continuity, property protection, educational environment, public anxiety and economy in sequence.
Also the formation of the checklist and appraisal technique enable the evaluator and building manager to enhance the quality of fire safety services installed within a building according to the yearly budget allocated. And yet there is no compromise about the level of safety required for the sustainable of the building and the contents.
• The evaluation processes is very important to carry out at earlier stage so that precautions steps are established - to cater for any unexpected fire occurrence. - a fire safety cost benefit can be implemented with flexibility in design - to overcome the problems of fire. - fire safety of the building is kept to the acceptable standard.
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Thank You