assesment of strategic solid waste management a case …
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ASSESMENT OF STRATEGIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
A CASE OF SELECTED MARKETS INKIAMBU COUNTY
BY
PHYLLIS W MUIRURI
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-AFRICA
SUMMER, 2017
ii
ASSESMENT OF STRATEGIC SOLIDWASTE MANAGEMENT
A CASE OF SELECTED MARKETS IN KIAMBU COUNTY
BY
PHYLLIS W MUIRURI
A Research Project Submitted to the Chandaria School of Business in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters in Business
Administration (MBA)
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-AFRICA
SUMMER 2017
iii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any
other collage, institution or university other than the United States International
University in Nairobi for academic credit.
Signed: Date:
Phyllis W Muiruri (649211)
This project has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed
supervisor.
Signed: Date:
Dr. Juliana M Namada
Signed: Date:
Dean, Chandaria School of Business
iv
COPYRIGHT
No part of this research project may be copied or transferred in any form or by any means
either through electronic, magnetic tape or physical form including photocopying, footage
on any information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the
author.
Copyright by: Phyllis Wanjiru Muiruri, 2017.
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ABSTRACT
Solid Waste Management is one of the major challenges facing urban centers mainly in
cities, market places, towns and some settlements in most of the developing countries.
Solid waste arising from domestic, social and industrial activities is increasing in quantity
and variety as a result of growing population, rising standards of living and development
of technology. When basic services such as waste collection and disposal are inadequate,
problems associated with poor solid waste management such as land and water pollution,
blocking of access ways, reduced aesthetics of the environment, health related problems
and loss of revenue among others spring up.
This research study was done to assess the solid waste management practices in Kiambu
County, specifically in major markets within the County. There have been various
research studies carried out to assess the management of municipal solid
wastesystemsacross the world and in Kenya but nothing much has been done to assess the
municipal solid waste management in Kiambu County specifically in the market places.
The research focused on identifying the factors contributing to ineffective municipal solid
wastemanagement, Municipal solid waste systems,modern municipal waste and sanitation
strategies, and publicprivate partnerships for sustainable municipal waste and sanitation
management.The study employed a descriptive survey design,quantitative and qualitative
research approaches and covered a target population of 3000 stakeholders of the markets
with a sample size of 353 respondents.
The study found that solid waste management in Kiambu markets was influenced by the
systems and approaches used to control waste generation and recycling, political
prioritization, county support, legal framework and the members of the public. The study
also found that existing systems on waste generation and storage lacked waste separation
options to facilitate easy waste management while the waste disposal guidelines were
partially implemented. The county had not pursued fully integrated waste management
strategy, treatment approach of waste management, public-private partnership strategies
and enforcement to manage solid waste.
The study concluded that waste management in Kiambu County was affected by nine
composite factors which depended on the political goodwill, the control and generation of
the wastes, the support from the county government, legal framework, level of awareness,
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the corporation of the market vendors and political interference. Secondly, the County
systems of waste disposal were ineffective and had loopholes especially on house hold
system. Lastly, the county did not use integrated approach in solid waste management,
treatment approach and public-private linkages. The enforcement of the guidelines was
done moderately.
The study recommended that the County reviews the existing waste generation control
systems with a view of sealing any loopholes which could interfere with the effectiveness
of waste management in Kiambu markets and initiate training programs on waste
management among the market vendors to equip them with skills on waste
management.On the systems of waste disposal, the study recommended that household
waste management system be developed to ensure waste was well managed from the
source to disposal and laws on the waste management be fully enforced. Lastly, the
county needs to develop new strategies of waste management such as incorporating an
integrated waste management system to include waste milling, training, dumpsite
management, involving market vendors and management and outsourcing waste
management services under public-private partnerships as well as involvement of market
management staff in enforcement.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank God the almighty father in heaven for providing me with good
health and perseverance while carrying out this research study. I wish to appreciate
everybody who gave me support and offered me assistance. I would like to thank my
supervisor Dr. Juliana M Namada who guided throughout the research process and
always giving me direction on what to incorporate. I thank my family and friends for their
patience, understanding and willingness to support me with my project. Special thanks to
Erikson Kimiti Kibui-Ict Officer USIU and James Nduati for always being ready to assist
me.
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this research project to my father the late John Muiruri Gathairu for instilling
discipline and giving me support all through my education both financially and much
needed moral support and his wish to seeing me achieve the highest level of education
which would help me bring an impact to the society. May his soul continue resting in
peace.
I also dedicate this project to my lovely mother Elizabeth Gathoni Muiruri who has
continually stood by me, believed in me and prayed for me all through my life and for
giving me hope and moral support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENT‟S DECLARATI……………………………………………………………...iii
COPYRIGHT……………………………………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………....v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………….vii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………….viii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….xi
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………...xii
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS…………………………………………………..xiii
CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………..1
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Background of the Problem………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………...6
1.3 Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………..7
1.4 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………7
1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………...7
1.6 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………………….8
1.7 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………………...8
1.8 Chapter Summary…………………………………………………………………..9
CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………...10
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………10
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..10
2.2 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management……………………………………...10
2.3 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste……………………………………….16
2.4 Modern Municipal Waste Management Strategies………………………………..21
2.5 Waste Management through Partnerships…………………………………………24
2.6 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………….26
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CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………………………..27
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………27
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….27
3.2 Research Design…………………………………………………………………..27
3.3 Population and Sampling Design………………………………………………….28
3.4 Data Collection Methods………………………………………………………….30
3.5 Research Procedure……………………………………………………………….31
3.6 Data Analysis Methods……………………………………………………………32
3.7 Ethical Considerations of the Study………………………………………………32
3.8 Chapter Summary…………………………………………………………………32
CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………….34
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING…………………………………………34
4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….34
4.2 Response Rate…………………………………………………………………….34
4.3 General Information………………………………………………………………34
4.4 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County………………...38
4.5 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste in Kiambu County………………….50
4.6 Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County……………………….56
4.7 Chapter summary…………………………………………………………………62
CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………..63
5.0 SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………….63
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………63
5.2 Summary of the Findings………………………………………………………...63
5.3 Discussion of the Findings……………………………………………………….64
5.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….71
5.5 Recommendations……………………………………………………………….72
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………...75
APPENDIX I: INTRODUCTION LETTER…………………………………………..84
APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………………………………...85
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4: 1 Response Rate ................................................................................................... 34
Table 4: 2 Number of years of formal education ............................................................... 37
Table 4: 3 Name of the markets ......................................................................................... 37
Table 4: 4 Waste disposal and collection among the respondents ..................................... 38
Table 4: 5 Descriptive statistics on the Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in
Kiambu County .................................................................................................................. 39
Table 4: 6 Component Factor Loadings............................................................................. 39
Table 4: 7 Composite factors affecting solid waste management in Kiambu County ...... 41
Table 4: 8 Communalities table of the factors affecting waste management in Kiambu
County ................................................................................................................................ 47
Table 4: 9 Total factor variances ....................................................................................... 49
Table 4: 10 Current systems of disposing solid waste in Kiambu County ........................ 51
Table 4: 11Key: On the current systems of disposing wastes ........................................... 53
Table 4: 12 Suggestions on how to improve current system of waste disposal ................. 55
Table 4: 13 Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County ............................. 56
Table 4: 14 Suggestions on strategies on waste management ........................................... 61
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4. 1 Age of the respondents .................................................................................... 35
Figure 4. 2 Gender of the respondents ............................................................................... 36
Figure 4. 3 Education status of the respondents ................................................................ 36
Figure 4. 4 Screen Plot ....................................................................................................... 50
Figure 4. 5 Current systems of disposing solid waste in Kiambu County ......................... 52
Figure 4. 6 Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County .............................. 58
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ABBREVIATIONS& ACRONYMS
CBD: Central Business District
CBO: Community-Based Organization
EMAC: Environmental Management and Coordination Act
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
ETEU: Economic, Trade and Environmental Unit
ISWMS: Integrated Solid Waste Management System
KESHP: Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy
LCA: Life-Cycle Assessment
LGA: Local Government Area
LHV: Lower Heating Value
MAUT: Multi Attribute Utility Theory
MSSA: Model of Source Separation Activity
MSW: Municipal Solid Waste
MSWM: Municipal Solid Waste Management
NEMA: National Environment Management Authority
NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations
RBF: Results Based Financing
RSCM: Reverse Supply Chain Management
SW: Solid Waste
SWM: Solid Waste Management
UN: United Nations
WENR: Water, Environment, and Natural Resources
WHO: World Health Organization
WM: Waste Management
WMZs: Waste Management Zone
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
Solid waste is generated from the day to day activities and its disposal has been a great
challenge for the authorities concerned across different countries in the world. Increased
industrialization and globalization has led to production of many goods and through trade
they are in huge circulation, this and the rising human population has increased
generation of waste (Muniafu & Otiato, 2010). Solid waste management is the systematic
running of activities that offer source separation, storage, collection, transportation,
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste. The objective of SWM is
essentially the efficient use of resources in the process of managing waste materials
(Pillai & Shah, 2014).
SWM looks into both immediate and long-term action and management strategies,
integrating aspects of public health, economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
environmental protection in all the functional components (Badgie et al., 2012). There are
quite a number of research on waste management that have been carried out with the aim
of coming up with effective strategic solid waste management however as Bagire &
Namada, (2015) points out, there is a mis-link between African research output and
implementation because of the inability of end users to absorb and apply the research
findings. Further they argue that African growth has stunted for lack of strategic
management models with this view, it‟s crucial to have a well-designed strategic
management model for waste management.
In developing countries waste management often emerges as a problem that endangers
human health and the environment (Muchangos et al., 2014). Environmental destruction
not only emanates from the amount of waste generated but also from the way the wastes
are disposed (Choe & Fraser, 1999). Uncollected wastes by the road side causes foul
odor, drain blockage, invites scavengers, general public nuisance and become good
breeding site for insects (Sharma et al., 2007). The objective of waste management, is to
contribute to a healthy and sustainable environment in the society (Jovovic & Ragossing,
2016).
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Leton & Omotosho (2004) defines Solid wastes as non-liquid and nongaseous products of
human activities, regarded as being useless. It could take the forms of refuse, garbage and
sludge. Further the solid waste can be characterized as non-hazardous and hazardous,
which can be biodegradable or non- biodegradable. Non-hazardous waste is mainly
biodegradable in nature and includes waste such as household food waste, animal and
farm wastes. As Oyelola & Babatunde (2008) points out, solid waste is used to describe
non-liquid waste material arising from domestic, trade, commercial and public services.
According to WHO (1984) there are eight major classifications of solid waste generators:
residential, industrial, agricultural, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition,
municipal services and process.
Solid waste if not well managed and well-disposed can take up ample space that could
have been used for other essential purposes. Waste management system that integrates all
actors‟ right from waste generation stage up to waste disposal stage should be put in place
(Ikebude, 2017). Numerous factors contribute to the failure of effective service provision
of waste management by the local authorities including lack of adequate support by the
central government, poor and inflexible resource base, lack of proper equipment‟s, lack of
qualified staff, poor intra relationships and policy failure due to poor implementation
(Bubba & Lamba, 2004). Solid waste (SW) is also known as urban solid waste or garbage
or trash and includes discarded material like paper, plastic, cans, glass, metal, dirt, ash,
dead animals, etc., and is usually collected by local government authorities.
Evaluation of Solid Waste Management Strategies in the Taipei Metropolitan by, Lin et
al., (2006) indicates that economic optimization for solid waste management system
planning was first used during the late 1960s. Lately, substantial research efforts have
been directed towards the development of economic-based optimization models for solid
waste flow/allocation from sources to treatment facilities, such as waste recycling
stations, incinerators, landfills, and disposal facilities. In China, some ideal management
philosophies have been put forward: regional optimization, long-term optimization, and
integrated treatment/disposal optimization. According to these philosophies, an optimal
SW management model for regional small cities is developed and provides a useful
method to manage SW from regional small cities (Li et al., 2004).
3
Rao & Prabhakar (2013), introduced the following methods for waste minimization;
Waste segregation at source, reusing, recycling materials, and practicing good
housekeeping Likewise, Vigneswaran et al. (1999) and Babu et al. (2009) inferred
enhanced housekeeping, changing technological processes, changing product, changing
input material, and recovering by-products. Furthermore, methods such as inventory
control, raw material modification, product modification, production process
modification, changing packaging, and equipment modification were introduced (Clelland
et al., 2000). The problem of SWM is more in many underdeveloped African countries
due to lack of the following practices; awareness, education, resources, technology and
finance which often results into open dumping, low collection and uncontrolled
incineration of wastes.
In countries like Ethiopia, municipality of particular cities and towns are responsible for
SW but inadequate management results in dumping, scattering and accumulation of
wastes across the roadsides, market places, river/stream banks, empty plots (Mulu &
Legesse, 2005; Sharma et al., 2011). There are three key sources of waste as classified:
residential waste, municipal services waste (such as street and park cleaning waste), and
institutional and commercial waste (Nie & Wang, 2001). The total of municipal waste
generated comprises of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and
disposed of through the waste management system. For areas not covered by a municipal
waste collection scheme the amount of waste generated is estimated. Waste from
agriculture and industry are not included.
Different Theoretical framework of sustainable solid waste management has been adopted
and applied across different countries in the world for example the most recent Reverse
Supply Chain Management (RSCM) model entails using networks which transported the
products towards consumers collect end of life products and used products for reuse or for
proper disposal (Chetan & Patil , 2016). According to Stock and Mulki, (2009) there are
four Steps of Reverse Supply Chain namely; Receiving is the quantity and quality of end
of life product or returned products; Processing is how the end of life products/returned
products are collected; Sorting of end of life products/returned products and lastly
Disposition is how end of use products are disposed. Skinner et al., (2008) established
that end of life products are either repaired, reprocessed, used in remanufacturing or
destroyed.
4
Model of source separation activity (MSSA) entails separation of solid waste into various
categories at the source generation according to the different characteristics of each
material before further treatment (Yang et al., 2011). Limited studies have been done to
gauge the usage of source separation activity or the separation actor itself, and even fewer
quantification studies have been carried out. There are four well known environmental
behavior theories namely; the theory of normative behavior (Schwartz, 1977) the theory
of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen,
1985) and the attitudes-behaviors-conditions theory (Guagnano et al., 1975) which
explain the different relationships between environmental behavior and the factors
influencing such behavior. However, they have not given a quantitative calculation or
provided an explanation of the mechanism responsible for these behaviors.
Regional optimization model, long-term optimization model, and integrated
treatment/disposal optimization model are useful models that can also be used to manage
solid waste (Li, et al., 2004). According to Chang et., al (1977), regionalization programs
ordinarily obtain substantial attention in solid waste management systems, because they
hold the benefits of (1) a large-scale, regionalized solid waste management system,
including recycling centers, waste-to-energy plants, transfer stations, and disposal sites,
which can achieve economies of scale; (2) environmental protection can be achieved
through lower entry costs of pollution prevention because of centralized investments
involving fewer units; (3) fewer facilities requiring regulation and such management
work can be established with greater access by a smaller number of trained professionals;
and (4) energy can be recovered more efficiently
Decision Support Framework model can be used for the evaluation of scenarios for the
integrated management of solid waste within a local government area (LGA). The
objective is to attain sustainable waste management practices by harmonizing global and
regional environmental impacts, social impacts at the local community level, and
economic impacts. The frame work integrates life-cycle assessment (LCA) with other
environmental, social, and economic tools. The framework mainly focuses on decision
analysis and interpretation processes. Multi attribute utility theory (MAUT) is used to
assist with the incorporation of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides
a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent
decisions (Kijak & Moy, 2004).
5
Kiambu County is one of the 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. It is located in the
central region and covers a total area of 2,543.5 with 476.3 under forest cover
according to the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. The county borders
Nairobi and Kajiado Counties to the South, Machakos to the East, Murang„a to the North
and North East, Nyandarua to the North West, and Nakuru to the West. According to the
2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Kiambu County population for 2012/3 was
projected to be 1,766,058 with 873,200 males and 892,857 females. Further, the
population is expected to reach 2,032,464 people by the end of 2017. This is influenced
by the county„s high population growth rate, which is at 2.81 per cent and the influx of
people working in the city who prefer to stay in Kiambu and its environs where there is
less congestion and well developed infrastructure.
The structure of Kiambu is well documented in that we have the Kiambu County
Government and the Kiambu County Assembly just like other counties. The Kiambu
County Government has the governor, deputy governor and executive members who are
the administrators of the county. County Assembly on the other hand comes up with
policies and laws in various sectors to manage the county (NEMA, 2014). They also play
a very crucial role of passing the budget that has been proposed by the county executive
for the running of the county. The proximity of Kiambu County to Nairobi the capital city
of Kenya has seen it grow in terms of population and this has led to an influx and
settlements of people working in the city who prefer to stay in Kiambu and its environs.
This population growth rate has seen rise of waste generated by the county and due to
lack of proper strategic plans to manage it, has seen rise of unpleasant wastes piled up
from time to time across the different sub counties particularly within towns.
The management of municipal solid waste is done by the department of water,
environment, and natural resources (WENR) which has its headquarter in Thika sub-
county and has other offices spread across all the twelve sub-counties (Kiambu, 2015,
n.d.). This research will focus on the management of municipal solid waste in the three
major markets within Kiambu County that is, Kiambu sub county market, Kikuyu sub
county market and Limuru sub county market. It is however imperative to note that the
management of markets however is done by the department of trade, industries, tourism
and cooperatives. The department mainly comes up with policies and procedures of
conducting business within the markets.
6
These markets are seen as a source of employment to many residents within the county
and are also crucial in generating revenue for the County though the tax and levies
collected within the markets. WENR on the other hand is tasked to collect the garbage or
waste generated from the markets (Kiambu, 2015, n.d.). There should therefore be co-
operation between the different departments so as to enhance effective waste and
sanitation within the markets.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Solid waste management has been a challenge for the authorities in third world countries
mainly due to the increasing generation and indiscriminate dumping of waste (Guerrero et
al., 2012). Despite the existence of laws and policies to regulate and guide waste
management, weak implementation and poor practices have led to towns and cities being
overwhelmed by their own waste, therefore affecting public health and the environment
(Buenrostro et al., 2001). Lack of sorting waste, poor infrastructure and lack of legal
enforcement continues to be a challenge (Maton et al., 2016) and this is evident in most of
the developing countries. Further insufficient funds, lack of public awareness and
knowledge, lack of technical and institutional capacity, lack of adequate space for
disposal and lack of political good will has accelerated poor waste management (NEMA,
2014).
Several studies have been conducted on solid waste management. Ikebude (2017) carried
out a feasibility study on SWM with main focus being to establish causes, effect and
possible solutions. Findings indicated that ISWMS was lacking leading to poor solid
waste status. Popoola et al., (2015) examined a planning framework for the location of
solid waste disposal infrastructure through adoption of planning standard however an
analysis revealed the planned clustered distribution led to indiscriminate solid waste
disposal. Maton et al., (2016) study revealed that there is non-sorting, poor infrastructure
and relaxed enforcement by the local authorities in solid waste management. Muniafu &
Otiato (2010) showed that lack of an effective waste management system leads to high
possibilities of negative short and long-term impact. Vyas (2010) study indicate lack of
SWM could have a detrimental effect and there should be efforts to develop a sustainable
approach for managing solid wastes.
Kiambu County has been facing challenges with waste management specifically on the 12
sub-counties mainly in major towns and market places as well as in some residential
7
areas. This has greatly affected the attractiveness of some business ventures, the hygiene
and wellbeing of the populace within the affected areas, aesthetics, environment and also
animals. There has been engagement with the private sector through partnership in one of
the former Kangoki dumping site however that is not enough as other solid waste issues
across the entire county have not been well addressed or there has been little emphasis on
effective waste management (News, 2015). While there may be various studies on solid
waste management there is a knowledge gap on the strategic solid waste management that
is sustainable in Kiambu County. Focus of this study will be to identify the causes of poor
solid waste management practices, identify the current waste management system as well
as come up with possible modern strategies that can be implemented in efforts to create a
sustainable solid waste management system within the county.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of strategic solid waste
management in selected markets in Kiambu County.
1.4 Research Questions
The study was guided by the following research questions:
1.4.1 What are the factors affecting solid waste management in Kiambu County?
1.4.2 What are the current systems of disposing solid waste in Kiambu County?
1.4.3 What strategies of solid waste management can be implemented in Kiambu
County?
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.5.1 Researcher and Academicians
The research findings serve an excellent reference of the current systems of solid waste
management and its sustainability within county. The recommendations from the study in
regards to the attainment of sustainable municipal waste management opens up other
new ideas that scholars can further investigate, research and build on.
1.5.2 The County Governments Policy Makers
The research identified gaps in policy enforcement and also poor funding in the solid
waste management systems in the county government of Kiambu County therefore the
policy makers who greatly influence the management and running of the solid waste
8
management shall benefit from findings and recommendations on how to effectively
manage waste through policy implementation and strict law enforcement which would in
turn lead to an effective and sustainable solid waste management and possibly implement
the proposed strategies of solid waste management system.
1.5.3The Kiambu County Management
The study identified gaps that exist in the management of solid waste and unearthed
possible strategies that can be implemented by the management of Kiambu County. In
respect to the identified managerial issues, the senior managerial officials tasked with the
management of solid waste in the county can adopt the proposed methods of improving
the handling of waste as well as strive to implement better systems that have been
proposed.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study was limited to examine only major towns within three sub-counties specifically
Thika Sub-county, Kiambu sub-county and Limuru sub county with the target areas being
the major markets in those sub-counties. This is because Kiambu County has a total of 12
sub counties which face similar issues of solid waste management therefore making the
findings relevant to the other sub-counties also considering the limited time frame of the
research conducted from January 2017 –July 2017 covering the entire county would lead
to rushed research that will not be effective.
1.6 Definition of Terms
1.7.1 Waste
Waste is everything or any material that increases cost without adding value for the
customer and also regarded as obsolete and should be eliminated or discarded (Dahlgaard
et al., 2006).
1.7.2 Solid Waste
This refers to wastes from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals,
which are mainly managed by the municipal or other governmental authorities (Khan &
Ansari, 2010).
9
1.7.3 Solid Waste Management
Application of techniques that will ensure the orderly execution of the functions of
collection, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal waste (Onu et al., 2012).
1.7.4 Recycle
Act of converting waste materials or products into new usable products. Recycling is
done with the aim of preventing waste, environmental pollution and to reduce the
consumption of new materials (Chaplin, 1999).
1.8 Chapter Summary
This chapter discusses an overview of the whole research and how it will be conducted.
The main highlights that have been put forth is the background of the problem that
explains the various theoretical approaches and findings from previous studies, the trends
and gaps related to municipal solid waste management systems have also been discussed,
problem statement that emphasizes on the main problems of the study. The research
questions which will guide the study have been clearly stated also the importance of the
study on various interest groups, scope of the study, definition of terms and abbreviations
have been discussed in depth.
Chapter two seeks to outline : the various factors that affect solid waste management
which are; lack of awareness and knowledge, political influence and lack of good will,
lack of adequate resources, also it will seek to convey the current systems of disposing
solid waste which are ; waste generation and storage systems, household level systems,
collection and transportation system, waste disposal systems and finally discuss the
modern municipal waste management strategies which are; integrated solid waste
management, waste management through treatment approach, public private partnerships
for sustainable municipal waste and sanitation management and finally modern
enforcement standards and regulations.
10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter highlights empirical literature written by accredited scholars and researchers
with reference to the factors that influence solid waste management within urban areas.
This chapter is divided into the following subsections: Factors that affect solid waste
management in Kiambu County, current management systems of disposing solid waste in
Kiambu County and other modern strategies of solid waste management that can be
adopted in Kiambu County.
2.2 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management
2.2.1 Lack of Awareness and Knowledge
There is limited awareness and knowledge on the importance of a clean and healthy
environment within Kiambu County. This has led to poor practices by the Public towards
waste management which has led to environmental pollution. There is poor handling of
waste at the domestic level including lack of segregation, reuse, reduce and recycling. In
addition, negative attitude towards waste management and failure to take individual
responsibility has contributed to poor practices such as littering, illegal dumping and open
burning (Nema, 2014). Kenya National environmental policy (2013) points out that both
formal and informal environmental education is important to changing people‟s attitude
in appreciating environmental concerns.
Formal education is significant in increasing the level of awareness, improving extension
services, and sensitizing people on environmental issues and to build institutional
capacities. Non formal environmental education benefits people outside the formal
education system. Public awareness empowers the public to develop a strong sense of
responsibility on environmental issues (Mutula, 2016). According to AMA, (2006) and
Ayee, (2003) blocked drainage system, undifferentiating waste disposal and overflowing
central waste containers, especially in poor localities is attributed by, poor
conceptualization of sanitation; ignorance and irresponsibility of individuals. This
situation is not any different in Kiambu County where the waste handling by the public is
wanting.
11
A study carried out in India revealed that the lack of awareness and indifference at all
levels also impede improvement leading to lack of proficient, safe management of urban
solid waste (Government of India, 1995). Civic education programs that enlighten the
public on the health implications of indiscriminate refuse disposing/dumping are almost
non-existent (Ikebude, 2017) as a result there is a lot of negligence making it difficult to
control and manage waste generation and disposal with the already limited resources.
Maton et al (2016), while conducting a research on effective solid waste management in
Jabi district in accordance with best practices gave recommendations of having recap
courses and community awareness campaigns on a regular basis. Public awareness on
best ways to manage waste for example should be encouraged from primary to secondary
schools as they are considered best agents of change.
A study conducted in one of Kiambu County towns, in Thika suggested that awareness of
the significance of solid waste management should be established and the overall
inhabitants mobilized where the county government should be the initiator of community
participation (Mutula, 2016). A Comparative study on solid waste management systems
of Maputo City, Mozambique and Chongqing City, China also pointed out flaws in the
management of the solid waste and low public awareness and participation was one of
them in the two cities (Muchangos, 2014). The various studies mentioned above reveal
that attention needs to be given to the awareness of the community so as to come up with
an effective waste management system that will be accepted by the community.
According to Worku & Muchie (2013), awareness campaigns and socioeconomic
incentives could be provided by public organizations and non-governmental organizations
that have a conferred interest in upgrading environmental sanitation and cleanliness. All
interest groups should have an understanding and strive to come together in efforts to
achieve the shared objective of improving the solid waste management. Awareness
campaigns have an impact on the behavior of individuals in regards to how to segregate
waste owing to their environmental concern and the necessity to contribute in solutions
(Guerrero et al., 2012). Solid waste management operational efficiency is influenced by
the active contribution of both the municipal agency and the citizens, therefore, socio
cultural aspects mentioned by some scholars include people participating in decision
making (Sharholy et al., 2008).
12
2.2.2 Political Influence and Lack of Good Will
Political good will is key to the vital attainment of suitable waste management in the
country. Unfortunately, the waste management plan has not been prioritized, leading to
poor investments and funding (Nema, 2014). There is a significant relationship of policy,
politics and the management of the solid waste and hence should be aligned to bring forth
best management practices. Chaplin (2011), pointed out that many resolutions relating to
state allocation of funds and implementation of new projects and schemes is greatly
influenced by political agendas rather than being based on development needs and
technical considerations. In Kiambu County, the allocation of budget towards waste
management and sanitation has to be approved by the County Assembly and failure to
have support systems of solid waste management leads to effective solid waste
management to being a challenge.
Ikebude (2017), asserts that in order to protect human health and environment from the
possible dangers arising from unsuitable waste management and disposal and be able to
get a fortune out of waste, a systematically overseen and controlled management of waste
is essential through government enactments, enforcement and communication.
Government should support waste collection and disposal systems in every county while
firming up and implementing the appropriate laws (Babayemi & Dauda, 2009).
According to Maton et al., (2016), there is destitute state of solid waste management in
the community due to poor government approach in provision of the necessary services
and also the private sector driven approach is not effective.
Solid wastes have become problematic and have gained a rising political awareness over
the recent years (Amuda et al., 2014). The aggregate volume of solid waste generated in
the world is progressively increasing and every government in the world is presently
concentrating on means to approach the challenges posed by solid waste management
(Schwarz-Herion et al., 2008). However the much needed attention is not very much
applied in the developing countries. Chaplin (1999) contends that demands from middle
class society that enabled the development of sanitary laws/regulations, in Great Britain
and elsewhere in the developed world, which allowed the resolution of
neighborhood/home and city‐wide unhygienic conditions, seem to be lacking in the
developing world.
13
Turner & Hulme (1997) argue that the catastrophe experienced in the delivery of service
in the public sector often results due to lack of a capacity framework on the part of
government in terms of regulatory, administrative, technical and extractive capabilities.
Such inherent weakness could partly be resulting from the fact that government-run
utilities are often subject to “political interference” and/or corruption, especially at the
local level. Policy Gaps in implementation of solid waste management is evident in most
countries with poor governance. Karak et al., (2012) pointed out that in Latin America,
the application of policies to reduce solid waste discharge is still weak and there is more
generation.
The Kenya Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy (2016-2030), which gives
guidelines on solid waste and sanitation management both in the national and at the
county level proposed having an unrelenting political will emphasizing that it is required
at all levels to generate increased public investment, commitment and interest in
sanitation activities towards universal coverage of improved sanitation( KESHP, 2016-
2030). The major setback in political influence is that as much as there are rules and
regulations to govern the solid waste management, there is slow implementation or non-
enforcement. According to Karak (2012), there is need for a political stimulus where solid
waste management must be comprehended as a priority at all levels of government to
create an enabling environment for enforcement and offer a legal framework within
which environmental impact can be implemented.
Muchangos et al., (2014) alludes that, in developing countries and countries with
economies in transition, waste management often surfaces as a difficulty that threatens
human health and the environment and solid waste management is not a major concern on
the political agenda of such countries, as they are besieged with other essential concerns
such as hunger, healthiness problems, water shortages, unemployment and even civil war
(UNEP, 2004, 2002). NEMA (2014), Proposed Preparation of County based waste
management action plans that are consistent with national solid waste management
strategy and other relevant policies municipal waste management under Kiambu County
would be very much effective if there were strong policies which are laid and enforced.
The allocation of resources done at the county level if properly utilized would be very
effective as it enables the clearance of garbage and other methods of handling the waste
and sanitation.
14
2.2.3 Lack of Adequate Resources
Sustainable financing is a key hindrance for municipalities seeking to improve solid waste
management. Municipalities are caught in unpleasant cycle; they are unable to generate
the necessary fee collection rate until they improve service and, conversely, general
public are unwilling to pay for poor service. Policymakers need innovative financing
mechanisms to increase cost recovery levels, and improve service provision and outcomes
in this elementary and critical sector (World Bank, 2014). Lack of prioritizing for waste
management in the counties has led to insufficient budgetary allocation. As a result
management of the entire waste management cycle (collection, transportation and
disposal) is hindered. Low funding has also affected investment in waste management
services and equipment‟s (NEMA, 2014).
According to Ikebude (2017), limited funding is a vital factor swaying management of
waste. The budget of labor, acquisition and repairs of vehicles involved in the collection
and discarding of waste has increased so high that many waste management agencies find
it difficult to collect and properly dispose all the collected waste. One of the major causes
for inefficient SWM systems in the unindustrialized countries is the financial constraint
reason being it is given low priority; except in some few capital and large cities, very
limited resources are provided to the SWM sector by the government. This is particularly
true for the small towns and rural areas, where the local taxation system is inadequately
developed, and therefore the financial basis for public services, including SWM, is very
weak (Wang et al., 2011).
Provision of adequate space for the disposal which is part of SWM is a big challenge. The
county governments are supposed to designate waste disposal sites/facilities within their
areas of jurisdiction. However, the availability of public land for the purpose of a disposal
site remains problematic. In situations where there is availability of land, the adjacent
communities next to the site are opposed to it being set up in their terrace. This is as a
result of poor management of the existing sites which has resulted in dumpsites being
sited on environmentally sensitive areas such as river banks, forests and wetlands.
(NEMA, 2014). Identification of solid waste disposal sites in cosmopolitan settlements is
a challenging task, as this involves physical, socio-economic and environmental factors
(Krishna et al., 2017).
15
According to NEMA (2014) lack of access and waste management infrastructure has led
to absence of collection leading to illegal waste dumping in undesignated areas sites,
streams, rivers and highways. In Nigerian cities, poor waste infrastructure has led to
generated waste remains uncollected for months and garbage collection vehicles make
two trips per day to the disposal sites (Nkwocha et al., 2011; Ogwueleka, 2009). The
situation is further compounded by waste workers being associated to low social status
(Vidanaarachchi et al., 2006) and as a result offers low motivation among the solid waste
employees. In capitals of most African countries, populace has continued to grow without
proportionality to the relevant infrastructural services for example in Nairobi, basic
services such as garbage collection by the City Council is extremely poor, with many
areas never being served or only once in several months ( Muniafu & Otiato, 2010).
There is lack of waste segregation at source leading to mixed wastes which are
collectively disposed of in the dumpsites. Where sorting is done, the problem is
compounded by the lack of compartmentalized vehicles for transportation of the sorted
waste leading to the remixing. This hampers material recovery, reuse, and recycling. The
sorting has largely been relegated to the lowly in society such as the waste pickers and
street urchins (NEMA, 2014). Politicians give low priority to solid waste compared to
other municipal activities (Moghadam et al., 2009) with the end result of limited trained
and skilled personnel in the municipalities (Sharholy et al., 2008).
Positive factors that improve the solid waste system are support from municipal
authorities (Zurbrügg et al., 2005) and strategic plans for waste management that allows
monitoring and evaluating annually (Asase et al., 2009). Kenya is faced by limited
technical proficiencies in waste management which has led to poor management of waste
management facilities and equipment and their failure to attain optimal operating
capacities. There is low adoption of the same by the relevant practitioners. This is as a
result of a number of diverse factors including inadequate financial resources to purchase
the equipments, lack of incentives including tax waivers, resistance to change, lack
awareness, unavailability of land and weak enforcement (NEMA, 2014).
16
2.3 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste
2.3.1 Waste Generation and Storage Systems
Solid waste is generated from domestic places, private and public service amenities,
building and demolition activities as new subdivisions are established (Karak et al.,
2012). Economic growth and globalization have augmented the quantity and quality of
goods that are produced and moved around the world mainly through trade. This has
given rise to the increased generation of waste and because of availability; items are
discarded with no real attachment or need for repair (Muniafu & Otiato, 2010). Rapid
development of towns and cities, industrialization, innovation of technology, urbane
lifestyle, lack of awareness about environment susceptibilities among the general public
are factors which are leading to excessive generation of solid waste (JNNURM, 2012).
Aliu et al., (2014) adds that generation of waste through households, industrial and
commercial activities is a shared challenge that cuts across all capitals facing
globalization. Wang & Nie (2001), suggested that there are Three primary sources of
waste classified as residential waste, public facilities waste (such as street and park
cleaning waste), and institutional and commercial waste. According to NEMA (2014),
majority of the waste generated is at household, market places, cities, towns, institutions
and industrial zones. Guerrero et al., (2013) argued that the quantity of solid waste
generation is typically allied with the economic status of a society.
Economic development besides industrialization, public habits and local climate change
influence the rate of solid waste generation whereby as disposable incomes and living
standards increase, consumption of goods and services congruently increases leading to
high generation of waste as does the amount of waste generated (Hoornweg & Bhada-
Tata , 2012). Urban residents produce about twice as much waste as their rural
counterparts. Generation of waste influenced by seasons due to climatic changes should
be taken into consideration. Quantifying waste generation according to season is a
significant precondition for infrastructure preparation (Da Zhu et al., 2008).
17
López-Toro et al., (2016), points out that generation of solid waste and its handling can
have an undesirable effect on the general public and the environment in the form of water,
soil and air pollution, thus contributing to climate change and affecting ecosystems and
even human health if not well managed. Various approaches of involvement with regards
to solid waste generation and disposal have been offered in municipalities to upgrade the
trend of persistent solid waste on the streetscapes and/or the indiscriminate dumping of
wastes with very little (if any) success recorded ( Maton et al.,2016). Reverse Supply
Chain Management (RSCM) is one of the approaches of managing waste at source
generation where according to Chetan & Patil (2016), the networks which transported the
products towards customers are being used to collect end of life products and used
products for reuse or for proper disposal.
A study conducted in India revealed that there is hardly Storage of waste at source
because of lack of public awareness, motivation, education, lack of civic sense and bad
habits of people to litter, lack of cooperation from households, trade, and commerce, lack
of stringent panel provision, lack of powers to levy spot fines, lack of litter bins in the
city, long distance between community bins and finally resistance to change in attitude
(Da Zhu et al., (2008). Most of the developing countries face similar predicament. NEMA
(2014), in a study of Thika town in Kiambu County, pointed out there are a lot of
prohibited dumping sites within the County and efforts are currently underway to educate
the people on the need for storage of their waste at the facilities and homes awaiting
collection
Da Zhu et al., (2008) contends that storage of waste at the source of its generation is the
first crucial step towards suitable SWM unfortunately, most households, shops, and
institutions discard their waste in inappropriate places and since such waste contains high
levels of biodegradable material, it attracts rodents and stray animals and hence resulting
to the spread of filthiness and disease. Minimization of waste generation from the source
is an effective way of controlling. Mallak et al., (2014) gave suggestions from previous
studies that segregation of waste at source, improve housekeeping, product modification
and redesign packaging, product design and reformulation, product substitution, changing
input material, equipment modification and changing process technology are some of the
ideal methods for reduction and control of waste generation and minimization at source.
18
2.3.2 Household Level systems
Household level systems entail segregation, reuse, and recycling. Reuse is art of
consuming a product more than once, either for the same usage or for another and does
not require reprocessing hence lower energy while recycling entails waste materials being
processed industrially and then transformed into fresh or similar products. It is inclusive
of pre-consumer waste as well as post-consumer waste items (Vyas, 2010). According to
NEMA (2014), waste generator should strive to minimize waste by reducing, reusing,
rejecting, returning waste or by adopting cleaner fabrication technologies; All waste
generated should be segregated at source; The County Governments and the licensed
service providers should provide color coded bags or bins for the segregated waste.
Chetan & Patil (2016) contend that Societies have become more concerned about
conserving the ecosystem for future generations, and how to reduce, reuse and recycle has
become essential.
Muniafu & Otiato (2010) add that there have been efforts by non-governmental
organizations working with the public to recycle waste such as paper, plastic and metals
however that impact remains minimal. A study conducted in Maputo, Mozambique
revealed that reuse of solid waste is common, especially since most households suffer
from severe shortage of money and recycling is undertaken in a limited way due to a
small and undeveloped local market for recyclable materials with the exception of plastics
and ferrous scrap (Muchangos et al., 2014). Many manufacturing companies reuse and
recycle waste materials directly for use as raw materials in their production process where
On-site reuse and recycling includes recycling and reusing at the same place where the
product output originated whereas off-site reuse and recycling is the opposite (Mallak et
al., 2014).
In order to escalate recycling rates, the government should encourage markets for
recycled materials and drive proficiency in recycling companies (Minghua et al., (2009).
According to Da Zhu et al., (2008), Waste is reduced, reused, or recycled in order to
reduce the amount that ends up in landfills and suggests waste should be regarded
potential resource therefore crucial to make the best use of it. Through minimization,
recovery, and recycling, society not only saves scarce resources but also protects the
environment and alleviates the burden on the public authorities that are responsible for
managing waste. The degree of separation influences the total amount of material
19
recycled and the quality of secondary materials that can be supplied (Hoornweg & Bhada-
Tata, 2012).
2.3.3 Collection and Transportation System
The query of what to do with human waste has been of concern to every society and over
time, the concerned local authorities have set up waste collection and disposal systems
(Muniafu & Otiato, 2010). Waste collection entails collection of solid waste from point of
production (residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the point of treatment or
disposal (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata 2012). Collection centers/transfer stations should be
established at strategic areas within a town. They should be fully equipped with waste
receptacles which should either be color coded or labeled with the specific waste stream
to promote waste segregation (NEMA, 2014). This systems has given rise to collection
services both primary and secondary and cut across in various countries.
According to Wilson et al., (2012), Primary collection services is a system that is
common in low and middle-income cities where waste is collected directly from
residential homes or businesses and taken either to communal collection points or to
small transfer stations then transported in larger vehicles to the disposal point. Waste
collection in low income and informal settlements is mainly done by organized groups
and CBOs (NEMA, 2014). In a study carried out in Lahore, Pakistan; Waste collection is
carried out either in primary or secondary collection where primary collection is door-to-
door collection of waste from households by either the private firms or the informal waste
collectors. Secondary collection which is the most applied method, is collection of waste
from the communal waste containers placed at various locations in the city (Masood et
al., 2014).
There are various forms of transportation or carrying of waste to collection points.
Vehicles used for primary collection are often small, including hand, animal or bicycle
drawn vehicles (Wilson et al., 2012). The level of income has a bearing on the collection
of waste. With the low income, there is irregular and inefficient collection of waste
whereby service is limited to high visibility areas, the affluent, and businesses willing to
pay. In middle income, there is better service and increased collection from residential
areas with larger vehicle fleet and more mechanization while in high income compactor
trucks, highly mechanized vehicles and transfer stations are common (Hoornweg
20
&Bhada-Tata, 2012). Lack of adequate funding by counties has led to poor collection and
transportation of waste to dumpsites (NEMA, 2014).
2.3.4 Waste Disposal Systems
Waste disposal data are the most difficult to collect and many countries do not collect
waste disposal data at the national level, making it difficult to compare across income
levels and regions (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Most of the public solid waste
generated is disposed of in open dumpsites across the country and though this is not the
endorsed practice, it is the most common practice (NEMA, 2014). In developing
countries substantial proportion of unban waste is disposed either on the roads, or road
sites, on approved dump sites, in water ways, drainage systems, in open sites which
harmfully affect environmental friendliness that pose various threat that not only does it
adversely affect the Fauna and Flora but also the public health (Ikebude , 2017).
According to Karak et al.,( 2012) the various solid waste disposal management practices
employed in the different countries so far are landfilling, incineration, composting,
recycling or recovery from waste, and open burning. A landfill is also referred to as a
dump site where waste is disposed after collection and transportation (Vyas, 2010).
Studies done on waste disposal in the cities reveal that most cities have open dump sites
without leachate treatment, protection at the bottom by a geo membrane or clay-lined
layer, gases treatment nor other infrastructures needed (Guerrero et al., 2013). The above
methods listed of waste disposal are current however in both developing and developed
countries, the main disposal method of solid waste is landfilling (Karak et al., 2012).
Disposal of waste in Kenya remains a major challenge as most of the counties lack proper
and adequate disposal sites. The few towns that have designated sites practice open
dumping of mixed waste as they lack appropriate machineries and disposal amenities
(NEMA, 2014). According to Karak et al (2012), incineration is an ideal alternative for
disposal and has major advantages such as the volume and mass of solid waste is reduced
to a portion of its original size and it is likely to yield energy recovery; waste reduction is
immediate and not dependent on long biological breakdown reaction times; incineration
amenities can be constructed closer to the solid waste sources or collection points thus
reducing transportation costs; using heat recovery technology, the cost of the process can
be offset by energy sales; and air discharges can be controlled to meet environmental
legislative limit values.
21
2.4 Modern Municipal Waste Management Strategies
2.4.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) which is the modern solid waste
management pattern that has been widely accepted throughout the developed world,
emerged from the policy change away from landfilling and endeavors to strike a balance
between three scopes of waste management: environmental efficiency, social
acceptability, and economic affordability (Marshall & Farahbakhsh, 2013). Integrated
solid waste management is a system of waste disposal that includes separating materials
according to type, and finding the best use for discarded products, which may or may not
include dumping them in a landfill (Maton et al., 2016). ISWMS is a comprehensive
waste prevention, re-cycling, composting, and disposal programme and it‟s a better means
of effectively protecting human well-being and environment (Ikebude, 2017).
All factors that affect effective waste management should be integrated to yield better
results. According to Maton (2015), integrated solid waste management practices and
principles of sorting of waste at source of generation would reduce the adverse impacts on
human health while eliminating the effects on the environment through the (3Rs) that is
waste reduction, reuse and recycling. To achieve a sustainable and integrated system, the
counties must consider financial and technical resources, manpower, knowledge
available, expected waste quantities, policies and legislation needs to be scrutinized,
updated and finally enforced (Wilson et al., 2014). Integrated solid waste management
approach to waste management takes into account community and area-specific issues
and needs an appropriate set of solutions unique to each context (UNEP, 2015).
A paradigm shift from the conventional waste management practice to integrated solid
waste management system is essential for most cities in developing countries in order to
effectively manage the waste. Wilson et al., (2014) emphasizes that public awareness
regarding waste management should be enhanced as it is crucial to engage the public as
the users of the system. This will make the public own any projects that are proposed.
Masood Barlow (2013) contend that for improving collection rates of solid waste at a
lower economic and environmental cost, Counties should work with the existing informal
collectors to provide door-to-door collection and recycling service, with the non-recycled
waste materials being transported to communal container then collected by the secondary
collection vehicles.
22
According to Medina (2008) by incorporating waste pickers in the management of solid
waste, it reinforces their bargaining position with industry and government, and hence
become actors in the development process, and overcome poverty through grassroots
growth. The significance of informal sector in recycling of waste should not be ignored as
they play a vivacious role in a fully integrated waste management system. (Masood et al.,
2014). The most advanced, integrated management of solid waste (SW) must warrant a
balanced relationship concerning the amount of waste selectively collected for recycling
and the amount of the residual solid waste (RSW) left over (Rada et al.,2009). This is
very crucial for planning purposes and also objective decision making that has a direct
impact in the management of the ISWM.
ISWM systems are designed to specific community goals by incorporating stakeholders‟
viewpoints and needs; the local framework (technical waste characteristics, cultural,
political, social, environmental, economic and institutional); and the ideal blend of
available, suitable approaches of prevention, reduction, recovery and disposal
(Kollikkathara et al., 2009). Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) echoes the need
to approach solid waste in a wide-ranging manner with careful selection and sustained
application of suitable technology, working conditions, and establishment of a „social
license‟ between the community and designated waste management authorities or
counties (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). It is essential to carry out an awareness to
reach out to all the stakeholders. The general public should be educated about ISWM
(NEMA, 2014).
Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata (2012) contend that ISWM is based on four principles:
impartiality for all inhabitants to have access to waste management systems for public
health reasons; efficiency of the waste management system to safely remove the waste;
proficiency to maximize benefits, minimize costs, and enhance use of resources; and
finally sustainability of the system from a technical, environmental, social (cultural),
economic, financial, institutional, and political perspective. Muchangos et al (2014)
argues that ISWM is based on the concept that all aspects of a waste management system
(technical and non-technical) should be analyzed together since they are correlated and
changes in one affects the other. Funding must be self-sustaining in the long run and
strategically integrated in all facets of waste management system for efficiency in the
running of ISWM system (Nema, 2014).
23
2.4.2 Waste Management through Treatment Approach
The various options for Residual Solid Waste management (RSWM) treatment are
combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, integrated thermal plants, aerobic mechanical–
biological treatments, anaerobic mechanical–biological treatments (Rada et al., 2009).
This approach is important as it turns waste to a useful resource that can be used. Waste
treatment technologies have not been fully incorporated in the Kenya waste management
systems however there are on-going efforts to enhance waste treatment practices (NEMA,
2014). The waste treatment/recycling impact is increasingly becoming imperative and
refers to the number of bins for different types of waste (organic, glass, plastic and paper)
and the eco-friendly benefits of recycling them (Abba et al., 2013).
A study conducted in the City of Tshwane, South Africa revealed that advanced solid
waste treatment technologies that are suitable for the city are anaerobic digestion, ethanol
production, bio drying, gasification, in-vessel composting, mechanical biological
treatment, mechanical heat treatment, plasma arc waste disposal, pyrolysis, sewage
treatment and tunnel composting (Scheinberg et al., 2010). Further a study by Snyman &
Vorster (2011) indicated that composting and the pre-treatment of solid waste before
landfilling are workable options for the City of Tshwane. According to Worku & Muchie
(2013), Composting is a form of aerobic treatment, and is suitable for treating organic
waste in the City of Tshwane. This indicates that the same treatment procedures if well
planned for can be used in other developing countries.
According to Ragossnig & Jovovic (2016), many countries prefer using landfilling as the
appropriate treatment option because, when done right, it is safe and economical to use on
the other hand, Rada et al., (2009) contends that Combustion treatment system is the most
established and most wide spread process, that is able to treat RSW with a high „lower
heating value‟ (LHV). These processes have been tested and confirmed to be ideal for
solid waste management. Gasification process of restricted thermochemical oxidation in
sub-stoichiometric conditions, which converts volatile solid into a combustible gas
(syngas) which can be directly utilized (after treatment) in cycles of co-generation is also
applicable in some countries (Rada et al., 2009). The various methods for waste treatment
can be expensive but in the long-run are the best in managing solid waste.
24
2.4. Waste Management through Partnerships
Managing solid waste is a prevalent urban problem worldwide. While several strategies
have been applied for efficient solid waste management in developing economies, the
public private partnership has widest appeal (Aliu et al., 2014). World Bank partners with
various countries in different projects for the purposes of improving the living standards
as well as to conserve the environment. One of such partnership is Results-based
financing for solid waste management which is a financial mechanism through which the
payment for solid waste services is conditioned to the achievement and verification of
pre-agreed targets (World Bank, 2014). Some of the developing countries have entered
into partnerships with various organizations so as to manage solid waste. Some County
Governments have privatized waste transportation through Public Private Partnership
arrangements (NEMA, 2014).
In Kenya, Kiambu is the first county to establish a semi-aerobic landfill in partnership
with UN-HABITAT at the former Kangoki dumping site whereby the project is funded
by the Swedish Embassy, Kiambu Government, UN Habitat and the Lands Ministry,
Housing and Urban Development and was launched on March 23rd 2015 (Kiambu,
2015). With 12 Sub Counties, this project is not fully felt in the entire county and hence
need to engage in more partnerships or methods to sustain effective SWM. In a study
carried out in Chongqing City in China, Muchangos et al., (2014) points out that
Partnerships with the private sector are also being applied in Chongqing‟s waste
management system, especially in waste treatment and final disposal operations, and their
work is supervised by the authorities. Promoting Public Private Parttnership in waste
management is one of the goals of sustainable solid waste management with Zero Waste
(Nema, 2014).
When engaging waste pickers as a way of managing solid waste management the ideal
method could be through Public-private partnerships for collecting waste and recyclables
since this can benefit waste picker groups and the broader society (Medina, 2008). In a
study done on the SWM in the City of Tshwane it was recommended that an integrated
plan for the management of solid waste in association and partnership with the relevant
stakeholders in the city should be implemented (Worku & Muchie, 2013). While there are
some successful examples where the private sector are involved in waste management
25
services in many cities of developing countries, involvement of these segment of the
society is still very limited ( Ikebude, 2017).
2.4.4 Modern Enforcement Standards and Regulations
National-level enforcement is essential for solid municipal waste management sector
compliance (World Bank, 2011). Counties acting alone cannot enforce required
environmental standards. Typically, strong, independent regional and national institutions
should be responsible for enforcement. Coffey & Coad, (2010) contend that a forthright,
clear, definite, legal and regulatory framework, including functioning inspection and
enforcement procedures at the national, provincial, and local levels is essential to the
proper functioning of a solid waste management strategy. Strong enforcement is key to
successful SWM compliance and should have a strong monitoring system According to
World Bank (2011), most of the developed countries have strong legal and institutional
policies making it more sustainable to have ISWM system.
Limited monitoring and data collection hamper enforcement. Municipalities are
responsible for ensuring that private operators comply with landfill standards, but lack
sufficient enforcement capacity and instruments, resulting in frequent open dumping
(World Bank, 2011). Worku & Muchie (2013) contend that the bylaws and regulations
are relevant to all stages of the waste management chain (sorting of waste at source,
collection, treatment, disposal and processing). In order to protect mortal health and
environment from the potential hazards arising from unsuitable waste management and
disposal and be able to generate wealth from waste, a systematically monitored and
controlled management of waste is necessary through government implementations,
enforcement and communication (Ikebude, 2017). It‟s impossible to have clean
environment free of solid waste disposal without policies.
Sharholy et al. (2008) indicated that the involvement of the private sector is a factor that
could advance the proficiency of the SWM system. Researchers have acknowledged how
a sufficient legal framework influences positively the improvement of the integrated
waste management system (Asase et al., 2009). This applies across the world both in
developed and developing countries. Enforcement should be applied all the time and
action taken to those carrying out illegal dumping of solid waste. The absence of
satisfactory policies and weak regulations bring negative impact in the sustainability of an
effective solid waste management. (Seng et al., 2010). Lack of effective legal systems
26
being enforced in many developing countries is what has led to the sorry state of solid
waste being mismanaged. All players of solid waste management should adhere to the
legal system of the given country.
2.5 Chapter Summary
This chapter outlines the various factors that affect effective municipal waste and
sanitation management which are: lack of knowledge and awareness, political influence
and lack of good will, lack of adequate funding, lack of disposal sites, high poverty
levels, limited technological competencies, social economic gaps in implementation of
municipal waste and sanitation management and finally policy gaps. Solid waste systems,
modern municipal waste management strategies have also been discussed. Finally the
chapter looks at public private partnerships for sustainable municipal waste and
sanitation. This has covered the advantages of having public private partnerships to
manage the municipal solid waste and sanitation as a measure to improve on the services
provided by the various authorities in waste management. The possible ways of
partnerships that can be formulated have also been outlined giving major examples with
countries that have successfully used the public private partnership and also the
researcher has reviewed various works or studies of accredited scholars so as to get an in-
depth understanding of the public private partnership in the management of municipal
solid waste and sanitation.
27
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The research methodology chapter outlines the steps the researcher adhered to during the
process of data collection and analysis. In this case, the research methodology chapter
was divided into the following subsections: research design, target population, sample
and sampling technique, data collection and instrumentation, data collection procedures,
reliability and validity of research instruments, data analysis, and the ethical
considerations of the study.
3.2 Research Design
Research design is defined as a rational and regular plan prepared for guiding a research
study. It stipulates the objectives of the study, the procedure and techniques to be adopted
for achieving the objectives (Krishnaswami & Satyaprasad, 2010). According to Sekaran
& Bougie (2013), a research design is a blueprint for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data based on the research questions of the study. It can be referred to the
steps involved in relating the study‟s questions to the data collection and analysis
stages in a coherent way (O‟Gorman & Macintosh, 2015). Major types of designs are
exploratory, descriptive and explanatory based on the purpose and research strategy used
(Shajahan, 2009).
This study employed a descriptive research design to find out the behavior and attitudes
of the various stakeholders in the solid waste management in Kiambu County which was
important in analyzing the impact they bring and give suggestions on how to strategically
manage the solid waste after the study. Shajahan (2009) contends that the descriptive
research design brings out an accurate profile of people, happenings or circumstances.
Sekaran (2006) adds that this type of research design describes relevant traits of the
phenomena of interest and presents data in a meaningful way and hence helps to
understand the characteristics of the group, think systematically about the situation, offer
ideas for further examination or help in decision making. This allows clarity about issues
and to describe the phenomena under study (Jankowicz, 2005).
28
3.3 Population and Sampling Design
3.3.1 Population
Population is defined as the total group of persons, events, or things of interest the
researcher needs to examine (Sekaran, 2006). Jankowicz (2005) adds that this is the larger
group from which a researcher draws the deliberate number of units referred to as sample
so as to make conclusions which represent the population.
This study targeted a total population of 3,020 market venders from three markets located
in three different sub counties namely Thika, Limuru as well as Kiambu and concentrated
on the market venders, Senior level managers, middle and operation managers in Kiambu
County as indicated in the table below: Target sample population of 3,000 market vendors
and all the 20 management staff.
Table 3.1: Population Distribution
Strata Target Population % Distribution
Market Vendors for all the 3 markets 3000 99.34%
Operational managers each market 3 0.3%
Middle Managers each market 2 0.2%
Senior Managers 5 ( at the headquarters) 0.16%
TOTAL 3020 100%
Source: Researcher (2017)
3.3.2 Sampling Design
Sampling design is defined as the sum total of processes that guide the researcher in
selection of an appropriate sample and it mainly involves grouping of population units to
a frame, determining the sample size, assigning the sample to the classes of the frame
units and then picking the sample (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). In designing the sample,
Shajahan (2009), adds that the researcher must specify where the sample is being selected
from, the process of selection and the size of the sample. Further, Sekaran (2006) notes
that sampling is the process of selecting adequate number of components from the
population given so that the study of the sample creates meaning and is able to generalize
the characteristics of the study to reflect the population characteristics.
29
3.3.2.1 Sampling Frame
Sampling frame is defined as a complete list of all members of a physical representation
of the total population from which the sample is drawn and the sample is selected from
this list using probability sampling which has a variety of techniques for selecting a
sample (Saunders & Lewis, 2012). It is a comprehensive list of elements and although
useful in providing a listing of each element in the population, it may not always be
current (Hair et al., 2007). Sampling frame for any probability sample is a whole list of all
cases in the population from which the sample will be picked from (Shajahan, 2009). In
this study, the sample frame was vendors from major markets within Kiambu County
Mainly Thika-Jamhuri Market, Limuru Market, Kiambu Market, operational managers,
middle level managers and senior managers of the mentioned markets.
3.3.2.2 Sampling Technique
Sampling techniques are defined as a range of methods that enable the researcher to
reduce the amount of data to be collected by considering data only from a sub-group
rather than all the possible cases (Shajahan, 2009). There are two main types of
techniques mainly probability sampling where the elements of the population have a
known chance if being selected as sample subjects and non-probability sampling where
the elements do not have a known or pre-determined chance of being selected as subjects
(Serakan,2006). This study generally adopted probability sampling in the course of its
research with more emphasis on stratified random sampling.
Stratified random sampling involves a process of stratification or segregation of the
population into sub groups and then have a random selection of the subjects in each
stratum (Sekaran, 2006). The sampling frame should be partitioned into relatively
homogeneous sub groups that are distinct and non-overlapping (Hair et al., 2007). In
stratified sampling, the subjects are selected at random from within each stratum by
means of either simple random or systematic random (Saunders & Lewis, 2012). The
strata in this study were markets of three sub-counties (Thika, Limuru & Kiambu) from
the 12 sub-counties of Kiambu County further subdividing the markets to grocery markets
as the focus area of study.
30
3.3.2.3 Sample Size
Sample size is an estimate characteristic of the larger population (Hair et al., 2007). It is a
representative number of elements or respondents chosen from a total population that will
be studied (Peck, Olsen, & Devore, 2009). The sample size is governed by the extent of
accuracy and confidence desired (Sekaran, 2006). By studying the sample, the researcher
was able to draw conclusions that generalize the population of interest in the study.
The formula developed by Yamane (1967) was used in determining the sample size as
shown below:
Where:
The study used a 95% confidence interval with a sampling error (e) being ±5%. Given
that target population (N) was 3020 substituting these figures in the Yamane equation
produced the sample size as:
( )
The sample size for this study was therefore 353.
3.4 Data Collection Methods
Data collection methods are logical and organized approach taken towards the collection
and analysis of data so that information and facts can be obtained from that data
(Jankowicz, 2005). According to Sekaran (2006), these methods are fundamental part of
research designs which are interviews, questionnaires, observation and unobtrusive
methods. The type and amount of data to be collected is determined by the nature of the
study and the research objectives whereby if it is exploratory the researcher collects
narrative data through qualitative techniques like use of focus groups, personal interviews
31
or by observation on the other hand if it is descriptive or causal the researcher is likely to
require a quantitative data obtained through surveys or by accessing electronic data bases
(Hair et al., 2007)
The methods of data collection are under two main sources which are primary and
secondary data. Primary data refers to information obtained firsthand by the researcher on
the variables of interest while secondary data refer to information gathered from sources
already existing (Sekaran, 2006). This study used primary techniques of data collection.
In this case, the researcher used questionnaires and an interview guide as the primary
sources of data collection. The researcher used qualitative methods of analysis to develop
elaborate conclusions and recommendations for this study.
Questionnaires were formulated according to the objectives of the study where by the
respondents gave their opinion on different variables being tested in the study. The
questionnaires for the general respondents were divided into two sections: section one;
which consisted of structured questions all of which were about the respondents bio data
and section two consisted of both structured and unstructured questions all of which
sought information on the perception of the respondents on solid waste management in
areas of research study. The interview guide was applied in the objective two and three
and was used for interviewing the management of the markets.
3.5 Research Procedure
Research procedures refer to the methods administered by the researcher in conducting
the study of interest (Bryman & Bell, 2011). The researcher administered questionnaire
personally and also used research assistants who asked questions to the respondents in the
target population in various sub-counties of Kiambu. Personally administering the
questionnaires to the respondents was advantageous as it enabled the researcher to collect
all the responses within a short period of time. It was also important as any doubt that the
respondents had was clarified on the spot. The researcher had the opportunity to introduce
the research topic and motivate the respondents to get their frank answers.
The researcher trained the research assistants before the data collection exercise
begun.Reminders and follow-up calls were made to ensure that high response rates was
achieved. In order to ensure adequate representation of the population, physical
questionnaires were dispersed as per the sample size. Respondents were assured of
32
anonymity and privacy and were to be provided with an online copy of the final project
findings on request.
3.6 Data Analysis Methods
Data analysis is defined as the examination of the data collected and interpretation of the
results obtained (Shajahan, 2009). After data has been acquired through questionnaires,
interviews or observation, it is edited where the blank responses if any have to be
handled, data code and classification scheme has to be set up and finally an analysis done
through a software program (Sekaran, 2006). Factor analysis was used on data collected
on research question (1) while for research questions (2) and (3) descriptive statistics was
used.
In this study the data gathered from the questionnaires was coded according to each
variable of study to minimize on the margin of error and a code sheet for the
questionnaire was obtained. The data was entered into the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS). Statistical procedures used in analysing the data was descriptive
statistics which was used in the form of tables, in order to show trends in the data through
means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages.
3.7 Ethical Considerations of the Study
Ethics entails principles of behavior that guide moral choices made which govern
behavior and relationships among people (Saunders & Lewis 2012).The researcher
adhered to ethical considerations during the process of data collection. First, the
respondents participated in the study on a voluntary basis. This implied that any of the
respondents who felt the need to withdraw during the process of data collection were
allowed to do so. Second, the study was anonymous and thus respondents were not
required to include their names on the questionnaire. Third, the information obtained from
the questionnaires was treated with utmost confidentiality. Fourthly, the researcher
communicated the findings of the study to its research stakeholders.
3.8 Chapter Summary
This chapter describes the research design and methodology that was used to carry out the
study by depicting different approaches, methods and processes that the research adopted
in the study. It comprehensively covers the research design in this case use of descriptive
33
research also the target population of interest and distribution, the sampling design
including the sample size determination and sample frame. The data collection methods
and proposed data analysis procedures are also described. The researcher applied
probability sampling using the stratified random sampling procedure and use
questionnaires and interview guide as data collection method. The data collection
methods and proposed data analysis procedures for examining data collected and lastly
Ethical considerations to be applied during the collection of data and the analysis were
also described.
34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING
4.1 Introduction
This chapter implements the procedures on data analysis spelt out in chapter three and
thus it is a continuation of it. The chapter encompasses information on general
information of the respondents who took part in this study and findings on the specific
variables and objectives of the study. The first objective on the factors affecting solid
waste management was done through factor analysis and descriptive analysis while the
rest were all done through descriptive statistics.
4.2 Response Rate
The study targeted a total of 353 respondents in the markets of Kiambu. However, not all
the questionnaires were filled as expected though the study managed to collect 311 from
market vendors and 36 from managers forming a total of 347. This represents a response
rate of 98% which was a good representative sample of the population.
Table 4: 1 Response Rate of the Target Market
Questionnaires Number Percentage
Filled (311 Market vendors and 36 for managers) 347 98
Unfilled 6 2
Total 353 100
4.3 General Information
This section discusses the results on the general demographic information of the
respondents who took part in this study.
4.2.1 Age of the respondents
The study collected information on the age of the respondents who took part in this study.
This was useful in relating the interplay between age and the objectives of the study. In
this study, the methods of solid waste disposal and management could be related with age
to establish whether there existed anything unique between a certain age group and
35
methods of waste management. This would allow policies to assimilate the age factor in
its formulation.The results are shown in figure 4.1.
Figure 4. 1 Age of the respondents
From the findings, most of the respondents (30%) were between 31-40 years of age. This
group of respondents was followed by another group aged between 21-30 years (26%)
and another group aged between 41-50 years (24%). The results imply that most of the
study respondents were in their productive years and there were more youths compared to
the adults and the young.
4.2.2 Gender of the respondents
Gender consideration and representation has gained prominence over the past. There is a
change of norm where more females are increasingly taking roles initially seen as
masculine. The results are shown in figure 4.2.
The study shows that there were more female respondents (52%) than male respondents
(48%). Given the fact that the study focused on small merchants, it was highly likely that
there were more females than males since most of the small scale business people were
female selling green vegetables, fruits, hawking among other small businesses.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
20 years oldand below
21-30 yearsold
31-40 yearsold
41-50 yearsold
Above 50years old
5%
26% 30%
24%
15%
Per
cen
tage
Age in Years
36
Figure 4. 2 Gender of the respondents
4.2.3 Education status of the respondents
The level of education is a good measure of the level of literacy among the respondents.
The results in figure 4.3 shows that most of the respondents (37%) did not give details of
their level of education. This is probably due to the stigma associated with low education
level. For those who indicated their level of education, most of them (33%) reached
secondary level, 15% had primary school education and 10% had gone to colleges for
certificates and diploma. An insignificant proportion (2%) had university education
implying that most of the respondents had basic and secondary level education. The
results may be interpreted to indicate the fact that most of the respondents had elementary
education and therefore are capable of understanding when educated or trained on the
new approaches to manage solid waste.
Figure 4. 3 Education status of the respondents
46%
47%
48%
49%
50%
51%
52%
Male Female
48%
52%
Per
cen
tage
Gender
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Notresponded
College CPE Noeducation
Primary Secondary University
37%
10%
3% 0%
15%
33%
2%
Per
cen
tage
Education Level
37
Further the study found the respondent with the least number of years in formal education
was 5 years while the person with many years in education had spent 22 years. The
average number of years spent in formal education by the respondents was 11.08 years
indicating that generally there was low level of education among the respondents as
shown in table 4.2; hence the capability of making informed decision in managing waste
was low.
Table 4: 2 Number of years of formal education
N Min Max Mean
Std.
Deviation Skewness
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic
Std.
Error
Number of years of
formal education: 295 5 22 11.08 3.351 .651 .142
N 295
4.2.4 Type of business
All the 311 respondents were drawn from three markets in Kiambu. The respondents
provided information on the type of business they operated. Table 4.3 shows that most of
the respondents who participated in this study were from Jamhuri market (35%), followed
by Limuru market(34%) and lastly Kangangi market (31%) as shown in table 4.3.
Table 4: 3 Name of the markets
Thika -Jamhuri Market 35%
Kiambu-Kangangi Market 31%
Limuru Market- Rongai Mrket 34%
The respondents were operating different small scale businesses at the time of the study.
These included butcheries, cereals shops, clothe vendors, fruit vendors, hotels, mitumba
selling, maize roasting, posho mills, green groceries (onions, tomatoes, cabbages,
potatoes among others), electronic shops, tailoring shops among others.
4.2.5 Frequency of waste disposal among the respondents
The respondents provided information on the number of times with which they discarded
wastes from their premises and also the number of times with which garbage trucks
collected discarded wastes as shown in table 4.4.
38
Table 4.4 shows that most (43%) of the respondents who took part in this study (operating
in Kiambu markets) discarded wastes 3 times a week, followed by 30% who discarded
wastes twice a week and 18% who disposed wastes every day. This shows that the
frequency of waste disposal was very high among the small businesses people sampled in
this study. On the number of times the wastes was being discarded, the study found that
most (49%) of the wastes discarded by the respondents was collected everyday by the
garbage collection trucks followed by 36% whose wastes were collected every two days
implying that garbage collection trucks collected wastes frequently in the markets in
Kiambu markets.
Table 4: 4Waste disposal and collection among the respondents
Everyday
2 Times
a week
3 Times
a week
4
Times
a week Others
Frequency with which respondents
discard wastes 18% 30% 43% 2% 6%
Frequency with which garbage
trucks collect discarded waste. 49% 36% 5% 8% 2%
4.4 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The first objective of the study was to examine the main factors affecting the management
of solid waste in Kiambu County. This was achieved by running a factor analysis to
reduce the 42 factors into few composite factors.
4.3.1 Descriptive statistics on the Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in
Kiambu County
This section provides a discussion of the factors affecting the management of the wastes
in Kiambu markets. The data was collected on a five point likert scale. According to the
scale 1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Neutral, 4-Agree and 5-Strongly Agree. The
data was analyzed through mean and standard deviation. For analytical purpose, mean
values close to 4.0 were assumed to represent “Agree”, mean values of 3.0 were assumed
to represent “Neutral” and mean values close to 2.0 represented “Disagree”.The standard
deviation was used to indicate the extent of variability of the responses. A wide
variability indicates lack of consensus on a certain issue while close variability implies
consensus on a certain issue. In this study, a standard deviation of more than 1.0 indicated
39
lack of consensus (wide variability) whiles a value of less than 1.0 indicated consensus
(close variability).
Table 4: 5 Descriptive statistics on the Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in
Kiambu County
The initial factors on factor analysis N Mean Std. Dev
23. Existing legal framework on waste management within the market is strictly observed. 307 3.7622 1.31313
38. Proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste collection. 307 3.6840 1.08819
33. Waste collectors are provided with uniform for their health safety. 306 3.6013 2.07195
35. Service of motor vehicles used for collection and discarding waste are made on time. 307 3.4951 2.42316
17. Strict adherence of the existing laws in the management of waste within the market. 306 3.4020 1.15028
39. There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste disposal. 307 3.3355 1.07928
30. Market venders are willing to pay a fee to improve service delivery in waste
management within the market. 308 3.2630 1.14956
22. There is slow enforcement of the waste management strategies within the market. 304 3.1086 1.07079
37. Adequate space provided by the county government for the disposal of solid waste. 308 3.1039 1.20892
26. Policies to reduce solid waste discharge within the market is weak. 304 3.0658 1.08801
32. There is adequate machinery for collecting solid waste. 304 3.0197 1.02104
1. There is an awareness of the impact of waste on the environment. 308 2.9708 1.57209
24. Governance regulates solid waste management within the market. 303 2.9406 1.11719
18. There is destitute approach in solid waste management. 301 2.9103 .82982
29. There is a fee charged for managing solid waste within the market. 306 2.9052 1.23905
21. There is slow implementation of the waste management strategies within the market. 305 2.8000 1.16811
19. Poor county government approach in provision of the waste management services. 304 2.7961 1.14228
31. There is adequate tools for collecting solid waste. 305 2.7705 1.20298
9. There is ignorance in regards to waste management within the market. 307 2.6678 1.34567
15. There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective enforcement. 306 2.6405 1.41474
14. Systematic controlled waste management through effective county government
enactments. 304 2.6020 1.47905
16. There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective communication. 306 2.4542 1.38595
34. Waste collectors are provided with masks for their health safety. 307 2.4495 1.15182
25. Management of SW is put as one of the political agendas in the county government. 306 2.3562 .99206
20. There is political interference in the management of waste. 306 2.3464 1.06706
42. There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in recycling. 307 2.2573 1.09764
40. There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in material recovery. 307 2.2378 1.01241
41. There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in re-use of waste. 307 2.1954 1.00696
6. There is a non-formal education sensitizing the market venders on waste management. 306 2.1013 1.13925
4. There is knowledge on how to recycle waste. 304 2.0658 1.18110
3. There is knowledge on how to re-use waste. 303 2.0165 1.16647
36. There is skilled staff and trained personnel who manage the waste within the market. 307 2.0033 .96168
2. There is knowledge on how to segregate waste. 307 1.9479 1.11021
27. There is provision of adequate storage bins to individual vendors within the market
before transferring to a common pit for collection. 306 1.8627 .99216
5. There has been a formal education on how to manage waste among the venders. 308 1.8409 1.03867
28. There is provision of assorted bins to aid in waste separation during storage. 307 1.8371 1.00628
12. Prioritization by the political leaders in the management of waste within the markets. 307 1.7980 .93843
7. There is civic education programs that enlighten the market stakeholders. 308 1.7597 .91356
11. Participation of the public in awareness campaigns of best ways to manage waste. 307 1.7394 .90596
10. The County Government organizes for awareness campaigns of effective ways of
managing waste. 307 1.7199 .87430
13. Good will from the political leaders in the management of waste within the markets. 307 1.7199 .88175
8. There is civic education programs that enlighten the general public on health
implications of indiscriminate dumping. 306 1.6961 .89211
40
From the findings shown in table 4.5, the market vendors agreed (M=3.7622) that the
legal framework on waste management which existed then was strictly observed.
However, the value of standard deviation (SD=1.31313) indicated wide variability in
responses. This means that there existed another substantial number of the market
vendors who felt that the legal framework then was not strictly followed.
Another aspect which the market vendors collectively agreed on was that there was a
proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste collection (M=3.6840). The standard
deviation was 1.08819 showing that the variability of the responses was wide and thus
there was no consensus on that among the market vendors. This was probably due to the
fact that in some areas the infrastructure was there but in others it was not there or some
of the market vendors have the information while others did not have and thought there
was no infrastructure.
Also the results shows that market vendors agreed that waste collectors were provided
with uniform for their health safety (M=3.6013). The standard deviation was however big
(SD=2.07195) indicating lack of consensus. This meant that in some areas the waste
collectors were not provided with uniform for their safety. This could in turn act as a
disincentive to such workers to work effectively.
Further the study found other highly rated aspects on waste management. These included
timely servicing of the motor vehicles used for collection and discarding of wastes
(M=3.4951, SD=2.42316), strict adherence to the existing laws in the management of
waste within the market (M=3.4020, SD=1.15028), existence of laid down infrastructure
on waste disposal (M=3.3355, SD=1.07928) and the aspect on the willingness of the
market vendors to pay fees to improve waste management within the markets (M=3.2630,
SD=1.14956). Despite the ratings the values of the standard deviation were all more than
1.0 indicating wide variability and lack of consensus among the market vendors.
Therefore, it meant that for some of the market vendors, servicing of the vehicles was not
done on timely basis, existing laws on waste management were not followed, they lacked
a proper infrastructure on waste management and lastly lack of willingness by the market
vendors to pay for waste management services.
On the other hand, the respondents indicated the least practised aspects of waste
management in Kiambu markets such as lack of civic education programs that enlighten
41
the general public on health implications of indiscriminate dumping (M=1.6961,
SD=0.89211), lack of good will from political leaders in the management of wastes
within the markets (M=1.7199, SD=0.88175) and also lack of campaigns to create
awareness on effective ways of managing wastes (M=1.7199, SD=0.87430). The
respective values of standard deviation are quite less than 1.0 implying that there was
consensus among the market vendors that there were no such waste management
practices in the county.
4.3.2 Factor analysis of the factors affecting waste management in Kiambu County
Factor analysis was used to extract composite factors which affect the management of
solid waste in Kiambu County.
39
4.3.2.1 Component Factor Loadings
The rotated component matrix shows the component extracted using PCA. There was a total of 9 components extracted which had an eigen
value of more than 1.0. The component and the associated variables are grouped as shown in table 4.5.
Table 4: 6Component Factor Loadings
Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
There is an awareness of the impact of waste on the environment. .273 .142 .665 .233 .216 -.061 -.144 .250 -.064
There is knowledge on how to segregate waste. .197 .529 -.028 -.041 .528 -.258 .000 .211 -.016
There is knowledge on how to re-use waste. .398 .131 .223 .182 .734 .064 .096 -.065 .052
There is knowledge on how to recycle waste. .444 .242 .218 .229 .568 .120 .119 -.190 .035
There has been a formal education on how to manage waste among the venders. .123 .474 -.049 -.035 .510 -.264 -.035 .302 -.121
There is a non-formal education sensitizing the market venders on waste management. .330 .321 .174 .159 .665 .069 -.109 .039 .144
There is civic education programs that enlighten the market stakeholders. -.021 .464 .179 .051 .383 -.151 .153 .443 -.049
There is civic education programs that enlighten the general public on health implications of indiscriminate dumping.
-.006 .701 .081 .030 .244 -.045 .028 -.004 .317
There is ignorance in regards to waste management within the market. -.225 -.364 -.565 -.287 -.170 .241 -.135 .062 .038
The County Government organizes for awareness campaigns of effective ways of managing waste.
.006 .791 .000 .089 .051 -.091 -.111 -.172 -.083
There is participation of the public in awareness campaigns of best ways to manage waste. -.075 .747 .148 .098 .058 .043 .007 .031 -.090
There is prioritization from the political leaders in the management of waste within the markets.
-.078 .775 .116 .012 .123 .019 .026 .046 .090
There is good will from the political leaders in the management of waste within the markets. -.059 .787 .107 -.036 .142 .033 .230 .058 -.063
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective county government enactments.
.865 -.010 .101 .049 .010 -.118 .058 -.103 -.060
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective enforcement. .840 .068 .056 .101 .110 -.054 -.006 -.074 -.102
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective communication. .733 .010 .132 .307 .154 -.014 .150 -.154 .221
There is strict adherence of the existing laws in the management of waste within the market. .114 .119 .076 .776 .133 -.061 -.114 .037 -.005
There is destitute approach in solid waste management. -.090 .010 -.250 .645 .134 -.030 .113 -.284 .268
There is poor county government approach in provision of the necessary waste management services.
-.089 -.094 -.819 -.113 .172 -.120 .039 .011 -.067
There is political interference in the management of waste. .266 .068 -.178 -.014 -.009 -.140 .758 -.018 .122
40
There is slow implementation of the waste management strategies within the market. .032 -.060 -.868 -.054 -.127 .020 -.079 -.122 -.096
There is slow enforcement of the waste management strategies within the market. -.099 .072 -.649 .181 -.375 -.115 .188 .058 -.115
The existing legal framework on waste management within the market is strictly observed. .065 .133 .311 .789 -.127 -.022 -.082 .155 -.103
Governance regulates solid waste management within the market. .641 .016 .096 .433 .143 -.060 -.054 -.058 .102
Management of solid waste is put as one of the political agendas in the county government. .126 .354 -.114 .049 .017 .316 .262 -.374 -.423
Policies to reduce solid waste discharge within the market are weak. -.086 -.264 -.295 -.027 -.034 -.119 -.104 -.068 -.636
There is provision of adequate storage bins to individual vendors within the market before transferring to a common pit for collection.
.145 .732 -.007 .079 .058 .057 .150 .046 .176
There is provision of assorted bins to aid in waste separation during storage. .132 .749 -.045 .017 -.061 .006 -.135 .146 .049
There is a fee charged for managing solid waste within the market. .761 -.106 .035 -.260 .153 .091 -.017 -.083 .158
The market venders are willing to pay a fee to improve service delivery in waste management within the market.
-.270 .211 .180 .170 -.019 .182 -.005 .656 .138
There are adequate tools for collecting solid waste. .497 .276 .371 -.028 .132 .262 -.269 .216 .188
There is adequate machinery for collecting solid waste. .357 -.053 .428 -.101 .176 .227 -.204 .263 .153
Waste collectors are provided with uniform for their health safety. -.451 -.028 .112 .180 -.012 .698 -.024 .135 -.065
Waste collectors are provided with masks for their health safety. .318 -.034 .028 -.259 -.006 .763 -.164 -.015 .131
The service of motor vehicles used for collection and discarding waste is made on time. .521 -.362 .252 -.132 -.285 .123 .120 -.028 .005
There is skilled staff and trained personnel who manage the waste within the market. -.166 .419 -.338 -.005 .283 .055 .208 .078 .357
There is adequate space provided by the county government for the disposal of solid waste. .655 -.017 .034 .386 .042 .210 -.010 .118 .027
There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste collection. .416 -.049 .081 .604 .104 .054 .214 .189 -.078
There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste disposal. .658 -.279 -.182 .363 .175 -.007 -.041 .097 -.056
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in material recovery. .671 .299 .168 -.040 .219 -.072 .268 .042 -.166
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in re-use of waste. .593 .361 .141 -.102 .300 -.013 .304 .087 -.094
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in recycling. .555 .423 .149 -.155 .238 -.032 .373 .007 -.192
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 16 iterations.
From the 42 factors there were 9 components extracted which were. Thus from the 42 factors, the study managed to get 47 composite factors
which influenced waste in Kiambu County.
41
Table 4: 7 composite factors affecting solid waste management in Kiambu County
Str
on
gly
Dis
agre
e
Dis
agre
e
Neu
tral
Ag
ree
Str
on
gly
Ag
ree
N
Mea
n
Std
.Dev
Control and recycling
There are incentives offered to the
organizations who engage in recycling. 28% 35% 26% 5% 6% 307 2.257 1.098
There are incentives offered to the
organizations who engage in material
recovery. 25% 39% 27% 5% 4% 307 2.238 1.012
There are incentives offered to the
organizations who engage in re-use of
waste. 27% 38% 26% 5% 4% 307 2.195 1.007
There is a systematic controlled waste
management through effective county
government enactments. 26% 38% 10% 4%
22
% 304 2.602 1.479
There is a systematic controlled waste
management through effective enforcement. 23% 36% 14% 8%
19
% 306 2.640 1.415
There is a systematic controlled waste
management through effective
communication. 28% 37% 13% 5%
17
% 306 2.454 1.386
There is a fee charged for managing solid
waste within the market. 3% 52% 15% 10%
20
% 306 2.905 1.2
There is a proper laid down infrastructure
for the solid waste disposal. 6% 7% 58% 7%
23
% 307 3.336 1.079
There is adequate space provided by the
county government for the disposal of solid
waste. 8% 23% 41% 7%
21
% 308 3.104 1.209
The service of motor vehicles used for
collection and discarding waste are made on
time. 4% 6% 60% 9%
21
% 307 3.495 2.423
There is adequate tools for collecting solid
waste. 23% 8% 48% 12%
10
% 305 2.771 1.203
The level of support from the County and political leadership
The County Government organizes for
awareness campaigns of effective ways of
managing waste. 47% 41% 9% 1% 3% 307 1.720 0.874
There is good will from the political leaders
in the management of waste within the
markets. 48% 38% 8% 4% 2% 307 1.720 0.882
There is prioritization from the political
leaders in the management of waste within
the markets. 49% 27% 19% 3% 1% 307 1.798 0.938
There is participation of the public in
awareness campaigns of best ways to
manage waste. 49% 36% 11% 3% 2% 307 1.739 0.905
There is provision of assorted bins to aid in
waste separation during storage. 44% 40% 9% 2% 5% 307 1.837 1.006
There is provision of adequate storage bins
to individual vendors within the market
before transferring to a common pit for
collection. 43% 38% 13% 2% 4% 306 1.863 0.992
There is civic education programs that
enlighten the general public on health
implications of indiscriminate dumping. 50% 38% 8% 3% 2% 308 1.696 0.892
42
Skilled staff and trained personnel 29% 54% 6% 7% 0% 307 2.003 0.992
Negligence and ignorance County government and the public
There is an awareness of the impact of
waste on the environment. 35% 4% 8% 37%
17
% 308 2.971 1.572
There is adequate machinery for collecting
solid waste. 6% 22% 48% 13%
12
% 304 3.020 1.021
There is ignorance in regards to waste
management within the market. 21% 37% 9% 20%
13
% 307 2.668 1.346
There is slow enforcement of the waste
management strategies within the market. 12% 8% 48% 24% 9% 304 3.109 1.071
There is poor county government approach
in provision of the necessary waste
management services. 11% 37% 20% 25% 7% 304 2.796 1.142
Slow implementation of the waste
management strategies within the market. 12% 38% 18% 25% 8% 305 2.800 1.268
Existing Legal framework
Existing legal framework on waste
management in markets is strictly observed. 9% 7% 30% 10%
45
% 307 3.762 1.313
Strict adherence of the existing laws in the
management of waste within the market. 11% 5% 31% 38%
15
% 306 3.402 1.150
Destitute approach in SWM 10% 6% 73% 7% 5% 301 2.910 0.830
Proper laid down infrastructure SW
collection. 7% 3% 29% 37%
24
% 307 3.684 1.088
Governance regulates SWM in the markets. 7% 28% 43% 7%
15
% 303 2.941 1.117
Level of Knowledge and awareness on waste management among the public
Knowledge on how to re-use waste. 40% 38% 10% 4% 8% 303 2.017 1.166
Knowledge on how to recycle waste. 38% 38% 11% 6% 8% 304 2.066 1.181
There is a non-formal education sensitizing
the market venders on waste management. 37% 34% 16% 9% 5% 306 2.101 1.139
Knowledge on how to segregate waste. 43% 36% 10% 6% 5% 307 1.948 1.110
Formal education on how to manage waste 46% 37% 9% 4% 5% 308 1.841 1.039
Safety of the waste collectors
Waste collectors are provided with masks
for their health safety.
12.1
0%
3.30
%
17.6
0%
56.5
0%
10.
50
% 307 2.450 1.152
Waste collectors are provided with uniform
for their health safety.
13.7
0%
56.4
0%
12.7
0%
5.90
%
11.
40
% 306 3.601 2.072
Prioritization and Policy framework on waste disposal
Management of SW is put as one of the
political agendas in the county government. 16% 50% 22% 7% 5% 306 2.356 0.992
Policies to reduce solid waste discharge
within the market are weak. 11% 13% 44% 23%
10
% 304 3.066 1.088
Cooperation and awareness of the market vendors
Willingness of market vendors to manage
and pay fees for waste collection
management 13% 6.5%
32.5
%
37.3
%
10.
7% 308 3.263 1.149
Availability of civic programs to enlighten
the mass and the market vendors on health
implications of indiscriminate dumping
46.4
%
39.0
% 9.1% 3.2%
2.3
% 306 1.696 0.892
Political interference
Political interference on efforts geared
towards management of waste 15%
55.6
%
15.4
% 5.2%
8.2
% 306 2.346 1.067
43
The first composite factor affecting the management of solid waste in Kiambu County
was found to be Control and recycling mechanisms in place. From the results, only 11%
of the respondents indicated that there were enough incentives offered to the
organizations who recycled wastes, and only 9% worked to recover materials and re-use
wastes implying that there was no enough incentives to influence the people to re-use or
recycle wastes.
On control mechanism, 26% of the respondents agreed they had systematic controlled
waste management through effective county government enactments and 27% indicated
there was the process was controlled through effective enforcement of the waste
management regulations. Also the waste was also controlled through effective
communication (22%).
Another control and collection of wastes included introduction of fee for managing
wastes (30%), proper laid down infrastructure for solid waste disposal (30%) and
provision of space for managing wastes. Also 30% of the respondents agreed that in their
markets the trucks for carrying wastes were serviced on time. Some 22% of the
respondents indicated that there were adequate tools for collecting solid wastes in their
markets. The results showed a variety of control and collection strategies used to manage
solid wastes. However, the mechanisms had been implemented to less than 40% of the
market stated.
Another factor influencing management of wastes in Kiambu markets was the degree of
support from the county executive and political leadership. The results shows several
weaknesses from the county government and the political leadership which may have had
severe effect on the waste management. These include lack of the county government to
organize awareness campaigns on ways of managing wastes effectively (88%), lack of
good will from political leaders (86%), lack of prioritization of the waste management by
the political leaders (76%) and low level of participation of the public in awareness
campaigns of best ways to manage wastes (85%). The results indicate that there was low
influence and interest from the county government and the political leaders to effectively
manage wastes.
Further the respondents highlighted other failures by the county government to manage
wastes such as not providing assorted bins to help in waste separation and storage (84%),
44
lack of enough storage bins to individual vendors within the markets before transferring
to a common pit for collection as confessed by 81% of the respondents. The respondents
also decried lack of civic educational programmes which enlighten the general public on
health hazards of waste dumping (88%) and also complained that there was no skilled
staff who had been trained to manage wastes in the market. From the results, it can be
seen that there was less efforts and resources and equipment and even skills to manage
wastes in Kiambu market.
The study found another factor which affected management of wastes was the inactivity,
poor approach and disinterest by both the county government and the members of the
public to manage wastes. The results shows that majority of the public knew about the
impact of waste on the environment (54%). Further, most of the respondents indicated
that there was no ignorance towards waste management (58%), and disagreed that there
was poor approach by the county government to provide waste management services
(48%). The result implies that public knew the importance of waste management, the
county had good approach to manage wastes and implemented strategies on waste
management. However, only 25% of the markets had adequate machinery for collecting
wastes. Also there was slow enforcement of the waste management strategies within the
market (33%). This shows that although the public knew the importance of waste
management and had good strategies to manage wastes it lacked to invest in machinery
and also it was very slow in implementing strategies on waste management in the
markets.
The degree of solid waste management was also determined by the existing legal
framework on waste management in the county. The results shown in table 4.10 indicates
that majority 55% indicated that the existing legal framework on waste management
within the market was strictly observed and that there was strict adherence of the existing
laws the management of wastes within the markets (53%). Further the results indicate that
the approach used was not destitute and the laid down infrastructure was good and proper.
However, most of the respondents agreed that county government did not regulate solid
waste within the market. This implies that the legal provisions on waste management
were not enforced by the county government but other agencies of the government such
as NEMA.
45
The level of knowledge and awareness on waste management among the public also
greatly affected the extent of effectiveness on waste management. Table 4.4 shows that
most of the people (78%) had no knowledge on how to re-use or recycle wastes. Also
there was no non-formal (71%) or formal (83%) education to sensitize he market vendors
on waste management. The market vendors also had no knowledge on waste segregation
to facilitate easy waste collection and disposal. The results shows that market vendors had
inadequate knowledge on waste management and also lacked formal education on waste
management to equip them with the right skills for waste recycling, re-use and
management.
The safety of the waste collectors was also a factor influencing management of solid
wastes. Table 4.4 shows that waste collectors were provided with masks for their health
safety according to 67% of the respondents. However, on the contrary, the market
vendors indicated that they were not provided with uniform for their health safety
(70.1%). While the provision of the masks was commendable, the lack of protective
clothes was a major failure and weakness on waste management.
Priority setting and policy formulation on waste management was also another factor
found to affect the management of wastes in the markets within Kiambu County. The
results indicate that management of solid waste was merely set as a priority among the
political agendas by the county government (66%). Also policies to reduce solid waste
discharge within the markets were weak according to most of the market vendors (33%).
Other factors affecting the management of waste in Kiambu County included the
willingness of the market vendors to manage and pay fees for waste collection and
management, availability of civic programs to enlighten the mass and the market vendors
on waste management as well as political interference on efforts geared towards
management of wastes.
4.3.2.2 Principal Component Analysis (KMO and Bartlett's Test)
The study used principal component analysis with a maximum number of iterations set at
25. The method of iteration was Varimax method. The study tested the adequacy of the
sampling and Sphericity of the sample through Barlett‟s test.
46
Table 4:KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .781
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 8275.767
df 861
Sig. .000
The KMO value shown in table 4.6 was 0.781 which was acceptable according to Kaiser
(1974). This shows the study‟s sample size was adequate enough to permit factor anlaysis
to take place. The Bartlett‟s test showed a chi-square value of 8,275(p<0.05). This shows
that the variables had strong relationships with one another and could be used to form
components.
4.3.2.3 Communalities of Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management
The communalities show the value of shared variance of a factor with other factors. For
factors to be retained, the value of communalities should be above 0.5. Those variables
which had a communality value of less than 0.5 would be removed.
47
Table 4: 8 Communalities table of the factors affecting waste management in Kiambu County
Initial Extraction
There is an awareness of the impact of waste on the environment. 1.00 .729
There is knowledge on how to segregate waste. 1.00 .710
There is knowledge on how to re-use waste. 1.00 .819
There is knowledge on how to recycle waste. 1.00 .746
There has been a formal education on how to manage waste among the venders. 1.00 .680
There is non-formal education sensitizing the market venders on waste management. 1.00 .750
There is civic education programs that enlighten the market stakeholders. 1.00 .645
There is civic education programs that enlighten the general public on health
implications of indiscriminate dumping.
1.00 .667
There is ignorance in regards to waste management within the market. 1.00 .695
County Government organizes for awareness campaigns of effective ways of
managing waste.
1.00 .688
participation of the public in awareness campaigns of best ways to manage waste. 1.00 .615
There is prioritization from the political leaders in the management of waste within
the markets.
1.00 .645
There is good will from the political leaders in the management of waste within the
markets.
1.00 .717
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective county
government enactments.
1.00 .793
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective enforcement. 1.00 .753
There is a systematic controlled waste management through effective communication. 1.00 .769
There is strict adherence of the existing laws in the management of waste within the
market.
1.00 .668
There is destitute approach in solid waste management. 1.00 .670
There is poor county government approach in provision of the necessary waste
management services.
1.00 .751
There is political interference in the management of waste. 1.00 .727
There is slow implementation of the waste management strategies within the market. 1.00 .810
There is slow enforcement of the waste management strategies within the market. 1.00 .675
The existing legal framework on waste management within the market is strictly
observed.
1.00 .798
Governance regulates solid waste management within the market. 1.00 .653
Management of solid waste is put as one of the political agendas in the county
government.
1.00 .644
Policies to reduce solid waste discharge within the market is weak. 1.00 .601
There is provision of adequate storage bins to individual vendors within the market
before transferring to a common pit for collection.
1.00 .627
There is provision of assorted bins to aid in waste separation during storage. 1.00 .618
There is a fee charged for managing solid waste within the market. 1.00 .722
The market venders are willing to pay a fee to improve service delivery in waste
management within the market.
1.00 .663
There is adequate tools for collecting solid waste. 1.00 .700
There is adequate machinery for collecting solid waste. 1.00 .540
Waste collectors are provided with uniform for their health safety. 1.00 .759
Waste collectors are provided with masks for their health safety. 1.00 .796
The service of motor vehicles used for collection and discarding waste are made on
time.
1.00 .595
There is skilled staff and trained personnel who manage the waste within the market. 1.00 .574
A dequate space provided by the county government for the disposal of solid waste. 1.00 .641
There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste collection. 1.00 .639
There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid waste disposal. 1.00 .719
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in material recovery. 1.00 .722
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in re-use of waste. 1.00 .711
There are incentives offered to the organizations who engage in recycling. 1.00 .770
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
48
The communalities tables shows that all the variables had values greater than 0.5 and thus
they were all retained for further iteration techniques and formation of composite
components. The rotation was done through varimax method and set for a maximum of
25 iterations.
4.3.2.4 Total factor varianceon Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management
Table 4.9 shows the percent a factor accounts out of the total variance. Eigenvalues are
the variances of the factors and when a correlation matrix is used they all have variances
of one and the total variance is equal to the number of the initial factors.
In this study, those components which had an Eigen value of more than 1.0 were selected.
The Eigen values are shown under the column labeled total under initial Eigen values
row. From the results, only 9 factors had Eigen values of more than 1.0.
The composite factors selected through factors analysis were: control and recycling
mechanism in place, level of support from the county government and the political
leadership, interest from the County government and the public, existing legal framework,
level of knowledge and awareness on waste management, safety of the waste collectors,
prioritization and policy framework on disposal, sensitization and cooperation from the
market vendors and lastly the degree of political interference.
49
Table 4: 9Total factor variances
Component
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared
Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared
Loadings
Total % of
Variance Cumulative
% Total % of
Variance Cumulative
% Total % of
Variance Cumulative
%
1 10.270 24.453 24.453 10.270 24.453 24.453 7.012 16.695 16.695
2 5.823 13.863 38.316 5.823 13.863 38.316 6.221 14.812 31.507
3 3.576 8.513 46.829 3.576 8.513 46.829 3.818 9.091 40.598
4 2.837 6.754 53.583 2.837 6.754 53.583 3.171 7.551 48.149
5 1.720 4.095 57.678 1.720 4.095 57.678 2.941 7.002 55.151
6 1.628 3.875 61.553 1.628 3.875 61.553 1.751 4.169 59.320
7 1.200 2.857 64.410 1.200 2.857 64.410 1.516 3.610 62.930
8 1.130 2.690 67.100 1.130 2.690 67.100 1.459 3.473 66.403
9 1.031 2.455 69.554 1.031 2.455 69.554 1.324 3.151 69.554
10 .959 2.283 71.838
11 .925 2.201 74.039
12 .899 2.140 76.179
13 .831 1.979 78.158
14 .722 1.719 79.877
15 .696 1.658 81.534
16 .659 1.570 83.104
17 .611 1.454 84.558
18 .576 1.371 85.929
19 .553 1.316 87.245
20 .490 1.166 88.411
21 .448 1.066 89.477
22 .407 .968 90.445
23 .401 .955 91.400
24 .352 .837 92.238
25 .334 .796 93.034
26 .320 .763 93.797
27 .299 .713 94.509
28 .269 .640 95.150
29 .250 .595 95.745
30 .217 .517 96.262
31 .208 .496 96.758
32 .202 .482 97.240
33 .190 .453 97.692
34 .171 .408 98.100
35 .153 .364 98.465
36 .135 .322 98.787
37 .116 .275 99.062
38 .108 .258 99.320
39 .095 .226 99.546
40 .073 .174 99.720
41 .063 .151 99.871
42 .054 .129 100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
50
4.3.2.5 Screen Plot of Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management
A screen plot graphs the eigenvalue against the factor number. A screen plot of the factor
analysis in this study is shown in figure 4.4.
Figure 4. 4Screen Plot
According to figure 4.4, the screen plot shows the first factor which had a Eigen value of
more than 10, followed by the second one with Eigen value of 5.0 and the rest. The value
of the Eigen values decrease across the plot because each successive factor account for
smaller and smaller amounts of the total variance.This shows that only 9 composite
factors could be extracted from the 42 factors and thus only 9 grand factors affect the
management of wastes in the County government of Kiambu.
4.5 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste in Kiambu County
The second objective of the study was on the existing systems of disposing solid wastes
in Kiambu County. This objective was achieved through running descriptive statistics of
data collected on the existing solid waste generation and disposal systems. The following
results and discussion reveal more on the available systems of solid waste disposal as
given by the operational managers of the sampled markets.
51
Table 4: 10Current systems of disposing solid waste in Kiambu County
N Mean Std. Dev
Waste generation and storage systems
Generation of waste within the market has an impact on the environment. 36 4.4444 1.02663
There are mechanisms used to manage waste generation. 36 3.7222 1.23314
Waste is generated from the market vendors only. 36 3.7222 1.59662
There are provisions of waste segregation at generation from source. 36 2.3889 1.31535
Household Level system
County government encourages recycling of waste. 35 2.3714 1.37382
County government provides color coded bags for segregating waste. 35 2.0857 1.4627
There are awareness programs conducted to encourage segregation, re-use
and recycle of waste. 35 2 1.37199
There are public- private partnerships to aide in waste recycling. 35 1.9429 1.18676
Collection and Transportation
There are the communal collection points within the market. 35 3.9714 1.56216
There are waste collection points within the market ideal/ strategically placed
for everyone? 35 3.8286 1.48494
Market vendors pay an extra fee of waste management till the disposal site. 35 3.6286 1.49678
Generated waste is well covered before placing them at the communal
collection points. 35 3.3143 1.64086
Waste disposal systems
There is strict adherence to disposal of waste to the approved sites. 36 3.5 1.29835
Service providers have adequate machinery & disposal amenities of solid
waste 35 3.0571 1.21129
There are adequate disposal sites of waste generated from the markets. 36 3.0556 1.06756
The informal waste pickers on the dumpsites are given some incentives. 36 3.0278 1.20679
According to the mean and standard deviations of the different factors the research pulled
the strong factors and weak factors from each component of the waste management
system. From the results, the market vendors agree to a great extent that (Mean=4.4) that
generation of waste within each market had an impact to the environment. The standard
deviation was 1.0 implying that market vendors had varying responses on that. Provision
of waste segregation at source at was least rated with a mean of mean of 2.4 and standard
deviation of 1.3.
On household level system, the highly rated activity was the efforts of the county
government to encourage recycling of waste (mean= 2.4, SD=1.4) and the least rated was
public-private partnerships with a mean of 1.9 and a standard deviation of 1.2. This shows
that household levels systems had low rated implying that it was implemented to a low
extent. The values of standard deviation were more than 1.0 showing that market vendors
had mixed responses on household system.
52
On collection and transportation, the highly rated aspect was on the existence of
communal collection points within the market (Mean=4.0, SD=1.6) and the least one was
on covering of wastes before they are collected (Mean=3.3, SD=1.6). This shows that
communal collection points were common to a great extent and the covering of wastes
had been implemented to a less extent. The standard deviation values were both more
than 1.0 implying that market vendors had varying responses on the two aspects.
Lastly, under waste disposal system, the market vendors indicated that strict adherence to
disposal of waste was implemented to great extent (Mean =3.5, SD=1.3) although there
was no consensus among them. The least implemented aspect under waste disposal was
the giving of incentives to informal waste pickers on the dumpsites (Mean=3.0, SD=1.2).
The standard deviation however shows that not all the market vendors agreed with that as
some indicated it was done to a great extent in their markets.
52
A graphical representation of the current systems as shown.
Figure 4. 5Current systems of disposing solid waste in Kiambu County
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3% 6%
17%
36% 40%
60% 60% 57%
14% 11% 11%
23%
11%
17%
11% 14%
3%
8% 11%
17%
11%
0% 3% 3%
9% 9%
14%
9%
3% 3%
8% 11%
14%
33%
8%
28% 31%
23% 23%
31%
9%
23% 23% 26%
44%
51%
56%
50%
8%
14% 11% 11%
6% 6% 6% 6% 3%
0% 3%
0%
8%
14% 14%
8%
72%
39%
53%
8% 11% 11%
9%
3%
66%
57%
49%
43%
33%
14% 11%
17%
Per
cen
t
Systems
No Extent Small Extent Moderate Extent Large Extent Very Large Extent
53
Key:
Table 4: 11Key: On the current systems of disposing wastes
Waste generation and storage systems
1 Generation of waste within the market has an impact on the environment.
2 There are mechanisms used to manage waste generation.
3 Waste is generated from the market vendors only.
4 There are provisions of waste segregation at generation from source.
House hold level system
5 County government encourages recycling of waste.
6 County government provides color coded bags for segregating waste.
7 Awareness programs conducted to encourage segregation, re-use and recycling
8 There are public- private partnerships to aide in waste recycling.
Collection and Transportation
9 There are the communal collection points within the market.
10 waste collection points within the market ideal/ strategically placed for everyone
11 Market vendors pay an extra fee of waste management till the disposal site.
12 Waste is well covered before placing them at the communal collection points.
Waste disposal systems
13 There is strict adherence to disposal of waste to the approved sites.
14 Service providers have adequate machinery & disposal amenities of solid waste
15 There are adequate disposal sites of waste generated from the markets.
16 The informal waste pickers on the dumpsites are given some incentives.
One of the systems studied was the waste generation and storage system. According to
the results in figure 4.5, majority of the managers (72%) underscored the fact that
generation of waste had an impact on the environment and only 3% indicated it had no
impact on the environment. Also most of the managers (39%) indicated that there were
mechanisms used to manage waste generation and most of it was from the market vendors
(53%). The storage system was not very adequate since it lacked a provision on waste
segregation according to 36% of the managers interviewed. This shows that there were
strong waste generation control mechanisms and weak storage systems in the markets.
Figure 4.5 shows that County government encouraged recycling of wastes to less extent
according to 40% of the managers.Also majority of the managers (60%) indicated that
county government did not provide colour coded bags for segregating wastes to small
extent. According to majority of the managers (60%), the programs to raise awareness on
waste management on segregation, re-use and recycling of wastes was not done at all
while others did not conduct any of such programs in the markets. Also in some parts of
54
the markets listed, there had never been any public-private partnership on waste recycling
according to 57% of the managers while for those which had were it was it done to a less
extent. This shows that there was no strong house hold level systems on waste
management.
On collection and transportation, the market managers indicated that there were
communal collection points in the market (66%). Waste collection points were
strategically placed in ideal positions where they could be seen by everyone in most of
the markets (57%). The systems were such that market vendors paid extra fees on waste
management to the disposal sites according to 49% of the managers. Lastly, most of the
managers (43%) indicated that generated wastes was well covered before being placed at
the communal points. This practice was however not done in other areas implying that the
waste was left uncovered and posing risks to the environment according to 23% of the
managers who felt it was done to no extent at all.
The waste disposal systems in Kiambu markets were characterized by strict adherence to
disposal of wastes to the approved sites to a moderate extent in most of the market areas
(44%). Majority of the service providers (51%) indicated that the disposal systems had
moderate machinery and disposal amenities of solid wastes and adequate disposal sites of
wastes. Also as a way of encouraging waste management, 50% of the managers indicated
that the practice of giving informal waste pickers some incentives was done to a moderate
extent although this was uncommon in some market centres (11%). The results shows that
waste disposal systems had moderate space, disposal sites and moderately adhered to the
disposal of wastes.
4.5.1 Suggestions on how to improve current system of waste disposal
The managers provided suggestions on how to improve the current systems of waste
disposal. The results are shown in table 4.12.
55
Table 4: 12Suggestions on how to improve current system of waste disposal
N Percent Percent of Cases
Waste generation
Selling waste(e.g pigs) 15 39.5% 44.1%
Recycling/re-using waste 14 36.8% 41.2%
Skippers(mettallic container bins) 6 15.8% 17.6%
Using crates for vegetables as dustbins 2 5.3% 5.9%
Individual vendor bin 1 2.6% 2.9%
Total 38 100.0% 111.8%
House hold
Individual vendors to be given many bins. 10 23.3% 40.0%
Training 10 23.3% 40.0%
Daily waste clearing, collection 8 18.6% 32.0%
Recycling/re-using 7 16.3% 28.0%
Market cleaning days. 3 7.0% 12.0%
Colour coded bins 1 2.3% 4.0%
Have movable bins for waste storage before collection 1 2.3% 4.0%
Reselling waste 1 2.3% 4.0%
Start a recycling factory 1 2.3% 4.0%
Waste separation 1 2.3% 4.0%
Total 43 100.0% 172.0%
Collection and Transportation
Covered tracks/bins to avoid spillage 13 36.1 43%
Individual bins to vendors. 5 13.9 17%
Add number of tracks for transporting wastes 3 8.3 10%
Daily garbage collection 3 8.3 10%
Color coded bins for separating waste 2 5.6 7%
Add dumpsites 1 2.8 3%
County should mince waste 1 2.8 3%
Cover waste and then transport it 1 2.8 3%
Mechanize the process 1 2.8 3%
Total 30 83.4 100%
Waste disposal systems
Recycling,re using waste 12 33.3 35%
Increase number of dumping sites 6 16.7 18%
Selling waste 6 16.7 18%
Waste compression 4 11.1 12%
Many collection places 2 5.6 6%
By making good collection points like big waste bins 1 2.8 3%
Individual bins 1 2.8 3%
Training on waste management 1 2.8 3%
Waste segregation 1 2.8 3%
Total 34 94.6 100%
56
From the results, waste generation and control system could improve by selling wastes,
recycling and re-using wastes having metallic containers among others. At household
level, the most suggested methods of waste management included: having individual bins
for collection of wastes, training, collecting wastes on daily basis and recycling/re-using
among others. The collection and transportation systems could be improved by having
covered tracks for carrying wastes, having individual bins, increasing the number of
tracks and collecting wastes on a daily basis. Lastly, on waste disposal, the managers
suggested recycling, reusing wastes, increasing the dumping sites, selling wastes,
compression of wastes, increasing the collection points among others.
4.6 Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County
The third objective of the study was on the strategies used in Kiambu to manage solid
waste management in Kiambu markets. This objective was achieved through running
descriptive statistics of data collected on the existing strategies used to manage solid
wastes in the County.
Table 4: 13Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County
N Mean Std. Dev
Integrated Solid waste management
There are mechanisms provided for waste separation 33 2.3333 1.70783
There is public participation in the management of solid waste. 33 1.9697 1.28659
Modern methods of managing waste have been introduced. 33 1.8182 1.33357
Introduction of new technology in the management of solid waste. 33 1.6061 1.08799
Waste management Treatment approach
Treatment approach is used for the waste generated. 36 2.8889 1.753
There are efforts by the county government to encourage private sector in waste treatment 36 2.0833 1.42177
Training forums for the staff in application of treatment approach. 35 1.9714 1.27154
Awareness forums for the staff in application of treatment approach. 36 1.8056 1.26083
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) Involvement of the county government with the private sector in the
management of solid waste within the market. 35 3.6571 1.60775
Stakeholders of markets welcome PPP of solid waste management. 35 3.6286 1.66426
Community based groups sensitization on the need to partner and work together in solid waste 35 2.7143 1.69031
Modern enforcements Standards
Strict standards formulated for the management of waste 36 3.5278 1.53969
Clear regulatory framework are set for the management of SW 36 3.3611 1.29069
The national government gives support in policies and enforcement of waste management. 36 3.3056 1.32707
Efficient enforcement capacity for waste management in the market. 35 3.2857 1.42605
There are regular inspections and enforcement procedures followed. 35 2.9429 1.0556
57
The most common strategy under integrated solid waste management system was on the
mechanisms provided for waste separation according to the type of waste (Mean =2.3,
SD=1.7). However, the strategy was practised to a small extent as the mean value was
very small. On the contrary, the least strategy under integrated waste management system
was the introduction of new technology in the management of solid waste (Mean=1.6,
SD=1.1) which had been implemented to a very low extent. Use of treatment approach
was practised to a moderate extent (mean=2.9, SD=1.8). The value of standard deviation
however shows that the market vendors had various responses on that aspect.
On public partnership strategy, collaboration between the county and the private sector
had been implemented to a great extent (mean=3.7, SD=1.6). Although some of the
market vendors held different opinion about that aspect and had contradicting views. The
least aspect under public partnership was community based sensitization where the study
found that it had been implemented to a less extent (mean= 2.7, SD=1.7).
Lastly, modern enforcement had been implemented to a great extent (Mean=3.5, SD=1.5)
through formulation of strict standards on waste management. The least aspect of
enforcement has been on the inspection which had been done to a moderate extent
(Mean=2.9, SD=1.1). The standard deviation shows that some market vendors felt
inspection had been implemented to a great extent.
58
A bar graph of the strategies used to manage waste disposal in Kiambu town is as shown.
Figure 4. 6Strategies of solid waste management in Kiambu County
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
55% 58%
67%
73%
39%
58% 57%
64%
20% 20%
40%
17%
11% 14%
17%
11% 9%
6% 6% 3%
8%
3% 6%
8% 6%
9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 9% 11%
9%
24%
15% 18%
8%
19%
26%
19%
11% 14%
20%
25%
42%
36%
31%
60%
3% 6%
3% 3%
14% 11%
6%
0%
14%
3% 3% 6%
11%
17% 14%
6%
24%
6% 9%
3%
31%
8% 6%
8%
49%
54%
29%
44%
28% 25%
29%
11%
No Extent Small Extent Moderate Extent Large Extent Very Large Extent
59
Key
Integrated solid waste management systems
1 There are mechanisms provided for waste separation according to the type of
waste. 2 There is public participation in the management of solid waste. 3 There are new modern methods of managing wastes that have been introduced. 4 There is introduction of new technology in the management of solid waste. Waste management treatment approach
5 There is treatment approach used for the waste generated. 6 There are efforts by the county government to encourage private sector in waste
treatment 7 There are training forums for the staff in application of treatment approach in
waste management. 8 There are awareness forums for the staff in application of treatment approach. Public Private Partnerships for sustainable Solid waste management
9 There is involvement of the county government with the private sector in the
management of solid waste within the market. 10 The stakeholders of the market welcome the public private partnerships of solid
waste management. 11 Community based groups sensitized on the need to partner and work together in
solid waste Modern enforcement standards
12 There are strict standards that are formulated for the management of waste in the
market. 13 There are clear regulatory framework set for the management of solid waste in the
market. 14 The national government gives support in policies and enforcement of waste
management. 15 There are efficient enforcement capacity for waste management in the market. 16 There are regular inspections and enforcement procedures followed.
The result in figure 4.6 shows that the market within Kiambu County had not embraced
integrated solid waste management systems. The results shows that waste separation
mechanism was not done at all as per the majority of the managers (55%). Also 58%
indicated that the waste management had not embraced public participation in the
management of solid wastes. Further, according to 67% of the managers, the adoption of
new modern methods of waste management had not been done to any extent at all. Lastly,
introduction of new technology in the management of solid waste had not been done to
any extent according to 73% of the managers. Thus, the results indicate that the current
systems of waste management were less integrated in the County of Kiambu.
On waste management treatment approach, the study found that most of the managers had
not adopted treatment for waste disposal (39%). The managers also had not initiated
60
efforts to encourage private sector in waste treatment (58%). Also the study found that
majority of the managers (57%) had not set training forums for the staff on treatment
approach of waste management. Also there were no awareness forums for the staff in the
application of the treatment approach according to 64% of the managers. This shows that
markets in Kiambu County had not embraced treatment approach of waste management.
For sustainable solid waste management, the need for public-private partnerships is a key
factor of consideration. The study found that there was a large extent of collaboration
between county government and private sector on solid waste management as indicated
by 49% of the managers and the established partnerships were welcome and accepted by
the people to a large extent in the markets (54%). However, according to most of the
managers (40%) there had been no community based groups sensitising the communities
on the need to partner and work together to effectively manage solid wastes in the
County. This shows that although there had been public private partnerships and the idea
was welcomed. Little had been achieved in terms of sensitization by the community based
groups on solid waste management.
The last strategy was the modern standards of enforcement used in Kiambu County.
According to 44% of the managers, strict standards were formulated to manage wastes to
a large extent in the County. Approximately 42% of the managers indicated that the
county used to set regulatory framework on waste management to a moderate extent.
Most of the managers too indicated that they benefited from the policies and enforcement
from the national government to a moderate extent (36%). Further, according to most of
the managers (31%), there was moderate enforcement capacity for waste management
while inspections and enforcement procedures were followed to a moderate extent
according to 60% of the managers. The results shows that although the County had
embraced the modern enforcement standards, the strategies were still not firmly embraced
and probably created loopholes on waste management.
4.6.1 Suggestions on strategies on waste management
The market vendors provided other strategies which could be used to improve waste
management in the county. The results are shown in table 4.14.
61
Table 4: 14Suggestions on strategies on waste management
N Percent
Integrated waste management strategies
Individual vendor(color coded) bins 6 26%
Waste milling/compression 6 26%
Recycling 3 13%
Selling wastes e.g furniture users 3 13%
Train those who come to pick garbage 2 9%
Giving incentives to waste collectors 1 4%
Increasing dumping sites 1 4%
Seperation of waste through colored bins 1 4%
Total 23 100%
Treatment approach
By encouraging individual bins. 3 50%
Bringing all stake holders to work as a team 1 17%
creating awareness 1 17%
Treating sewage and bring it back to county we use as water 1 17%
Total 6 100
Public –private partnership
Involving market vendors and management 4 33%
Form more partnerships and train people 2 17%
Introduce boards to run the solid management 1 8%
outsource collection of solid waste 1 8%
Partner with more people for collecting garbage and start a recycling plant 1 8%
Research 1 8%
Through county government 1 8%
Through forums 1 8%
Total 12 100
Modern Enforcement methods
Involve market management staff 3 38%
Involve market vendors, representatives and management 2 25%
Adequate budge for waste management. 1 13%
Be proactive, accountability 1 13%
By having every market at least a lorry 1 13%
Total 8 100
Table 4.14 shows some of the strategies suggested by managers to improve waste
management in Kiambu County. On intergrated waste management approach, the
managers suggested inclusion of individual vendor (colour coded bins), waste
milling/compression, recycling, selling of wastes, and training on waste management
among others. The treatment approach could be made more effective by encouraging
62
individual bins, bringing stakeholders to work as a team, creating awareness and treating
sewages and bring g it back. The public –private partnerships could be made more
effective by involving market vendors and management, forming more partnerships,
having boards on solid management, outsourcing collection of solid waste through forums
among others.
4.7 Chapter summary
This chapter has presented and discussed results and interpretations of the data on solid
waste management in Kiambu County. In a nutshell, the study found nine broad factors
influencing solid waste management in Kiambu. The County had invested on waste
generation and storage systems, collection, transportation and waste disposal systems.
However, the County had not strategies which could help the systems to work effectively
on solid waste management. The next chapter provides a summary, discussion,
conclusions and recommendations of the study.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is a continuation of chapter four on data analysis. The chapter is split into
several sections on summary, discussion of the findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the study.
5.2 Summary of the Findings
The study sought to find out the factors which influenced the management of wastes in
Kiambu County, the current systems and the strategies which can improve waste
management. The data was collected from market vendors and managers of the markets
who had information on waste collection and disposal.
From the findings, waste management in Kiambu markets was influenced by the systems
and approaches used to control waste generation and recycling, level of support and
involvement of the county government and political leadership on waste management,
level of interest by both the county and public on waste management, existing legal
framework on waste management, level of knowledge on waste management, safety of
waste collectors and policy framework in place to guide on waste management.
The existing systems on waste generation and storage lacked waste separation options to
facilitate easy waste management while the waste disposal guidelines were implemented
to partially. The household level system of waste management mechanism was least
known and partially implemented in Kiambu.
On the strategies pursued to improve the effectiveness of wastes in Kiambu. The study
found that integrated solid waste management systems and treatment approach strategies
were not fully implemented. The public –private partnership strategy of waste
management was highly embraced but only few community based groups had been
sensitized on the need for such partnerships. Lastly, the enforcement strategies of waste
management such as guidelines, laws and regulations had not been fully implemented and
thus the strategy had not been fully beneficial.
64
5.3 Discussion of the Findings
This section provides a discussion of the findings of the study and a quick comparison
with previous studies and an interrogation of the study results with an aim of providing
conclusive grounds for inferences.
5.3.1 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The first objective of the study was to determine the main factors affecting management
of solid waste in Kiambu County. The study found seven main factors which influenced
the effectiveness of the solid waste management. The factors are highlighted in the
following discussion.
The study found recycling culture and attitude had not been promoted in the County
markets and neither were there incentives to those who did recycling, material recovery
and even re-used wastes. The study found also poor and weak efforts for controlling
waste generation in the county markets such as inadequate county government
enactments for controlling wastes, ineffective ways of enforcing waste management
regulations as well as ineffective communication of waste management related
information. The findings agree with the views of Buenrostro et al, (2001) who indicated
that weak implementation and poor practices have led to towns and cities being
overwhelmed by their own waste, therefore affecting public health and the environment.
According to Maton et al, (2016) the unpleasant state of solid waste management in the
community was due to poor government approach in provision of the necessary services.
In this study, the menace with solid waste management was partly due to poor approach
used by the county government and other stakeholders.
The findings showed that the County had laid proper infrastructure for solid waste
disposal and even ensured vehicles were serviced on time to facilitate smooth collection
of and disposal of wastes. However, there was no adequate space for disposal of solid
wastes and the tools for collecting solid wastes were inadequate. This shows that the
environment to facilitate effective solid waste management in the County was weak
although there were some infrastructural framework and timely servicing of vehicles. The
results agree with the view of Maton et al., (2016) relaxed enforcement of guidelines by
the local authorities in solid waste management had led to poor waste management.
65
According to NEMA (2014) reports, poor waste management has been caused by lack of
adequate space for disposal and lack of political good will.
The study found that there was little support on waste management from the county
governance and the political leadership. For example, the county hardly organized
awareness campaigns on waste management to enlighten the public and the market
vendors on ways of disposing wastes. Secondly, the county suffered from lack of good
will from the political leadership who did not treat solid waste management as a priority.
The results concur with the views of Moghadam et al., (2009) who held that Politicians
give low priority to solid waste compared to other municipal activities. According to
UNEP, (2004) solid waste management was not a major concern on the political agenda
in developing countries as they were besieged with other essential concerns such as
hunger, healthiness problems, water shortages, unemployment and even civil war. Also
the level of public participation was very low and probably a main reason for less
effective management of waste in the county.
The findings showed other areas of support such as provision of assorted bins to assist in
waste segregation was low as well as the provision of adequate storage bins to individual
vendors posing a challenge of shortage of materials for managing wastes. Moreover, there
was no civic programs to enlighten the public on health implications of indiscriminate
dumping coupled with shortage of skilled and trained personnel to manage wastes
generated in the County markets of Kiambu. NEMA (2014) report had pointed out that
Kenya was faced by limited technical proficiencies in waste management which had led
to poor management of waste management facilities and equipment and their failure to
attain optimal operating capacities.
The study found that waste management was also influenced by lack of interest and
negligence by the stakeholders. The results shows that majority of the public knew about
the impact of waste on the environment. The managers felt there was no ignorance
towards waste management and felt that the approach by the county government to
provide waste management services was good. Thus, the public knew the importance of
waste management, the county had good approach to manage wastes and implemented
strategies on waste management. However, only a small number of the markets had
adequate machinery for collecting wastes. Moreover, there was slow enforcement of the
waste management strategies within the market. This shows that although the public
66
knew the importance of waste management and had good strategies to manage wastes it
lacked to invest in machinery and also it was very slow in implementing strategies on
waste management in the markets.
The study found existing legal framework on waste management was strictly observed by
majority of the stakeholders and that there was strict adherence of the existing laws in the
management on waste. According to NEMA (2014) lack of access and waste
management infrastructure has led to absence of collection leading to illegal waste
dumping in undesignated areas sites, streams, rivers and highways. The market vendors
felt that the approach used on solid waste management was not weak and that the
infrastructure laid down on waste collection was proper and effective. However, the
county governance hardly regulated the process and procedures on waste collection and
disposal indicated by most of the market vendors. This shows that there was strict
observance and adherence to the legal framework as per guidelines of other government
agencies such as NEMA but little was done by the county government to manage wastes
through enforcement or regulations.
The study also found that the level of knowledge and awareness on solid waste disposal
and management by the members of the public and the market vendors also influenced
the effectiveness of the waste management in the County. The study found that majority
of the market vendors and the public had no knowledge on how to segregate, re-use and
recycle wastes and thus the waste which would be useful elsewhere beneficially was
discarded. The lack of knowledge was further escalated by the lack of formal and non-
formal education on waste management within the county markets. The results implies
that members of the public and the market vendors had limited knowledge and
understanding of waste management which also heavily impacted on waste management
within the County. The results concur with the NEMA (2014) report which indicated that
limited awareness and knowledge on the importance of a clean and healthy environment
within Kiambu County.
From the findings, the level of safety provided for the waste collectors was also a major
determinant on the extent to which the ways and approaches used to manage wastes in the
County markets would be effective. The study that good efforts had been done to ensure
that waste collectors were provided with masks for their health safety, there were no
protective clothes for the same people. This shows that although the waste collectors
67
could prevent bad odor from the garbage they had no protective clothes. This exposed
them to health hazards and also discouraged them from being effective when collecting
garbage. Therefore, there seems to be less protection and concern for the waste collectors
which in the long run acts as a disincentive to effectively collect wastes. This situation
was explained by Vidanaarachchi et al., (2006) who held that waste workers were being
associated to low social status and as a result they was low motivation and inadequate
consideration and care given to waste collectors.
The study found that political leaders and even county government executive did not give
priority to solid waste management in the county. According to Karak (2012), there is
need for a political stimulus where solid waste management must be comprehended as a
priority at all levels of government to create an enabling environment for enforcement
and offer a legal framework within which environmental impact can be implemented.
The results also show that the policy framework guiding the discharge and generation of
wastes in the county was weak and ineffective. This further implied there was less
support and concern given to the same leading to ineffective solid waste management in
the county. Karak et al., (2012) found similar results in Latin America where the
application of policies to reduce solid waste discharge were still weak and there was more
generation of wastes.
The study shows that there are other factors which influenced how effective waste
management in the county was being managed. These included the extent to which the
market vendors were willing to pay fees for waste management, the extent to which the
public was enlighten on the importance of waste management and the high level of
political interference within the county.
5.3.2 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste in Kiambu County
The results show that the county government had adopted different systems and
mechanisms of disposing solid wastes. The county had procedures on how to manage
waste generation within the markets in Kiambu. This could be done by the fact that waste
was generated mostly by the market vendors in the markets. This agrees with the NEMA
(2014) reports that majority of the waste generated is at household, market places, cities,
towns, institutions and industrial zones.
68
The findings shows that despite the positioning strategies, there were no provisions on
how to segregate wastes from the source which complicated control of wastes from
generation to storage and finally to disposal. This shows that waste management was poor
at the source. According to Da Zhu et al., (2008) storage of waste at the source of its
generation is the first crucial step towards suitable SWM.
The study found that no much had been done to make waste management efficient and
effective at household level. The study found that county did not encourage recycling of
wastes nor did it provide colour coded bags for segregating wastes at the household level.
The results resonated with the results of Muchangos et al., (2014) who found that that
most households suffered from severe shortage of money and recycling was undertaken in
a limited way due to a small and undeveloped local market for recyclable materials with
the exception of plastics and ferrous scrap. There were also no awareness programs
conducted to encourage segregation, re-use and recycling of wastes in most parts of the
markets as well as partnerships between the public and the private or the community on
waste management.
Findings on waste collection and transportation systems show that the system was good
and firm. The study found that to a large extent, there were communal collection points
and the collection points were positioned strategically for everyone to see. This was also
similar to Lahore in Pakistan where secondary collection of waste was done from the
communal waste containers placed at various locations in the city (Masood et al., 2014).
The study also found that market vendors paid extra fees to assist in garbage collection
and transportation in most of the markets. This had been pointed out by Wilson et al.
(2012) who had explained that the level of income had a bearing on the collection of
waste. With the low income, there was irregular and inefficient collection of waste
whereby service was limited to high visibility areas, the affluent, and businesses willing
to pay. Lastly, there were attempts which had been made in most of the areas to ensure
that the wastes generated were well covered before they were picked at the collection
points.
The results further showed that waste disposal guidelines were implemented to a
moderate extent. Also the service providers had fairly adequate machinery and disposal
amenities of solid wastes. Further, the disposal sites were moderately adequate and the
69
informal waste pickers were moderately motivated and given incentives. This shows that
waste disposal systems were not implemented fully in the county markets. The results
resonate with the NEMA report (2014) that few towns that have designated sites practice
open dumping of mixed waste as they lack appropriate machineries and disposal
amenities. The report further highlighted the fact the disposal of waste in Kenya was a
major challenge as most of the counties lack proper and adequate disposal sites.
5.3.3 Strategies of Solid Waste Management inKiambu County
The third objective of the study was on the strategies used by the county government of
Kiambu to effectively manage wastes in the markets. Ikebude (2017) argued that ISWMS
is a comprehensive waste prevention, re-cycling, composting, and disposal programme
and it‟s a better means of effectively protecting human well-being and environment. The
study found that Kiambu markets sampled had not fully embraced integrated solid waste
management systems and the existing systems had some glaring weaknesses. Firstly, the
existing systems had not provided options for separating wastes for easy collection and
disposal. Secondly, the existing systems had no provisions and opportunities for public
participation. Thirdly the system had not factored in the adoption of new methods of
managing wastes in most of the markets and lastly the systems lacked use of new
technology in management of solid wastes. The results show that although there were
systems to collect and dispose wastes in Kiambu markets sampled, the systems were not
integrated lacked technological back up as well as new approaches on waste management.
Wilson et al., (2014) argued that counties had to consider financial and technical
resources, manpower, knowledge available, expected waste quantities, policies and
legislation and update and finally enforced them so as to achieve a sustainable and
integrated system of waste management. The study results shows that waste management
in Kiambu County was not integrated adequately to sustainably and effective manage
wastes.
According to the results, another strategy used in waste management was the treatment
approach of waste management. This strategy according to Rada et al., (2009) the
approach was important as it turned waste to a useful resource that could be used
beneficially.The study found that treatment approach was used in some markets although
in other markets it had never been used. This could probably be due to lack of knowledge
about the approach or lack of interest by the waste collection and disposal agents. The
70
involvement of the private sector in waste management was very minimal and in only few
markets. In addition, in most of the markets, the training forums for the staff in
application of treatment approach in waste management was also very uncommon and
unknown which further narrowed the chances of the public in knowing the use of
treatment approach in waste management. The county had also not put in place awareness
forums for the staff on the use of treatment approach of waste management. This shows
that less had been done to promote use of treatment approach as a method of waste
management. The results resonate with the reports from NEMA (2014) which indicated
that Waste treatment technologies have not been fully incorporated in the Kenya waste
management systems however there are on-going efforts to enhance waste treatment
practices.
The study found that use of public –private partnerships method of waste management
was also used to ensure waste management initiatives are owed by both the government
and the communities. Aliu et al., (2014) argued that although several strategies have been
applied for efficient solid waste management in developing economies, the public private
partnership has widest appeal. In kenya, Some County Governments have privatized
waste transportation through Public Private Partnership arrangements (NEMA, 2014).
According to the results, the county government and the private sector were both involved
in management of waste in the markets. Also the stakeholders welcomed the idea of
partnership of the waste management initiatives in the area showing that the public-
private partnership was embraced and well celebrated. This agrees with the Kiambu
County reports (2015) where there was semi-aerobic landfill in partnership with UN-
HABITAT at the former Kangoki dumping site. However, the fruits of the partnerships
were seemingly missing as most of the community groups had not been sensitised on the
need of a partnership between communities and the responsible government agencies
which further could work against the idea of public –private partnership in waste
management. This lack of partnership between the government and the community was
also reported by Ikebude (2017) who indicated that, involvement of these segments of the
society in partnerships was still very limited in developing countries.
From the study results, a modern enforcement standard was another strategy which could
be used to improve the effectiveness of the waste management in the County of Kiambu.
Coffey & Coad, (2010) argued that clear, definite, legal and regulatory framework,
including functioning inspection and enforcement procedures at the national, provincial,
71
and local levels is essential to the proper functioning of a solid waste management
strategy. The study found that the county had formulated very strict guidelines and clear
regulatory framework on management of wastes in the markets implying that good
framework had been set by the county to regulate and legislate on the process of waste
collection and disposal. Further examination of the results revealed that the national
government provided support in terms of policies and enforcement of waste management
guidelines to a moderate extent. The World Bank (2011) advised that national-level
enforcement was essential for solid municipal waste management sector compliance and
thus counties acting alone could not adequately enforce required environmental standards.
The study revealed also that enforcement and inspection of the enforcement procedures
on waste management in the market was done to a great extent. Therefore the use of
modern standards of enforcement was to a moderate extent. This shows that there was no
full commitment by the county government to employ enforcement strategies to improve
waste management in the County.
5.4 Conclusion
5.4.1 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The study concludes that waste management in Kiambu markets was influenced by the
systems and approaches used to control waste generation and recycling, level of support
and involvement of the county government and political leadership on waste
management, level of interest by both the county and public on waste management,
existing legal framework on waste management, level of knowledge on waste
management, safety of waste collectors and policy framework in place to guide on waste
management. The success of waste management was also determined by the political
interferences and the willingness by the market vendors to incur costs to manage wastes
in the markets.
5.4.2 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste in Kiambu County
The study notes that waste generation and storage was in existence but lacked waste
separation options to facilitate easy waste management. The waste collection and
transportation system was in place which had defined where to assemble wastes and fees
for collection. The waste disposal guidelines were implemented to a moderate extent
while household level waste management mechanism was least known and implemented.
72
5.4.3 Strategies of Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The study concludes that markets in Kiambu county sampled (Jamhuri, Rongai, Limuru,
Thika) had not fully implemented the integrated solid waste management systems and
less had been done to promote use of treatment approach to waste management. The
public –private partnership strategy of waste management was highly embraced and
welcomed but only few community based groups had been sensitized on the need for such
partnerships. Lastly, the study notes that the enforcement of waste management
guidelines, laws and regulations was done moderately.
5.5 Recommendations
5.5.1 Recommendations for Improvement
5.5.1.1 Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The study found that less had been done to motivate the waste recyclers in the markets as
a way of encouraging organizations which embarked on waste recycling. Similarly, the
waste generation control mechanisms were weak and ineffective which frustrated efforts
driven towards waste management. To effectively manage wastes in the county markets,
it is recommended that the county reviews the existing waste generation control systems
with a view of sealing any loopholes which could interfere with the effectiveness of waste
management in Kiambu markets.
The effectiveness of waste management was also influenced by concern and support from
the county and political leadership. From the study results, the level of concern and
support from the county government and political leadership on waste management was
inadequate. The study recommends that waste management be recognized as a major
factor of consideration affecting the livelihood of the public and the society at large.
The study found that level of knowledge and awareness on waste management influenced
the extent to which wastes was effectively managed in the markets. The study found that
market vendors who generated a lot of wastes in the county markets of Kiambu had little
or no knowledge and awareness on waste management and there were no formal or
informal education or even sensitization campaigns on waste management. It is
recommended that the county governments through the department of environment
73
initiate training programs on waste management among the market vendors to equip them
with skills on waste management.
5.5.1.2 Current Systems of Disposing Solid Waste in Kiambu County
The study found there were less efforts or none at all towards household systems and thus
waste management was poor from the source. This poor management of the wastes at the
source led to poor management of waste in the subsequent activities relating to waste
collection, transportation and disposal. To improve the effectiveness of waste
management, it is recommended that household waste management system be developed
to ensure that waste is managed well from the source to the final site of disposal.
The current system of waste disposal had some functions which had been implemented to
a moderate extent such as partial use of waste disposal guidelines, inadequate machinery
and inadequate provision of disposal sites. All these partial implementation of the waste
disposal affected the effectiveness of waste disposal. The study recommends that all
guidelines stipulated in waste disposal system be enforced fully to improve on waste
disposal.
5.5.1.3 Strategies of Solid Waste Management in Kiambu County
The study found that Kiambu markets sampled had not fully embraced an integrated solid
waste management system which could involve all aspects which would ensure there was
effectiveness in waste management. The study recommends that the county adopts an
elaborate integrated system on waste management which is all inclusive wide enough to
consider all factors likely to affect management of wastes in the County.
The county of Kiambu had not fully factored in treatment approach of waste
management. Thus a lot of waste was being generated and discarded which would
otherwise be used somewhere else in a more beneficial way. To improve on the waste
management in the county markets, it is recommended that the county government of
Kiambu through the department of environment introduces new methods of waste
management and sensitizes the public about such methods such as treatment approach of
waste management.
74
5.5.2 Recommendations on Further Areas of Research
The study collected information from markets in Kiambu County. However, the results
cannot be replicated in other counties due to differences in socio-economic and climatic
factors. To authoritatively make inferences in other counties, it is recommended that
similar studies be done in other counties to establish the factors influencing waste
management, existing systems of waste disposal and strategies which can be used to
improve waste management.
75
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APPENDIX I: INTRODUCTION LETTER
85
APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION ONE: DEMOGRAPHICS
1. Age
o 20 years old and below
o 21-30 years old
o 31-40 years old
o 41-50 years old
o Above 50 years old
2. Gender
o Male
o Female
3. Number of years of formal education:
4. Highest level of Education:
5. County market where you work:
6. Type of work you do
7. Which department do you belong to
8. How frequent do you discard was in the market?
Everyday 3 Times a week Others
2 Times a week 4 Times a week
9. How frequent does the garbage truck collect discarded waste for disposal?
Everyday 3 Times a week Others
2 times a week 4 Times a week
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SECTION TWO: FACTORS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
This section will seek to establish factors affecting management of municipal waste.
For the following statements please tick √ the box that match your opinion most closely.
Where the scale is;1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Nuetral, 4-Agree and 5-
Strongly Agree.
1 2 3 4 5
1. There is an awareness of the impact of waste on the
environment.
2. There is knowledge on how to segregate waste.
3. There is knowledge on how to re-use waste.
4. There is knowledge on how to recycle waste.
5. There has been a formal education on how to manage
waste among the venders.
6. There is a non-formal education sensitizing the market
venders on waste management.
7. There is civic education programs that enlighten the
market stakeholders.
8. There is civic education programs that enlighten the
general public on health implications of indiscriminate
dumping.
9. There is ignorance in regards to waste management
within the market.
10. The County Government organizes for awareness
campaigns of effective ways of managing waste.
11. There is participation of the public in awareness
campaigns of best ways to manage waste.
12. There is prioritization from the political leaders in the
management of waste within the markets.
13. There is good will from the political leaders in the
management of waste within the markets.
14. There is a systematic controlled waste management
through effective county government enactments.
15. There is a systematic controlled waste management
through effective enforcement.
16. There is a systematic controlled waste management
through effective communication.
17. There is strict adherence of the existing laws in the
management of waste within the market.
18. There is destitute approach in solid waste management.
19. There is poor county government approach in provision
of the necessary waste management services.
20. There is political interference in the management of
waste.
21. There is slow implementation of the waste management
strategies within the market.
87
22. There is slow enforcement of the waste management
strategies within the market.
23. The existing legal framework on waste management
within the market is strictly observed.
24. Governance regulates solid waste management within
the market.
25. Management of solid waste is put as one of the political
agendas in the county government.
26. Policies to reduce solid waste discharge within the
market is weak.
27. There is provision of adequate storage bins to individual
vendors within the market before transferring to a
common pit for collection.
28. There is provision of assorted bins to aid in waste
separation during storage.
29. 24
There is a fee charged for managing solid waste within
the market.
30. The market venders are willing to pay a fee to improve
service delivery in waste management within the market.
31. There is adequate tools for collecting solid waste.
32. There is adequate machinery for collecting solid waste.
33. Waste collectors are provided with uniform for their
health safety.
34. Waste collectors are provided with masks for their health
safety.
35. The service of motor vehicles used for collection and
discarding waste are made on time.
36. There is skilled staff and trained personnel who manage
the waste within the market.
37. There is adequate space provided by the county
government for the disposal of solid waste.
38. There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid
waste collection.
39. There is a proper laid down infrastructure for the solid
waste disposal.
40. There are incentives offered to the organizations who
engage in material recovery.
41. There are incentives offered to the organizations who
engage in re-use of waste.
42. There are incentives offered to the organizations who
engage in recycling.
88
SECTION THREE: CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
This section seeks to identify the current management systems of municipal waste and
sanitation. Scale is ;1-No Extent, 2- Small Extent, 3- Moderate Extent, 4-Large Extent
and 5- Very Large Extent.
1 2
3
4
5
A. Waste Generation and Storage Systems
1. Waste is generated from the market vendors only.
2. Generation of waste within the market has an
impact on the environment.
3. There are provisions of waste segregation at
generation from source.
4. There are mechanisms used to manage waste
generation.
5. What are the other waste generation and storage systems?
B. House Hold Level Systems
6. County government provides color coded bags
forsegregating waste.
7. County government encourages recycling of waste.
8. There are public- private partnerships to aide in
waste recycling.
9. There are awareness programs conducted to
encourage segregation, re-use and recycle of
waste.
89
10. What would be the ideal methods/ mechanisms to ensure a clean environment free
from waste generators?
C. Collection and Transportation Systems
11. There are the communal collection points within
the market.
12. Generated waste is well covered before placing
them at the communal collection points.
13. Market vendors pay an extra fee of waste
management till the disposal site.
14. There are waste collection points within the market
ideal/ strategically placed for everyone?
15. What would be the ideal methods of waste collection and transportation of waste
from the markets?
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D. Waste Disposal Systems
16. Service providers have adequate machinery &
disposal amenities of solid waste
17. There are adequate disposal sites of waste
generated from the markets.
18. The informal waste pickers on the dumpsites are
given some incentives.
19. There is strict adherence to disposal of waste to the
approved sites.
20. What are the other waste disposal systems that can be used in Kiambu County?
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SECTION FOUR: MODERN METHODS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
This section seeks to identify if there are modern methods of waste management that have
been implemented or adopted. Scale is 1-No Extent, 2- Small Extent, 3- Moderate Extent,
4-Large Extent and 5- Very Large Extent.
1 2
3
4
5
A. Integrated Solid Waste Management
1. There are new modern methods of managing waste
that have been introduced compared to the previous
times
2. Thereis introduction of new technology in the
management of solid waste.
3. There is public participation in the management of
solid waste.
4. There are mechanisms provided for waste separation
according to the type of waste.
5. What are the possible alternative modern systems of waste management that could
work on the markets and are possible to implement?
B. Waste Management Treatment Approach
6. B There is treatment approach used for the waste
generated.
7. There are efforts by the county government to
encourage private sector in waste treatment
8. There are training forums for the staff in application
of treatment approach in waste management.
9. There are awareness forums for the staff in
application of treatment approach.
10. In your view how can waste treatment management approach be implemented in the
county and could it be effective?
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C. Public Private Partnerships for Sustainable
Solid Waste Management
11. There is involvement of the county government with
the private sector in the management of solid waste
within the market.
12. The stakeholders of the market welcome the public
private partnerships of solid waste management.
13. There are community based groups sensitized by the
County Government on the need to partner and work
together in regards to municipal solid waste
management.
14. In your view how can Public Private Partnerships for sustainable solid Waste
management be implemented in Kiambu County.
D. Modern Enforcement Standards
15. There areclear regulatory framework set for the
management of solid waste in the market.
16. There are regular inspections and enforcement
procedures followed in the management of solid
waste in the market.
17. There are strict standards that are formulated for the
management of waste in the market.
18. There are efficient enforcement capacity and
instruments for waste management in the market.
19. The national government gives support in policies
and enforcement of waste management within the
market.
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20. How can enforcement of the existing laws and policies in the management of waste be
implemented?