assessement of high valued ntfp of jajarkot_finale
DESCRIPTION
Assessment,High valued NTFP,Jajarkot,NepalTRANSCRIPT
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Khilend
T AND POF HIGR FORE
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PROFILEH VALUEST PROOF OT DIST
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E PREPAUED ODUCTS
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S (NTFPs
Project,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge support of Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project (WUPAP) for providing the responsibility to carry out the “Assessment and Profile Preparation of High Valued NTFPs of Jajarkot District”. We would like to thank Project Coordination Unit, Nepalgunj for providing the necessary support while conducting the study.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Mr Ramesh Kumar Adhikari, Project Coordinator, WUPAP and Mr Sanjeev Kumar Shrestha NTFP & Marketing Specialist, WUPAP for helping in outlining the study. Coordination of Mr Shrestha with field staff for the smooth running during the survey was exceptional. Similarly, we would like to acknowledge the continual contribution and support of Local Development Fund Board (LDFB) Jajarkot team namely Mr Prakash Shahi secretary, Mr Uday Rana and Mr Suraj Niroula for their support in one day consultation meeting in district headquarter.
We would like to thank District Forest Officer Mr Devendra Lal Karna; Assistant Forest Officers Mr Jiya Lal Yadav and Mr Uttim Sahu Teli; Rangers Mr Ajaj Ahmed Ansari, Mr Megh Raj Paudel, Mr Lokmani Sapkota and Mr Ashok Khatri; and Mr Rishav Dev Khanal for their assistance in selecting the VDCs, management of field visit and one day consultation meeting in district headquarter. Forest Guard Mr Ganesh Bahdaur Karki assisted during the field survey, for which we thank him.
We are thankful to the government officials, district level political leaders, all the organizations and traders of Jajarkot who took time out of their busy schedule to provide with their valuable inputs and suggestions during the consultation meeting and in the field.
And finally, we are thankful to the people of Jajarkot who supported us during the field visits by providing necessary information, accommodation and food.
Thanks
Khilendra Gurung
Dipesh Pyakurel
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
DFO: District Forest Office/cer
FUGs: Forest User Groups
GDP: Gross Domestic Production
kg: Kilogram
m: Meter
MAPs: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
NRs: Nepali Rupees
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products
RVA: Rapid Vulnerability Assessment
VDCs: Village Development Committees
WUPAP: Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project
CF: Community Forests
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
MPR: Matrix Preference Ranking
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................... i
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 WUPAP & NTFPs .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Study Area ................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 District characteristics ............................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Land Utilization ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Natural vegetation .................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 7
2.1 Primary Data Collection .............................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping ........................................................... 8
2.1.2 Focus group discussion ............................................................................................. 8
2.1.3 Identification of NTFPs .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.4 Inventory of NTFPs .................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Secondary Data Collection .......................................................................................... 9
2.3 Data Processing and Analysis ...................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency ............................................................................ 9
2.3.2 Density and relative density ................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Prioritization of NTFPs ............................................................................................ 10
2.3.4 Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA) .................................................................... 11
2.4 Report Writing ........................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE: FINDINGS .............................................................................................. 12
3.1 Documentation of Plant Species ............................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Distribution of Plant species in surveyed VDCs ...................................................... 12
3.1.2 List of plant species recorded in surveyed VDCs .................................................... 12
3.2 Assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................................... 18
3.2.1 Dhime VDC .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Ramidanda VDC ...................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3 Rokayagaun VDC ..................................................................................................... 19
3.2.4 Paink VDC ................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.5 Garkhakot VDC ........................................................................................................ 20
3.2.6 Kortang VDC ............................................................................................................ 20
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3.2.7 Majhkot VDC ........................................................................................................... 20
3.2.8 Dasera VDC.............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.9 Sima VDC ................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.10 Bhur ....................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.11 Khagenkot ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.12 Ragda .................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.13 Bhagwati ............................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Identification of Tradable NTFPs of Jajarkot ............................................................. 22
3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs ............................................................................................... 23
3.5 RVA of Tradable Species of Jajarkot .......................................................................... 25
CHAPTER FOUR: TRADE VALUE AND TRADING PATTERN .................................................. 26
4.1 Trade Value of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................................... 26
4.2 Trading Pattern/ Market Chain of NTFPs .................................................................. 26
CHAPTER FIVE: OVERVIEW OF ENTERPRISE MODALITIES TO BE SET UP IN JAJARKOT ........ 27
5.1 Comparative Analysis of Enterprise Modalities in Jajarkot ...................................... 27
5.2 Identification of Enterprise Modalities to be set up in Jajarkot ............................... 30
5.3 Potential Markets of Value Added Products ............................................................. 30
5.4 Requirements for Enterprise Success ....................................................................... 31
5.5 Challenges for Forest Based Enterprises ................................................................... 32
5.6 Value Addition Techniques ....................................................................................... 32
5.7 Processing Technology .............................................................................................. 32
5.8 Need Based Assessment for Enterprise set up in Jajarkot ........................................ 33
CHAPTER SIX: NTFPs PROFILE ........................................................................................... 35
6.1 Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) ................................................................................... 35
6.2 Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) ...................................................................................... 35
6.3 Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) ................................................................................. 36
6.4 Kaulo (Persea odoratissima)...................................................................................... 36
6.5 Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) ................................................................................. 37
6.6 Jhyau (Lichens) .......................................................................................................... 37
6.7 Samayo/Sugandhawal (Valeriana jatamansii) .......................................................... 38
6.8 Sajwan/Ratanjoto (Jatropha curcas) ......................................................................... 39
6.9 Padamchal (Rheum australe) .................................................................................... 39
6.10 Majitho (Rubia manjith) ........................................................................................ 39
6.11 Dhatelo (Prinsepia utilis) ....................................................................................... 40
6.12 Bael (Aegle marmelos) ........................................................................................... 40
6.13 Lokta (Daphne bholua, D. papyracea) ................................................................... 41
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6.14 Bojho (Acorus calamus) ......................................................................................... 42
6.15 Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi) .................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................ 44
7.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 44
7.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 45
References........................................................................................................................ 46
Annex: List of Plant species recorded (Sorted by Common/ Local Names) .................... 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Surveyed VDCs .......................................................................................................................... 3
Table 2: Land Utilization of Jajarkot ........................................................................................................ 4
Table 3: Forest types (Broad Category) .................................................................................................. 5
Table 4: Matrix Preference Ranking ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 5: Criteria for RVA ....................................................................................................................... 11
Table 6: List of plant species documented in surveyed 11 VDCs .......................................................... 13
Table 7: List of NTFPs of the area.......................................................................................................... 22
Table 8: Matrix ranking of NTFPs in Jajarkot district (Most preferred species have high score) ......... 24
Table 9: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Jajarkot (Vulnerable species have low score) ................................. 25
Table 10: Marketing status/trade value of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................... 26
Table 11: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market, social, technology and conservation criteria in Jajarkot ............................................................................................................ 28
Table 12: Potentiality for enterprise development in Jajarkot ............................................................. 30
Table 13: Potential markets for NTFPs products .................................................................................. 30
Table 14: Value addition techniques of NTFPs ..................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Processing technology and application ................................................................................. 33
LIST OF PICTURES
Picture 1: Map of Jajarkot district with surveyed VDCs ............................................................. 3
Picture 2: Dhatelo scrubland in Kortang .................................................................................. 20
Picture 3: Harvesting Bael at Bhur ........................................................................................... 21
Picture 4: Chiuri tree in Khagenkot .......................................................................................... 21
Picture 5, 6 and 7: Pictures of one day workshop at, Jajarkot ................................................ 23
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) consists of goods of biological origin other than timber or fuelwood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests (FAO, 1999). Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) collected for trade make an important contribution to the household economies for the local communities residing in mountainous areas of Nepal (Edwards 1996). In some rural hilly areas, it contributes up to 50% of total annual family income. NTFPs sub‐sector in Nepal contributes about 5% of national GDP out of total estimation of about 15% from the whole forestry sector (CECI 2006). More than 100 types of plant species are harvested from wild and traded to international market mostly to India; 95% of the NTFPs are collected from the wild and 90% are exported to India in raw form.
The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased progressively over the last two decades. Herbal remedies are increasingly becoming mainstream consumer products manufactured by multinational companies amongst other, and sold in super market chains and in a variety of other outlets, globally. Food supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, traditional cuisine, dyeing and coloring agents are just a few of the application where medicinal, aromatic and dye plants are finding increasing use by the day.
For centuries, wild collection of these resources for trade has been possible without major negative effects. However, during the past few decades these resources have been highly exploited for trade, owing to increasing population pressure and demand from the international markets for natural products (Edwards 1996, Olsen and Larsen 2003). As a result, large numbers of high valued plants have been considered as threatened throughout the entire Himalayan region. The high Himalayan regions remain most vulnerable to over harvesting of NTFPs and MAPs for trade due to (a) lack of regulatory mechanism, (b) inadequate land for agriculture, (c) minimum chances of other income generating activities and (d) relatively easier access to Tibet where the demand of Himalayan herbs is very high.
A wide variety of high valued traded NTFPs like Yarcha Gumba/ Keera (Cordyceps sinensis), Samayo (Valeriana jatamansii), Akasechuk/ Padamchal (Rheum australe, R. nobile), Kaulo (Persea odoratissima), Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi) etc are distributed from tropical to nival regions in Jajarkot district. Collection of these NTFPs is not a regular practice among the local communities and it has been felt that communities are quite unaware of the role of NTFPs in alternative income generation. Moreover, the small amount of NTFPs transaction is not institutionalized and often governed by the traders from Jumla.
Till date, inventory of traded species is not completed in any of the Community Forests (CF) and government forests of Jajarkot, resulting the haphazard issuing of collection permit. The
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collection permit should be issued only after the determination of stock of concerned species to overcome the threat of overharvesting.
In this aspect, the proposed study aims to document the availability (plants per hectare) and distribution pattern of high valued NTFPs in the surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot district. The study will also look after the prospects of community based forest enterprise and its linkage to market through product promotion. NTFPs profile development for highly traded species will focus on the conservation and domestication of concerned species.
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective of the study was to explore availability of NTFPs in Jajarkot district and its prospects for enterprise development with the possibility of market linkage, in consultation with the communities. Specific objectives were as follows:
To document the NTFPs of Jajarkot district. To assess the availability and distribution of high valued NTFPs in Jajarkot district. To prioritize NTFPs on the basis of trade value, availability and threat. Profile preparation of high valued NTFPs. To analyze the marketing status and trading pattern of high valued NTFPs. To identify the forest based community enterprises to be set up and its implementation models.
To visualize the NTFPs products that can be value added locally. To provide recommendations for sustainable promotion of NTFPs in the district.
1.3 WUPAP & NTFPs
Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project (WUPAP) has given high priority for NTFPs and MAPs amongst its program in mid and far western developmental region and initiated its cultivation and domestication in leasehold forests. Forest user groups are responsible for the cultivation of NTFPs, with WUPAP giving the technical and financial support and District Forest Office providing the legal support. Cultivation of high valued NTFPs in leasehold forests helps in maintaining the healthy population of important traded species in the wild in the future. WUPAP is also providing financial and technical support for the product development, value addition at local level, exposure visits for potential entrepreneurs etc, all for the conservation of forest resources in the wild.
1.4 Study Area
This chapter outlines the physical characteristics of Jajarkot as a whole. The study was undertaken in 13 VDCs (out of 30 VDCs) of Jajarkot district. VDCs were selected with the active participation of District Forest Office personnel. Whole district was divided into 5 clusters namely eastern, western, northern, southern and middle clusters and 2‐3 VDCs were selected from each cluster except from middle cluster where only Dhime was selected.
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Name of the surveyed VDCs is given in table 1 while picture 1 gives the map of Jajarkot district and surveyed VDCs.
Table 1: Surveyed VDCs
Clusters VDCs
East Khagenkot, Ragda, Bhagwati
West Garkhakot, Kortang, Dasera, Majkot
North Paink, Rakayagaun, Ramidanda
South Bhur, Sima
Middle Dhime
Picture 1: Map of Jajarkot district with surveyed VDCs
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1.4.1 District characteristics
Centrally located in the Bheri zone of Mid‐Western Development Region of the Nepal, Jajarkot occupies approximately 1.5 percent of total land area of the country. Altitudinal variation ranges from 610m to 5412m with tropical to alpine to alpine climate. Annual precipitation is 1868.5mm and mostly fed by monsoon rains. The district is surrounded by Jumla and Dolpa in the North, Rukum in the East, Jumla, Kalikot and Dailekh in the West and Surkhet in the South (picture 1). The district has 30 Village Development Committees (VDC). Jajarkot district extends from 81o46’12” to 82o34’47’’ longitude to 28o37'20’’ to 28o7'32’’ latitude.
1.4.2 Land Utilization
The cultivated area covers about 16.47%, forest area covers approximately 54.04 percent, and bush/shrub and grassland area covers about 24.50%. About 78% of the district area is covered by forest, scrubland and meadows therefore it is rational that the district is reservoir of forest based NTFPs. Similarly 3.44% of land is covered by ice and rocky area (table 2).
Table 2: Land Utilization of Jajarkot
SN Land use description Area (sq. km) % distribution
1 Forest land 1201.31 54.04
2 Bush/shrub land 271.32 12.22
3 Grass land 272.92 12.28
4 Cultivated land 366.1 16.47
5 Landslide 0.87 0.04
6 Orchard Nursery 0.15 0.01
7 Ice/Rock 76.38 3.44
8 Ponds and lakes 0.2 0.01
9 Water bodies 11.35 0.51
10 Sandy area 17.09 0.77
11 waste/barren 4.72 0.21
Source: PDDP 2003.
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1.4.3 Natural vegetation
Vegetation in the Himalayas varies primarily with altitude, aspect and geographical settings. The district harbors a number of forest types. Coniferous forest occupies the highest area of forest with 47% cover, followed by mixed forest (26.11 %), hardwood forest (20.88 %). Details of the forest type and area covered are given in table 3.
Table 3: Forest types (Broad Category)
SN Forest type Area (Hectare) % (in forest area)
1 Coniferous forest 63762.6 47.02
2 Bush/shrub land 28323 20.88
3 Grass land 35399 26.11
4 Cultivated land 7624.8 5.62
5 Landslide 5066 0.37
Source: PDDP, 2003
Major components of forest are Sal, Saj, Khayar, Sisau, Okhar, Thingure Salla, Banjh, Khasru, Talispatra and Bhojpatra. Major forest types recorded are:
Hill Sal Forest, dominated by Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, Acacia catechu and Diploknema butyracea forests upto 1400m;
Chir Pine Forests (Pinus roxburghii) along the planted sites and few naturally occurring isolated patches, from 1000m to 2200m.
Mixed broadleaved forest (Asesculs indica‐Juglans regia‐Acer sp‐Quercus lamelossa) between 2100m to 3000m;
Rhododendron Forest: Rhododendron arboreum is widely distributed forest of study area. R. arboreum is dominant vegetation and is associated with Quercus semecarpifolia. Although a large area of pure forests of R. arboreum was not noticed, it was recorded in the mix form with characteristics of Mountain Oak‐Rhododendron Forest and Mixed Rhododendron Forest.
Tsuga dumosa forest from 2300m to 3300m. T. dumosa was dominant in the forests of Paink, Garkhakot, Rokayagaun and Ramidanda VDCs. Thick and dense forest of T. dumosa was recorded in forest of these VDCs, within the altitude of 2300m to 2800m.
Quercus semecarpifolia forest between 2500m to 3400m, mostly on southern slope. Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis forest above 3200m to 3550m. Ideally Betula utilis should supersede the Abies spectabilis but alpine regions of Jajarkot are different as Abies spectabilis delineate the timberline and alpine meadows.
Alpine meadows starts from 3600m and valuable NTFPs like Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Cordyceps sinensis, Rheum australe etc are found in these meadows.
Cross verified from TISC, 2002.
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1.5 Limitations
The present study is limited in a number of ways. Due to shorter period of time, it was not possible to survey the whole district. Often the settlements are in lower elevation and survey has to be focused on high altitudes because alpine pastures and meadows are home to high valued NTFPs. Due to the unavailability of settlement or temporary herder shed house in pastures, going to pastures for study and come back to settlement at night wastes ample time. The study time was perfect for temperate species but a bit earlier for sub‐alpine and alpine species. Therefore, it was difficult to identify some of the herbaceous species which were not in flowering stage.
Key informants who would have been able to provide valuable information could not be traced and local names provided are often misleading.
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CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY
The conceptual framework of research methodology for NTFP profile preparation and its resource mapping is shown in diagram 1. The study was carried out basically in an exploratory approach in order to document the NTFPs and ethno botanical knowledge on the use of NTFPs.
Diagram 1: Conceptual framework of Methodology
2.1 Primary Data Collection
The primary information regarding the NTFPs distribution and ethno‐botanical use of NTFPs were collected during the field work using PRA tools. Primary data collection was done by following methods:
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2.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping
Information about the availability, current status and use of NTFPs were collected from forest user groups. Discussions were done for listing of available NTFPs and their identification and suitable site selection.
The workshop was conducted at the district level comprising the community members, traders, concerned stakeholders, members of the political parties, media personnel and other key informants in Khalanga, district headquarter of Jajarkot. The objectives for the conduction of workshop were:
Participatory assessment and information on the traded NTFPs, Trading pattern/trading centers of NTFPs, Existing NTFPs based enterprises in the district, Potentiality for the establishment of various models of community based forest enterprises in the district,
NTFPs having the potentiality of value addition at local level,
2.1.2 Focus group discussion
Discussion/interaction was held with the villagers, NTFPs collectors and traders to discuss about NTFPs collection, trading pattern, trade value at the local level.
2.1.3 Identification of NTFPs
NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge and consultation with local resource persons. Unidentified species were identified consulting with the reference literatures Polunin and Stainton 1984, Stainton 1988, Manandhar 2002, IUCN 2004, Baral and Kurmi 2006, Ghimire et al. 2008 etc. Documentation of all available NTFPs were carried out according to Shrestha 1998 and Press et al. 2000.
2.1.4 Inventory of NTFPs
Inventory methods include two different steps; habitat identification and sampling.
a) Habitat identification
The sampling was conducted in defined habitats. The identification of NTFPs habitats was done systematically by observing at each of the following characteristics.
Altitude
Forest type
Aspect
Slope
Plant abundance
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b) Sampling
Following procedures were applied for the inventory of NTFP resources by sampling techniques:
At least one vertical elevation line was taken from bottom to top of the habitat. The number of elevation line depends on the habitat width, plant density, aspect and topography.
For every elevation line, horizontal sampling lines were set up at 100 m elevation intervals.
The sampling plots were set up along the horizontal line. The plots were determined as 1 m × 1 m for herbs, 5 m × 5 m for shrubs and 10 m × 10 m for trees (Raunkiaer, 1934).
Horizontal distance between two plots was 100 m. Inventory forms were filled for every sampling plot.
2.2 Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data were collected from all the possible documents as reports, articles, maps, official records, and other published and unpublished materials related to NTFPs assessment and surveys.
2.3 Data Processing and Analysis
Data obtained from the field were analyzed to find out frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, matrix preference ranking (MPR), rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA), potentiality for value addition and market linkage, etc.
2.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al., 1987). Frequency and relative frequency were calculated using the following formulae;
100studied quadrats ofNumber Total
occured speciesin which quadrats of No.Frequency ×=
Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.
100species all offrequency Total
species a ofFrequency %Frequency Relative ×=
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2.3.2 Density and relative density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It is the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al., 1987).
10000quadrat of area studiedquadrat ofnumber Total
spciesany ofplant ofnumber TotalPl/haDensity ××
=
Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.
100species all ofdensity Totalspecies individual ofDensity %Density Relative ×=
2.3.3 Prioritization of NTFPs
Matrix preference ranking (MPR) was used to find out most preferred NTFPs. By using this tool, the most preferred NTFP species were identified from forests for the detail study. The criteria of preference were made by the users, availability of the resources and potential for value addition.
Moreover, the prioritization criteria of other development organizations like NSCFP, SNV, ANSAB, BDS‐MaPS and matrix ranking criteria have been thoroughly examined to attain the set objectives with proper justification.
Table 4: Matrix Preference Ranking
SN Criteria Scale and value 1 Availability (Space) Range from 4‐1: Abundant (4)‐Very Scarce (1)
2 Availability (Quantity) Range from 4‐1: Abundant (4)‐Very Scarce (1)
3 Market demand Range from 4‐1: High demand (4)‐Low demand (1)
4 Market Value Range from 4‐1: High value (4)‐Very low value (1)
5 Availability of Skilled Manpower
Range from 4‐1: Present (4)‐Almost absent (1)
6 Processing technology Manual/Local technology (4), mechanical (3), expertise required (2), sophisticated/foreign technology (1)
7 Conservation status Range from 4‐1: Did not need attention (4)‐Extremely Vulnerable(1)
8 Potential for cultivation Value 4 or 0: Yes (4)‐No (0)
9 Prospects of value addition at local level
Value 4 or 0: Yes (4)‐No (0)
10 Collection on annual basis Value 4 or 0: Yes (4)‐No (0)
Source: Adopted from Gurung and Pyakurel (2006)
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2.3.4 Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA)
RVA method was used to collect information to identify species that may be at risk of over exploitation. It was developed as a quick way of collecting both scientific and indigenous information about species and has been used to recommend whether or not that resource species is suitable for harvest.
Four broad criteria viz ecology, life forms, parts used and harvesting methods was selected for the RVA analysis. Under the four criteria, there were 7 sub criteria. Score of 1 was given to criteria which causes vulnerability to the species whereas 2 were given to those criteria which cause less vulnerability to the species. For example, Kaulo reproduces only from seeds, therefore score 1 will be given whereas Sugandhawal can be reproduced both from seeds and from rhizomes, therefore score of 2 will be given.
Table 5: Criteria for RVA
Criteria Potential for sustainable use
Ecology
Low abundance (1) High abundance (2) Slow growth (1) Fast growth (2)Sexual reproduction only (1)
Both sexual & vegetative reproduction (2)
Habitat ‐ specific (1) Habitat ‐ non specific (2) Life forms Tree and shrub (1); Herb (2) Parts used Roots, rhizomes barks and bulbs (1); leaves, flowers , fruits (2) Harvesting methods
Size/age classes not selected for harvesting (2); particular size/age classes selected for harvesting (1)
Source: Watts et al., 1996; Cunningham, 1994, 1996a, 2001; Wong and Jenifer, 2001 and Gurung and Pyakurel (2006)
2.4 Report Writing
All the collected information will be compiled to prepare a comprehensive report on NTFPs assessment of Jajarkot district.
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13
number of plant species will increase after the repeated survey. However, the research was comprehensive in the sense that all the NTFPs (both traded and non tradable) were recorded and documented during the survey. List of documented plant species is given in Table 6. Most of the plants were identified up to species level while few are indentified up to genus level and some were left unidentified.
Table 6: List of plant species documented in surveyed 11 VDCs
SN Scientific Name Common/ Local Name Family 1 Abies spectabilis Gobre salla Pinaceae 2 Acacia catechu Khayar Leguminosae 3 Acanthopanax cissifolius Dangdinge Araliaceae 4 Acer caesium Tilailo Aceraceae 5 Acer oblongum Phirphire Aceraceae 6 Acer sp Tilailo Aceraceae 7 Achyranthes bidentata Dativan Amaranthaceae 8 Aconogonum molle Thotne Polygonaceae 9 Acorus calamus Bojho Araceae 10 Aegle marmelos Bael Rutaceae 11 Aesculus indica Pangar/Pangra Hippocastanaceae 12 Agave cantula Kituki/ Ketuki Agavaceae 13 Ageratum conyzoides Gandhe Compositae 14 Ainsliaea latifolia Sahadeva sahadevi Compositae 15 Albizia chinensis Kalo siris Leguminosae 16 Albizia julibrissin Siris Leguminosae 17 Alnus nepalensis Utis Betulaceae 18 Anacyclus sp Akarkara Compositae 19 Anaphalis busua Seto ghas Compositae 20 Anemone rivularis Kangarate Ranunculaceae 21 Anemone tetrasepala Ranunculaceae 22 Anemone vitifolia Kaptase Ranunculaceae 23 Argemone mexicana Thakal Papaveraceae 24 Arisaema costatum Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae 25 Arisaema griffithii Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae 26 Arisaema tortuosum Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae 27 Arnebia benthami Boraginaceae 28 Artemisia indica Titepati Compositae 29 Asparagus racemosus Kurilo Liliaceae 30 Aster himalaicus Compositae 31 Astilbe rivularis Thulo ausadhi Saxifragaceae 32 Bauhinia purpurea Koiralo Leguminosae 33 Bauhinia vahlii Bhorla Leguminosae 34 Benthamidia capitata Dimmur/ Dimmar Cornaceae 35 Berberis aristata Chutro Berberidaceae 36 Berberis asiatica Chutro Berberidaceae
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37 Berberis wallichiana Chutro Berberidaceae 38 Bergenia ciliata Pakhanved Saxifragaceae 39 Betula alnoides Saur Betulaceae 40 Betula utilis Bhoj Patra Betulaceae 41 Boehmeria rugulosa Dar/ Githa Urticaceae 42 Boenninghausenia albiflora Makhe mauro Rutaceae 43 Bombax ceiba Simal Bombacaceae 44 Brassaiopsis sp Palouri Araliaceae 45 Butea minor Bhujetro Leguminosae 46 Calanthe tricarinata Orchidaceae 47 Caltha palustris Ranunculaceae 48 Campylotropis speciosa Sakhino Leguminosae 49 Cannabis sativa Bhango Cannabaceae 50 Capparis zeylanicum Capparaceae 51 Chesneya cuneata Chyali Leguminosae 52 Cinnamomum glaucescens Malagiri/ Sugandhakokila Lauraceae 53 Circium sp Sungure kanda Compositae 54 Cirsium falconeri Sungure kanda Compositae 55 Cissampelos pareira Batulopate Menispermaceae 56 Cleistocalyx operculata Kyamuna Myrtaceae 57 Clematis alternata Junge lahera Ranunculaceae 58 Clematis buchaniana Junge lahera Ranunculaceae 59 Clematis montana Junge lahera Ranunculaceae 60 Coccinia grandis Gol Kankri Cucurbitaceae 61 Colebrookea oppositifolia Dhusure Labiateae 62 Colocasia fallax Araceae 63 Coriaria napalensis Machhyan Coriariaceae 64 Corydalis sp Okhre ghas Fumariaceae 65 Cotoneaster microphyllus Rosaceae 66 Cuscuta reflexa Akashbeli Convolvulaceae 67 Cynoglossum zeylanicum Kanike Kuro Boraginaceae 68 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Hatajadi Orchidaceae 69 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Leguminosae 70 Daphne bholua Lokhta Thymelaeaceae 71 Daphne papyracea Lokhta Thymelaeaceae 72 Daphniphyllum himalense Rachan/ Rakchan Daphniphyllaceae 73 Datura suaveolens Dhature phul Solanaceae 74 Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae 75 Debregeasia salicifolia Urticaceae 76 Dendrobium aphyllum Sungava Orchidaceae 77 Dendrophthoe falcata Ainjeru Loranthaceae 78 Desmodium multiflorum Bakhre ghas Leguminosae 79 Dioscorea bulbifera Gittha Dioscoreaceae 80 Dioscorea deltoidea Ban tarul Dioscoreaceae
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81 Diploknema butyracea Chiuri Sapotaceae 82 Dipsacus inermis Banmula Dipsacaceae 83 Drepanostachyum falcatum Nigalo Gramineae 84 Drymaria diandra Abijalo Caryophyllaceae 85 Elaeagnus parvifolia Gunyeli Elaeagnaceae 86 Elsholtzia blanda Ban silam Labiateae 87 Elsholtzia eriostachya Labiateae 88 Elsholtzia fruticosa Labiateae 89 Engelhardia spicata Mauwa Juglandaceae 90 Eupatorium adenophorum Banmara Compositae 91 Euphorbia royleana Syundi Euphorbiaceae 92 Euphorbia wallichii Euphorbiaceae 93 Eurya acuminata Jhingano Theaceae 94 Fagopyrum diabotrys Ban phapar Polygonaceae 95 Ficus neriifolia Dudhilo Moraceae 96 Ficus semicordata Khanyu Moraceae 97 Fragaria nubicola Bhuin kafal Rosaceae 98 Ganoderma lucidum Chyau Ganodermataceae 99 Gaultheria fragrantissima Dhasingre/ Kalo angeri Ericaceae 100 Gentianella sp Gentianaceae 101 Geranium wallichianum Raklamul Geraniaceae 102 Geum elatum Rosaceae 103 Girardinia diversifolia Allo Urticaceae 104 Gnaphalium affine Buki phul Compositae 105 Hedera nepalensis Kathe lahero Araliaceae 106 Hedychium spicatum Gai sarro Zingiberaceae 107 Heracleum candicans Umbelliferae 108 Holarrhena pubescens Indrajau/ Ban Khirro Apocynaceae 109 Hypericum uralum Khareto Hypericaceae 110 Ilex excelsa Thinke Aquifoliaceae 111 Impatiens sulcata Mujuro Balsaminaceae 112 Imperata sp Khar ghas Gramineae 113 Indigofera sp Leguminosae 114 Inula cappa Gai tihare Compositae 115 Ipomoea purpurea Convolvulaceae 116 Iris clarkei Ninejadi Iridaceae 117 Iris hookeriana Ninejadi Iridaceae 118 Jasminum dispermum Seto jai Oleaceae 119 Jasminum humile Jai Oleaceae 120 Jatropha curcas Sajwan/ Ratanjoto Euphorbiaceae 121 Juglans regia Okhar Juglandaceae 122 Jurinea dolomiaea Dhupjadi Compositae 123 Lagerstroemia parviflora Bot Dhayaro Lythraceae 124 Lantana camara Ban Phanda Verbenaceae
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125 Lilium nepalense Khiraula Liliaceae 126 Lindera pulcherrima Fusure Lauraceae 127 Lobaria sp Jhyau Lobariaceae 128 Lonicera myrtillus Caprifoliaceae 129 Luculia gratissima Lukuli Rubiaceae 130 Lycopodium clavatum Nagbeli Lycopodiaceae 131 Lycopodium phlegmeria Nagbeli Lycopodiaceae 132 Lyonia ovalifolia Angeri Ericaceae 133 Macaranga pustulata Mallato Euphorbiaceae 134 Maesa chisia Bilaune Myrsinaceae 135 Maesa macrophylla Bhogate Myrsinaceae 136 Mahonia napaulensis Daruhaldi Berberidaceae 137 Mallotus philippensis Sindure/ Rohini Euphorbiaceae 138 Mazus surculosus Tapre jhar Scrophulariaceae 139 Meconopsis paniculata Papaveraceae 140 Melia azederach Bakainu Meliaceae 141 Morchella sp Guchi chyau Morchellaceae 142 Morina sp Dipsacaceae 143 Morus alba Kimu Moraceae 144 Murraya koenigii Mitho nim Rutaceae 145 Myrica esculenta Kafal Myricaceae 146 Neolamarckia cadamba Kadam Rubiaceae 147 Neolitsea cuipala Lauraceae 148 Neolitsea pallens Lauraceae 149 Nepeta nervosa Labiateae 150 Osbeckia stellata Chulesi Melastomataceae 151 Osyris wightiana Nune/ Nundhiki Santalaceae 152 Oxalis corniculata Chari amilo Oxalidaceae 153 Paris polyphylla Satuwa Liliaceae 154 Parmelia sp Jhyau Parmeliaceae 155 Peperonia tetraphylla Piperaceae 156 Persea gamblei Kathe kaulo Lauraceae 157 Persea odoratissima Kaulo Lauraceae 158 Persicaria capitata Raktanyaule jhar Polygonaceae 159 Phoenix acaulis Khajuriya Palmae 160 Picea smithiana Juhule sallo Pinaceae 161 Pinus roxburghii Khote salla Pinaceae 162 Pinus wallichiana Rani salla Pinaceae 163 Piptanthus nepalensis Leguminosae 164 Pleione hookeriana Orchidaceae 165 Plumeria rubra Galainchi/ Choya phul Apocynaceae 166 Polygonatum cirrhifolium Khiraunla Liliaceae 167 Polygonatum verticillatum Khiraunla Liliaceae 168 Potentilla fruticosa Rosaceae
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169 Potentilla fulgens Bajradanti Rosaceae 170 Primula denticulata Primulaceae 171 Primula floribunda Primulaceae 172 Prinsepia utilis Dhatelo Rosaceae 173 Prunus cerasoides Paiyin Rosaceae 174 Pyracantha crenulata Ghangaru Rosaceae 175 Pyrus pashia Mayal Rosaceae 176 Quercus glauca Phalant Fagaceae 177 Quercus lanata Banjh Fagaceae 178 Quercus leucotrichophora Banjh Fagaceae 179 Quercus semecarpifolia Khasru Fagaceae 180 Ranunculus brotherusii Ranunculaceae 181 Rheum australe Aksechuk Polygonaceae 182 Rhododendron arboreum Lali guras Ericaceae 183 Rhododendron barbatum Chimal Ericaceae 184 Rhododendron campanulatum Ericaceae 185 Rhododendron lepidotum Ericaceae 186 Rhus wallichii Bhalayo Anacardiaceae 187 Ribes orientale Grossulariaceae 188 Ricinus communis Ander Euphorbiaceae 189 Rosa macrophylla Ban gulab Rosaceae 190 Rosa sericea Ban gulab Rosaceae 191 Rosa webbiana Ban gulab Rosaceae 192 Roscoea alpina Zingiberaceae 193 Roscoea purpurea Zingiberaceae 194 Rubia manjith Majitho Rubiaceae 195 Rubus ellipticus Ainselu Rosaceae 196 Rubus hoffmeisterianus Bhalu aainselu Rosaceae 197 Rumex crispus Polygonaceae 198 Rumex hastatus Halhale Polygonaceae 199 Salix babylonica Bains Salicaceae 200 Salix calyculata Salicaceae 201 Salix sp Salicaceae 202 Sapindus mukorossi Rittha Sapiindaceae 203 Sapium insigne Khirro Euphorbiaceae 204 Sarcococca hookeriana Telparo/ Fitfiya Buxaceae 205 Saurauia napaulensis Gogan Saurauiaceae 206 Saussurea sp Compositae 207 Selinum tenuifolium Bhutkesh Umbelliferae 208 Semecarpus anacardium Bhalayo Anacardiaceae 209 Shorea robusta Sal/ Sakhuwa Dipterocarpaceae 210 Sida rhombifolia Balu Malvaceae 211 Skimmia laureola Chumlani Rutaceae 212 Smilacina purpurea Liliaceae
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213 Smilax ferox Kukur daino Liliaceae 214 Smilax orthoptera Kukur daino Liliaceae 215 Smilax sp Kukur daino Liliaceae 216 Sorbaria tomentosa Rosaceae 217 Sorbus cuspidata Rosaceae 218 Species 1 Ghagar 219 Swertia angustifolia Bhale chiraito Gentiniaceae 220 Swertia chirayita Chiraito Gentiniaceae 221 Symplocos pyriifolia Kholme/ Kharane Symplocaceae 222 Symplocos ramosissima Dabdabe Symplocaceae 223 Taraxacum officinale Tukee phul Compositae 224 Taxus wallichiana Lauth salla Taxaceae 225 Terminalia alata Saaj Combretaceae 226 Thalictrum foliolosum Bansuli Ranunculaceae 227 Toona ciliata Tuni Meliaceae 228 Trifolium repens Beuli Leguminosae 229 Tsuga dumosa Thingure salla Pinaceae 230 Unidentified sp Kamale Leguminosae 231 Unidentified Tree, P10064 232 Unidentified Tree, P10065 233 Urtica dioica Sisnu Urticaceae 234 Usnea longissima Jhyau usneaceae 235 Valeriana jatamansii Samayo Valerianaceae 236 Vanda sp Orchidaceae 237 Viburnum cylindricum Sambucaceae 238 Viburnum erubescens Tite/ Asare Sambucaceae 239 Viburnum grandiflorum Sambucaceae 240 Viburnum mullaha Malo Sambucaceae 241 Viola wallichiana Violaceae 242 Viscum album Hadchur Loranthaceae 243 Vitex negundo Simalee Verbenaceae 244 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhayaro Lythraceae 245 Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Rutaceae 246 Zanthoxylum nepalense Boke timur Rutaceae 247 Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Lahare timur Rutaceae 248 Zizyphus mauritiana Bayar Rhamnaceae
3.2 Assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot
This chapter deals with the study on the population parameters of traded (or valuable) NTFPs of the surveyed 13 VDCs. As the study focused on the assessment of high valued NTFPs; population parameters of none traded and/or low volume/low valued NTFPs was not assessed.
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3.2.1 Dhime VDC
Lokta and Allo are the most potential NTFPs for enterprise development in Dhime VDC. Both Lokta and Allo were distributed abundantly in the higher altitudes of Dhime VDCs. Kalo Lokta (Daphne papyracea) had density of 13136 individuals per hectare in the temperate forest. Similarly, Seto Lokta (Daphne bholua) had density of 9225 individuals per hectare. Allo has the density of 7067 individuals per hectare. Kaulo was available in the edges of agricultural fields and was not abundant in the core forest region.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Kurilo, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Nigalo, Allo, Okhar, Kafal, Kaulo, Majitho, Sisnu, Malo and Jhyau1.
3.2.2 Ramidanda VDC
Ramidanda was surveyed between 1800m to 2800m. Lokta, Allo and Lauth salla are the potential NTFPs and available evenly in the higher elevations of the VDC. Kalo Lokta had the density of 9400 individuals per hectare, Seto Lokta had the density of 8000 individuals per hectare, Allo had the density of 5333 individuals per hectare and finally Lauth salla had the density of 200 individuals per hectare. Guchi chyau was not recorded during the survey because of the off season but secondary information reveals that it was available in the area.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Kurilo, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul, Allo, Ninejadi, Okhar, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Satuwa, Dhatelo, Majitho, Lauth salla, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.3 Rokayagaun VDC
Rokayagaun VDC was surveyed between 1800m to 3565m. Lokta, Allo, Bhutkesh and Bhang are the potential NTFPs of the region. Kalo Lokta had the density of 8750 individuals per hectare, Seto Lokta had the density of 10667 individuals per hectare, Allo had the density of 6267 individuals per hectare and finally Bhang had the density of 9091 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul, Allo, Ninejadi, Okhar, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Dhatelo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.4 Paink VDC
Paink VDC was surveyed between 3565m to 1760m. Dhatelo was dominant NTFP along the lower belt of Paink. It was abundant along the Sarughat River with the density of about 1000 individuals per hectare. Kalo and Seto Lokta were abundant in the temperate and lower sub alpine region of Paink VDC. Both of them had the density of 10800 individuals per hectare. Similarly, Allo had the density of 7500 individuals per ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Bhang, Hatajadi, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul, Allo, Bhutkesh, Okhar, Kaulo, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Dhatelo, Majitho, Lauth salla, Timur, Jhyau.
1 The list was given in common/local name so that the all the readers understand the report. Refer to annex 1 for corresponding scientific names.
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3.2.5 Garkhakot VDC
Garkhakot VDC was surveyed between the altitude of 1650m to 3600m. Most number of species was recorded from this VDC. A total of 130 species were recorded from Garkhakot VDC. Valuable NTFPs like Samayo, Hatajadi etc were recorded, but their density was very low. Lokta was potential in the upper elevation while Timur and Dhatelo were potential NTFPs in the lower elevation (upper tropical to lower temperate). Density of Seto Lokta was 6675 ind/ha; Kalo Lokta was 6843 ind/ha; Allo was 4827 ind/ha; Timur was 1200 ind/ha and that of Dhatelo was 1400 ind/ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Simal, Bhang, Malagiri, Hatajadi, Kalo and Seto Lokta, Nigalo, Allo, Sajiwan, Okhar, Kafal, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Kaulo, Bhutkesh, Lauth salla, Majitho, Samayo, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.6 Kortang VDC
The VDC was surveyed from 1400m to 2400m. The study primarily focused on the availability of sub tropical NTFPs in Kortang VDCs. A total of 103 species was recorded from the VDC. Dhatelo and Timur were the most promising NTFPs for enterprise development. Dhatelo and Timur co dominates the second storey of forest in few parts of Korthang VDC. Density of Timur was 1578 individuals/ha and that of Dhatelo was 1183 individuals/ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Simal, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Nigalo, Sajiwan, Okhar, Kafal, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Kaulo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.7 Majhkot VDC
A total of 91 plant species were recorded in Majhkot VDC. Sub tropical region of the VDC was surveyed more thoroughly; therefore temperate species of Majhkot VDC was not represented in this study. Survey was done between the altitudes ranging from 1000m to 1700m. Shorea robusta was found up to 1400m in the hills of Majhkot. Dhatelo and Timur were most promising NTFPs of Majhkot VDC. Density of Timur was 980 individuals per ha and that of Dhatelo was 1120 individuals/ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Kaulo, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.8 Dasera VDC
Dasera VDC was surveyed least therefore represented by least number of plant species. Only 73 species are recorded during the survey. The survey was confined to sub tropical region (900m to 1850m). Lower part of the VDC is influenced by tropical vegetation. Chiuri was the potential NTFPs of the VDCs. It is generally distributed on the edges of agricultural land,
Picture 2: Dhatelo scrubland in Kortang
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fallow land and near the bank of river. Its density is low and as low as 320 individuals/ hectare was recorded from Dasera VDC.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Koiralo, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.2.9 Sima VDC
Upper tropical and lower subtropical region of Sima VDC was surveyed. Only 72 species was recorded from the VDC. Lower part of VDC is dominated by Shorea robusta. Bael and Chiuri are the potential NTFPs for enterprise development. Bael had the density of 400 individuals/ha, whereas Chiuri had 360 individuals/ha in Sima VDC.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bael, Titepati, Koiralo, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.2.10 Bhur
Tropical region of Bhur VDC was surveyed. Bael (Aegle marmelos), Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) and Khayar (Acacia catechu) was found potential for enterprise development. Bael was available on forests and along the edges of river and cultivated or fallow lands. The fruit is yet to get the appropriate attention. Bael had the density of 338 individuals per hectare, Chiuri had the density of 250 individuals per hectare and Khayar had the density of 167 individuals per ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Bael, Titepati, Koiralo, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
3.2.11 Khagenkot
Upper tropical and lower sub tropical region of Khagenkot VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs. Survey was concentrated along the Thuli Bheri River. Chiuri and Khair were the potential NTFPs of the lower parts of the VDC. Population of Chiuri was 267 individuals per hectare and that of Khayir was 129 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Titepati, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
Picture 3: HarvestingBael at Bhur
Picture 4: Chiuri tree in Khagenkot
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3.2.12 Ragda
Upper tropical and lower sub tropical region of Ragda VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs. Survey was concentrated along the Thuli Bheri River. Chiuri was the potential NTFPs of the lower parts of the VDC. Population of Chiuri was 196 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Titepati, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
3.2.13 Bhagwati
Lower sub tropical region of Bhagwati VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs. Survey was concentrated along the Thuli Bheri River. Chiuri was the potential NTFPs of the lower parts of the VDC. Population of Chiuri was 146 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Bojho, Bhang, Dar, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.3 Identification of Tradable NTFPs of Jajarkot
This study was limited to document NTFPs that are already in trade or potential to trade. A wide variety of NTFPs have been recorded during the survey. Out of the 248 plant species recorded, only 38 are NTFPs of trade value (Table 7). They have been used in traditional medicines, foods and other purposes. With access to marketing infrastructures, many of traditionally used NTFPs can be traded commercially.
All the available NTFPs fall under following seven broad categories:
Table 7: List of NTFPs of the area
SN Category NTFPs
1 MAPs Jhyau, Sindure, Bhutkesh, Bojho, Dar, Dhatelo, Guchi chyau, Hatajadi, Kaulo, Kurilo, Lauth salla, Malagiri, Ninejadi, Samayo, Satuwa, Simal, Timur, Titepati, Dhupjadi, Pakhanved, Akarkara
2 Fibers Bhang, Allo, Lokta
3 Dyes Majitho, Padamchal
4 Bamboos, Rattans Vines Nigalo
5 Wild Food Bael, Bayar, Chiuri, Kafal, Koiralo, Malo, Okhar, Tarul
6 Resins Khote salla,
7 Others Rittha, Ratanjoto (Sajiwan)
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3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs
Ten generic criteria were selected for NTFPs prioritization. Table 8 presents the matrix preference ranking of fifteen high valued NTFPs which were compiled according to the outcome of consultation meeting and as per the market demand and availability within Jajarkot district.
The weightage ranged from 1‐4 for each commodity, with 1 being the lowest and 4 being the highest. However, for the last three criteria i.e. possibilities of cultivation and domestication, value addition at local level and collection frequency, the weightage was given 0 or 4; 0 being no possibility and 4 with possibility.
Similarly, weight of each generic criteria ranged from 1 to 5, which was given by the researcher according to their importance, and consultation with the experts. It is worth to mention that project related overriding criteria (WUPAP focal area) lies concurrent with potential to employment generation with emphasis on the involvement of pro poor, therefore value of 5 was given to this critieria.
Final score was a result of multiplication of score of generic criteria and score given by communities for each commodity for specific criteria.
Picture 5, 6 and 7: Pictures of one day workshop at, Jajarkot
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Table 8: Matrix ranking of NTFPs in Jajarkot district (Most preferred species have high score)
SN
Criteria → NTFPs ↓ A
vailability,
Space (4)
Availability,
Qua
ntity (4)
Trad
e value (4)
Market Price (4)
Skilled
Man
power (2
)
Techno
logy (3
)
Conservation
status (3
)
Potential for
Cultivation an
d Dom
estication
(5)
Value
add
ition
at local level (3
)
Collection
freq
uency (4)
Total Score
1 Kurilo 12 4 16 16 8 12 6 20 12 12 1182 Allo 12 16 16 12 4 6 3 20 12 12 1133 Timur 16 12 12 8 6 3 9 20 12 12 110 4 Kaulo 8 12 16 8 6 12 3 20 12 12 109 5 Chiuri 8 16 8 4 6 9 9 20 12 12 104 6 Jhyau 12 12 16 16 8 6 6 0 12 12 1007 Sugandhawal 12 8 16 8 4 3 3 20 12 12 98 8 Ratanjoto (Sajiwan) 8 12 4 4 6 3 12 20 12 12 93 9 Aksechuk (Padamchal) 8 8 16 16 4 9 9 20 0 0 90 10 Majitho 8 4 4 4 8 3 12 20 12 12 8711 Dhatelo 8 8 4 4 4 6 9 20 12 12 8712 Bael 4 12 4 4 6 3 9 20 12 12 86 13 Lokta 8 12 16 8 4 6 3 0 12 12 81 14 Pashanved 12 12 8 8 6 3 9 20 0 0 78 15 Jatamansii 4 4 16 16 6 3 3 0 12 12 7616 Satuwa 4 4 16 16 4 3 3 20 0 0 70 17 Rittha 4 8 8 4 6 3 12 20 0 0 65 18 Dhupjadi 8 8 16 16 4 9 3 0 0 0 64 19 Guchi chyau 4 4 16 16 4 3 3 0 0 0 50
The preference from above came from the deliberations of the workshop, consultation with NTFP experts, researcher’s knowledge, available data and findings from the field.
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3.5 RVA of Tradable Species of Jajarkot
Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) analysis was carried out for the prioritized NTFP species of the study area within Jajarkot. RVA was conducted on the basis of the following criteria: 1) Ecology, 2) Life form, 3) Parts used and 4) Harvesting method. The lower the score, most vulnerable is the NTFPs. On the basis of RVA analysis, the most vulnerable NTFP species were Kaulo, Jatamansii, Satuwa, Dhupjadi and Guchi chyau. It was observed that bark, root, rhizome and whole plant yielding NTFPs are most vulnerable among the prioritized NTFPs. The details are shown in table 9 below:
Table 9: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Jajarkot (Vulnerable species have low score)
SN
Criteria↓ NTFPs→
Abu
ndan
ce
Growth rate
Mod
e of
reprod
uction
Hab
itat
Life fo
rm
Parts used
Harvesting
metho
ds
Score
1 Kaulo 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
2 Jatamansii 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
3 Satuwa 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
4 Dhupjadi 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
5 Guchi chyau 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 8
6 Kurilo 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 9
7 Sugandhawal 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 9
8 Padamchal (Aksechuk) 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 9
9 Lokta 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 9
10 Rittha 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 9
11 Pashanved 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 10
12 Jhyau 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 11
13 Bael 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 11
14 Chiuri 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 12
15 Sajiwan 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 12
16 Allo 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 13
17 Timur 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 13
18 Majitho 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 13
19 Dhatelo 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 13
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CHAPTER FOUR: TRADE VALUE AND TRADING PATTERN
The local communities of the study areas depend on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry and seasonal migration to different parts of Nepal and India for labor work for their livelihood support. However, few villagers are engaged in the collection and trade of NTFPs as an additive source of income.
4.1 Trade Value of NTFPs in Jajarkot
The traded NTFPs/products and their trading pattern in the study areas are as follows
Table 10: Marketing status/trade value of NTFPs in Jajarkot
SN NTFPs Products Trade value, Kathmandu (NRs)
1 Allo Raw, Semi processed Dry bark: 80‐100/kg Fiber: 350‐380/kg; Cloth: 350/meter
2 Bael Raw 5/kg
3 Bojho Raw Rhizome: 15‐20/kg; Oil: 2800‐3000/kg
4 Chiraito Raw, Crude form 375‐450/ kg
5 Chiuri Ghee Raw 120/kg
6 Dhatelo Raw Oil: 350/liter
7 Guchchi chyau Raw 13000‐15000/kg
8 Handmade paper 10gm: 850/kori, 20gm: 1600/kori, 30 gm: 2800/kori 40gm: 3200/kori
9 Hemp fibers/ Hemp clothes Fibre/ Cloths Fibre: 70‐90/kg Cloths: 300‐3500/meter
10 Jatamansi rhizomes Raw 200‐240/kg
11 Jhyau Raw/ Crude form 80‐100/ kg
12 Kaulo Raw 15‐20/kg
13 Kurilo Raw 200‐250/ kg
14 Lokta Raw 80‐100/ kg
15 Majitho Raw 40‐50
16 Malagiri Raw Seed: 80‐90/kg; Oil: 2100/kg
17 Padamchaal (R. australe) Raw Stem: 60‐80/kg; Root: 120‐150/kg
18 Rittha Raw 30‐40/kg
19 Satuwa Raw 400‐500/kg
20 Sugandhawal Raw/ Crude form Rhizomes‐ 90‐100/ kg Oil: 32000/kg
21 Timur Raw/ Crude form Seed: 60‐80/ kg; Oil: 3500‐4000/kg
4.2 Trading Pattern/ Market Chain of NTFPs
Collectors → Village traders → Roadhead traders → District level traders (Jajarkot Khalanga) → Terai Traders (Nepalgunj)
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CHAPTER FIVE: OVERVIEW OF ENTERPRISE MODALITIES TO BE SET UP IN JAJARKOT
Forest based enterprises exist in various modalities, which can be outlined in aspects of ownership structure, linkages to raw materials, target markets, seasonality of operation, technological sophistication, management structure, product types and similar characteristics.
On the ownership dimension, 5 different modalities can be set up in Jajarkot, they are as follows:
a) Sole enterprise, b) FUG enterprise, c) Consortium of FUGs enterprise, d) Cooperatives and e) Private limited company
In terms of linkages of raw materials, economic and enterprise activities are based on raw materials drawn from community forests and government forests of the district.
5.1 Comparative Analysis of Enterprise Modalities in Jajarkot
Using ranking scores at three levels (Good: 3, Fair: 2 and Poor: 1), a comparative analysis of the proposed five enterprise modalities in Jajarkot was done as developed by ANSAB (2000), Subedi et al. (2002) and Gurung (2007). The analysis revealed that sole ownership is not necessarily the best modality in the forest enterprise sector. Its main weakness lies in the organization for all kinds of issues and there are many risks.
Company scored the lowest of the other modalities. This is due to the lack of institutional mechanism, such as with FUGs, to ensure linkages with support services, environmental management and advocacy with DFO. On the other hand, companies scored higher than FUG enterprises in the area of marketing because they can have better management capacity.
Cooperative also scored less than FUG enterprises because they have no institutional mechanism for advocacy with the DFO or for guarantying environmental management. They also scored higher than FUG enterprises on marketing and on participation of woman.
FUGs enterprise scored less on marketing because of the lack of management capacity for marketing. However, in many other respects, they are at least potentially as strong as the other enterprise modalities.
In summary, if conservation of resource is the most important factor, and those criteria are given additional weight, then the FUGs enterprise would score the highest.
On the other hand, if woman’s participation is the most important and if this ranking is weighted, then the cooperative modality would come out higher than the others.
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Table 11: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market, social, technology and conservation criteria in Jajarkot
Factors Enterprise modalities
Sole Enterprise FUG Enterprise FUGs Consortium Cooperative Company
Market a. Price
No bargaining power unless organized into a trade association and even then it’s difficult to guarantee agreement on sale price to buyers (1)
Potential for own financing and therefore for increased bargaining power, but difficult to reach agreement amongst all members on sale price to buyers (2)
Potential for own financing and therefore for increased bargaining power, but difficult to reach agreement amongst all members on sale price to buyers (2)
Potential for own financing and therefore for increased bargaining power, can also achieve agreements amongst members on sale price to buyers (3)
Potential for own financing and therefore for increased bargaining power and can also easily reach agreement on sale price amongst shareholders (3)
b. Economy of scale
Difficult to achieve (1) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3)
c. Access to transport
Difficult to organize (1)
Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3)
d. Access to forward linkage and services
Difficult to achieve (1)
Management capacity is lacking to organize (2)
Management capacity is lacking to organize (2)
Management capacity is lacking to organize (2)
Better management capacity to achieve (3)
Environment a. Biodiversity
No positive impact can be guaranteed and chances of negative impact are high without peer pressure (1)
Potential for good impact if participation of all users is ensured and conflicts are resolved (3)
More difficult to ensure participation but has potential for good impact (3)
Good impact is only achieved if increased income results in increased awareness of conservation (2)
Good impact is only achieved if increased income results in increased awareness of conservation (2)
b. Management and monitoring
Needs good linkage with FUGs and can’t be ensured (1)
Can easily be organized (3)
Can easily be organized (3)
Needs good linkage with FUG in order to be possible and can’t be ensured (2)
Needs good linkage with FUG in order to be possible and can’t be ensured (2)
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Social a. Distribution of income
There is no control over equity (1)
Potential to be equitable if there is transparency and good participation in decision making on CFUG funds (2)
Potential to be equitable if there is transparency and good participation in decision making on FUG funds (2)
By law‐guarantee, equity and transparency with distribution of dividends but distribution of work opportunities may not always be equitable (3)
Equity is only ensured through distribution of shares. Influential share holders can dominate decision making (2)
b. Participation of women
Potential to be very high if it’s a women owned enterprise in which women are allowed in decision making (3)
Potential for it to be high, only if there is support for participation in decision making in FUG committee (2)
Potential for it to be high, only if there is support for participation in decision making in FUG committee (2)
Can be very high in the case of a women’s only cooperative (3)
Potential to be very high in the case of a women’s only company (3)
c. Impact of Policy No advocacy power with DFO (1)
Strong advocacy power and potential support from related organizations (3)
Strong advocacy power and potential support from related organizations (3)
Little advocacy power if it is community owned cooperative (2)
No advocacy power with DFO (1)
Technology a. Access to value addition
Poor access (1) Good access (3) Good access (3) Good access (3) Good access (3)
b. Sustainability Very difficult to ensure (1)
Can be ensured with good management (3)
Can be ensured with good management (3)
More difficult to ensure continuing linkages (2)
Can be ensured with good management (3)
Total Score (13) (29) (29) (28) (28)
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5.2 Identification of Enterprise Modalities to be set up in Jajarkot
On the basis of the resource availability, processing technology, communities’ willingness and market linkage, following are potential NTFPs for enterprise development in surveyed areas.
Table 12: Potentiality for enterprise development in Jajarkot
SN NTFPs/ Products Potentiality for enterprise development
1 Lokta bark, Allo fibre, Hemp fibre, Sugandhawal, Satuwa, Chiraiyito, Padamchal
Collective marketing centre‐ A cooperative model
2 Roots/rhizomes of Sugandhawal and Timur seeds
Processing of Valerian oil and Zanthoxylum oil
3 Timur, Chirayito, Sugandhawal,Satuwa
1. Establishment of multipurpose nursery;2. Commercial cultivation enterprises in private lands of the respective villages
4 Fruits of Malo and Ainselu Juice and herbal drinks making
5 Titepati leaves, Timur leaves and barks, Angeri leaves, Bulu Ketuke
Organic insecticides/pesticides making
6 Seeds of Dhatelo, Pangar, Okhar Edible oil expelling
7 Allo and Hemp fibers Fiber processing and clothes weaving enterprise
5.3 Potential Markets of Value Added Products
The enterprise models and the NTFPs products to be value added are designed with the motive of markets linkage assurance focusing basically at the local level consumption.
Table 13: Potential markets for NTFPs products
SN Specific products Potential markets
1 Allo fiber/Allo thread Clothes weaving enterprises of Kathmandu
2 Crude herbs (Sugandhawal, Chirayito, Padamchaal, Satuwa)
Herbs and herbal products traders of Nepalgunj and Kathmandu
3 Edible oil Local markets/ Household level and Kathmandu markets
4 Essential oils (Valerian oil and Zanthoxylum oil)
Various essential oils traders/exporters and health care herbal products manufacturers at Kathmandu
5 Herbal incense Local markets/ Household level
6 Juice (Malo and Ainselu) Kathmandu markets
7 Lokta bark/Lokta paper Lokta bark: Handmade paper enterprises at Majhkot
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Lokta papers: Handicrafts and handmade paper exporters in Nepalgunj and Kathmandu
8 Organic insecticide/pesticides Farmers/ Household level
9 Seedlings and saplings of multipurpose herbs and NTFPs
Other VDCs or user groups for cultivation / Household level
10 Timur fruits Traders of Jajarkot Khalanga, Surkhet, Nepalgunj and Kathmandu
5.4 Requirements for Enterprise Success
The success of the enterprises can be assessed according to the following dimensions:
a. Raw material availability: A long term biologically sustainable supply of the targeted natural product in sufficient quantities is necessary for the enterprise activity to be financially viable.
b. Legal access to and control over the natural resources: Collectors should be able to manage natural products harvesting and incorporate the enterprise activity into their overall forest management plans. Enterprise activities must comply with a range of legal requirements.
c. Equitable distribution of benefits: If community members do not feel the benefits are being distributed fairly there will be less incentive to protect the natural resources. The overall raw material source could become threatened as well as the commercial activity and ecosystem’s biodiversity.
d. Appropriate processing technology: Is the technology compatible with the prevailing infrastructure and human resource conditions at the chosen location? Conditions to be considered include: transport and storage facilities; equipment/machinery availability; power or fuel required for the processing activity and technical skills available.
e. Good management: People with knowledge of, and experience with managing proposed activities should be available to run the enterprise or they should be closely involved in its operations.
f. Commercial sustainability: Commercial sustainability is a simple concept. Sell the product at a price and volume that covers all the costs associated with the natural product enterprise with enough money left over as profit.
g. Access to capital: Startup capital and ongoing working capital is needed for the enterprise.
h. Available and accessible market for the products: Is there a market for the available quantity and quality of product? Is there adequate demand at the expected selling price? Who will buy the product?
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5.5 Challenges for Forest Based Enterprises
Marketing barrier is the major identified challenges for the NTFP based enterprises. The specific challenges are as follows:
Limited number of wholesalers and controlled price information. Less developed market for many products and high price fluctuations. Many producers with small quantities of products receiving only a small portion of the total income.
Role and services of brokers and middlemen. Lack of market information; current marketing channels, amount of each products, price variation as well as future supply and demand of the products, processed product, development and future price projection etc.
Most of the traders with an inadequate marketing knowledge and skills. Limited access to availability of information and technology for product development. Lack of marketing infrastructure like storage, transportation, quality testing laboratory facilities, etc.
Difficulties in matching market requirements by suppliers due to several uncertainties such as production fluctuation, decreased collection due to unfavorable weather, inconsistent quality of products, lack of quality checking facilities, etc.
5.6 Value Addition Techniques
Value addition techniques at local level includes; cleaning, drying, grading, packaging and improved marketing. Commonly practiced methods of value addition of NTFPs and their techniques are presented in table 14.
Table 14: Value addition techniques of NTFPs
SN Type of value addition
Techniques
1 Drying Sun drying: For medicinal herbs Shade drying: For aromatic plants
2 Cleaning Cleaning with water for roots/rhizomes, using clothes and brushes for other parts
3 Grading Grading on the basis of the quality
4 Packaging Packaging in polythene bags ensuring free of moisture
5 Improved trading Adopting collective bargaining
5.7 Processing Technology
Simple and locally available technologies are more sustainable than the imported and more sophisticated ones. Through the technological interventions there is a scope to improve the quality, reduce the loss, increase the efficiency of operation and thereby reduce the cost.
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Technological improvements can also be made building on the traditional and existing technologies to match the current market requirement.
Few processing technology that can be adopted in Jajarkot are as follows:
Table 15: Processing technology and application
SN Technology Examples of application
1 Compacting Chiraito
2 Debarking Lokta bark
3 Drying (traditional sun drying, fire drying, shade drying and improved solar drier)
All medicinal and aromatic plants
4 Extraction of juice Mallo
5 Fiber extraction Allo, Hemp and Ketuke
6 Grinding and mixing Herbal incense
7 Oil expeller Fixed oil extraction from Pangar, Okhar, Dhatelo and Chiuri
8 Packaging All raw NTFPs, value added products and finished products
9 Paper making Lokta bark
10 Steam distillation Essential oils from aromatic plants (Sugandhawal, Titepati, Bojho and Timur etc.)
11 Weaving (Shuttle loom and pedal operated spinning)
Allo/ Hemp clothes
5.8 Need Based Assessment for Enterprise set up in Jajarkot
The chain of steps for the establishment of community based forest enterprises in Jajarkot include:
Yield estimation of the prioritized NTFPs in selected Community Forests ↓
Selection of local motivators ↓
Designation and preparation of worksheet for orientation to motivators ↓
Orientation to local motivators ↓
Identification of NTFPs collectors, local traders, and processors ↓
Ranking of local collectors ↓
Formation of collectors group ↓
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Group discussion/ interaction/ motivation among motivators, collectors, traders, processors, members of FUGs
↓ Networking among FUGs/individuals
↓ Capacity building/strengthening the concerned FUGs on institutional development,
governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management, record keeping, benefit sharing mechanism etc.
↓ Training package on NTFPs promotion – time and technique of collection, local processing
technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, cultivation of major NTFPs ↓
Revisions in operational plan (OP) of concerned FUGs‐for the inclusion of enterprise development activities in OP
↓ Coordination with concerned government agencies and I/NGOs
↓ Site selection (accessible site) for the modalities of enterprise other than sole
↓ Assessment of the enterprise modalities – Sole/ FUG owned/ Consortium of FUGs/
Cooperatives/ Private Ltd. Co. ↓
Threat/challenges/risk factor analysis ↓
Visualization of output/expectations ↓
Development of biological sustainable harvesting system – block rotation system preferable for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system, cultivation of major traded NTFPs
↓ Feasibility study on market, technology, equipments and availability of skill manpower
↓ Identification of the enterprise modalities to be set up
↓ Discussion among network members in different stages/steps (about objective, structure,
regulatory mechanisms, business plan, marketing strategy etc.) ↓
Final meeting to discuss on common consensus and minuting of decisions ↓
Preparation of work plan/division of work ↓
Preparation of enterprise development plan/ business plan ↓
Registration of enterprise in concerned government office ↓
Management and conduction of pilot model enterprise
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CHAPTER SIX: NTFPs PROFILE
A total of 15 species were selected for the profile preparation, as per the outcomes of one day consultation workshop and field study and rigorous field survey. Thirteen species out of 15 were ranked high on Matrix Preference Ranking. This portion deals with the short description of these plants, their availability in respected VDCs, their commercial uses and traded parts.
6.1 Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus)
Kurilo (Eng: Asparagus; Family: Liliaceae) is a perennial much branched, spiny climbing shrub, about 1.5m. Roots tuberous, succulent, 30‐50cm or more in length, found growing wild in tropical and sub‐tropical parts. The plant is rather variable, and three varieties are generally recognized although not distinguished in trade. The plant grows in 600‐2100m altitude.
Tuber of Asparagus is used in tuberculosis, hysteria, night blindness, kidney and stomach problems. Asparagus tuber is traded wild from
Kurilo is sparsely distributed throughout study region. It was documented at Dhime, Paink, Ramidanda and Rakayagaun VDCs. Over‐harvesting, combined with fodder use of this plant was responsible for depletion in the wild. The sustainable management of plant requires technical understanding of its cultivation and harvesting. Benefit oriented collection without any regulatory or control mechanism is responsible for complete destruction of its natural stand. Since there are very limited researches on cultivation of Asparagus in Nepal except a limited research in Terai region, the potentiality of commercial cultivation and harvesting is not clear. This had opened the room for research (in cultivation) where there were plenty of natural stock in past.
6.2 Allo (Girardinia diversifolia)
Allo (Eng: Himalayan Nittle, Local: Thulo sisnu or Chalne sisnoo, Family: Urticaceae) is annual herb with contains bristles on leaves. The stem bark contains fibres with unique qualities‐strength, smoothness, lightness and, when appropriately treated, a silk like lustre. Propagated by seeds or root offshoots. It grows wild under the forest canopy between 1200 m and 3000m in moist and shaded areas.
Young leaves and inflorescence are cooked as a green vegetable. The plant is considered useful for fever. Roasted seeds are pickled.
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There is no commercial harvesting of Allo except for domestic use. Mostly poor were involved in collection of Allo for domestic and limited commercial purpose. Inner bark of stem furnishes fine silky fiber. People have for centuries extracted and spun these fibres to weave strong and durable sacks, mats, porters’ headbands and fishing nets.
Allo is widely distributed in the study site with an excellent natural stock. It was documentd at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ramidanda and Rokayagaun VDCs.
6.3 Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum)
Timur (Eng: Nepal Pepper, Family Rutaceae) is a spiny shrub about 3 m high, with corky bark and strong prickles on the branches. Leaves stalked, alternate, slightly winged, with stipular spines at the base. Flowers small, whitish, in loose clusters. Seeds solitary, shiny black. Flowering on April May and fruiting on July November. Propagated by seeds and branch cuttings.
Distributed throughout Nepal at 1100m to 2900m in open places or in forest undergrowth. Timur was documented at Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ramidanda and Rokayagaun VDCs.
Fruits contain 2.5‐3% essential oil. It is traded in the name of Zanthoxylum oil.
It is highly traded NTFPs and stands in the highest rank in term of production and trade. There is an excellent commercial potential of this plant from existing natural stock of forest areas. But there is a need of systematic and scientific harvesting. Harvesting is noted being tradition but not necessarily be unscientific. People said they harvest it by hand picking and using sticks. Some people cut down whole tree or its branches to make collection easier. This tendency is found to be in increasing trend as resource is diminishing.
6.4 Kaulo (Persea odoratissima)
Kaulo (Family: Lauraceae) is a medium sized evergreen tree. Leaves stalked, 7.5 to 20cm by 1.5‐4.8cm wide, lanceolate, acute or long pointed, narrowed towards the base, bright green above. Flowers yellowish in lax, branched clusters. Fruits purple and supported by persistent perianth. Flowering in March‐April. Propagated by seeds.
Distributed at 1000m to 2000m in moist, open places. In Jajarkot, it was found on the edges of agricultural and fallow lands. Kaulo was documented at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink and Rokayagaun VDCs of Jajarkot district.
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Kaulo bark (commercially known as Jiket Powder) is the highest exporting commodity of the district. Jiket has the outstanding binding capacity and used in the manufacture of incense stick by commercial and small scale industries.
6.5 Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea)
Chiuri tree (Eng: Butter tree; Family: Sapotaceae) is a deciduous, medium size tree about 20m high native to Nepal. Leaves stalked, generally crowded near the ends of branches, oblong, entire, acuminate, hairy beneath, glabrous above. Flowers stalked, crowded at the ends of branches, yellowish. Fruit a berry, pear shaped, with one or two seeds. Flowers: November‐January; Fruits: April‐July. The plant propagates by seeds.
It grows mainly in the sub‐Himalayan tracts on steep slopes, ravines and cliffs at an altitude of 300‐1500m from east to west Nepal. It was documented at Bhagwati, Bhur, Dasera, Khagenkot, Majkot, Ragda, Sima VDCs of Jajarkot distirct.
The main product of the tree is ghee or butter, extracted from the seeds and popularly known as "Chiuri ghee". Chiuri is one of the most promising species for its promotion as a source of livelihood improvement of the people of Jajarkot district.
The Chiuri ripe fruit has sweet edible pulp. The fruit pulp supplements and sometimes substitutes staple food in the villages of Jajarkot. According to local key informants, Chiuri juice is considered to make the body warm and possess intoxicating properties. Juice of the corolla is boiled into a liquid which is used by the villagers as a syrupy sugar. Juicy pulp of ripe fruits is eaten fresh. Juice of the bark, about 4 teaspoons, is given to treat indigestion. The juice is also applied to treat rheumatic pain and boils. Seed oils are applied for headache, rheumatism, boils, pimples, wounds, chapped skin and burns.
The plant constitutes an important source of nectar and pollen for bees. Leaves are used as plates and good fodder. Resin of Chiuri tree mixed with resins of Khirra (Sapium insigne) and Katahar (Artocarpus heterophyllus) makes good glue used for trapping birds and also houseflies. The pulp syrup is mixed with tobacco and used in “Hookka”. The timber can be used in construction and for furniture.
6.6 Jhyau (Lichens)
Jhyau (Eng: Lichen) is found in wide variety of habitats. They are commonly found growing on the old walls, trunks, and branches of the trees, bare ground and exposed rocks. It prefers moist areas but also found in dry areas. There are more than 465 species of jhyau in Nepal and are found in tropical to sub‐alpine zone depending upon species. Lichen is a dual organism, i.e. mutual association of an alga and a fungus. Lichen plays an important role in
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ecosystem and is considered bio‐indicator to monitor environmental pollution. It is used in reliving from menstrual disorders and food poisoning, dyeing silk and wood.
Two species of Lichens are currently in trade, Parmelia sp and Usnea longissima. Parmelia was documented at all surveyed VDCs whereas Usnea longissima was documented at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ramidanda and Rakayagaun VDCs.
The species is reported distributed in most of CFs. A lower estimate of annual trade of Lichen from Jajarkot is more than 55 tones.
Harvesting method of lichen includes manual collection from forests. As mentioned above, the species is abundant in branches and trunks of trees in the moist areas, people collect either cutting branches or falling down tree if there is good stock of lichen. The practice is detrimental for both forest and species. In the local level, there is no processing but people dry green lichen before its marketing.
There is no researches on cultivation of lichen, if done, has not been practiced in Nepal. It is prudent to conserve forest areas and set harvest quota to ensure sustainable harvesting.
6.7 Samayo/Sugandhawal (Valeriana jatamansii)
Samayo (Eng: Valerian, Family: Valerianaceae) is an herb of about 50 cm high with a thick rootstock. Basal leaves long stalked, ovate, acuminate, dentate or sinulate, cauline leaves short stalked, opposite. Flowers are tiny, white tinged with pink. Flowering March‐June. Propagated by seed or root offshoots. Rhizome and lateral roots are parts of commercial value.
Distributed throughout Nepal at 1300 m to 3300 m in moist, shady places but the gathering of its rhizomes for sale is a cause of conservation concern. It is one of the major exporting NTFP commodities of Jajarkot and is recorded from 8 out of 11 surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot. About 100 MT of raw Samayo rhizomes are traded raw from the district in a fiscal year. Sugandhawal was documented at Garkhakot, Paink, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Dhime, Majkot, Kortang.
Despite the possibility of value addition at local level, it has not been performed. Value addition (extraction of Valerian oil from roots and rhizomes of Samayo from simple steam
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distillation method) within the district will add more profit to the collectors and traders. The export of unprocessed rhizome from country is legally banned.
6.8 Sajwan/Ratanjoto (Jatropha curcas)
Sajiwan (Eng: Physic nut, Purging nut; Family: Euphorbiaceae) is a soft wooded tree about 4m high. Leaves stalked blade angled or three or five lobed, orbiculate, glabrous base cordate. Flowers yellowish in cymes. Seeds oblong, dark brown, smooth oily. Flowering on April‐October and fruiting on November‐January. Distributed throughout Nepal to about 1300m in open places, generally around villages.
Tender shoots are cooked as vegetable. The cotyledons serve as candles for villagers. The plant makes excellent hedge.
Seeds contain 20‐40% nonvolatile oil that is also used for lighting. Recently, the oil is used as substitute to fossil fuel.
It was documented at Bhagwati, Bhur, Dasera, Garkhakot, Khagenkot, Kortang, Majkot, Ragda and Sima VDCs.
6.9 Padamchal (Rheum australe)
Padamchal (Eng: Himalayan Rhubarb, Family: Polygonaceae) is erect robust perennial herb with thick rootstock. Stem stout hollow and branched above. Leaves large orbicular or broadly ovate, with heart shaped base, long petioled, upper leaves smaller. Flowers small, dark reddish purple, in dense terminal panicles. Flowering occurs in June July and fruiting in July‐ September.
It is endemic to the Himalayas and found distributed between 3200m and 4200m on moist scrub, open rocky slopes, alpine meadows and forest margins. It was documented at Garkhakot, Paink and Rokayagaun VDCs.
Rootstock is traded commercially. Petioles and rootstocks are collected for trade.
6.10 Majitho (Rubia manjith)
Majitho (Eng: Indian Madder, Family: Rubiaceae) is a herbaceous climbing perennial, with 4 angled stems and branches, with unequal stalked leaves in whorls of 4, and with usually reddish brown flowers in small clusters aggregated together in to a large branched cluster with small leafy bracts. Leaves with hooked prickles on the veins beneath. Leaf stalk as long
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as blade, with hooked prickles, stems with hooked prickles on angles. Flowering occurs in June to October, fruiting in November‐December.
Majitho is endemic to the Himalayas and found distributed in open forests and shrubland between 1200m to 3000m altitude. It was documented from the entire surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot district.
A valuable dye, Manjith is obtained from roots and stems and is traded from different parts of Nepal. Root has medicinal properties and is used to treat various ailments in remote hilly villages of Nepal. Root decoction is used in blood, liver and menstrual disorders, fever, cough, chest and kidney pain. Root is also used as tonic and astringent. Root paste is used to treat skin disease.
6.11 Dhatelo (Prinsepia utilis)
Dhatelo (Family: Rosaceae) is a deciduous shrub about 2 m high, branches armed with stout spines. Leaves stalked, alternate, 6‐7 cm long, 0.5‐3 cm wide, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate. Flowers stalked, white, in short axillary racemes. Fruit purple when ripe. Flowering on February‐March, Fruits on April‐May. Propagated by seeds. Seed is collected and grinded to extract oil of food and cosmetic value.
Dhatelo is distributed throughout Nepal at 1300 m to 2900 m in sunny, open places. It was recorded in 10 VDCs. It is also found along the riverbanks, in the edge of agricultural field and in open forest areas. Dhatelo is a common plant of Karnali region and potential plant to uplift the socio economic condition of marginal people. It was documented at Bhagwati, Garkhakot, Khagenkot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ragda, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, and Dhime VDCs
Dhatelo oil can be extracted locally and can be used either as substitute of conventional cooking oil or traded of cosmetic purpose. The demand of Dhatelo oil is emerging with the expanded market preference for natural products.
6.12 Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Bael (Eng: Bael Fruit tree, Family: Rutaceae) is a deciduous thorny tree about 15 m high. Leaves stalked, alternate, trifoliate, leaflets ovate to lanceolate. Flowers white in sub terminal panicles. Fruits yellowish, globose, with woody rind and sweet pulp. Flowers March‐May, fruits March‐June the following year. Propagated by seeds and root offshoots.
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Distributed throughout Nepal from Terai to 1100m, apparently wild in open, dry places and planted around villages.It was documented at Sima and Bhur VDCs of Jajarkot district.
Pulp of ripe fruit is eaten fresh or mixed with cold water to prepare juice. Government of Nepal has launched One Village One Product Program and is supporting Bael products in Sindhuli and Bardiya districts. Similarly, few private companies are involved in the production of Bael juice. In Bardiya, communities collect Bael from community forests and sold to Bael factory at Rs 4 per kg (PAC, 2010).
Leaves are offered to Shiva in religious functions and are also used as fodder, especially for goats. The gummy substance around the seed is used as an adhesive. The root, stem, leaves and fruit all have medicinal values. Juice of root is given for fever. Wood ash is applied to swollen parts of the body. Juice of bark is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves are astringent, digestive, febrifuge and laxative. Fruits are astringent, digestive and used to treat stomachic.
6.13 Lokta (Daphne bholua, D. papyracea)
Two species of Lokta (Eng: Nepali Paper Plant, Family: Thymelaeaceae) are commonly in trade in Nepal, Daphne bholua and D. papyracea. D. bholua (Seto Lokta) is erect or spreading evergreen or deciduous, less branched shrub, found within the altitude of 1800‐3100m. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, entire dull green leathery, with very sweet scented white flowers flushed externally pink or purplish. Fruit ellipsoid, black when ripe.
D. papyracea (Kalo Lokta) is evergreen, much branched and found within the altitude of 1500m to 2100m. Leaves dull green narrow lanceolate to oblanceolate leathery leaves and with scented white or greenish white flowers borne in terminal clusters with persistent hairy bracts. Fruits small and fleshy, orange colored at first and later deep red when fully ripe.
Lokta is found distributed more gregariously in the moist conifer and temperate Himalaya. Both Kalo and Seto Lokta were available at Dhime, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Paink and Garkhakot VDCs. Kalo Lokta was documented from Kortang also. The plant is reported in higher density in the study area and it has good potential for future harvesting and processing.
There is not commercial harvesting of Lokta (except in Majkot) and domestic use is not so intense. Some people harvest it by cutting immature plants randomly without retaining the sufficient numbers for future supply and regeneration. The existing stock may be affected by
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the increased disturbances in forest ecosystem as the plant requires unique environments to thrive.
Inner bark of Lokta is commercially harvested for the manufacture of Nepalese handmade paper. Handmade paper from Lokta is the fifth highest exporting commodity amongst the handicraft sector.
6.14 Bojho (Acorus calamus)
Bojho (Eng: Sweet Flag, Family: Araceae) is a perennial herb. It is semi‐aquatic, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes, growing wild and also cultivated. The plant thrives best in marshy and moist places. The plant is grown in clayey loams and light alluvial soils of river banks and streams. It has been cultivated in some villages in study region for domestic use only. The dried rhizomes are considered to possess anti‐spasmodic, carminative and anthelmintic properties, and are used for the treatment of host of diseases such as epilepsy and other mental ailments, chronic diarrhea and dysentery, bronchial catarrh, intermittent fevers and glandular and abdominal tumors.
Bhojo was documented at Ramidanda, Paink, Bhagwati, Khagenkot, Ragda, Rokayagaun, Dhime and Garkhakot VDCs. It can be infer that the plant is poorly distributed, mostly near human settlements and water sources. However, the plant has a high potentiality for commercial cultivation in selected areas.
6.15 Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi)
Rittha (Eng: Soap nut, Family: Sapindaceae) is a deciduous tree, reaching height of 25m. It is one of the most important trees of tropical and sub‐tropical regions of Asia. The bark of Rittha is shinning gray and fairly smooth when the plant is young. Rittha leaves are long stalked odd pinnate. Ritha flowers during summer. The flowers are small and greenish white, polygamous and mostly bisexual in terminal thyrses or compound cymose panicles. These are sub‐sessile; numerous in number and at times occur in lose panicles at the end of branches. The fruit appears in July‐August and ripens by November‐December. These are solitary globose, round nuts 2 to 2.5 cm diameter, fleshy, saponaceous and yellowish brown in color.
The species is widely grown in upper reaches of the Indo‐Gangetic plains, Siwaliks and sub‐Himalayan tracts at altitudes from 200m to 1500m. It was documented from Bhur VDC.
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The dried fruit of Ritha is most valuable part of the plant. Its fleshy portion contains saponin, which is a good substitute for washing soap and is as such used in preparation of quality shampoos, detergents, etc. Skin of the fruit is highly valued by the rural folks as a natural produced shampoo for washing their hair. Ritha foliage can be used as cattle fodder. The fruit is of considerable importance for its medicinal value as well. Ayurvedic, Unani and Tibetan systems of medicine consider it to be useful for treating a number of diseases like common cold, pimples, epilepsy, constipation, nausea, etc. It is also used as expectorant and anthelmintic in small doses.
There is limited trade of this species, mainly due to low production. Though not have immediate market potential, this plant needs to be conserved and cultivated for use and potential.
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CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Conclusion
Jajarkot harbors rich diversity of NTFP resources due to wide altitudinal variation. Considering the fact, WUPAP commissioned the “Assessment and Profile Preparation of High Valued NTFPs of Jajarkot District”. The survey was conducted in 13 out of 30 VDCs of Jajarkot distirct, covering east, west, north, south and middle zone. The study was concentrated to three distinct ecological zones: tropical and sub tropical, temperate and sub alpine.
A total of 248 species falling under 95 species were recorded from 13 surveyed VDCs. 142 species were recorded from Garkhakot VDC, followed by Paink with 138 species. Most of the high valued NTFPs and MAPs were incorporated despite the limited time frame and other constraints. The research was comprehensive in the sense that all the NTFPs (both traded and non tradable) were recorded and documented during the survey.
Out of 38 listed NTFPs, Lokta, Allo, Samayo, Kaulo, Timur, Dhatelo, Chiuri and Bael are the most promising NTFPs of the district and holds tremendous potentiality for enterprise development. Jhyau are collected from the entire VDCs and traded raw.
Most of the local communities of the study areas are unaware about the use and benefits of NTFPs available in the nearby forests and their farm lands except for fuelwood, timber and fodder.
Resource assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot district using the inventory parameters revealed that there are tremendous potentialities for the cultivation, harvesting, value addition and marketing of prioritized NTFPs. The local communities are more curios for the promotion of NTFPs which would support their livelihood.
Enterprise development potentialities assessment in Jajarkot revealed that, there are immense potentialities of enterprise set up for the product lines as edible oil expelling, herbal drinks/juice making, organic insecticide/pesticide, cultivation of NTFPs, collective marketing centre for crude herbs and NTFPs and essential oils extraction (Valerian and Zanthoxylum oil) in various locations of Jajarkot district.
For genesis, operation and growth of forest based enterprise in Jajarkot; a biologically sustainable harvesting mechanism should be prepared for each community forests, leasehold forests and government forests. Moreover, some factors that contribute to or hinder the genesis, operation and growth of enterprises should be taken into account. These include: awareness raising, technical assistance, financial support, marketing support, marketing outlets, community characteristics, natural resource base, technology, policy factors, enterprise consequences and natural resource conservation.
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In conclusion, the communities’ motivation towards entrepreneurship, institutionalization of user groups (FUGs) and regulatory mechanisms for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs would definitely create the income generating opportunities and would assist in the conservation of biodiversity, and reduction of poverty in Jajarkot district.
7.2 Recommendations
Local communities play crucial role for the conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFPs in Jajarkot district. Conservation and sustainable management are the ever raised issues, but why and how to conserve and manage are the big questions challenging ever. Therefore, following steps are recommended for addressing conservation and livelihood issues of local communities in Jajarkot:
1. Awareness programs (workshops, exhibitions, exposure visits, and demonstration of the products) on the importance of NTFPs; conservation and sustainable utilization, cultivation and harvesting at local level need to be conducted.
2. Capacity building/strengthening the concerned FUGs on institutional development, governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management, record keeping, benefit sharing mechanism etc. should be initiated.
3. Field based training package on NTFPs promotion; time and technique of collection, local processing technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, and cultivation of major NTFPs should be conducted.
4. Development of biological sustainable harvesting system; block rotation system preferable for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system should be prepared for each user groups.
5. Detailed assessment of the potential enterprises that can be set up in the district should be conducted in collaboration with various user groups.
6. Feasibility study on market linkage, technology transfer, equipments and availability of skill manpower should be conducted for each product line.
7. Micro‐credit facilities should be provided for the initiation of small scale enterprises and financial and operational support should be provided for the medium scale consortium enterprise/ cooperative model.
8. Initiation for the management and conduction of pilot model enterprise preferably, herbal incense, juice making, essential oil production, Lokta for paper making and Allo and Hemp processing for weaving clothes.
9. Formation of committee/ organization for providing necessary technology, seeds/seedlings to farmers.
10. Establishment of marketing information system (MIS) on NTFPs at Jajarkot Khalanga and Paink VDCs.
11. Formation of collective marketing centre/ cooperative for marketing NTFPs / NTFPs products in Khalanga.
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References
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Annex: List of Plant species recorded (Sorted by Common/ Local Names)
SN Common/ Local Name Scientific Name
1 Abijalo Drymaria diandra
2 Ainjeru Dendrophthoe falcata
3 Ainselu Rubus ellipticus 4 Akarkara Anacyclus sp 5 Akashbeli Cuscuta reflexa 6 Aksechuk Rheum australe 7 Allo Girardinia diversifolia 8 Ander Ricinus communis 9 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 10 Bael Aegle marmelos 11 Bains Salix babylonica 12 Bajradanti Potentilla fulgens 13 Bakainu Melia azederach
14 Bakhre ghas Desmodium multiflorum
15 Balu Sida rhombifolia 16 Ban gulab Rosa macrophylla 17 Ban gulab Rosa sericea 18 Ban gulab Rosa webbiana 19 Ban Phanda Lantana camara 20 Ban phapar Fagopyrum diabotrys 21 Ban silam Elsholtzia blanda 22 Ban tarul Dioscorea deltoidea 23 Banjh Quercus lanata
24 Banjh Quercus leucotrichophora
25 Banmara Eupatorium adenophorum
26 Banmula Dipsacus inermis 27 Bansuli Thalictrum foliolosum28 Batulopate Cissampelos pareira 29 Bayar Zizyphus mauritiana 30 Beuli Trifolium repens 31 Bhalayo Rhus wallichii
32 Bhalayo Semecarpus anacardium
33 Bhale chiraito Swertia angustifolia
34 Bhalu aainselu Rubus hoffmeisterianus
35 Bhango Cannabis sativa
36 Bhogate Maesa macrophylla 37 Bhoj Patra Betula utilis 38 Bhorla Bauhinia vahlii 39 Bhuin kafal Fragaria nubicola 40 Bhujetro Butea minor 41 Bhutkesh Selinum tenuifolium 42 Bilaune Maesa chisia 43 Bojho Acorus calamus
44 Boke timur Zanthoxylum nepalense
45 Bot Dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora
46 Buki phul Gnaphalium affine 47 Chari amilo Oxalis corniculata
48 Chimal Rhododendron barbatum
49 Chiraito Swertia chirayita
50 Chiuri Diploknema butyracea
51 Chulesi Osbeckia stellata 52 Chumlani Skimmia laureola 53 Chutro Berberis aristata 54 Chutro Berberis asiatica 55 Chutro Berberis wallichiana 56 Chyali Chesneya cuneata 57 Chyau Ganoderma lucidum
58 Dabdabe Symplocos ramosissima
59 Dangdinge Acanthopanax cissifolius
60 Dar/ Githa Boehmeria rugulosa 61 Daruhaldi Mahonia napaulensis
62 Dativan Achyranthes bidentata
63 Dhasingre/ Kalo angeri
Gaultheria fragrantissima
64 Dhatelo Prinsepia utilis 65 Dhature phul Datura suaveolens 66 Dhayaro Woodfordia fruticosa 67 Dhupjadi Jurinea dolomiaea
68 Dhusure Colebrookea oppositifolia
69 Dimmur/ Dimmar Benthamidia capitata
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70 Dudhilo Ficus neriifolia 71 Fusure Lindera pulcherrima 72 Gai sarro Hedychium spicatum 73 Gai tihare Inula cappa
74 Galainchi/ Choya phul Plumeria rubra
75 Gandhe Ageratum conyzoides 76 Ghagar Species 1 77 Ghangaru Pyracantha crenulata 78 Gittha Dioscorea bulbifera 79 Gobre salla Abies spectabilis 80 Gogan Saurauia napaulensis 81 Gol Kankri Coccinia grandis 82 Guchi chyau Morchella sp 83 Gunyeli Elaeagnus parvifolia 84 Hadchur Viscum album 85 Halhale Rumex hastatus
86 Hatajadi Dactylorhiza hatagirea
87 Indrajau/ Ban Khirro
Holarrhena pubescens
88 Jai Jasminum humile 89 Jhingano Eurya acuminata 90 Jhyau Lobaria sp 91 Jhyau Parmelia sp 92 Jhyau Usnea longissima 93 Juhule sallo Picea smithiana 94 Junge lahera Clematis alternata 95 Junge lahera Clematis buchaniana 96 Junge lahera Clematis montana
97 Kadam Neolamarckia cadamba
98 Kafal Myrica esculenta 99 Kalo siris Albizia chinensis 100 Kamale Unidentified sp 101 Kangarate Anemone rivularis
102 Kanike Kuro Cynoglossum zeylanicum
103 Kaptase Anemone vitifolia 104 Kathe kaulo Persea gamblei 105 Kathe lahero Hedera nepalensis 106 Kaulo Persea odoratissima 107 Khajuriya Phoenix acaulis 108 Khanyu Ficus semicordata 109 Khar ghas Imperata sp
110 Khareto Hypericum uralum
111 Khasru Quercus semecarpifolia
112 Khayar Acacia catechu 113 Khiraula Lilium nepalense
114 Khiraunla Polygonatum cirrhifolium
115 Khiraunla Polygonatum verticillatum
116 Khirro Sapium insigne
117Kholme/ Kharane Symplocos pyriifolia
118 Khote salla Pinus roxburghii 119 Kimu Morus alba 120 Kituki/ Ketuki Agave cantula 121 Koiralo Bauhinia purpurea 122 Kukur daino Smilax ferox 123 Kukur daino smilax orthoptera 124 Kukur daino smilax sp
125 Kurilo Asparagus racemosus
126 Kyamuna Cleistocalyx operculata
127 Lahare timur Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum
128 Lali guras Rhododendron arboreum
129 Lauth salla Taxus wallichiana 130 Lokhta Daphne bholua 131 Lokhta Daphne papyracea 132 Lukuli Luculia gratissima 133 Machhyan Coriaria napalensis 134 Majitho Rubia manjith
135 Makhe mauro Boenninghausenia albiflora
136Malagiri/ Sugandhakokila
Cinnamomum glaucescens
137 Mallato Macaranga pustulata 138 Malo Viburnum mullaha 139 Mauwa Engelhardia spicata 140 Mayal Pyrus pashia 141 Mitho nim Murraya koenigii 142 Mujuro Impatiens sulcata
143 Nagbeli Lycopodium clavatum
144 Nagbeli Lycopodium
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phlegmeria
145 Nigalo Drepanostachyum falcatum
146 Ninejadi Iris clarkei 147 Ninejadi Iris hookeriana
148 Nune/ Nundhiki Osyris wightiana
149 Okhar Juglans regia 150 Okhre ghas Corydalis sp 151 Paiyin Prunus cerasoides 152 Pakhanved Bergenia ciliata 153 Palouri Brassaiopsis sp 154 Pangar/Pangra Aesculus indica 155 Phalant Quercus glauca 156 Phirphire Acer oblongum
157 Rachan/ Rakchan
Daphniphyllum himalense
158 Raklamul Geranium wallichianum
159 Raktanyaule jhar Persicaria capitata
160 Rani salla Pinus wallichiana 161 Rittha Sapindus mukorossi 162 Saaj Terminalia alata
163 Sahadeva sahadevi Ainsliaea latifolia
164 Sajwan/ Ratanjoto Jatropha curcas
165 Sakhino Campylotropis speciosa
166 Sal/ Sakhuwa Shorea robusta 167 Samayo Valeriana jatamansii
168 Sarpa makai/ Banku Arisaema costatum
169 Sarpa makai/ Banku Arisaema griffithii
170 Sarpa makai/ Banku Arisaema tortuosum
171 Satuwa Paris polyphylla 172 Saur Betula alnoides 173 Seto ghas Anaphalis busua
174 Seto jai Jasminum dispermum
175 Simal Bombax ceiba 176 Simalee Vitex negundo 177 Sindure/ Rohini Mallotus philippensis
178 Siris Albizia julibrissin 179 Sisnu Urtica dioica 180 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo
181 Sungava Dendrobium aphyllum
182 Sungure kanda Circium sp 183 Sungure kanda Cirsium falconeri 184 Syundi Euphorbia royleana 185 Tapre jhar Mazus surculosus
186 Telparo/ Fitfiya Sarcococca hookeriana
187 Thakal Argemone mexicana 188 Thingure salla Tsuga dumosa 189 Thinke Ilex excelsa 190 Thotne Aconogonum molle 191 Thulo ausadhi Astilbe rivularis 192 Tilailo Acer caesium 193 Tilailo Acer sp
194 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum
195 Tite/ Asare Viburnum erubescens 196 Titepati Artemisia indica 197 Tukee phul Taraxacum officinale 198 Tuni Toona ciliata 199 Utis Alnus nepalensis 200 Anemone tetrasepala 201 Arnebia benthami 202 Aster himalaicus 203 Calanthe tricarinata 204 Caltha palustris 205 Capparis zeylanicum 206 Colocasia fallax
207 Cotoneaster microphyllus
208 Debregeasia longifolia
209 Debregeasia salicifolia
210 Elsholtzia eriostachya 211 Elsholtzia fruticosa 212 Euphorbia wallichii 213 Gentianella sp 214 Geum elatum 215 Heracleum candicans 216 Indigofera sp
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217 Ipomoea purpurea 218 Lonicera myrtillus
219 Meconopsis paniculata
220 Morina sp 221 Neolitsea cuipala 222 Neolitsea pallens 223 Nepeta nervosa 224 Peperonia tetraphylla
225 Piptanthus nepalensis
226 Pleione hookeriana 227 Potentilla fruticosa 228 Primula denticulata 229 Primula floribunda
230 Ranunculus brotherusii
231 Rhododendron campanulatum
232 Rhododendron lepidotum
233 Ribes orientale 234 Roscoea alpina 235 Roscoea purpurea 236 Rumex crispus 237 Salix calyculata 238 Salix sp 239 Saussurea sp 240 Smilacina purpurea 241 Sorbaria tomentosa 242 Sorbus cuspidata
243 Unidentified Tree, P10064
244 Unidentified Tree, P10065
245 Vanda sp
246 Viburnum cylindricum
247 Viburnum grandiflorum
248 Viola wallichiana