aspen - site observation & proposal
TRANSCRIPT
ASPEN INFRASTRUCTURES, ANANTAPUR
Industrial Internship Programme
VIGNESH S
BTG-12-037
Internship Period Jan 23 – Mar 23/2016
Office Hours 9.00 A.M – 6.00 P.M
Site Hours 7.00 A.M – 7.00 P.M
Regd. Office: Godrej Millennium, 5th Floor, 9, Koregaon Park Road, Pune – 411 001. Maharashtra, India
CIN: U45202PN1998PLC016516 Tel: +91.20.66278000/ 8011 [email protected] www.aspensez.com
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE – 641 003
INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME
REPORT WORK
2016
WORK DONE BY : S. VIGNESH BTG-12-037
GUIDED BY : Mr. PRADEEP V. PATIL Sr. Manager- ASPEN
COURSE TEACHERS : Dr. ANGEESWARAN, Assis. Prof- BIO ENERGY
Dr. R. MAHENDIRAN, Assis. Prof- BIO ENERGY
Dr. BALAJI KANNAN, Assis. Prof- RS & GIS
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE – 641 003
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the report entitled “INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME”
submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of the degree BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY (Energy and Environmental Engineering) to Agricultural Engineering
College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore is a record of
Bonafide Internship work carried out by S. Vignesh, BTG-12-037 under my supervision and
guidance.
Place : Anantapur
Period : Jan 23 – Mar 23
Approved by External Examiner
MR. PRADEEP V. PATIL
Sr. Manager – Projects
Aspen Infrastructures
DR. ANGEESWARAN
Assis. Prof – Bio Energy
DR. MAHENDRAN
Assis. Prof – Bio Energy
DR. BALAJI KANNAN
Assis. Prof – RS & GIS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this chance with massive pleasure to thank countless persons after the receipt of
immense support and guidance during the period of internship. I herewith place the
acknowledgement with cheers and gratefulness.
Mr. Thamarai Selvam Sr. Civil Engineer – ASPEN
Mr. Chandra Kanth Admin – ASPEN
Mr. Ragul Waghmare Civil Engineer – SUZLON
Mr. Praveen Consultant – TUV
Mr. Shankar Consultant – TUV
Mr. Subbarao HR – ASPEN, ATP
Mr. Amish Bhatt HR – SUZLON, Pune
Mr. Eswar Electrical Engineer – ASPEN
Mr. Harsha vardhan Electrical Engineer – ASPEN
Mr. Iyyappan Accountant – ASPEN
Mr. Amal raj Electrical Engineer – SUZLON
Mr. Pranav Sr. Manager – SUZLON SOLAR
Mr. Dharani dharan Sr. Engineer – T & R
Mr. Ganesan Sr. Electrical Engineer – KSE Constructions
Mr. Gomathi Nayagam Sr. Electrical Engineer – SUZLON
Mr. Prasad Engineer- KSE Constructions
Mr. Madhubabu Mechanical Engineer – SUZLON
Mr. Prabagaran Technician – VOLTAG
My sincere and whole hearted thanks to our internship co-ordinator Dr. BALAJI
KANNAN, Assistant Professor, Dept. of RS & GIS for giving me his untiring guidance. I got the
Internship at ASPEN by his continuous effort. Not only me, lot of students got Good Internships
by him.
I would like to thank to Dr. C. DIVAKER DURAIRAJ, Dean, Agricultural Engineering
College and Research Institute Coimbatore for his fruitful criticism. I’m happy to thank Dr. R.
MAHENDRAN and Dr. ANGEESWARAN, Assistant Professors of Bio Energy.
I express my thanks to Dr. A. RAVIRAJ, Professor, Department of Water Technology
Centre for his moral support and tireless encouragement in finishing my internship programme.
We (Me, Vishnu Ram D, Mohamed Asif. M) also thank Mr. PRADEEP V. PATIL, Sr.
Manager - Projects, ASPEN for providing us internship training, accommodation, food and
answering our queries patiently. We defray our sincere thanks to our seniors and all staff members
of SUZLON, ASPEN and ILLUMINE I for their timely help rendered in each step of the internship.
- Vignesh S
Student of final year B. Tech Energy and Environmental Engineering (2012-16)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME - ASPEN INFRASTRUCTURES
By
Vignesh S
BTG-12-037
Degree : B. Tech – Energy and Environmental Engineering – 4th Year
Supervisor : MR. Pradeep V. Patil
Sr. Manager – Projects
Aspen Infrastructures, Anantapur
E-Mail – [email protected]
Ph.no – 7799916803
2016
Since Jan 23rd 2016, I have been doing the Industrial Internship Programme at ASPEN
INFRASTRUCTURES, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. Mainly ASPEN is working for
SUZLON. My objective on internship is that Learning, Hands-on Training, Participating. From
this internship, I have learned from them, and Participated in their projects, and Prepared the
proposal documentation for them. Then Every student should have taken the Practice of their
subject core after completion of education. For Example, Doctors should have taken the
Medical Practice after their education. This practice makes them as a Professionals. Similarly,
Engineers have to practice the engineering in the construction sites and should have discussed
with the professionals. This Internship opportunity gave me an engineering practice to me.
ASPEN is doing the construction works and Power Evacuation arrangements between the
substation and Wind turbines. These works mainly include Mechanical, Civil, Electrical,
Aerodynamics, and Communication Engineering. I have spent the first two months in ASPEN
Sites. From these schedules I have visited the lots of Project areas and Met technical people of
the sites. The Good discussion were going with us. In between these times, we have prepared
the Proposal documentation on Utility Scale Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) Power Plant – 1 MW
at Ellutla, Andhra Pradesh. Some amount of Power Evacuation capacity is in the Ellutla
Substation. Based on that Issue, we have prepared.
Based on my Internship working Schedule, I have listed my works below.
Jan 23 – Mar 23 Besides ASPEN, SUZLON Sites and
Proposal Documentation
Based on my Internship Experience, I have established the Methodology as two sections.
1. Site Observation
2. Proposal for Utility Scale Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) Power Plant – 1 MW at Ellutla
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO. TITLE
PAGE
NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1
II
METHODOLOGY WITH RESULTS
A. Site Observation
B. Proposal for Utility Scale Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) Power
Plant – 1 MW at Ellutla, Andhra Pradesh
III GALLERY
IV CONCLUSION
V REFERENCE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION - ABOUT COMPANY
Established in the year 1998, the company is a Tanti Holding Company and is closely
associated to the US$ 5 Billion Suzlon Group of Companies, the global Wind Energy major.
So that, ASPEN is one of the company of Suzlon Groups. Their scope of operations includes
development of Manufacturing facilities, Commercial spaces, institutes and large industrial
infrastructure projects. Formerly known as Synefra Engineering and Construction. They
provide solutions for Special Economic Zone (SEZ) development requirements such as land
acquisition, Government permissions and direct clearances from any infrastructure sectors and
pioneering in engineering procurement and construction for renewable energy sectors. Aspen
Infrastructure provides marketing of SEZ lands along with the operational maintenance of the
3 SEZs’ through related facility management services. The company is operating successfully
for over 6 years now with India & MNC unit holders operating smoothly for all its 3 SEZs. A
dedicated team comprising of technical and administrative staff is available 24 X 7 for all
common services and utility maintenance. Aspen Infrastructures Ltd. is ISO 9001:2008, ISO
14001: 2004 certified along with OHSAS 18001:2007 certification for safety.
At present, Aspen is doing the projects only for wind division. Later, they will be in solar field.
They are the Pioneer in Engineering, Procurement & Commissioning of infrastructures for
renewable energy
1.1 Renewable Sector in ASPEN
They are the ‘EPC Division’ of SUZLON GROUPS with specific focus on renewable energy.
The Company is one of the leading organizations providing solution in development of
infrastructure for wind farms across geography. Our division primarily focuses on undertaking
infrastructure projects across the spectrum of needs of Wind and Solar industries in varied
regime. They develop infrastructure facilities for erection, installation and commissioning of
wind turbines, development of composite installation of facilities for wind farms and
construction of power evacuation facilities at wind farm sites.
Them in- house team is a group of qualified professionals who bring in rich and diverse skill
sets and experience from the industry. The team has the capability of single- handily
establishing the entire suite of wind power infrastructure, including site development, Electrical
& Civil works, Construction & Erection and Commissioning.
1.2 Services on “Renewable Sector”
Micrositing for wind turbines
Private, Forest and Revenue land procurement
Design and development of wind farm sites, including development of infrastructure and
power evacuation arrangements
Construction of approach roads and internal roads at sites
Laying of Extra High Voltage Power Transmission Lines
Laying of internal Transmission lines and Sub- stations
Construction of WTG Foundations and associated civil works
Erection and Commissioning of wind turbines
Design and construction of offices and monitoring facilities
Complete logistics management for turnkey projects on EPC basis
1.3 Project Highlights in “Land Sector”
150 projects delivered
1,300 acres of SEZ development
Over 3 million sq. ft. of industrial spaces
Over 1.5 million sq. ft. of office spaces, campuses, R&D, training and social centres.
Aspen has developed three engineering SEZs at:
Waghodia, near Vadodara – Gujarat
Padubidri, near Mangalore – Karnataka
Karumathamapatti, near Coimbatore – Tamil Nadu
They focus on marketing and maintenance of the three SEZs and the related facility
management services. All three SEZs are fully operational with ready-to-construct engineering
manufacturing facilities. Aspen’s sales team offers customized proficient solutions for
potential manufacturers with the competitive edge of being in a SEZ.
1.4 Project Highlights in “Renewable Sector”
45 major EHV Sub Stations with capacity of 3900 MW established PAN India
More than 650 kms of Transmission power lines laid
More than 2200 Wind Turbines installed
Infrastructure development for more than 25 wind farms across India on turnkey basis
Milestone achieved in 2006 by laying 695 WTG Foundations
World’s largest wind park established in Dhule, Maharashtra
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
(With Results)
Previously I stated that ASPEN is doing the projects for SUZLON. And
these works mainly comprises Design and development of wind farm sites, including
development of infrastructure and power evacuation arrangements, Construction of approach
roads and internal roads at sites, Laying of Extra High Voltage Power Transmission Lines,
laying of internal Transmission lines and Sub- stations, Construction of WTG Foundations and
associated civil works, Erection and Commissioning of wind turbines. So that, these works are
wholly civil and electrical. First two months I have spent the time with Project places of
ASPEN & SUZLON. We (Me, Vishnu Ram D, Mohamed Asif M) have observed the lot of
civil and electrical works in the project sites and Met some technical people. They have
explained about core values of engineering in the substation and wind turbine erection sites.
From this visits, we have an idea to make the “Site Observation” section in the methodology.
During the visit, we have noticed that Ellutla’s Phase-I Pooling Substation has an additional
evacuation capacity of nearly 5 MW. Then for the Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant, land is one
of the major investment. But in this case, 5 acres of unused land which is owned by Suzlon.
Proposed Site is situated very close to the Ellutla’s Phase-I Pooling Substation. Thus, there is
no need of construction of a dedicated Substation and the transmission loss will be negligible.
So that, we have prepared the Proposal documentation for that. This proposal documentation
occupied the portion of 2.B in methodology.
This Proposal documentation gave us the opportunity to do work with ILLUMINE I – Solar
Designing Industries, Chennai. This occasion is offered by Solar Head of SUZLON Mr.
Pranay. This industry wants to do Solar PV Residential installation in and around Tamil Nadu.
So, they have given the Research topic which is entitled as “Solar EPC Markets and Policies”.
This is the Installation together with Market Research Topic. So that, this work given the lot
of company contacts and technical discussions to me. From the result of mine, they will do the
SPV Residential Projects in and around Chennai. So that, this act brought me the sincere touch
to me. I will work along with honest. 2.C is the 3rd section Methodology which is as “Solar
EPC Markets and Policies”
In our internship period, we have visited the following project places;
We were studying the each of following described topic deeply and we were rewinding our
subjects like Wind energy conversion technologies besides Surveying and levelling,
Electricals. So, few days of our internship period, we were studying the basic things related to
EPC in office hours.
Design and development of sites including infrastructure, power evacuation arrangements.
Laying of extra high voltage power lines.
Laying of internal power lines and sub-stations.
Complete logistics management for turnkey projects on EPC Basis.
Then they sent us to site work in their wind projects Near Anantapur (35 Km) – Ellutla with
safety helmets and shoes. Already, they have installed around 830 MW in Anantapur district.
In Ellutla, we are installing the 44.1 MW. Ellutla is a complete mountainous place (non-terrain,
rocky area). Installing 21 wind turbines of 2.1 Mw capacity. Substation construction process,
soil testing process and foundation process are going on right now. In addition, they are also
doing few projects in other places of Andhra Pradesh. They may send us to that places for
training purpose in future and we are trying to propose some projects to them.
In our second week, we were in Ellutla site and they educated the met mast and surveying
technique in windy sites theoretically. Generally, met mast is required to estimate the wind
potential in the particular site for 1 year. Actually windy site has been declared by the Wind
Resource Assessment (WRA) team of Suzlon. For that, we have studied about the substation
and its process, Wind rose diagrams, Theoretical calculation in the wind turbines.
Then, we went to Parnapalli site (from Anantapur – 55 Km) which is also the hilly area. We
trekked 400m in Parnapalli hills. At this site, we had work with forestry department officers of
Andhra Pradesh to site marking. WRA team gave the co-ordinates of met mast site to us. Then
S. No Project Places Company
1 Ellutla, Anantapur ASPEN
2 Uravakonda, Anantapur SUZLON
3 Beluguppa, Anantapur ASPEN & SUZLON
2. A. Site Observation
we found that place using GPS. Marked 50 m distance from centre point to all four directions.
That distance will be useful for constructing the met mast and also estimate the total biomass
in & around the 50 m distance area. Then, WTG Foundation process is going on. First time
ASPEN is doing the Suzlon’s WTG Foundation works (0.65 Crore worth). On foundation
process, we have cultivated about PCC (Plain Cement-Concrete), RCC (Reinforced Cement-
Concrete), Foundation and its type, width and Depth.
In Ellutla site, we asked to our seniors for getting substation layout. So that, we are taking
survey about substation for find out the working progress. Then we heard about the components
of SS such as Circuit breaker (CB) with Isolator, Potential Transformer (PT), Current
Transformer (CT), Power Transformer (PTR), Bus bar, RYB Lines, Transmission tower and
its types. Then we have collected and studied the following content of materials
Substation
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. It may be owned and operated by an
electrical utility / Large industrial / Commercial customer / Government. Generally, substations
are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
Elements of Substation
Generally, have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers.
In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload
currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser
circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits.
Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may
have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may
also be located at a substation.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect people
from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at a
substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface
during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the
ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.
A: Primary power lines' side and
B: Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines 2. Ground wire 3. Overhead lines 4. Transformer for measurement of
electric voltage 5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7. Current transformer 8. Lightning
arrester 9. Main transformer 10. Control building 11. Security fence 12. Secondary power lines
Types of substations
Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case
is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains
high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance.
A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission
voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or
static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control
power flow between two adjacent power systems.
Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the
distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity
consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power,
so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common
in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically
medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served
and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or
underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the
customer premises.
Collector substation
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be
required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite
direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy
of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, and the collector substation
steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also
provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering and control of the wind farm.
In some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter
station.
Converter substations
Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current,
or interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic
devices to change the frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct
current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect
two systems; such substations today are rare.
Switching Substation
A switching substation is a substation without transformers and operating only at a
single voltage level. Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and
distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines
or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the switching stations for
the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line.
A switching substation may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly
located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from
the power station supply their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side
of the yard, and the transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other
side of the yard.
BUSBAR
BUSBAR (or bus, for short) – is a term we use for a main bar or conductor carrying an
electric current to which many connections may be made.
Buses are merely convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment into
various arrangements. The usual arrangement of connections in most substations permit
working on almost any piece of equipment without interruption to incoming or outgoing
feeders. In the switchyard or substation, buses are open to the air. Aluminium or copper
conductors supported on porcelain insulators, carry the electric energy from point to
point.
DISCONNECTS
DISCONNECT – is an easily removed piece of the actual conductor of a circuit. The
purpose of disconnects is to isolate equipment. Disconnects are not used to interrupt
circuits; they are no-load devices. A typical use of disconnects is to isolate a circuit
breaker by installing one disconnect on either side of the circuit breaker (in series with
the breaker). Operation of disconnects is one of the most important and responsible jobs
of a power plant operator. One error in isolation of equipment, or the accidental
grounding of line equipment, can be a fatal mistake.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CIRCUIT BREAKER – is used to interrupt circuits while current is flowing through
them. The making and breaking of contacts in an Oil type circuit breaker are done under
oil, this oil serves to quench the arc when the circuit is opened. The operation of the
breaker is very rapid when opening. As with the transformer, the high voltage
connections are made through bushings. Circuit breakers of this type are usually
arranged for remote electrical control from a suitably located switchboard.
Some recently developed circuit breakers have no oil, but put out the arc by a blast of
compressed air; these are called air circuit breakers. Another type encloses the contacts
in a vacuum or a gas (sulphur hexafluoride, SF6) which tends to self-maintain the arc.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current transformer are used with ammeters, watt
meters, power-factor meters, watt-hour meters, compensators, protective and regulating
relays and the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can be used to
operate several instruments, provided that the combined burden does not exceed that
for which the transformer is designed and compensated. The current transformer is
connected directly in series with the line.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER – also known as potential transformer, are used with
volt-meters, watt meters, watt-hour meters, power-factor meters, frequency meters,
synchro scopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective and regulating relays and the
no-voltage and over-voltage trip coils of automatic circuit breakers. One transformer
can be used for a number of instruments at the same time if the total current taken by
the instrument does not exceed that for which the transformer is designed and
compensated. The ordinary voltage transformer is connected across the line, and the
magnetic flux in the core depends upon the primary voltage
EARTHING SWITCH
EARTHING SWITCH – also known as ground disconnect, which used to connect the
equipment to a grid of electrical conductors buried in the earth on the station property.
It is intended to protect people working on the grounded equipment. It does this by
completing a circuit path, thereby reducing the voltage difference between the
equipment and its surroundings. For safety reasons, it is important that ground
disconnects and all associated connections have good contact and low resistance. It is
also important that the protective ground not be accidentally remove, that is why all the
earthing switches, disconnect switches and circuit breakers are all interlocked to each
other and proper/correct sequencing must be followed.
SURGE ARRESTOR
SURGE ARRESTOR – are devices used to provide the necessary path to ground for
such surges, yet prevent any power current from following the surge.
OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE – by a ground wire is meant a wire, generally of steel,
supported from the top of transmission-line towers and solidly grounded at each tower.
It is considered a preventive device, but it does not entirely prevent the formation of
travelling waves on a line. Furthermore, those lines which are not equipped with ground
wires will be subjected to disturbances which produce surges that must be allowed to
escaped to ground, or the apparatus connected to the line must be strong enough to
reflect or absorb these surges until they are entirely damped out.
We were downloading the wind and solar data of Anantapur from NREL (National Renewable
Energy Laboratory) website for preparing the WindRose diagram of Anantapur. But, elevation
of the wind speed is not provided. We prepared that diagram for four latlong around the
Anantapur city. We saw all installation points of Ellutla and Knew about soil testing
procedures. And we were preparing the WindRose diagram of Ellutla for reference purpose.
Then we were in another site such as Uravakonda, Beluguppa. First we were in Uravakonda
for seeing the commissioned wind turbine. Met Mr. Amal raj and Mr. Ramakrishnan Who are
the employees of Suzlon. They explained neatly about single line diagram of wind turbine
plant, Stringing lines of transmission, Power evacuation arrangements. In Uravakonda totally
75 WTG were installed. But, only 64 is running. Another 11 is in construction process. Each
2.1 MW WTG which is the S97 Model (S-Suzlon)
The technologically advanced S97 wind turbine leverages the proven reliability of Suzlon’s
most successful 2.1 MW technology and enhances its performance to create a wind-power
solution specifically for moderate to low wind regimes prevalent in emerging markets such as
India.
They explained about control panel, Power panel, DFIG Panel, Cooling Panel in WTG. Next
day we were in Beluguppa. In that place also got 200 MW Project. So, WTG Erection works
starts and mainly substation construction, Power evacuation arrangements also goes well. Met
Mr. Eswar and Mr. Deepak who are the employees of Aspen. They explained about power
evacuation arrangements and 200 MVA SS. Then we met Mr. Ganesan and Mr. Jayaraj who
are working in KSE Constructions. They explained about basic things in the electrical
construction and WTG Erection. Then we went to Uravakonda 400/220 kV SS. We knew about
the A, B, C, D, Z, and Suspension, Tension tower types in power evacuation arrangements
In there, we have taken the overall process of finished works in the substation.
Beluguppa SS is 33/220 kV. Capacity of the SS is 100 MVA. We Met Mr. Ganesan and Mr.
Prasad who are the senior project managers of KSE Constructions. They have 35 years of
experience on substation construction. They explained the general electrical concepts in the
substation. Knew the behind works involved in the SS. Met Mr. Dharanidharan who is working
in Transformers & Rectifiers. He is explained about the types of transformers, its parts and
working. We have seen the erection of transformers in Beluguppa SS. And also we have seen
the metmast nearby the substation, which is installed by the Suzlon. Knew the working progress
in the metmast installation. At Beluguppa WTG Erection site, we met Mr. Madhubabu who are
the In-charge of the Erection Site. Lively We have seen the Wind turbine foundations and
Mounting of the Nacelle and Blades on the tower by using the L400 Model Lifting Machine
(Hydra). It was the wonderful experience to see it. We heard about some of the balancing
calculations in the erection of the WTG. But, we didn’t see the Tower Erection at the site. We
have seen the inner parts of the machines. Then he explained about energy trading involved in
the Grid Culture. Knew about Energy Banking, Wheeling, Transmission and Distribution
Losses in the SS.
In Substation, we have seen the Main Busbar connection, Conductors and Insulators. Knew
about HT and LT cables used in the electrical world.
After visited the places of Ellutla, Uravakonda, Beluguppa, we have learned about Substation
and its inner components. We have seen lot of erections, foundations and construction
activities. Through these visits, we could communicate with the technical persons of the
electrical and civil engineering section. Knew some of testing procedures. Saw the Suzlon
WTG Erection, Commissioning.
2. B. Proposal Documentation
Disclaimer’s Note: This proposal contains prefeasibility information of Ellutla site such as
Solar potential, Design and Financial analysis of the power plant. Then we have been
collected the documentation about SPV power plants and it’s Engineering, Procurement,
Commissioning works and the reasons for the delays in EPC Sections, and Operating and
Maintenance services of the power plant.
Presented data for Ellutla here are NOT TAKEN from any copyright materials. For finding
out the detailed information of Ellutla, we have used the softwares like ArcGIS, PVsyst,
Google Earth and AutoCAD. The Meteorological data collected from Meteonorm 7.1
Version. NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory - US) website and Meteonorm 7.1,
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) database which are free over
the internet. Designing of PV system is totally based on the PVsyst software, which is widely
used by all solar companies.
Table of Contents
Chapter. No Chapter Title Page No
1 Introduction 6
2 Project Details 7
3 Solar Potential of Ellutla 10
4 Design of the plant 18
5 Angle of Installation 26
6 Financial Analysis 33
7 Benchmark of the plant – CERC 36
8 Timeline of the project 41
9 Operation and Maintenance of the plant 43
10 EPC of the plant 45
11 Conclusion 49
Glossary
Abbreviations Details
DC Direct Current
AC Alternate Current
CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code
SPV Solar Photovoltaic
I – V Current – Voltage
kVA Kilo Volt Ampere
kWh Kilo Watt Hour
PPA Power Purchase Agreement
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MU Million Units
MW Mega Watt
MNRE Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GOI
APSLDC Andhra Pradesh State Load Dispatch Centre
APTRANSCO Andhra Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited
APGENCO Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited
NREDCAP New and Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
Limited
VMPP Maximum Power Point Voltage
IMPP Maximum Power Point Current
VOC Open Circuit Voltage
ISC Short Circuit Current
WP Watt Peak
PM Maximum Power
JNNSM Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
GO Government Order
REC Renewable Energy Certification
OMS Operating and maintenance Services
GHI Global Horizontal Irradiation
DNI Direct Normal Irradiation
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Gov.
PV Photo Voltaic
PCU Power Control/Conditioning Unit
IP Ingress Protection
Chapter 1
Introduction
Installing and successfully operating a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plant will deliver a
steady and continuous electricity of nearly 6 hours/day (in case of the proposed site).
Moreover, overall expenditure on power production will be lowered as the solar power
production is cheaper. By implementing 1 MW SPV power plant, fossil fuel consumption
like coal and oil will be reduced which in turn reduces CO2 emission of 1260 Tonnes per
year. Solar Power is the Clean and Green Power. Generally domestic and commercial
buildings will require more power in day time. Solar power helps in meeting this increased
day time load demand. India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, which is an
ideal combination for using solar power in India. India is already a leader in wind power
generation and it has the solar energy potential of 4-7 kWh/m2/day with the irradiation of
1000 W/m2. India has 300-320 Sunny days per year.
MNRE, Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) envisages
installation of around 10 GW utility scale solar power projects in Phase-II. In 12th five-year
plan (2012-2017) also targets capacity addition of 10 GW of grid connected solar power in
India. It is envisaged that out of this 10 GW target, 4 GW would be developed under central
scheme and 6 GW under various state specific schemes.
Under the AP Solar Power Policy (2012 – G.O No.39 & 44) 34.85 MW
capacity solar power projects were only commissioned before 30th June, 2014 though it was
envisaged to add 2 GW capacity by the AP Government for the purpose of promotion of
renewable energy. This policy is applicable up to the year of 2017. AP Government
welcomes the power trading between the AP Discom and Third party/Captive use, Solar
Parks, Solar Rooftop Projects. Cost of the energy is Rs.5.25/kWh for solar rooftop projects.
The MW plant’s unit cost is in the range of Rs.5-6/kWh.
The Electricity Act, 2003, paves way for an innovative approach to solve our
country’s power problems. It has paved the way for a competitive environment; open access
to existing transmission and distribution network to transmit electricity across regions; de-
licensing of generation, captive power and dedicated transmission lines; licensing of
distribution and supply companies and the restructuring of State Electricity Boards.
******
Chapter 2
Project Details
For this project, Poly-crystalline technology based 3rd Generation of Solar PV modules will
be used. Along with this, highly efficient, photon-tested Array inverters are going to be
integrated to the system. These technologies are the best in the industry. So, It’s clear that
our project is not compromising with the quality of the materials and these are the latest
components which obviously lead this project to success.
The grid connected solar PV power generation scheme will
mainly consist of solar PV array, power- conditioning units (PCU), which convert DC power
to AC power and associated switchgears (with metering and protection).
Project Details
Type of installation Fixed Plane with Seasonal/Monthly Tilt Angle
Changeable
Estimated Array Peak power 1001 kWp
Project Life 20 Years
Shading Consideration Shade Free
Substation Voltage 33/220 kV
Destination SS Goddumari, 220/11 kV
Phase Connection 3
Substation frequency 50 Hz
Available/Required area 10000 m2 (Approx.)
Safety Level IP65 & IP20
Project Location is Ellutla which is located in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh. It is a
village panchayat which is in Putlur Block. Ellutla is the Hilly terrain, Semi-arid area.
2.1 Metrological details of Proposed Location at Ellutla
Location 1 Co-ordinates 14°40 N, 77°55 E
Location 2 Co-ordinates 14°40 N, 77°55 E
Area of the Location 1 10830 m2 / 8801 m2
Area of the Location 2 8687 m2 / 8516 m2
Total area (taken) 17317 m2 = 4.27 acres
Altitude of the Location 1 336 m
Altitude of the Location 2 330 m
Time zone 5.5
Amb. Temperature (oC) Max Ave Min
38°C 30°C 24°C
Daily Solar Irradiation (GHI) 5.55 kWh/m2/day
Relative Humidity (RH) 60 %
Atmospheric Pressure (kPa) 100.1
Wind Speed (m/s) 2.7
In Ellutla, we have chosen the two locations (4.27 acres) adjacent to the substation. These
metrological data are not given for the whole Ellutla. These data are specifically found for
the proposed location of Ellutla. Ellutla is a high temperature region with second lowest
rainfall in India. Solar radiation such as DNI (Direct Normal Radiation) and GHI (Global
Horizontal Radiation) level are excellent in Ellutla. Flat Plate collector such as Solar PV
Nearest railway station Tadipatri 29 Km
Nearest airport Sri Satya Sai Airport,
Puttaparthi
59 Km
Nearest state capital Bangalore 190 Km
Nearest District Anantapur 36 Km
Technology mainly depends upon GHI Radiation. GHI records both Beam radiation (Direct
Radiation) and Diffuse radiation (Reflected radiation from sky).
Aerial view of the proposed site – Google Earth
2.2 Fixed flat panel PV Installation
The simplest configuration for a PV system is a
fixed position flat panel module. Generally, for 'all round' performance, the module is
inclined at the site’s latitude angle which is known as tilt angle of the panel. A fixed flat
panel system has no moving parts and offers the solution with the least ongoing cost of the
PV options. Its output will however be less per module than the PV systems that track the
Sun.
2.3 Tracking flat panel PV Installation
A tracking array can move on one or two axes in
order to expose the PV module surface to follow the Sun and capture the greatest amount of
solar radiation possible. Compared to a fixed system, a tracking system can provide 30%
greater electrical output per module. It will also have both a higher capital and
operating/maintenance cost due to the more complex mounting system. While the greatest
possible output is desired, this must be evaluated over the life of the project against these
higher ongoing costs.
More area is required for this type of installation. So, Area is the main factor for
choosing the fixed installation in Ellutla.
Site 1
Site 2
Substation
Chapter 3
Solar Potential of Ellutla
Solar Potential
India has a comparatively higher solar insolation. MNRE and NREL unitedly released the
Solar Potential Map (GHI) for India, which shows Anantapur as a hot region of Andhra
Pradesh. Ellutla has 4-6 sunshine hours per day, 4-6 kWh/m2/day of Global Horizontal
radiation and it has 300-320 sunny days. We have been using the PVsyst software to finding
out following terms;
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is the total amount of shortwave radiation received
from the sky by a surface horizontal to the ground. This value is of particular interest to
photovoltaic installations.
Monthly Cumulative GHI of Ellutla
Month No. of
days
Sunshine
Hrs (Hours)
GHI
(kWh/m2/day)
Monthly GHI
(kWh/m2)
Jan 31 5.37 5.37 166.47
Feb 28 5.97 5.97 167.16
Mar 31 6.62 6.62 205.22
Apr 30 6.62 6.62 198.6
May 31 6.26 6.26 194.06
Jun 30 5.33 5.33 159.9
Jul 31 4.92 4.92 152.52
Aug 31 4.75 4.75 147.25
Sep 30 5.42 5.42 162.6
Oct 31 5.21 5.21 161.51
Nov 30 5.06 5.06 151.8
Dec 31 4.9 4.9 151.9
Year 365 5.54 5.54 2020.58
GHI at each month
When we put 1 MW plant in Ellutla, that will give the energy of 2.1 MU per year. But, due
to some losses like mismatch losses, soiling losses, temperature increase losses, DC cable
losses, inverter, AC cable losses. While considering these losses, we get an energy of around
1.57 MU per year as shown below.
5.375.97
6.62 6.626.26
5.334.92 4.75
5.42 5.21 5.06 4.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kw
h/m
2/d
ay
Month
GLOBAL HORIZONTAL IRRADIATION
Assumption of Losses for calculation
Losses Range Value Taken
Temperature Increase 10-20 % 13.5 %
Soiling Losses 1-2 % 1.5 %
Mismatch Losses 0-3 % 1.5 %
DC Cable Losses 1-3 % 1.2 %
Radiation Losses 2-4 % 2.5 %
Inverter Losses 1-3 % 2.0 %
AC losses (Transformer, Cables) 0.2-1 % 0.5 %
Overall Losses 20-30 % 22.7 %
1 MW Plant Production at Ellutla
Month No. of
days
Sunshine Hrs
(Hours)
Energy Production
(kWh)
Losses
(%)
Total
Production
(kWh)
Jan 31 5.37 166470 22.7 % 129535.2678
Feb 28 5.97 167160 22.7 % 130072.1774
Mar 31 6.62 205220 22.7 % 159687.7976
Apr 30 6.62 198600 22.7 % 154536.5783
May 31 6.26 194060 22.7 % 151003.869
Jun 30 5.33 159900 22.7 % 124422.955
Jul 31 4.92 152520 22.7 % 118680.3571
Aug 31 4.75 147250 22.7 % 114579.6131
Sep 30 5.42 162600 22.7 % 126523.9055
Oct 31 5.21 161510 22.7 % 125675.744
Nov 30 5.06 151800 22.7 % 118120.1036
Dec 31 4.9 151900 22.7 % 118197.9166
Year 365 5.79 2018990 22.7 % 1571036.285
3.1 Day Hour at Ellutla
We used the NOAA Geographical model to find the sunrise and sunset of
the proposed site. It is useful for solar panel positioning. We have cross checked the value
obtained by NOAA with the GPS device.
Day hours in every month
The proposed plant performance ratio will be around 78 %
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Sun Rise 6:43 6:46 6:34 6:13 5:55 5:48 5:52 6:01 6:06 6:07 6:13 6:27
Sun Set 5:59 6:16 6:26 6:30 6:35 6:44 6:51 6:47 6:29 6:07 5:49 5:47
Day Hour 11:16 11:30 11:52 12:17 12:40 12:56 12:59 12:46 12:23 12:00 11:36 11:20
* Reading of first day of every month in 2016
In Ellutla, Peak solar energy production months are April, May, June, July, August,
September. These months alone have the day hour value more than 12 hours. Solar energy
production is marginal in other months like October to March.
3.2 Sun Position at Ellutla
We found the sun paths at each month with respective solar altitude
angle and solar azimuth angle. Solar Altitude Angle is the elevation angle of the sun with
respect to the horizontal plane. Generally, lies between the angle of 8.8 N and 38.1 S from
the zenith for the proposed site.
Tilt Angle for Ellutla
The azimuth angle varies throughout the day. At the equinoxes, the sun rises directly east
and sets directly west regardless of the latitude, thus making the azimuth angles 90° at sunrise
and 270° at sunset. But, Sunrise won’t happen at perfect east direction throughout the year.
It will slant somewhat in south or north side. Sun is active at south side for 8 months (Sep-
Apr), North side for 4 months (May-Aug). Mostly sun is inclined in the south direction. So,
the solar panel should be tilted in south direction in case of fixed mounting with the angle of
the site’s latitude angle.
Sun Pathway at each month with respective Solar Altitude and Solar Azimuth angle
Summer Solstice is longest day of the year - June 21-22 known as “Summer solstice” which means that
day time is more than the night time.
Winter Solstice is shortest day of the year - Dec 21-22 known as “Winter solstice” which means that
day time is lower than the night time.
Equinox is the day in which is day and night time are equal. Mar 22-23 and Sep 22-23 known as equinox
day. Sun rises in perfect east and sets in perfect west.
Sun path ways of Ellutla in respective months - PVsyst
3.3 Solar window
It is the duration at which the peak solar production takes place. In
general, it will be taken as 4-6 hours per day according to the place. Increase in solar Window
leads to increase in production, though the shade area will increase. That in turn increases
the overall area required for installation of the plant. Solar Noon is the time of a day at which
the sun will be at its maximum Solar Altitude angle.
Variation of Solar noon across the year
3.4. Analysing obstructions
Identifying the obstructions around the proposed site is the major factor for
consideration. This consideration also judges the solar energy production with shading losses.
Panorama view of the site (0°-180°)
Solar Window of Ellutla
Generally, Fish-Eye Camera or some online software are used for identifying
the obstructions around the place. We took the panorama view of the site which is similar to
In Ellutla, as 6-hour solar window is adapted, 3 hours before and after the solar noon has to
be considered. As the solar noon varies from 12:03 to 12:33 across the year, the solar
window is calculated by adding 3 hours before 12:03 P.M and after 12:33 P.M. which gives
our solar window as 9:03 A.M to 3:33 P.M
the fish eye photography. We have the mountain barrier at 60° of the site. North side of the
site is considered as 0° and we calculated the highly elevated place by using Google Earth.
Due to obstructions, we don’t get any shading losses as these losses don’t come under our
solar window as shown in the Fig. solar window.
Horizon Obstacle Elevation Calculation - Google Earth
Obstructions around the site – Pvsyst
Angle Ele.of
Location
(m)
Elevation
(m)
Distance
(m)
Barrier
Height (m)
Barrier
Angle (°)
0° 336 451 890 115 7.36
30° 336 424 650 88 7.71
60° 336 462 500 126 14.14
90° 336 430 500 94 10.65
120° 336 405 950 69 4.15
150° 336 324 500 -12 -1.37
180° 336 324 500 -12 -1.37
-150° 336 330 500 -6 -0.69
-120° 336 362 650 26 2.29
-90° 336 376 1000 40 2.29
-60° 336 353 500 17 1.95
-30° 336 382 650 46 4.05
Chapter 4
Design of the Plant – Based on Pvsyst
System Description
Capacity of the Module 320 kWp
SPV Plant Peak Power 1008 kWp
Connection of PV modules in each
Array Series
Connection of each Array Parallel
Inverter 3Nos of 300 kW
Inverter Technology LF Transfo, IGBT Based 3 Phase
Central Inverter
Modular Components
Components Specifications Quantity
SPV Modules Max. Peak power 320 WP
IMPP – 8.37 A, ISC – 8.96 A,
VMPP – 38.20 V, VOC – 46.10 V
3150
Non-Modular Components
Components Electrical Specifications Quantity
Inverter LF Transfo, IGBT Based 3 Phase Central
Inverter
3*300 kW
Transformer 400V/33 kV, 1250 kW 1
SCADA/
Monitoring
System
Integrated with Remote
Monitoring system web based
1
Cables DC Side= 10 mm2
AC Side= LT: 16mm2 & HT:
185mm2
-
Specification and sizing details of PV Panels
Electrical Characteristics of SPV Panels
Company Name SolarWorld
Design Criteria Sunmodule XL SW 320 poly
Watt Peak 320 WP
VOC 46.10 V
VMPP 38.20 V
ISC 8.96 A
IMPP 8.37 A
Module Efficiency 16.05 %
Power tolerance (+1.6) Or (-1.6)
Technology Si-Poly Crystalline
No. of Cells 72 Cells in series,
Sizes and Technology of the Panels
Length 1993 mm
Width 1001 mm
Thickness 33.0 mm
Weight 18.0 Kg
Module Area 1.995 m2
Frame & Structure Aluminum and Glass
No. of Bypass Diodes used 4 Used
Panel Design Parameters
R Shunt 400 Ohm
R Shunt (G=0) 2400 Ohm
R Series Model 0.33 Ohm
R Series Max 0.42 Ohm
R Series Apparent 0.53 Ohm
Panel / Module Behavior at different irradiation level
PV Parameters @ 1000 W/m2 @ 800 W/m2 @ 400 W/m2
PMPP 320.2 W 256.8 W 127.6 W
VOC 46.1 V 45.7 V 44.5 V
VMPP 37.8 V 38.0 V 37.8 V
ISC 8.96 A 7.17 A 3.59 A
IMPP 8.47 A 6.76 A 3.38 A
Module Efficiency 16.05% 16.09% 15.98%
Temperature Co-eff -0.42% / oC -0.42% / oC -0.43% / oC
Module Behavior at different irradiation level-PVsyst
Loss with respect to increase in temperature
Conditions At STC 25oC At AATC 30oC
Suggested Array size 1008 kWp 1008 kWp
Actual Power Production 996 KWp 987 KWp
Watt peak of each SPV Module 320 WP 313 WP
Total Nos of SPV Module
required 3150 3150
Total Nos of Arrays 210 210
Nos of SPV Module in each
Array 15 15
Each Array Voltage (VOC/VMPP) 691.5 V / 567 V 679.5 V / 555 V
Each Array Current (ISC / IMPP) 8.96 A / 8.37 A 8.98 A / 8.47 A
Total Voltage (VOC/VMPP) 691.5 / 567 V 679.5 / 555 V
Total Current (ISC / IMPP) 1881.6 / 1757.7 A 1885.8 / 1778.7 A
Details of Solar Inverter Specification and Design details
Inverter type 300 kW MPPT Based LF Transfo 3
Phase Central Inverter
Quantity 3
Input (DC) 450-750 V
Max. Power 315 KW
Max. absolute input voltage 900 V
Start Voltage 450 V
Max. Input Current 589 A
Output (AC)
Rated Output Power 315 KW
Max. Apparent AC Power 315 KW
Power Threshold 1500 W
Max. Output Current 459 A
Power factor at rated power 0.9
Efficiency
Max. Efficiency 96 %
Inverter Connection Details
Total nos. of inverter 3
Nos. of Arrays per inverter 70
Connection of Arrays/inverter Parallel
Inter-Inverter isolator Provided
Transformer Sizing
Transformer type Power transformer, core type with oil-
immersed; 65⁰ C winding temp rise
Cooling type ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural)
Rated KVA 1250
High Voltage Rating 33000 V
Low Voltage Rating 690
Nominal Impedance 4.75 %
Impedance tolerance 7.5 %
Nominal Secondary Amps 1250 A
Max SC withstand current 20kA/3s
HV Connection Delta
LV Connection Wye
Operating Frequency 50 Hz
Tap Changer NLTC 2 X 2.5%
Electrical Flow diagram
Array (210) Placement in the Proposed sites
******
Chapter 5
Angle & Spacing of installation
Generally, the tilt angle of the photovoltaic (PV) array is the key to an optimum energy yield.
Solar panels or PV arrays are most efficient, when they are perpendicular to the sun's rays.
The default value is a tilt angle equal to the station's latitude plus 15 degrees in winter, or
minus 15 degrees in summer. (Approx. Actual seasonal panel angle is given below).
As our solar window is 9:03 A.M to 3:33 P.M we have to find the minimum
solar altitude angle across the year at this timing.
Note that 9:03 A.M will occur in different Altitude angles in different days.
Lowest angle should be considered for maximum production.
By Checking the Solar Altitude angle across the year, we found that 10th January
has the minimum altitude angle of 28o in East by 9:03 A.M. Similarly, By Checking the Solar
Altitude angle across the year, we found that 2nd December has the minimum altitude angle
of 28o in West by 3:33 P.M. Thus in East to west the panel should tilt from -62o (East) to +
62o (West) from zenith in case of Tracking System.
Minimum Solar Altitude Angle in East and West
Tilt Angle (N-S Panel Tilted angle)
In general, the sites latitude angle is taken as N-S panel tilt angle. But the actual tilt angle
calculation is as follows.
The North most Solar Altitude angle occurs on 21st June (Summer Solstice) as 81.8o.
Similarly, South most Solar Altitude angle occurs on 21st December (Winter Solstice) as
51.9o.
The Angle between these two extents is 46.9o i.e. 23.45o North and 23.45o South of the
Equinox (21st March & 21st September)
Tilt angle = 90-(South Solar altitude extent+23.45)
Tilt angle = 90-(51.9+23.45) = 14.65oS
So, the Power production will be increased, if the tilt angle is adjusted every
month. Minimum Solar Altitude Angle were considered for shading calculation in respective
directions.
Similarly, we did the calculations for panel angle at each month and we cross-
checked the values from www.solarelectricityhandbook.com. This webpage gives the panel
angle for Anantapur District. Ellutla is in Anantapur District. So that, we can take this value
for reference.
Mon Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
SAA 59° 67° 75° 83° 91° 98° 91° 83° 75° 67° 59° 52°
TA 31°_S 23°_S 15°_S 7°_S 1°_N 8°_N 1°_N 7°_S 15°_S 23°_S 31°_S 28°_S
Optimum tilt angles for the Anantapur for respective months
Seasonal tilt adjustment
Spacing of installation
The spacing between the panels depends upon the Shading of one panel on
another. The Minimum Solar Altitude Angle to be considered for shading calculation in
respective directions for the proposed direction were calculated as given in the figure.
The angles are derived from the NOAA Solar Calculator for the proposed site as shown in
the figure
3 steps in calculating the shade distance
1) Calculate the Maximum height of the solar panel in maximum tilt.
2) Calculate the East – West Maximum shade distance
3) Calculate the North – South Maximum Shade distance
As given in the diagram, to find the N-S pitch distance between the panels we
need the Angle Alpha. It is minimum of 51.9 and 81.2. thus we choose Alpha as 51.9 for N-
S and 28 for E-W.
Then we need to find the maximum height of the mounting. Using trigonometry,
we can find the Pitch using the height and the angle as given in the table and pics
A1 B C D E F G H I J K
2 Fixed Axis with Variable Tilt N-S Tilt AngleMin Sun Angle
Considered
Panel
Perpendicular
Length
Maximum Tilt Angle
3 14.65 38.1 1.001 38.1
4 E-W 3
5 Min Sun Angle Considered 0
6 Panel Perpendicular Length 1.993 5
7 Solar Window minimum angle 28
8
9
10 N-S Height Panel 1.8530
11 E-W Height Panel 0.0000
12 1 Total Ht of Panel 1.8530
13 2 E-W Pitch Dist 3.4849 E-W Panel + Pitch 13.4499 =(C6*D6)+D13
14 3 N-S Pitch Dist 2.1503 N-S Panel + Pitch 5.1533 =(G3*G4)+D14
15 Mounting Area 69.3116 =I13*I14
16
=D13*SIN(RADIANS(H3))
=G3*G4*SIN(RADIANS(F3))
=C6*D6*SIN(RADIANS(C5))
=SUM(D10:D11)
=D12/(TAN(RADIANS(C7)))
Panel Dimension
Systematic arrangement of the panels in single
Comparison of Single and Array
Systematic arrangement of the panels in Array of 15
Already, we have discussed in Chapter 4 - Design of the plant. If we put the 15 modules in
series connection as an Array, totally 208 Arrays will be required.
Total length of the Array = 13.4499 m
Total width of the Array = 5.1533 m
Array Area = 70 m2
Total No. of Arrays Required = 208
Total Module Area = 14560 m2
Available Plant Area = 17317 m2
******
Chapter 6
Financial Analysis
In the following analysis, we have to consider the AD Benefit for the SPV Plant. So that we
Save up to 80% of taxation in first year.
A. Generally, SPV Plant lifetime is 20-25 Years.
B. As previously stated, 1MW SPV Plant generates the energy of 2.1 Million Units. But, we
should consider some losses around 20-30% from the production. So that, we have taken the
value of 1.57 Million Units. In addition to that, we have to take 1% loss for every year in the
first 10 Years and 0.66% in the 10-25 years.
C. No. of Units generated per year.
D. As per AP Power policy (2015-2017), Unit cost is 5.85 Rs and Escalation charges 2% for
every year. Levelized cost of energy is the method used to determine the energy generation
cost, which is the ratio of total investment of the plant in certain period to total energy
generation in that period.
E. Amount raised by energy.
F. First year investment is 6.15 crores. Then we have to invest the money in the form of
Operation and Maintenance (2% of the total investment), Insurance (0.5% of the total
investment). It will come around 15,00,000 lakhs per year.
G. Total Profit which is the difference between energy generation and yearly investment.
H. Cash flow is term to find out the Time to recover the cost of investment
Payback = cost of project / annual cash flows
Issues: Ignores benefits after payback period (Eg: solar has 25 years’ lifetime. Other products
may have little). Thus no profitability analysis Ignores time value of money
From the Analysis, we could find that the payback period is 7 years.
LCOE - Levelized cost of energy
Years 10 years 15 years 25 years
Total Cost ₹ 7,50,00,000 ₹ 8,25,00,000 ₹ 9,75,00,000
Total Gen ₹ 1,49,22,891 ₹ 2,19,11,519 ₹ 2,86,72,547
Rs. /unit ₹ 5.03 ₹ 3.77 ₹ 3.40
Year Losses Generation EB Tariff Generation
Price Investment Net Amount Cash Flow
A B C D E=C*D F G=E-F H=G-6crore
% Units
(kWh) INR INR INR INR INR
1 1% 15,60,679 ₹ 5.85 ₹ 91,29,974 ₹ 6,15,00,000 ₹ 76,29,974 -₹ 5,23,70,026
2 1% 15,45,072 ₹ 5.97 ₹ 92,19,447 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 77,19,447 -₹ 4,46,50,579
3 1% 15,29,622 ₹ 6.09 ₹ 93,09,798 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 78,09,798 -₹ 3,68,40,781
4 1% 15,14,326 ₹ 6.21 ₹ 94,01,034 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 79,01,034 -₹ 2,89,39,747
5 1% 14,99,182 ₹ 6.33 ₹ 94,93,164 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 79,93,164 -₹ 2,09,46,582
6 1% 14,84,190 ₹ 6.46 ₹ 95,86,197 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 80,86,197 -₹ 1,28,60,385
7 1% 14,69,349 ₹ 6.59 ₹ 96,80,142 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 81,80,142 -₹ 46,80,243
8 1% 14,54,655 ₹ 6.72 ₹ 97,75,007 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 82,75,007 ₹ 35,94,764
9 1% 14,40,109 ₹ 6.85 ₹ 98,70,802 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 83,70,802 ₹ 1,19,65,566
10 1% 14,25,707 ₹ 6.99 ₹ 99,67,536 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 84,67,536 ₹ 2,04,33,103
11 0.66% 14,16,298 ₹ 7.13 ₹ 1,00,99,786 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 85,99,786 ₹ 2,90,32,888
12 0.66% 14,06,950 ₹ 7.27 ₹ 1,02,33,790 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 87,33,790 ₹ 3,77,66,678
13 0.66% 13,97,664 ₹ 7.42 ₹ 1,03,69,571 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 88,69,571 ₹ 4,66,36,249
14 0.66% 13,88,440 ₹ 7.57 ₹ 1,05,07,155 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 90,07,155 ₹ 5,56,43,404
15 0.66% 13,79,276 ₹ 7.72 ₹ 1,06,46,564 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 91,46,564 ₹ 6,47,89,968
16 0.66% 13,70,173 ₹ 7.87 ₹ 1,07,87,822 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 92,87,822 ₹ 7,40,77,790
17 0.66% 13,61,130 ₹ 8.03 ₹ 1,09,30,955 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 94,30,955 ₹ 8,35,08,746
18 0.66% 13,52,146 ₹ 8.19 ₹ 1,10,75,987 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 95,75,987 ₹ 9,30,84,733
19 0.66% 13,43,222 ₹ 8.36 ₹ 1,12,22,943 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 97,22,943 ₹ 10,28,07,676
20 0.66% 13,34,357 ₹ 8.52 ₹ 1,13,71,849 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 98,71,849 ₹ 11,26,79,526
21 0.66% 13,25,550 ₹ 8.69 ₹ 1,15,22,731 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 1,00,22,731 ₹ 12,27,02,257
22 0.66% 13,16,801 ₹ 8.87 ₹ 1,16,75,615 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 1,01,75,615 ₹ 13,28,77,871
23 0.66% 13,08,111 ₹ 9.04 ₹ 1,18,30,527 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 1,03,30,527 ₹ 14,32,08,398
24 0.66% 12,99,477 ₹ 9.22 ₹ 1,19,87,494 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 1,04,87,494 ₹ 15,36,95,892
25 0.66% 12,90,900 ₹ 9.41 ₹ 1,21,46,544 ₹ 15,00,000 ₹ 1,06,46,544 ₹ 16,43,42,437
Financial Analysis of the SPV plant
Payback Period of the SPV Plant
Performance of the SPV plant
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Chapter 7
Benchmark of the Project
AS PER CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory Commission) Report
This benchmark only applicable during the year of 2015-16. The Commission has considered
the comments/suggestions/objections received from the stakeholders on benchmark Capital
Cost of Solar PV projects and has decided as under: -
Land-Requirement of the SPV Plants
The land required for a 1 MW power plant setup is around 4.5-5 acres
for Crystalline technology and around 6.5-7.5 acres for Thin-Film technology. This is only a
rough benchmark and may vary based on technology and efficiency of panels.
Life-time of the SPV Plants
The useful life of a typical Solar Power plant is considered to be 25
years. This is the duration for which long-term PPAs are signed and financial models are
built. However, Solar Power plants can run beyond 25 years while producing a lower output.
Many Solar Panel manufacturers guarantee an output of 90% at the end of 10 years and 80%
at the end of 25 years.
Annual Energy Generated from the 1 MW SPV Plant
The usual benchmark for energy generated from a 1 MW Solar Power
plant is considered as 1.5 Million units. This is only a benchmark and should not be
considered as the actual output for a given location. The amount of actual energy generated
from a Solar Power Plant in a year depends on both internal and external factors.
Extern
al factors which are beyond the control of a Solar developer can include the following:
Number of sunny days
Solar Irradiation
Day Temperatures
Air Mass
Internal factors all of which are within the control of a Solar Developer:
Plant Location
Usage of Solar Tracking systems
Quality of equipment used
Workmanship of the EPC contractor
O&M activities
Operation & Maintenance cost for SPV Plant
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) benchmark costs
for O&M is Rs.12.3 lakhs/year/MW for 2014-15 with a 5.72% increase every year. This
varies from project to project based on the number of people you employ for maintenance,
frequency of cleaning of panels, onsite-engineer availability etc.
Permissions from State Government
A certain set of permissions need to be obtained and documents need
to be submitted in order to setup a Solar PV plant. While these may vary from state-to-state,
in order to get a Solar PV Project Accredited by AP State Load Dispatch Centre (AP SLDC)
for REC mechanism, the following are the statutory clearances and environmental clearances
to be furnished:
1. Industrial Clearance
2. Land conversion (Agricultural to Non-Agricultural)
3. Environmental Clearance Certificate from APPCB, Hyderabad
4. Contract labour license from AP Labour Department
5. Fire Safety certificate from AP Fire Department
6. Latest tax receipt from the Municipal/Gram Panchayat for the factory land.
7. Auditor compliance certificate regarding fossil fuel utilization
8. Approval from Chief Electrical Inspector
9. Clearance from Forest department
Also, all necessary approvals/agreements before start of Solar PV project construction are to
be furnished as and when necessary. These include the following:
10. Land purchase
11. Power Evacuation arrangement permission letter from DISCOM
12. Confirmation of Metering Arrangement and location
13. ABT meter type, Manufacture, Model, Serial No. details for Energy Metering.
14. Copy of PPA (Preferential PPA projects are not eligible for REC mechanism)
15. Proposed Model and make of plant equipment
16. Undertaking for compliance with the usage of fossil fuel criteria as specified by MNRE
17. Details of Connectivity with DISCOM
18. Connectivity Diagram and Single Line Diagram of Plant
19. Details of pending court cases with APERC, Supreme Court of India, High Court of A.P. or
any other courts
20. Any other documents requested by AP SLDC
While these are the documents that AP SLDC requires for REC project accreditation, these
are typically the clearances/documents required in general for a Solar PV project.
Available Bank Loan Percentage for Solar PV Plant
There are 2 kinds of Financing mechanisms that are usually discussed –
Recourse Financing
Non-Recourse Financing
Recourse Financing requires collaterals and other extensive guarantees from the Solar
developer who wishes to avail loan. Recourse Financing is the prevalent mechanism in India
currently owing to lack of confidence of banks in the Power and Solar Power sector.
Non-Recourse Financing, on the other hand, does not require any additional collateral as the
Asset or Power Plant itself is the collateral in this case.
The typical Debt-Equity Ratio (Loan to Investment Ratio) for Solar Power plants is 70:30.
And the typical collaterals required for a 70% project cost loan could be in the range of 40-
60% project cost. This, however, varies from bank to bank as each bank has its own risk
perception/mitigation strategy, exposure targets to various sectors and Non-Performing Asset
(NPA) limits.
Benefits for Solar Power plants
Kind of Central/State benefits available for Solar Power plant setup
Solar plants can be categorized into 2 broad categories:
Grid Connected PV Plants
Off-Grid plants.
The usual Govt. support available for an Off-Grid plant is a Capital Subsidy of 15% on the
project cost upto a maximum size of 500 KW. This can be claimed by the
Manufacturer/Supplier/EPC Contractor (should be an MNRE accredited supplier) on behalf
of the customer.
Subsidy is not available for Grid Connected plants that engage in sale of power either to
the local DISCOM or 3rd party. Following are the benefits a Solar Power Developer involved
in Sale of Power Generated can avail:
Accelerated Depreciation – AD benefits can be claimed by Off-Grid and Grid-Connected
Solar Power Developers in order to offset taxes on profits from their connected businesses.
Typically, 90% depreciation is allowed with 80% allowed in the first year.
10 years Tax Holiday – Tax holiday can be availed for 10 years during which time Minimum
Alternate Tax is still applicable (19.9305%) which can be offset against tax payable later and
Other State specific exemptions which vary from state to state.
RECs and Carbon Credits (CERs)
Solar Power Plants need to be Grid-Connected on order to avail REC benefits. Though there
have been recommendations on multiple occasions that Off-Grid Solar Power plants be made
eligible for RECs, the proposal is still under discussion. Solar Power plants setup under the
following 3 modes are eligible for REC benefits:
Captive Power plants
Sale of power to Govt. at APPC
Sale of power to 3rd party at mutually agreed price
Captive Power Plants are eligible for RECs subject to the condition that
Concessional/Promotional Transmission or Wheeling Tariffs and/or banking facility benefit
are not availed. Also, Solar Power plants setup under Preferential Tariff schemes are not
eligible for RECs.
Expected Sale Price of Energy Units
Depends on the mode of sale of power and the consumer of power.
In the case of sale of power to DISCOM, the prevailing Average Pooled Power Purchase
Cost (APPC) will be applicable.
In the case of sale of power to 3rd Party consumer, a mutually agreed price can be agreed
upon and accordingly a PPA can be signed.
It is to be kept in mind that several additional charges such as Wheeling Charges, Distribution
Charges, Open-Access Charges, Cross-Subsidy Charges are applicable in the case of sale of
power to 3rd party. These charges vary from State-to-State and DISCOM-to-DISCOM and
even based on voltage levels.
S. No Particulars Capital Cost
(Rs. Cr/MW) % of total cost
1 SPV Modules 3.32 54.8 %
2 Land Cost 0.25 4.1 %
3 Civil and General Works 0.5 8.3 %
4 Mounting Structures 0.5 8.3 %
5 Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) 0.45 7.4 %
6 Evacuation Cost up to Inter-Connection
Point (Cables and Transformers) 0.55 9.1 %
7 Preliminary and Pre-Operative Expenses
including IDC and contingency 0.48 8.0 %
Total Capital Cost 6.05 Crores 100 %
Chapter 7
Timeline of the project
Design
Preparation of design & estimation of the plant
15 working days required.
Land Acquisition
As per design requirement, proper land selection & acquisition processed.
Time required 1 month
PPA
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with private power purchaser need to be finalized at a
feasible rate.
Required time is 15 working days
DPR
Preparation of Detailed Project Report including technical feasibility of the project prepared.
Time required 6 working days.
Finance
Arrangement of finance/fund for the project from nationalized or private financing agency
with significant interest rate and equity share will be finalized.
Required time for this stage is 1 month.
Procurement
After finalizing PPA and arrangement of fund for the project, procurement work starts
including preparation & finalizing of vendor selection, BOM, BOQ, order placing, follow-
ups of delivery to site/warehouse.
Estimated time for this step is 1 month.
Construction
After the processing of procurement, first civil construction at the site starts for PV mounting
structure set-up and control-room, administrative building. Finishing the civil works, PV
installation & all electrical construction works including the Grid Evacuation will be
processed.
Estimated time for this whole work is 2 months.
Commissioning
Commissioning of the plant by authorized govt. body or certified 3rd party will be done
followed by Completion of project execution.
Required time for this step is 6 working days.
Timeline of the SPV Project
******
Chapter 8
Operation and Maintenance
As every plant needs a regular maintenance work to make it functional & in well-condition,
so in this case also, a PV power plant also requires a sound & efficient operation &
management team to perform all the work after plant commissioning. Routine maintenance
is an ongoing concern for utility-scale PV systems and helps to ensure safe and effective
system operations over their lifetimes. In general, due to their simplicity and minimal moving
parts, O&M requirements for solar PV power plants are considerably less intensive than for
other forms of electricity generation. However, maintenance is still an important factor in
maximizing the performance and lifetime of both the plant and its components.
Maintenance activities for PV systems involve a number of potential hazards to
workers, including electrical and fall hazards. PV system safety involves the safety of both
workers and of the equipment installed. A safe PV system is typically installed according to
the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), which follow applicable codes and standards such
as NEC, NFPA, OSHA and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), IEC, and UL. Worker
safety includes considerations for a safe work area, safe use of tools and equipment, safe
practices for personnel protection, and awareness of safety hazards and how to avoid them.
Routine maintenance requirements for solar PV plants comprise several major categories,
including the following:
Visual inspections
PV modules and arrays
Inverter
Balance of plant
Grounds Maintenance
Testing, Measurements and Calibration
Test Reports/Recordkeeping
Troubleshooting progresses from the system to subsystem to component levels, and involves
the following:
Recognizing a problem
Observing the symptoms
Diagnosing the cause
Taking corrective actions
General details for troubleshooting common problems are provided in inverter manufacturer
installation instructions and operating manuals. At some point, a PV power plant will reach
the end of its useful life as a generation asset. A decommissioning procedure then is used to
safely disconnect and disable the components for disassembly and disposition for salvage.
******
Chapter 9
Engineering, Procurement and Construction of the Solar PV Plant
Engineering of a Solar Power Plant is based on various technical data including Site Contour
Survey, Soil Load Bearing Capacity, Module & Inverter Specifications etc. Further, choice
of technology plays an important role in Plant Engineering.
In Engineering, there are approximately 110 drawings and design documents including
Electrical DC, Electrical AC and Structural Engineering which need to be prepared to start
execution.
In Procurement, the Request for Proposals are floated for approximately 25 different
packages including – Modules, Inverters, Mounting Structures, Cables, Transformers, HT &
LT Panels, Electrical, Civil & Transmission Line Contractors etc. Negotiation and
Finalization of vendors is done based on Techno Commercial reasons.
In Construction, the Contractors appointed execute the plant in a phased manner often using
specialized machinery including ramming & auguring machines, hydras, loaders, cranes,
mixers, AJAX, tractors etc. Typically, multiple gangs of labor are used taking the total
number from 50 to 300 depending on size of the plant and execution time.
Reasons for delay during Engineering phase are
Delay in conducting the preliminary surveys & studies required for Engineering. Typically,
these studies cost less than 0.1% of the project cost and should be undertaken as soon as site
is finalized
Improper or incomplete assessment of all the Technical Parameters like fault level of the
substation where the solar power is to be evacuated
Repeated Change in Specifications of Equipment, possibly because of Procurement
Indecision – A change of panel wattage from 250 Wp to 300 Wp would alter at least 50
drawings including all layouts & structure drawings.
Carrying out different aspects of engineering in isolation. For eg. The Layout for Trenches
if designed without due concerns for roads & drainage.
Delays in delivery of Solar project
Transformers: Lead time 6 – 10 weeks
Solar Power Plants typically use Double Primary Winding, low loss transformers which are
made to order for projects. The typical lead time is 6 – 10 weeks based on the make and spec
of transformer. It is often not possible to squeeze the timelines further as the raw material
procurement for transformer assembly takes approximately 3 weeks to reach the
manufacturing plant. Further, drawing & inspection approval add to the problems.
CT, PT & Meters: Lead time 8 weeks
This equipment typically installed at the Plant Switchyard can be procured only from
particular empaneled suppliers for that state. Although, manufacturing time of these
equipment is not long, however, the testing of these equipment takes place in presence of
respective Discom representative’s presence and equipment is issued in the name of the
project.
HT Panels: Lead Time – 8 weeks
HT Panels are custom made according to the Voltage & Current ratings and design of the
particular project. The HT Panels contain protection equipment for the power plant at high
voltage levels. The relays required to construct such a panel are often not readily available
and leads to delays.
Solar Modules: Lead Time – 6 – 12 weeks
The Solar Modules in most Indian Solar Projects are imported. Even when made with
Domestic Cells, these cells have a long lead time. On placement of order, the schedule for
production is frozen which then follows the shipping period of 14 – 21 days depending on
vessel availability. Further transportation from port to site would take another 7 days.
Inverters: Lead Time – 8 - 12 weeks
Inverters till last year were mostly imported. However, with multiple inverter suppliers
setting up assembly plants in India, the lead time is reduced. In critical situations, it is not
uncommon to airlift inverters meant to be imported.
Mounting Structures: 4 – 6 Weeks
Typically, hot dipped galvanized iron (GI) is used for rafters and legs of module mounting
structures, while cold rolled pre galvanized sheets are made to desired sections and shapes
for purlins on which the modules are fixed. There are limited manufacturers of cold rolled
steel like Jindal, Tata etc and though, there are multiple suppliers of hot dipped GI, however,
the zinc bath is often not deep enough leading to defects. Although, the lead time of Mounting
Structures is not high. However, it is the most important as Mounting Structures are the first
equipment to be installed on site.
Cables: 4 – 6 Weeks
Cables are classified into 2 categories: DC Cables from module upto inverters and AC Cables
from inverter upto transmission line. Although, there are very reputed suppliers of both
cables available in India, the Copper Cables are often imported. When manufactured in India,
the lead time can be as less as 4 weeks, while when imported it may increase upto 6 – 8
weeks.
Reasons for delay during Construction phase
Inadequate Labor and/or machinery
Labor and machinery planning typically needs to be carried at least 2 – 4 weeks in advance
in accordance with the requirements of the implementation schedule. Skilled labor in the
Solar Sector are easy to come across in states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, while they need to
be supervised closely in others.
Right of Way
The transmission line when being erected, encounters various problems of crossing private
lands where the owners might not be cooperative and demand unreasonable compensation
for transmission poles / towers falling in their land. Transmission Line for Solar Projects is
covered under Activities for Public Good according to Section 63 E of the Electricity Act
and hence, the work may be carried out with Administrative Support once permissions are
taken. However, considering that the Project has a life of 25 years, it is best to establish good
relations with the land owners.
Local Issues
Solar Power Plants are typically constructed away from cities. It is typical to encounter
demands of employment and usage of locally available machinery and labor (mostly
unskilled) and sometimes even sand and cement during construction and O&M. It is
advisable to take local population in confidence in the beginning of construction. For large
power plants, it would help if developmental activities like construction of a temple, school
or housing is also done.
Civil Works
Civil Works wherever done require minimum curing time, else the quality of the civil
structure will deteriorate overtime. There is a shift towards Pre Fab structures to avoid this
nowadays.
Cable & Allied Items Quantity Mismatch
It is not uncommon to encounter quantity mismatch of cables among other equipment during
construction because of under calculation of lengths for bending radius, terminations and in
some cases even theft on site. It is best to order a contingency of at least 5 – 10% extra.
Guide on selection of various components
******
Conclusion
We would like to thank you for reading our proposal, the methodology and data
used in this proposal are reliable and true to our knowledge. In our internship
period in Aspen infrastructures – Suzlon Groups, we found that Suzlon’s Ellutla
substation had enough evacuation capacity and a huge land will be available after
the commissioning of wind project which is owned by Suzlon. In Addition to that
we found that Anantapur and Kurnool region of Andhra Pradesh has the highest
Solar potential next to the Gujarat region. As all the situations for a SPV were
favourable, we proposed the 1 MW SPV power plant that could be put up in the
available area. Approach roads are already built for the site, thus logistics, land
and licensing work are minimised and those expenses could be considered as
profit. At this time AP government have allotted with 2 GW of grid connected
SPV from JNNSM (Phase) it will be easy to get PPA. As the “Suzlon” and Ellutla
wind Project’s client “Renew Power” is entering into Solar, we hope that the
scope of success of the project is higher. In that case we are eager in developing
further details required for the execution of the project, in addition to that we are
ready to raise similar proposals in any new site. As we have visited many
Working and execution SPV power plants we are happy to work in the project
execution too.
From this effort, we knew the procedure for expressing the prefeasibility report
for Government and Private Parties. Similarly, we can prepare these types of
reports on cost and quality effective also.
CHAPTER 3
GALLERY
Fig 3.1 Site Surveying at Ellutla - ASPEN
Fig 3.2 Transmission tower Erection - ASPEN
Fig 3.3 Soil testing at Ellutla - ASPEN
Fig 3.4 Types of soil in the different earth layers - ASPEN
Fig 3.5 Parnapalli Site, from Anantapur 55 Km - ASPEN
Fig 3.6 Taken the measurements of the tree for calculating the total biomass content - ASPEN
Fig 3.7 Marking the centre point of the met mast site - ASPEN
Fig 3.8 Point marking in all four directions - ASPEN
Fig 3.9 Ellutla Site Substation Layout - ASPEN
Fig 3.10 Aerial view of total substation and our proposed site - ASPEN
Fig 3.11 Mountains for wind power plant installation - ASPEN
Fig 3.12 Uravakonda Site – For WTG Erection - SUZLON
Fig 3.13 S97 Model with tubular tower - SUZLON
Fig.3.14 Beluguppa Substation Construction - ASPEN
Fig 3.15 Control Panel and Transmission lines - ASPEN
Fig 3.16 Final Stage at Beluguppa 33/220 kV SS - ASPEN
Fig 3.17 OLTC Part of Transformer (On Load Tap Changer like Gear Box) - ASPEN
Fig 3.18 WTG Foundation - SUZLON
Fig 3.19 Hub Part of the WTG - SUZLON
Fig 3.20 Pitch DC Motor and its Sensor - SUZLON
Fig 3.21 Inner part of the Turbine - SUZLON
Fig 3.22 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.23 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.24 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.25 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.26 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.27 Lifting of the equipment’s - SUZLON
Fig 3.28 RCC Phase – WTG Foundation – ASPEN & SUZLON
Fig 3.29 Digging Phase – For Plain Cement Concrete to WTG Foundation– ASPEN & SUZLON
Fig 3.30 Starting of Foundation– ASPEN & SUZLON
Fig 3.31 Arrangements of Solar Components – ILLUMINE I
Fig 3.32 10 kWp SPV Site Visit – ILLUMINE I
Fig 3.33 SPV Site Visit – ILLUMINE I
Fig 3.34 SPV Site Visit – ILLUMINE I
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
From this Internship Opportunity, I have learned a lot about Civil and
Electrical things in Substation. Then I knew the format of feasibility report for preparing
the Government and Private proposals. SUZLON and ASPEN gave me a site visit
arrangement. From these visits, I have met the technical people and they were sharing them
Knowledge and Experience with me. Visually I have seen the project developments.
Especially Foundations, Erection of Electrical Equipments in Substation, and Wind
Turbine Erection was the Good Experience to me. From these visuals, I have felt the
engineering participation in these works. Then I have collected the marketing and technical
stuffs from our teams such as Electrical, Civil, Management, Labour and Safety. First two
months of mine includes site visits, telephonic conversation with our seniors for preparing
the feasibility report, Conversation with our technical team. Then Last month I have
worked for ILLUMINE I – Designing Industries, Chennai. Illumine I gave me a chance
for Solar EPC Market analysing in Tamil Nadu. From this opportunity, I have met Installer
Companies in the range of Micro and Macro level. Then I Enquired about their products
like Batteries, Inverters, Panels and their installation procedures. So that, Market analysing
topic presented me a chance to deeply research experience in Solar Markets. On the whole
this internship brought the Overwhelming Experience to me.
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCE
Chetan Singh Solanki, 2013. Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems – A Manual for
Technicians, Trainers and Engineers, PHI Learning Private Limited – Delhi 110092
Government of Tamil Nadu, Energy Department – Solar Energy Policy 2012. To Promote
research and development of Solar Thermal and PV Technologies.
Government of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TNERC) –
Comprehensive Tariff order on Solar Power, Order No 2 of 2016, Dated 28/03/16
Government of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TNERC) –
Comprehensive Tariff order on Wind Power, Order No 2 of 2016, Dated 28/03/16
Government of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA), Guidelines
for Grid-connected Small Scale (Rooftop) Solar PV Systems for Tamil Nadu
E. Sreevalsan, National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Chennai - Wind Resource
Assessment in India.
Suzlon Groups – Department of R&D, Pune. Brochures of Wind Turbines and their Technical
and Economic feasibility resources 2016.
BRIDGE-TO-INDIA, Delhi, India-Solar-Consultancy Materials-2016
Det Norske Veritas, Copenhagen, Wind Energy Department, National Laboratory, Guidelines
for Design of Wind Turbines, 2nd Edition
Aspen Infrastructures – Department of Electrical, Substation – Construction, Electrical
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Source, 2012
Softwares - PVsyst, AutoCAD, Google Earth, Skelion, NREL Database
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