asme standards

STANDARDS AND WELDING NOTES

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ASME Standards

Fiberglass related standards from ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers:

ASME/ANSI B31.1 - POWER PIPING

ASME/ANSI B31.3 - PROCESS PIPING

ASME/ANSI B31.9 - BUILDING SERVICES PIPING

ASTM Standards

Fiberglass related standards from ASTM International

ASTM C 581 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSETTING

RESINS USED IN GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED STRUCTURES INTENDED FOR LIQUID SERVICE

ASTM C 582 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED REINFORCED THERMOSETTING

PLASTIC (RTP) LAMINATES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT EQUIPMENT

ASTM D 149 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC

STRENGTH OF SOLID ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AT COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES

ASTM D 257 - TEST METHODS FOR DC RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF INSULATING MATERIALS

ASTM D 638 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS

ASTM D 695M - TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF RIGID PLASTICS (METRIC)

ASTM D 696 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF

PLASTICS BETWEEN - 30 DEGREES C AND 30 DEGREES C WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER

ASTM D 790 - STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF UNREINFORCED AND

REINFORCED PLASTICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS

ASTM D 792 - TEST METHODS FOR DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE DENSITY) OF PLASTICS BY

DISPLACEMENT

ASTM D 1598 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TIME-TO-FAILURE OF PLASTIC PIPE UNDER CONSTANT

INTERNAL PRESSURE

ASTM D 1599 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO SHORT-TIME HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OF

PLASTIC PIPE, TUBING, AND FITTINGS


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ASTM D 2105 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONGITUDINAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF "FIBERGLASS"

(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND TUBE

ASTM D 2143 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CYCLIC PRESSURE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED,

THERMOSETTING PLASTIC PIPE

ASTM D 2290 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR APPARENT HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLASTICOR

REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE BY SPLIT DISK METHOD

ASTM D 2310 - STANDARD CLASSIFICATION FOR MACHINE-MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE

ASTM D 2412 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL LOADING

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC PIPE BY PARALLEL-PLATE LOADING

ASTM D 2444 - TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC

PIPE AND FITTINGS BY MEANS OF A TUP (FALLING WEIGHT)

ASTM D 2583 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR INDENTATION HARDNESS OF RIGID PLASTICS BY MEANS

OF A BARCOL IMPRESSOR

ASTM D 2584 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR IGNITION LOSS OF CURED REINFORCED RESINS

ASTM D 2924 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS"

(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE

ASTM D 2925 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BEAM DEFLECTION OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE UNDER FULL BORE FLOW

ASTM D 2992 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR OBTAINING HYDROSTATIC OR PRESSURE DESIGN BASIS FOR

"FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS

ASTM D 2996 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FILAMENT-WOUND "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-


ASTM D 2997 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CAST "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-


ASTM D 3262 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED

THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER PIPE


THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE

ASTM D 3567 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING DIMENSIONS "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS


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ASTM D 3615 - CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSET MOLDING COMPOUNDS

ASTM D 3681 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE IN A DEFLECTED CONDITION


THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE PIPE


THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE FITTINGS FOR NONPRESSURE APPLICATIONS

ASTM D 4024 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR MACHINE MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES


THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE JOINTS USING FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC SEALS

ASTM D 5365 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONG-TERM RING-BENDING STRAIN OF "FIBERGLASS"

(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE

ASTM D 5421 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES

ASTM D 5677 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIBERGLASS (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED

THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS, ADHESIVE BONDED JOINT TYPE, FOR AVIATION JET

TURBINE FUEL LINES


THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE FITTINGS

ASTM D 6041 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-

REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) CORROSION RESISTANT PIPE AND FITTINGS

ASTM E 228 - LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLID MATERIALS WITH A VITREOUS SILICA

DILATOMETER

ASTM F 1173 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING RESIN FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS TO

BE USED FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS

AWWA Standards

Fiberglass related standards from AWWA - American Water Works Association

AWWA C950-01 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe

AWWA D120-84 (R89) - Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks


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AWWA F101-02 - Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and Launders

AWWA F102-02 - Matched-Die-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Weir Plates, Scum Baffles, and

Mounting Brackets

BSi Standards

Fiberglass related standards from BSi - British Standards institute

BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for water

supply or sewerage

BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants

BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping systems

for individual plants or sites

BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation -

Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics

DIN Standards

Fiberglass related standards from DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung

DIN 53393 - Testing of Textile Glass-reinforced Plastics; Behavior to the Effect of Chemicals

DIN 53758 - Testing of plastics articles; determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow

objects by short-time test

DIN 53768 - Determination by extrapolation of the long-term behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics

DIN 53769-1 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of the longitudinal shear

strength of type B pipe fittings

DIN 53769-2 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; long-term hydrostatic pressure test

DIN 53769-3 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of initial and long-term ring

stiffness

DIN 53769-6 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; Testing of pipes and fittings under

pulsating internal pressure

DIN EN 59 - Glass Reinforced Plastics; Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor

DIN EN 637 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics components - Determination of the

amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method


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DIN EN 705 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings -

Methods for regression analyses and their use

DIN EN 761 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes -

Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions

DIN EN 1393 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes;

Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties

DIN EN 1447 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes -

Determination of long-term resistance to internal pressure

DIN EN 1448 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components -

Test methods to prove the design of rigid locked socket- and -spigot joints with elastomeric seals


Test methods to prove the design of a cemented socket- and -spigot joints


Test methods to prove the design of bolted flange joints

ISO Standards

Fiberglass related standards from ISO - International Organization for Standardization

ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties

ISO 527-4 - Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and

orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic composites

ISO 7370 - Glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings; Nominal diameters,

specified diameters and standard lengths

ISO 7510 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components - Determination of the

amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method

ISO 7684 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination

of the creep factor under dry conditions

ISO 10466 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Test method

to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection

ISO 10928 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings -

Methods for regression analysis and their use

ISO/TR 10465-1 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes;

part 1: installation procedures


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ISO/TR 10465-2 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes -

Part 2: Comparison of static calculation methods

ISO/TR 10465-3 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes

Part 3: Installation parameters and application limits

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards

ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design,

fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during

construction

ASME - Performance Test Codes

The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting

tests

ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping

A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31

ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits

The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping

ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings

The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron, cast bronze, wrought copper and steel

ASTM International

ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific and technical

organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the characteristics of material,

products, systems and services

ASTM International - Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings

The ASTM standards cover various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings for high-temperature service,

ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection use


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ASTM International - Volume 01.01 Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings

An overview of the ASTM Volume 01.01 standard

BSi - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications

British standards and specifications for pipe, tube and fittings

Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 150 lb

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast

Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces

Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 300 lb

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast

Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges with plain faces

CTS CPVC Tube Dimensions

CTS (Copper Tube Size) CPVC tubes according ASTM D 2846

Carbon Steel Flanges - Pressure and Temperature Ratings

Maximum temperature and pressure ratings of flanges conforming dimensions ASME B16.5 and

materials specification ASTM A-105

Carbon Steel Pipes - Comparing American & European Specifications

Comparing standards of carbon steel pipes from USA, Germany, UK and Sweden

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Classification

Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium,

cobalt, columbium (niobium), molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium

Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 150

ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 150 Flanges - outside and inside

diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts





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Carbon and Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange Bores

Flange bores of welding neck flanges according ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

Cast Iron

There are four basic types of cast iron - white iron, gray iron, ductile iron and malleable iron

Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 125

ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 125 Flanges - outside and

inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts








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Comparing American and British Piping Standards

Comparing US American (ASTM) and British (BSi) piping standards - specifications, grades and material

descriptions

Cross Reference of ASTM Material Specifications

Fittings, Flanges, Unions and Cast and Forged Valves

DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications

Deutsches Institut fr Normung - DIN - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications

Download ANSI, American National Standards Institute, Standards

ANSI is a private, not-for-profit, membership organization that acts not as a standards developer, but as

a standards coordinating and approval body

Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards

Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications

Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI

Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges

HVAC Abbreviations

Some commonly used standard HVAC abbreviations

ISO - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications

International Organization for Standardization - ISO - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications

Identifying Colors of Typical Fluids

Identifying colors of typical materials transported in piping systems

JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards

Japanese industrial flanges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese

Standards Association

JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards

The Japanese Standards Association - JSA


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JIS - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards

Japanese industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese

Standards Association

Mechanical Properties Aluminum Pipes

Aluminum pipes and mechanical properties like tensile strength. yield strength and more

NACE International

The corrosion engineering and science community

NDT - Non Destructive Testing

Non-destructive testing of constructions

Pipe Legends - Identification Scheme for Piping Systems

Color codes - field and legend

Piping Class Ratings - Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)

Pressure numbers (PN) compared to flange class designations

Piping Codes & Standards

Piping codes and piping standards

Piping and Equipment Identification Labels

Mechanical - Plumbing Piping System Abbreviations and Letter - Tags and Label Coloring

Stainless Steel - Comparing International Standards

Comparing international stainless steel standards from America (US), France, Germany, Italy, Japan,

Russia, Spain, Sweden, England (UK) and the European Union

Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards

Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe

standards

Stainless Steels Classifications

Stainless steels are commonly grouped into martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels,

austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening

stainless steels


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Steel Pipe Standardization Organizations

The most important world wide steel pipe standardization organizations

Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 40

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 40 steel

pipes

Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 80

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel

pipes

Steel Tubes BS 1387 (EN 10255)

Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS 1387:1985 (EN 10255) Specification for

screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubular and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for

screwing to BS 21 pipe threads

Threaded & Socket Welded Fittings - Pressure Classes and Schedules

Pressure classes, schedules and weights of pipes for threaded & socket welded fittings

Valves

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

Swing Check Valve

Ball Valve

Plug Valve

Butterfly Valve

Forged Gate Valve

321PC BALL

VALVE


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Flanges

Flange

Flange

Flange

WN Flange

WN Flange

SO Flange

PL Flange

BL Flange

SW Flange

Forged Socket Weld Fittings

90 Degree Elbow (SW) 45 Degree Elbow (SW) Tee (SW) Lateral (SW)


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Cross (SW) Coupling (SW) Pipe Cap (SW) Union (SW

Forged Threaded Fittings

90 Degree Elbow (TH) 45 Degree Elbow (TH) Tee (TH) Lateral (TH)

Cross (TH) Coupling (TH) Pipe Cap (TH) Threaded Street Elbow

Hexagon Plug Square Head Plug Round Head Plug Hexagon Bushing


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Flush Bushing Union (TH) Threaded Nipple Hexagon Nipple

Owlets

Weldolet Thredolet Sockolet Latrolet

Elbolet Sweepolet Brazolet Nipolet


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Pipe Fittings

901.5D Elbow

180Return Elbow

Reducer

Reducing Tee

Cap

Welding Symbols

Basic Weld Symbols


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Weld Symbols

Butt Weld

Standards

The British Standard for weld symbols is BS EN 22553. When identification of the weld process is required as part of the weld symbol the relevant weld process code is listed in BS EN ISO 4063.

Basic Weld Symbol

The weld symbol always includes

1. An arrow line 2. A reference line 3. A dashed line 4. A symbol


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Note: Weld symbols on the full reference line relates to welds on the near side of the plate being welded. Weld symbols on the dashed line relates to weld on the far side of the plate. If the welds are symmetrical on both sides of the plate the dashed line is omitted. If the dashed line is above the full line then the symbol for the nearside weld is drawn below the reference line and the symbol for the far side weld is above the dashed line. For example see sketch below Supplementary symbols below.

More Detailed Symbolic Representation of Weld

Welding.....Weld process numbers.


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Table of Weld Symbols

Supplementary Symbols

The weld symbols below are used in addition to the primary weld symbols as shown above. They are not used on their own.

Below is an example of the application of one of these symbol illustrating the identification of the location of the weld relative to the symbol.


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Complementary Indication

Dimensioning Welds


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Elements of A Welding Symbol:

A welding symbol may include the following elements:

Reference Line

Arrow

Basic Weld Symbol

Dimensions & Other Data

Supplementary Symbols


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Finish Symbols

Tail

Specifications, Process, Or Other References

Reference Line:

A reference line is a horizontal line with all the other required information drawn on or around it. It

must be placed on the drawing near the joint it describes.

Arrow:

The arrow is the other required part of a welding symbol and is placed at one or the other end of the

reference line and connects the reference line to the joint that is to be welded.

Quite often, there are two sides to the joint to which the arrow points, and therefore two potential

places for a weld. For example, when two steel plates are joined together into a T shape, welding may

be done on either side of the stem of the T.

The weld symbol distinguishes between the two sides of a joint by using the arrow and the spaces above

and below the reference line. The side of the joint to which the arrow points is known as the arrow side,

and its weld is made according to the instructions given below the reference line. The other side of the

joint is known as the other side, and its weld is made according to the instructions given above the

reference line. The below and above rules apply regardless of the arrow's direction.


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Basic Symbols:

Each type of weld has its own basic symbol, which is typically placed near the center of the reference

line (and above or below it, depending on which side of the joint it's on). The symbol is a small drawing

that can usually be interpreted as a simplified cross-section of the weld. In the descriptions below, the

symbol is shown in both its arrow-side and other-side positions.


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Fillet

Weld Groove Welds

Plug

Weld

Weld All Around & Field Weld:

There are two other elements that may be seen on the reference line that provide information about

the weld. One is a circle around the place where the leader line connects to the reference line and

indicates the weld is all around. This means the weld extends all the way around the joint the arrow is

pointing at.

The all around element is only used when it is possible to weld all the way around a single surface (see

below).

The other element seen on the reference line resembles a flag and is located where the leader line joins

the reference line. This element is called a "field weld" and means the weld will be done in another

location. For instance, this weld may be applied at the job site not in the shop. Sometimes clarification

will be given in the welding symbol tail or as a specification on the print.


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Field Weld Symbol

Fillet Weld:

The fillet weld (pronounced "fill-it") is used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T joints. As its symbol

suggests, the fillet weld is roughly triangular in cross-section, although its shape is not always a right

triangle or an isosceles triangle. Weld metal is deposited in a corner formed by the fit-up of the two

members and penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of

graphical clarity, the drawings below do not show the penetration of the weld metal. Recognize,

however, that the degree of penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.)

The perpendicular (straight up and down) leg of the triangle is always drawn on the left side of the

symbol, regardless of the orientation of the weld itself. The leg size is written to the left of the weld

symbol. If the two legs of the weld are to be the same size, only one dimension is given; if the weld is to

have unequal legs (much less common than the equal-legged weld), both dimensions are given and

there is an indication on the drawing as to which leg is longer.

The welding symbol above shows that the weld is to be done on the other side and the thickness of the

weld is 5/16.

The length of the weld is given to the right of the symbol.


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If no length is given, then the weld is to be placed between specified dimension lines (if given) or

between those points where an abrupt change in the weld direction would occur (like at the end of the

plates in the example above).

The Length & Pitch of Intermittent Welds:

An intermittent weld is one that is not continuous across the joint, but rather is a given length of weld

separated by a given space between them. This method of welding may be used to control heat

distortion or where the joint strength requirements allow. Intermittent welding can save time and

money if a long weld is not necessary.

Used more frequently than the length alone, the length and pitch (length first, spacing second) are two

numbers located at the right of the fillet weld symbol.

The length appears first as before followed by a hyphen then the pitch is shown.

The pitch refers to a dimension from the center of one weld to the center of the next weld.

The pitch is not the space between welds but a measurement from center to center of the welds. To get

the spacing for layout subtract the length of one weld from the pitch.

The intermittent welds may be chain intermittent or staggered intermittent. Chain intermittent the

welds on both sides of the joint are opposite each other and resemble a chain. Staggered intermittent


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the welds on the opposite side are usually started in the gap between the welds on the first side. The

welds then appear staggered.

If the welds are staggered the fillet weld symbol will be staggered on the reference line.

Contours:

Some welding symbols may show a contour finish that details how the fillet weld shape must be finished

after welding. The contour may be flat or convex (having a surface that is curved or rounded outward)

and the element to describe this is placed above the slope on the fillet weld symbol. A letter to indicate

the method of finish may be given above the finish element.


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Groove Welds:

The groove weld is commonly used to make edge-to-edge joints, although it is also often used in corner

joints, T joints, and joints between curved and flat pieces. As suggested by the variety of groove weld

symbols, there are many ways to make a groove weld, the differences depending primarily on the

geometry of the parts to be joined and the preparation of their edges. Weld metal is deposited within

the groove and penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of

graphical clarity, the drawings below generally do not show the penetration of the weld metal.

Recognize, however, that the degree of penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.

Groove Weld Size - The groove weld size is given in two dimensions and like the fillet weld it is placed to

the left of the weld symbol. The first size given is the depth of the groove and is the dimension used to

prepare the edge preparation. The depth of groove is measured from the surface of the joint to the

bottom of the preparation.

The depth of groove does not include weld reinforcement or root penetration.

The second size given is the actual weld size and is enclosed in parentheses to distinguish it from the

groove size, or depth of groove.

The actual weld size is again measured from the surface of the groove through the bottom of the groove

but now includes the expected penetration of the weld. On a square groove only the weld size is given.

The weld size does not include face reinforcement or root reinforcement.


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Groove Opening & Angle - Two other important elements for preparing and welding the groove are the

root opening and the groove angle. The root opening, when used, dimensions the space between the

joint to be welded and is placed inside the weld symbol. The groove angle is also placed inside the weld

symbol and is given in degrees.

The groove angle for a V groove is given as the included angle so that means the edge bevel or chamfer

for each piece is 1/2 of the degrees given.

For example; A 45 degree included angle means bevel each member at 22 1/2 degrees. J grooves angles

may be detailed elsewhere on the drawing. The root opening and groove angle are separate elements

and may or may not appear together depending on the joint requirements.

On some drawings the root opening or groove angle will be covered in a note or specification on the

drawing for all similar symbols, and does not appear on the symbol.

The Welder must always read all information given on a drawing.

Contour & Finishing - The same contour symbols that apply to fillet welds may be used with groove

welding and are placed above the weld symbol.


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Square Groove - The square groove weld, in which the "groove" is created by either a tight fit or a slight

separation of the edges. The amount of separation, if any, is given on the weld symbol.

V-Groove - The V-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are chamfered, either singly or doubly,

to create the groove. The angle of the V is given on the weld symbol, as is the separation at the root (if

any).

If the depth of the V is not the full thickness--or half the thickness in the case of a double V--the depth is

given to the left of the weld symbol.


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If the penetration of the weld is to be greater than the depth of the groove, the depth of the effective

throat is given in parentheses after the depth of the V.

Bevel Groove - The bevel groove weld, in which the edge of one of the pieces is chamfered and the

other is left square. The bevel symbol's perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side, regardless of

the orientation of the weld itself. The arrow points toward the piece that is to be chamfered. This extra

significance is emphasized by a break in the arrow line. (The break is not necessary if the designer has no

preference as to which piece gets the edge treatment or if the piece to receive the treatment should be

obvious to a qualified welder.) Angle and depth of edge treatment, effective throat, and separation at

the root are described using the methods discussed in the V-groove section above.


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U-Groove - The U-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are given a concave treatment. Depth

of edge treatment, effective throat, and separation at the root are described using the methods

discussed in the V-groove section.

J-Groove - The J-groove weld, in which the edge of one of the pieces is given a concave treatment and

the other is left square. It is to the U-groove weld what the bevel groove weld is to the V-groove weld.

As with the bevel, the perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side and the arrow (with a break, if

necessary) points to the piece that receives the edge treatment. Depth of edge treatment, effective

throat, and separation at the root are described using the methods discussed in the V-groove section.

Flare V Groove - The flare-V groove weld, commonly used to join two round or curved parts. The

intended depth of the weld itself is given to the left of the symbol, with the weld depth shown in

parentheses.


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Flare Bevel Groove - The flare bevel groove weld, commonly used to join a round or curved piece to a

flat piece. As with the flare-V, the depth of the groove formed by the two curved surfaces and the

intended depth of the weld itself are given to the left of the symbol, with the weld depth shown in

parentheses. The symbol's perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side, regardless of the

orientation of the weld itself.

Common supplementary symbols used with groove welds are the melt-thru and backing bar symbols.

Both symbols indicate that complete joint penetration is to be made with a single-sided groove weld. In

the case of melt-thru, the root is to be reinforced with weld metal on the back side of the joint. The

height of the reinforcement, if critical, is indicated to the left of the melt-thru symbol, which is placed

across the reference line from the basic weld symbol.


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When a backing bar is used to achieve complete joint penetration, its symbol is placed across the

reference line from the basic weld symbol. If the bar is to be removed after the weld is complete, an "R"

is placed within the backing bar symbol. The backing bar symbol has the same shape as the plug or slot

weld symbol, but context should always make the symbol's intention clear.


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Plug & Slot Welds:

Plug welds and slot welds are used join overlapping members, one of which has holes (round for plug

welds, elongated for slot welds) in it. Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates and fuses with

the base metal of the two members to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of graphical clarity, the

drawings below do not show the penetration of the weld metal. Recognize, however, that the degree of

penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.)

For plug welds, the diameter of each plug are given to the left of the symbol and the plug-to-plug

spacing (pitch) is given to the right. For slot welds, the width of each slot is given to the left of the

symbol, the length and pitch (separated by a dash) are given to the right of the symbol, and a detail

drawing is referenced in the tail. The number of plugs or slots is given in parentheses above or below the

weld symbol. The arrow-side and other-side designations indicate which piece contains the hole(s). If

the hole is not to be completely filled with weld metal, the depth to which it is to be filled is given within

the weld symbol.

asme standards

Documents

fittings astm d

displacement astm d

tube astm d

weight astm d

astm international astm

standard test methods

split disk method astm

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