asian military review - sept/oct 2010

www.asianmilitaryreview.com

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 US$15

AIR DEFENCERADARS

NAVAL HELICOPTERS

FRIGATESAND CORVETTES

DISMOUNTED NIGHTVISION

AA SS II AA PP AA CC II FF II CC ’’ SS LL AA RR GG EE SS TT CC II RR CC UU LL AA TT EE DD DD EE FF EE NN CC EE MM AA GG AA ZZ II NN EE

INTEGRATEDCBRN

SUBMARINES

MAPPINGTECHNOLOGIES

VOLUME 18/ISSUE 6

AA SS II AA PP AA CC II FF II CC ’’ SS LL AA RR GG EE SS TT CC II RR CC UU LL AA TT EE DD DD EE FF EE NN CC EE MM AA GG AA ZZ II NN EE

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 US$15

Publication note: Guideline for general identification only. Do not use as insertion order. Material for this insertion is to be examined carefully upon receipt. if it is deficient or does not comply with your requirements,

please contact: Print Production at 248-203-8824.

CLIENT: noRtHRoP GRuMMan DATE: 3/24/10 JOB #: nGc inS 6nGc0 132 AD DESC: Global Hawk int’l AD #: G0132B Bleed: 8-3/4” x 11-1/2” (largest) ECD: S. levit Trim: 8-1/4” x 10-3/4” (smallest) Art Director: K. Hastings Live: 7” x 10” Copywriter: L. screen: 175/mag Print Mgr: t. burland # Colors: 4/c Phone: 248-203-8824 Fonts: itc officina Sans Pubs: aSian MilitaRY ReVieW - april/May 2010

TEMPLATE: b

Mccann

creative Director

art Director

copywriter

Group Director

acct. Supervisor

acct. executive

Print Production

traffic

Proofreader

client

by dateMcCann-Erickson Los Angeles 5700 Wilshire blvd. Ste. 225, los angeles, ca 90036

The height of ISR knowledge.

RQ-4 HALE ENTERPRISEThe world’s preeminent high-altitude, long-endurance

unmanned airborne intelligence, surveillance, and

reconnaissance system is the basis for the RQ-4

Global Hawk. Able to provide unprecedented real-time

situational awareness for decision makers in operations

around the world, it covers vast geographic areas,

flying at 60,000 feet for over 30 hours, while carrying

advanced sensors. The RQ-4 provides the capability

necessary to gather information critical for responding

to natural disasters or to keep coalition troops safe

while they keep us safe.

©2

010

no

rth

rop

Gru

mm

an c

orp

ora

tio

n

www.northropgrumman.com/globalhawk

USAF GLobAL HAwk . USN bAMS UAS . NASA GLobAL HAwk . EURo HAwk® . NATo AGS

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010VOLUME 18 / ISSUE 6

Contents

Front Cover Photo:The US Navy plans to buy 298Sikorsky MH-60R multi-missionhelicopters which feature a glasscockpit, improved missionsystems, new sensors andadvanced avionics in comparisonwith earlier generationSeahawks. Australia recentnotified the US of a potentialrequest for 24 MH-60R Seahawkhelicopters and associatedequipment, worth an estimated$2.1 billion © US Navy

Contents

01

Dismounted NightVision for AsiaAdam BaddeleyOwning The Night’ remains a keydifferentiator in terms of successor defeat on the battlefield.Access to image intensificationand thermal imaging devicesindividually and in combination,provide an immediate forcemultiplier within all environmentsand scenarios

Defence GeospatialInformationAdam BaddeleyGeographic or GeographicalInformation Systems — software tomanage, analyse and visualise mapand map-related informationare everywhere, a necessaryaccompaniment to the expansionof data on the battlefield. GISis not just a map, but an essentialcore architecture for situationalawareness and intelligence

RegionalSubmarineProgrammesTed HootonWhy are so many Pacific Rimnations looking at creating orexpanding submarine fleets?The answer is that the subma-rine is the modern capital ship.Asia is demonstrating a demandnot just for conventionaldiesel-electric submarines butnuclear-powered boats too

Land Based AirDefenceTom WithingtonThere are plenty of low-altitude airthreats to engage the battlefields oftoday and tomorrow. UnmannedAerial Vehicles, attack helicoptersand low-flying fixed-wing strike air-craft are just a small selection of thedangers that troops confront andwhich require mobile low-altitude airdefence systems to protect soldiersand vehicles in forward echelons

Integrated CBRN:Solutions for AsiaAndy OppenheimerDealing with a military orcivilian-based attack usingweapons with a CBRNcomponent not only requiresthe procurement ofequipment for protection,detection and decontamination,and the training andexercise programmes onhow to use it

Regional Corvette &Frigate ProgrammesTom WithingtonThe Asia-Pacific region is a hub ofactivity as far as corvette and frigateacquisition and upgrade activity isconcerned. Taiwan, Australia and NewZealand are performing upgrades totheir frigates, while India, Pakistanand South Korea acquiring new ships.Corvettes, are also proving popularin the Asia-Pacific region

04

40

24

32

54

46

Ian KempAmerican and European helicopter manufacturers are vying for lucrative

naval helicopter contracts in the Asian-Pacific market. For all but the few nations which canafford aircraft carriers, helicopters largely define ‘naval aviation’

16

BladesOver the Sea

l SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 l

Editorialf there is a problem in intelligence collection,there must be an electronic answer, right?For the Cold War such a truth was self evi-dent; electro-optics, radars and other sen-sors on land, sea, air and space provided the

information required. Then it all changed; 9/11and subsequent campaigns in Iraq andAfghanistan ensured that Human Intelligence (Humint), hitherto almostmoribund or at least highly fragmented amongst many governments, wasonce more brought to the fore.

The next step has not just been to rapidly dust off Humint. That has beendone with mixed success. There is however, widespread if not universalrecognition that the core lesson that Humint is important must not be for-gotten. Now consideration has been given to how Humint - referred to as,“the heart soul and brain of 21st century intelligence” - can be given theprimacy and effectiveness at the tactical and strategic level it deserves.

Central to this is a switch away from the perception and often the reality ofHumint being a solely covert and clandestine activity. Considerably morespace and resources will in the future be given to overt and open sourceHumint or Osint which, some experts estimate comprises as much as 90percent of collectable human intelligence, while ‘secret’ intelligence onlymakes up less than one in twenty of the intelligence items available to bat-tlefield commanders.

There are of course many ways to that ways to do Osint well, the US 9/11Commission for example recommended the creation of Open SourceAgency. Irrespective of the approach taken, the concept, doctrine and prac-tice of Humint collection is changing significantly. Osint is not ‘secret’, it canbe shared more widely and the expertise to understand trends and eventswill require input from academics and lay experts outside the traditionalintelligence community even down to ordinary citizens and first responders.

Countries always want to improve their intelligence, whether against homegrown threats, neighbours or on operations far from home. Today, doing sois not solely a function of financial and technical resources but the abilityto sift through readily or publicly available data and reports. Experts citetwo Asian states, China and Iran as the two countries who are most effec-tive at integrating their Humint resources in this area. Outthinking oppo-nents in the areas of intelligence collection is rightfully seen and demon-strably shown as being superior to outspending them.

Adam Baddeley, Editor

Editor: Adam BaddeleyE-mail: [email protected]

Publishing Office:Chairman: J.S. Uberoi

Media Transasia Ltd, Room No. 1205-1206, Hollywood Centre 233,Hollywood Road, Central, Hong Kong. Tel: (852) 2815 9111, Fax: (852) 2815 1933

Operations Office:President: Egasith Chotpakditrakul

Sr. Manager International Marketing: Vishal Mehta Deputy Manager Marketing: Tarun MalviyaArt Director: Bipin Kumar Design: Sachin Jain, Sandeep Sharma

Production Manager: Kanda Thanakornwongskul Group Circulation Manager: Porames ChinwongsMedia Transasia Thailand Ltd. 75/8, 14th Floor, Ocean Tower II, Soi Sukhumvit 19,

Sukhumvit Road, Klongtoeynue, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.Tel: 66 (0)-2204 2370, Fax: 66 (0)-2204 2390 -1

Subscription Information

ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW can be obtainedby subscription. Subscription rate for one year(8 issues) is U.S.$ 100.00 Readers should

contact the following address:Subscription Department,

Media Transasia Ltd.Room No. 1205-1206, Hollywood Centre 233,Holywood Road, Central, Hong Kong.Tel: (852) 2815 9111, Fax: (852) 2851 1933

AAuuddiitt BBuurreeaauu ooff CCiirrccuullaattiioonnss

Editorial

Advertising Offices

Australia

Charlton D'Silva, Mass Media Publicitas

Tel: (61 2) 9252 3476

E-Mail: [email protected]

France/Spain

Stephane de Remusat, REM International

Tel: (33) 5 3427 0130


Germany/Austria/Switzerland/Italy/UK

Sam Baird, Whitehill Media

Tel: (44-1883) 715 697 Mobile: (44-7770) 237 646


India

Vishal Mehta, Media Transasia India Limited

Tel: (91) 124 4759625, Fax: (91) 124 4759550


Israel/Turkey

Liat Heiblum, Oreet - International Media

Tel: (97 2) 3 570 6527


Russia

Alla Butova, NOVO-Media Ltd,

Tel/Fax : (7 3832) 180 885 Mobile : (7 960) 783 6653

Email :[email protected], [email protected]

Scandinavia/Benelux/South Africa

Tony Kingham, KNM Media

Tel: (44) 2081 445 934 Mobile : (44) 7827 297 465


South Korea

Young Seoh Chinn, Jes Media Inc.

Tel: (82-2) 481 3411/13


USA (East/South East)/Canada

Margie Brown, Margie Brown & Associates.

Tel : (+1 540) 341 7581

Email :[email protected]

USA (West/South West)/Brazil

Diane Obright, Blackrock Media Inc.

Tel: +1 (858) 759 3557

Email: [email protected]

I

02 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l

Index of Advertisers

BOEING 4TH COVER

DEFENCE & SECURITY THAILAND 63

EUROCOPTER 19

EUROTORP 21

GSA 65

HDW THYSSENKRUPP 27

IDEF 59

IDEX & NAVDEX 67

IMDEX 31

INDO DEFENCE 3RD COVER

LAAD 53

LEUPOLD 13

MAN DIESEL 09

MILITARY MRO ASIA 51

NORTHROP GRUMMAN 2ND COVER

OSHKOSH 03

ROSOBORONEXPORT 14-15

RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGIES 23, 38, 39, 45, 49

TELEDYNE 11

THALES 07

©2010 OSHKOSH CORPORATION Oshkosh and the Oshkosh logo are registered trademarks of Oshkosh Corporation, Oshkosh, WI, USA

Oshkosh® M-ATV

TO DELIVER. TO PERFORM.

No matter where or when you need them, Oshkosh Defense delivers light-, medium- and heavy-duty tactical vehicles that perform – with unmatched functionality and reliability. Oshkosh manufactures vehicles that consistently meet the ever-evolving needs of the military, implementing superior technologies and advanced systems to keep personnel and supplies moving quickly and safely, even in the most demanding environments. You want constant readiness. No matter the mission. No matter the vehicle. You get it with the production capacity, proven capability and worldwide aftermarket support of Oshkosh Defense.

www.oshkoshdefense.com

COUNT ON OSHKOSH.

The great strength of the corvette andfrigate is that they both offer a design,

albeit of a different sizes, which can operateeither independently, or as part of a taskforce. The Asia-Pacific region is a hub of

activity as far as corvette and frigateacquisition and upgrade activity is concerned.

Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand areperforming upgrades to their frigates, whileIndia, Pakistan and South Korea acquiringnew ships. Corvettes, meanwhile, typically

displace between 450-2000 tonnesand provide nearly all the striking and sensor

power of a frigate in a smaller platform.These vessels are proving popular in the

Asia-Pacific region with India and Indonesiareceiving new deliveries and the Philippines

in the market for such vessels.

bbyy Tom Withington


NN AA VV AA LLP L A T F O R M S

Naval Expansion

Continues

Regional Corvetteand Frigate

Programmes:

China meanwhile is emerging asan exporter of frigates, havingdelivered the first Sword classship to the Pakistan Navy inApril 2008. The Sword class are

closely based on the Type 053H3/Jiangwei-IIships currently serving with the PLAN, ofwhich the force operates around ten.Deliveries of a total of four vessels are expect-ed to be completed by 2013 with the finalexample constructed at the Karachi Shipyardand Engineering Works on Pakistan's coast.So far, the PNS Zulfiquar and PNSShamsheer have been delivered. Both ofthese ships were built at the HundongZhonghna Shipyard in Shanghai, along withthe PNS Saif which is currently undergoingsea trials. The arrival of the Sword class inPakistani service represents a much-neededshot in the arm for a force which has lan-guished of late. These new ships will rein-force the Type-21 Amazon class frigates, ofwhich it obtained six from the Royal Navy.

Future ship acquisitions are likely as thePakistan Navy is said to have a pressing needfor an additional eight frigates, althoughefforts to acquire second-hand ships to this endhave so far met with little success, despiteapproaches to the UK, Greece and Belgiumyielding no success. In themeantime, theNavyis expected to buy four Type-054/Jiangkaiclass frigates from China. Displacing 4,000tonnes, these ships deploy YJ-83/C-803 anti-ship missiles. However, despite the plannedType-054 acquisition, the requirement for fouradditional frigates still stands, and althoughovertures to the UK, Greece and Belgiummade little progress, Islamabad may nowdecide to obtain either German MEKO-classfrigates or Oliver Hazard Perry-class shipsfrom the United States.South Korea is performing a similar

enhancement of its surface capabilities, andmuch of this is focused on the modernisationof its Sejong the Great class of guided missiledestroyers, commissioning these vessels,

which are equipped with the LockheedMartin Aegis combat system into service. Thatsaid the South Korean Navy is looking for-ward to commissioning its first FFX (FrigateExperimental) vessels by 2015. It is expectedthat the Navy should acquire between twelveand 30 FFX vessels which displace up to 3,000tons. They will come equipped with anti-shipmissiles and a 76-mm cannon, alongwith anti-submarine rockets.While South Korea is looking forward to

the induction of its FFX ships, the Republic ofSingapore Navy has accepted its finalFormidable class frigate, the RSS Supreme,into service as of January 2009. These shipsdisplace around 3,200 tonnes and areequipped with MBDA Aster-15 anti-aircraftmissiles, along with Boeing RGM-88Harpoon AShMs. A total of six frigates com-prise the class, which are heavily based onthe La Fayette ships which were constructedby French shipbuilder DCNS for the MarineNationale (French Navy).

05

P L A T F O R M S

NN AA VV AA LL

The Royal Australian Navy conducted theworld’s first maritime trials of the NHIndustries MRH90 helicopter in October2009 from the flight deck of HMASManoora © ADF


Pakistan's arch rival India is also experienc-ing challenges in modernising its frigate fleet.The force is acquiring Project 1135.6 Talwarclass frigates from Russia, with work com-mencing on the vessels at the Yantar shipyardin Kaliningrad. However, the cost of the ves-sels has escalated with original estimates at$1.41 billion; although the shipyard has nowraised the price by $100 million blaming thedeclining exchange rate of the US dollar.However, India is moving ahead with com-pleting the class and in 2006 placed an orderfor three additional frigates. In terms ofweaponry, the Talwar ships will also deploythe joint Indo-Russian BrahMos cruise missileswhich have a top speed of up to Mach Three.

India's purchase of the Talwar class followsthe Navy's earlier acquisition of four Koraclass corvettes, all of which had been commis-sioned by 2004. Displacing up to 1,500 tonnesthese ships are equipped with Zvezda Kh-35U(NATO reporting name SS-N-25'Switchblade') missiles. The Indian Navy isnow in the process of strengthening itscorvette fleet with the introduction of four

2,500 tonne Kamorta class corvettes whichwill occur by 2014. Although a little on theheavy side to be referred to as a corvette (andin some places referred to as a frigate) theywill carry 3M-54 Klub (NATO reporting nameSS-N-27 'Sizzler') missiles, an OtoMelara 76-mm Super Rapid gun, Israel AerospaceIndustries Barak air defence missiles and anAK-630 Close-In Weapons System.

OtoMelara 76-mm guns can also be foundon the Sigma corvettes operated by theIndonesian Navy. Four of these vessels weredelivered from Damen Schelde NavalShipbuilding in the Netherlands. TheirItalian armament is reinforced with MBDAMM40 Exocet Block-II anti-ship missiles, plus

two 20-mm Denel Vektor cannons, a four-roundMBDA Tetral launcher for that compa-ny’s Mistral air defence missile andEuroTorp 3A 244S torpedoes for underseathreats. Target acquisition for this impressivearray of weapons comes courtesy of a ThalesMW08 G-band three-dimensional (3D) radarand a TACTICOS Combat ManagementSystem from the same company. Althoughhighly dependent on the country's publicfinances, Indonesia would like to supplementthe acquisition of the two Sigma ships withan additional two corvettes in the future.These vessels will join a navy which alreadydeploys a number of different corvette class-es including three Fatahillah class ships, 16Kaptan Patimura class vessels and fourDiponegoro class craft

The Philippines is also in the market fornew corvettes. The country would like aroundfour such ships, displacing up to 2000 tonneseach for usemainly in the anti-submarine role.At present, the force operates 13 corvettes anda single frigate, the BRP Rajesh Hurnabon; theformer US Navy USS Atherton, a Cannon


The Sword class areclosely based on the Type053H3/Jiangwei-II shipscurrently serving with thePLAN, of which the forceoperates around ten

Two Sikorsky MH-60S Seahawk combatsupport helicopters embarked aboard theMilitary Sealift Command fleet dry cargo andammunition ship USNS Carl Brashear conducta vertical replenishment with the aircraftcarrier USS George Washington in thewestern Pacific Ocean © US Navy


Our brand new Coast Watcher radar range ensures thesafety and security of all the coastal zones and assets youneed to protect. From surveillance of territorial waters tosite protection and early warning detection of surface andair threats.

Thales, the world leader in radar,has launched a new radarrange specifically designedfor coastal surveillance.

The coastal environmentis often cluttered withsmall and ‘uncooperative’objects hidden in extensiveshipping traffic. Waves andharsh weather can make itdifficult to distinguish potentialthreats, such as piracy and terrorism,from normal activity. Coast Watcher radars featurea patented algorithm programme designed to address thesechallenges and build upon the advances we have made inhigh-resolution/high-reliability military and airport radars.

The comprehensive Thales Coast Watcher radar range includeslow-cost and top-of-the-range performance radars to meet every

operator’s specific needs, from coastal surveillance to homelandsecurity and sensitive site protection against asymmetric threats.

For further information, please visit our website.

Intelligent Systems START WITH THALES.

COAST WATCHER:THE SECURITYRADARS THAT YOURASSETS DESERVE

www.thalesgroup.com/coastalradars

class destroyer. Nevertheless, this acquisitionwill be highly dependent on the health of thegovernment's budget. That said, newcorvettes will be soon be essential to replacethe ageing Jactino, Rizl and Miguel Malvarcorvettes that the force currently operates.Australia and New Zealand have

embarked upon an initiative to upgrade theirexisting frigates. The Royal Australian Navy(RAN) has accepted its first upgradedAdelaide class frigates back into service fol-lowing their rotation through the Project 1390

initiative which is to ensure that the vesselsremain capable of offensive operations untiltheir retirement in 2020. The upgrade has seenthe roll-out of the Rafael Advanced DefenceSystems C-Pearl electronic support measureon these ships along with new weapons. Tothis end, these ships have received RaytheonSM-2 Block-3 Standard anti-aircraft and RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles from thesame company to protect the ship againstincoming AShMs. In terms of electronics,these ships have also had new hull-mountedand towed sonar, plus a new combat manage-ment system; all four Adelaide vessels whichexperienced the upgrade namely HMASSydney, HMAS Melbourne, HMAS Darwinand HMAS Newcastle had resumed activeservice as of June 2010.

New Zealand, along with Australia, is anoperator of the ANZAC class of frigate, withthe Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) pos-sessing two examples, and the RoyalAustralian Navy eight. The RAN has per-formed a deep upgrade of its ANZAC shipswith the introduction of a new, CEATechnologies 3D active phased array radarand a Northrop Grumman CEAMOUNT con-tinuous wave target illuminator. The targetacquisition capabilities of these ships have alsobeen enhanced with a Sagem Défense SécuritéVampir-NG electro-optical infra-red system.Furthermore, the RNZN has also elected toupgrade its two ships with new diesel engines,unspecified self defence systems, RIM-66Evolved Sea Sparrow air defence missiles anda Saab Sea Giraffe three-dimensional radar,along with improvements to the ship's 9LVMk453 combat management system.In terms of the future health of the Asia-

Pacific corvette and frigate market, Frenchshipbuilder DCNS is optimistic. RearAdmiral Benoît de la Bigne, the company'sNaval Advisor for Surface Ships, believesthat; “nations in this region are recognisingthe need to modernised and upgrade theirnaval defence systems to protect theresources and international trade that largelygoes by sea.” He believes that this is being


The Indonesian Navy has enhanced itscorvette fleet with the recent addition of Sigmaclass corvettes from Netherlands shipyardDamen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding. Jakarta isexpected to augment this purchase with anadditional two vessels © Indonesian Navy

In addition to the force’s Formidable classfrigates, the Republic of Singapore navy alsodeploys the Victory class corvette. The forceoperates six of the ships which have been inservice since the early 1990s © US Navy


Our 5-10 MW high-performance 28/33D engines are fit for dynamic challenges. Rapid

deployment, quick acceleration, flexibility and high output – combined with the tradi-

tional reliability, availability and excellent operating economy of MAN Diesel & Turbo’s

robust medium-speed designs. Get ready with a low-emission power surplus!

Find out more at www.mandieselturbo.com

Diesel-Mechanical Systems Diesel-Electric Systems Combined Plants Propellers Gearboxes Propulsion Management Systems

Propulsion Power Surpluswith the most powerful naval engine

driven by; “countries which are developingtheir economy very quickly, and they need toadapt their naval means to this growth.Resource supply and security alongside envi-ronmental protection and civilian safety arecompelling reasons for nations to modernisetheir naval fleets. Protection against smug-gling, drug trafficking, piracy and terrorismare additional drivers.” This is causing naviesto 'trade up' to larger and more capable war-ships; “from offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) tomultimission corvettes and frigates,” contin-ues Rear Admiral de la Bigne. In terms ofdesign features, he believes that naviesaround the Asia-Pacific area will be lookingto reduce manpower. “Customers are lookingfor ease of use and automation for smallercrews.” He cites the example of DCNS'sFormidable class frigates delivered to theRepublic of Singapore Navy (see above)which operate with a crew of 71.

Hein van Ameijden, President and ChiefExecutive Officer of Damen Schelde NavalShipbuilding does believe that there is amarket for frigates, particularly ships dis-placing over 6,000 tonnes around the Asia-Pacific region, but that this market is largelyclosed to European suppliers, with countriesinstead electing to procure their vesselsdomestically in a similar fashion to SouthKorea with its FFX ships: “We don’t see a lotof potential in that part of the world as far as


The Royal AustralianNavy’s HMAS Newcastle isone of the force’s Adelaideclass frigates which hasundergone an extensiveupgrade with the additionof new weapons and selfdefence and sensorsystems © US Navy

Like the Royal Australian Navy’sAdelaide class ships, the Royal NewZealand Navy has rotated its twoANZAC class ships through a retrofitprogramme to ensure that they cancontinue to provide a robust capabilityto that country’s navy © US Navy


12 ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW

the open export market is concerned. In themarket research we’ve done we see the focusin southeast Asia for OPVs and corvettes,”with this market open to exporters and atleast as valuable: “We’re also movingtowards bigger sized ships because the mar-ket has discovered that making a ship biggerdoes not necessarily make it more expensive.This does not necessarily mean that thearmament is heavier than it used to be, it hasmore to do with autonomy, endurance andlong distance patrol. Economic ExclusionZones (EEZs) are becoming more of an issueand I think that a consequence of the devel-opment of the EEZ concept is that a lot ofcountries like the Philippines, Indonesia andVietnam for example now have huge areas

that they need to patrol if they want to exerttheir sovereignty.”

The other market driver for the growth ofthe corvette and frigate market in the Asianand Pacific regions is the continuing devel-opment of China’s navy. Few countries out-wardly advertise this motivation, wisely notwanting to antagonise this growing super

power. India, in particular, is seriouslyenhancing its surface fleet, mindful of itsneed for resources to support its growingeconomy and the potential rivalry for navalsupremacy that could develop betweenChina and itself in the years to come in theIndian Ocean and Pacific regions. Is theAsian and Pacific frigate and corvette marketindicative of a growing regional naval armsrace? Perhaps it is too early to say, but shouldit continue for the next decade the world maywitness an unprecedented growth in navalcapabilities in a region where they havearguably languished since the end of theSecond World War, except for a few ColdWar-driven exceptions such as Japan, SouthKorea and Taiwan.

India’s purchase of theTalwar class follows theNavy's earlier acquisition offour Kora class corvettes,all of which had beencommissioned by 2004

The Philippines Navy operates anumber of corvettes in threedifferent classes, including the BDPArtenio Ricarte as part of theJacinto class. However, Manila isnow keen to enhance it’s corvettefleet with new vessels © US Navy


Rapid evolution of air strike weapons,especially of antiship cruisemissiles,poses a serious threat to ships. It turns

procurement of modern air defence systems intoa very important objective for naval forces.Specialists agree that themost effective shipprotection can be provided by setting up a high-capacity multi-layered air defence system.Andclose-in weapon systemsmaking part of it aredesigned to perform a special mopping upmission; they are known onboardmajor ships as"cleaners".Their mission is to reliably destroytargets that long-range andmedium-range airdefence systems have failed to shoot down.Such close-in weapon systems are seen as thebasic air defence assets onboard smalldisplacement ships and boats.Contemporary close-in air defence weapon

systems are represented by 30 to 76 mmartillery gun mounts, surface-to-air missiles, ortheir combinations. Emergence of advancedair strike weapons with enhancedmanoeuvrability and speed characteristicsimposes more stringent requirements onmodern close-in systems, including amongothers the following ones:� fully automatic target acquisition, lock-on,tracking and engagement;

� short reaction time;� rapid fire re-targeting capacity;� day/night combat employment under anyweather conditions;

� high accuracy of fire;� highmuzzle velocity of artillery projectiles,and high cyclic rate of fire;

� compact size, small weight, modular andcontainerised configurations.Russian-made close-in weapon systems

marketed by Rosoboronexport meet theserequirements best of all.Among them two navalweapon systems are worthy of specialmentioning, namely: the 30mmAK-630M-2Duet twin-module artillery gunmount, and theKashtan-M air defence gun/missile system.

DUET OF FIREThe Duet is a newRussian naval gunmountderived from the well-known AK-630M artillerymount fitted onmany ships of the Russian andforeign navies. Its first public demonstration tookplace in 2007.The Duet gunmount has inheritedmain components from its predecessor, forinstance such as the 30mmAO-18K anti-aircraftautomatic gunmodule, having acquired, as aresult, their high reliability proven duringmanyyears of operation.Now, however, the Duet gunmount has the

capability of defeating a wide range of air,surface and ground targets by a simultaneousfire from two anti-aircraft automatic gunmodules.Whereas the highest cyclic rate of fireof the AK-630Mmount has been limited to 5,000rds/min, the newmount produces themaximumcombined rate of fire approaching to 10,000

rds/min. The Russian Duet naval gunmount canconduct fire with great density surpassing that ofall existing foreign analogues: it literally erectsan impenetrable wall of fire before targets.Probability of their penetrating it inevitably tendsto zero. The gunmount has a large ammunitionload (4,000 rounds) allowing it to conduct fire fora long time and repel several massive raids.All functions andoperations of themount are

executedwith a high degree of automation.TheDuet naval artillerymount has small reaction timeandprovides rapid fire re-targeting (fire transferfromone target to another) thanks toimplementation of digital control algorithmsandutilisation of high-performance servos.Thisenables themount to cooperatewith virtually allcontemporary radar and electro-optical fire controlsystemsof bothRussian and foreign origin afterimplementing relevant adaptationworks.Besides small size and weight, themount

incorporates stealth design features introducedwith the purpose of reducing ship's overall radarsignature.The Duet’s mounting seats are fullyidentical to those of the AK-630M and allow itseasy installation on the latter's place during shiprepairs and upgrading.

UNITED IN A SINGLE MOUNTRosoboronexport markets another highlyeffective Russian-made close-in anti-aircraftweapon - amodernised version of the well-known Kashtan air defence gun/missile system.

KASHTAN-MAND DUET RAISE

FIRE SQUALLS

ROSOBORONEXPORT

Kashtan-Mon The Steregushchy korvette

AMR Marketing Promotion

At present the Kashtan and Kashtan-M are theonly world's weapon systems combining in asingle turret mount a powerful artillery system, amulti-modemissile system and an integratedradar/electro-optical fire control system.

Combined operation of twoweapon typeswithin a singlemount provides considerableadvantage over their separatearrangement.Aerial targets flyingat a speed of up to 1,000m/s areintercepted at far-off distances (ata range of up to 10 km andaltitudes of up to 6 km) by guidedmissiles armedwith fragmentationrod warheads.High-priority targetscan be engagedwith two-missilesalvo which permits to raise killprobability to 0.96-0.98.Fire in aclose-in zone is conducted by twoAO-18KD anti-aircraft automaticgunmodules at a combined rate offire of 10,000 rds/min.TheKashtan-M has combateffectiveness surpassing that of allknown counterparts.This weaponsystem actually has no rivals.

Amillimetric-wave radar of theKashtan-M combat modulemanagement system providesguidance of its surface-to-airmissiles launched against low-altitude antiship missiles, withoutlaying restrictions on their flightaltitude, with an accuracy of up to2-3 metres. Joint processing ofsignals coming from radar andelectro-optical target trackingchannels and surface-to-airmissiles as well as automaticselection of themost optimalmode of operation enhance thisweapon system's jammingresistance compared to that of airdefence systems controlled bymerely radar or electro-opticalsystems. For operation in adverseweather conditions the Kashtan-Mis fitted with a thermal imagingsystem.

It also has another advantage:that of a fully automatic operation.All combat procedures, includingtarget acquisition, identification,prioritisation and designation, fireinitiation and combat damageassessment as well as fire transfer toanother target, are carried out withoutits crew participation.

The system’s modular designgrants more flexibility in setting upair defence architecture (onecommandmodule and up tosix combat modules)depending on ship's type.Small ships displacing from500 to 3,000 tonnes can be effectivelyprotected by an air defence system

comprising one commandmodule and one tothree combat modules. In such casesintroduction of other types of air defenceweapons is considered superfluous.On largecombatants displacingmore than 4,000 tonnesthe Kashtan-M gun/missile system comprisingup to four to six combat modules performs tasks

of a short-range air defence system intended todefeat air strike weapons not intercepted bylong-range systems.

Accommodation within the single turretmount of the control system for themissile andartillery weapons has allowed reduction in areasand volumes required for them by 2-2.5 times.

Space needed for the Kashtansystem installation is equal to thattaken by just one artillery gunmount, whereas traditionalaccommodation onboard shiprequires separate areas for theartillery gunmount, launching unitsof vertically launched surface-to-air missiles and external commandand control post.

Rosoboronexport candeliver close-in anti-aircraftweapon systems both forinstallation onboard Russian-made ships and boats and asseparate items, including thoseintended for installationonboard foreign-made ships. Ifused for upgrading navalequipment, the Kashtan-M airdefence gun/missile systemand AK-630M-2 Duet artillerygunmount can substantiallyenhance its protection againstboth existing and prospectiveair strike weapons which arestill under development.Theseweapon systems are effectiveagainst small-size above-watertargets and can be alsoemployed to engage shore-basedmanpower and fireemplacements.

Rosoboronexport is a federalstate unitary enterpriseauthorised as the sole statetrade agency to export the wholerange ofmilitary and dual-useend products, technologies andservices.The enterprise’s statuswarrants state support for all itsexport transactions.

Rosoboronexport is listedamong leading exportersoperating in the world armsmarket.Russia ismaintainingmilitary-technical cooperationwithmore than 70 countries allover the world. Its share inRussia'smilitary exportsexceeds 80 percent.Rosoboronexport highlyvalues its reputation of a

reliable partner, andstrictly abides by theletter and spirit ofinternational

military-politicalcommitmentsmade by Russia,

including those in the arms control area.

R E F E R E N C E D A T A

DUET SHIP-BASED ARTILLERY GUN MOUNTArmament - two 30 mm AO-18K six-barrel anti-aircraftautomatic gun modules;Rate of fire, rds/min:� with two automatic gun modules 8,000-10,000;� with one automatic gun module 4,000-5,000;Maximum range of fire 4,000-5,000 m;Ammunition load 4,000 rounds;Weight of artillery gun mountw/o ammunition load - not more than 3,000 kg;Weight of complete ammunition load 3,836 kg.

KASHTAN-M SHIP-BASED AIR DEFENCEGUN/MISSILE SYSTEMAmmunition load, units:� surface-to-air missiles 48/32 missiles;� artillery rounds 1,000 rounds;Engagement envelope, m:� slant range 500-10,000;� altitude 2-6,000;Maximum airspeed of engaged targets, m/s 1,000;SAM guidance system radio command;Response time, s 6-8.

Kashtan-M

Duet


NNAAVVAALLA V I A T I O N

Bladesover the Sea

The roles for these aircraft includeanti-submarine warfare (ASW),anti-surface warfare (ASuW), air-borne early warning and control(AEW&C), airborne mine counter-

measures (AMCM), combat search and res-cue (CSAR), amphibious assault, special war-fare support, and a host of logistics functionsimplicit in the term ‘utility’. For all but thefew nations which can afford aircraft carriers,helicopters largely define ‘naval aviation’.

Most naval helicopters are developed aspart of a family concept in parallel with land-based military and sometimes civilian mod-els of the same basic airframe. The lightest ofthese aircraft, such as the three ton

AgustaWestland A109 or the EurocopterAS555 Fennec, are able to operate from off-shore patrol vessels while the Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion, the heaviest helicopter innaval service, operates from large amphibi-ous assault ships or shore bases.

US Navy programmes covering the acqui-sition of almost 600 newmodel Sikorsky H-60Seahawks to replace early generationSeahawks will ensure that Sikorsky remainsthe most prolific manufacturer of naval heli-copters. The twin-engined Seahawk is aderivative of the UH-60A Black Hawk assaulthelicopter that Sikorsky developed for the USArmy in the 1970s. Under the Navy’sHelicopter Master Plan it is reducing its fleet

17

A V I A T I O N

The naval helicopteris of vital importance

across the fullspectrum of military

operations fromdisaster relief to high

intensity conflict asexemplified by the

Haitian earthquakeand the ongoing

operations againstmaritime piracy.

bbyy Ian Kemp

NNAAVVAALL

BladesThe Royal Australian Navy conducted theworld’s first maritime trials of the NHIndustries MRH90 helicopter in October2009 from the flight deck of HMASManoora © ADF


of eight helicopter types to two models of theH-60 series: the MH-60S Knighthawk and theMH-60R Seahawk. According to the Navy’sFiscal Year 2011 (FY11) budget request, theMH-60S is designed for the combat supportmission which includes ’vertical replenish-ment, day/night ship-to-ship, ship-to-shoreexternal transfer of cargo; internal transportof passengers, mail and cargo, verticalonboard delivery; airhead operation, andday/night search and rescue. Armed Heloand Organic Airborne MineCountermeasures missions have been addedas primary areas for the MH-60S, to be com-pleted as block upgrades to the platform”.Through FY10 the Navy has bought 195 of itsplanned total of 275 MH-60S aircraft.The MH-60R is a multi-mission combat

helicopter which operates from frigates,

destroyers, cruisers and aircraft carriers inthe ASW and ASuW roles. The Navy revisedits original programme to remanufacture itsexisting fleet of 20-year old SH-60B and SH-60F Seahawks to the MH-60R configurationin favour of buying 298 new build aircraftwith 134 ordered by FY10. They will insteadbuy 254 new aircraft with deliveries begin-

ning this year. The MH-60R and the MH-60Sfeature a common glass cockpit to allowpilots to switch from one aircraft type toanother with greater ease and reduce thelogistics infrastructure.To meet customers’ needs for a larger air-

craft than the H-60, Sikorsky utilised provenH-60 technology to develop the civilian S-92and the military H-92 Superhawk family ofmedium-weight helicopters. In the utilityrole the Superhawk can carry 22 troops infold-up seats or 12 stretcher patients; rapidentry is possible through a rear ramp.Sikorsky achieved its first military sale forthe new aircraft in July 2004 when the H-92was selected for Canada’s MaritimeHelicopter Project to replace the Sea King.Under a C$1.8 billion contract Sikorsky willproduce 28 fully mission ready helicopters.In March 2010, the first CH-148 Cyclonebegan an intensive series of open seas trialson board the frigate HMCS Montréal.Sikorsky announced in May that the CH-148’s General Electric CT7-8A1 engines,which are not performing as well as expect-ed, will be upgraded to the CT7-8A7 stan-dard which General Electric is currentlydeveloping. To prevent further delays to theCH-148 programme, Sikorsky will deliverthe first 19 helicopters in an interim standardto allow operational testing and training, andupgrade these aircraft in 2013. Sikorsky isseeking to capitalise on delays in developingthe naval variant of the NH90 by offering avariant of the CH-148 for a German Navyrequirement for about 30 helicopters. Thecompany has also established a manufactur-ing base for the S-92 in Asia following a June1992 joint-venture with Tata AdvancedSystems Limited to produce the S-92 in Indiafor the export and domestic markets. A newmanufacturing plant in Hyderabad will ini-tially supply cabins to Sikorsky.The US manufacturer faces stiff competi-

tion in the export market from the EuropeanNH Industries NH90 multirole helicopter, theAgustaWestland AW101 and the Lynx series.NH Industries developed the 11 ton NH90

in two variants — the Tactical TransportHelicopter (TTH) and the NATO FrigateHelicopter (NFH) — to meet the require-ments of four European countries — France,Germany, Italy and the Netherlands — for atwin-engine multi-role helicopter. The NH90is the most successful European helicopterprogramme ever; 19 military customers in 14countries had placed firm orders for 529 hel-icopters, including 111 NFHs, by June 2010.


The MH-60R is amulti-mission combathelicopter which operatesfrom frigates, destroyers,cruisers and aircraftcarriers in the ASW andASuW roles

Two Sikorsky MH-60S Seahawk combat support helicopters embarked aboard the Military SealiftCommand fleet dry cargo and ammunition ship USNS Carl Brashear conduct a vertical replenishmentwith the aircraft carrier USS George Washington in the western Pacific Ocean © US Navy


Helicopters that can fly when others can’t.Because that’s when you need them most.

Fire power and self armour. All-weather capable, supreme agility and formidable nap-of-earth flight ability. Eurocoptermilitary helicopters are built for today’s operations, taking on infiltration, evacuation and rescue missions in hostileenvironments throughout the world with the maximum discretion. When you think battlefield conditions, think without limits.

eurocopter.com

Because that’Helicopters that can fly when others can’t.

s wecause that’elicopters that can fly when others can’t.

hen you need them most.can fly when others can’t.

hem most.hers can’t.

.comeurocopter

worthethroughoutenvironmentsfobuiltarehelicoptersmilitary

All.armourr. selfandpowerFire

Wdiscretion.maximumthewithrldontakingoperations,stoday’or

agilitsupremecapable,l-weather

conditions, battlefield thinkyouWhenrescuandevacuation infiltration,

flinap-of-earth formidableandty

limits. withoutthinkons,hostileinmissionsue

Eurocopter.abilityight


The NH90 was the first fly-by-wire helicopterto enter production; the first TTH was deliv-ered to the German Army in late 2006, sometwo years behind schedule, and in April thisyear the Royal Netherlands Navy became thefirst customer to take delivery of an NFH.

Australian programmesThe Australian Defence Force has received 11of the 46 NH Industries NH90 TacticalTransport Helicopters (TTH) ordered to meetthe Project AIR 9000 Phase 2 Multi RoleHelicopter requirement to replace theAustralian Army’s 35 S-70A-9 Black Hawkand the Royal Australian Navy’s sixWestland Sea King Mk 50 utility helicopters.Six MRH90s helicopters will be operated by amaritime support helicopter squadron whichwill be tasked to provide airmobile and mar-itime support capability to the ADF fromland bases as well as the Navy’s twoamphibious transport ships HMAS Manooraand HMAS Kanimbla. The Navy’s twoCanberra class helicopter carriers, scheduledto be commissioned in the second half of thedecade, will each be capable of embarking up

to 24 Army and Navy helicopters. The RANin October began the world’s first maritimetrials of the TTH from the flight deck ofManoora. The month long testing regimegauged the helicopter’s capabilities at seathrough takeoffs, landings, munitions trans-fers and weight load carries.The New Zealand Defence Force operates

five new build Kaman SH-2Gs, deliveredfrom 2001-2003, from the Navy’s two Anzacclass frigates, two Protector offshore patrolvessels and the multi-role vessel HMNZSCanterbury which can also embark four ofthe eight NH90 TTHs soon to be delivered toNew Zealand.The NFH and the MH-60R are the only two

contenders to replace the RAN’s fleet of 16 S-70B-2 Seahawks which were deliveredbetween 1989 and 1992. These were to havebeen partially replaced through the acquisitionof 11 refurbished ex-USN SH-2Gs but the trou-bled project was cancelled in March 2008 after

the expenditure of $930 million. ThroughProject SEA 1405 Phases 1 and 2 the Service hasenhanced the surveillance capabilities of itsSeahawks and provided improved self-protec-tion through the integration of Raytheon’sAAQ-27 forward looking infra red system,Elisra’s AES-21 electronic support measuresand radar warning receiver, NorthropGrumman’s AAR-54 missile approach warn-ing system and BAE System’sALE-47 electron-ic counter measures dispensing system. The2010-11 defence budget, presented in mid-May, confirmed the Navy’s intention to pro-ceed with the first phase of the SeahawkCapability Assurance Program (Phase SCAP1of AIR 9000) to address immediate obsoles-cence issues and ensure the fleet remains oper-ational until the end of the decade. A plannedSCAP2 was cancelled in March 2010.In the 2009 Defence White Paper,

Defending Australia in the Asia PacificCentury: Force 2030, stated that as, “a matter

A Royal Thai Navy S-70B Sea Hawk helicopter prepares to insert Royal Thai Marines during a US-Thai Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) exercise in May 2010. In 2007 the servicebecame the first international customer for the newer MH-60S © US Navy


of urgency, the Government will acquire afleet of at least 24 new naval combat helicop-ters to provide eight or more aircraft concur-rently embarked on ships at sea. These newaircraft will possess advanced ASW capabili-ties, including sonar systems able to be low-ered into the sea and air-launched torpedoes,as well as the ability to fire air-to-surface mis-siles.” The in service date for these new heli-copters is 2014. The Department of Defensepublicly denied reports, late last year that theservice chiefs favoured the direct acquisitionof the MH-60R through the US ForeignMilitary Sales (FMS) programme.The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

operates the largest force of Seahawks afterthe USN with more than 60 SH-60J and 28SH-60K helicopters in service along with 19UH-60J Black Hawks used in the SAR role.The SH-60J entered JMSDF service in 1991while the first of a planned 50 SH-60Ks,which features a larger cabin and improvedavionics, was delivered in August 2005although shifting funding priorities haveresulted in contracts for only small batches.

Sikorsky and its European rivals are posi-tioning themselves for the SH-60J/K replace-ment project expected to be launched towardthe end of the decade.AgustaWestland is seeking to build on the

success of a 2003 contract to supply 11 AW101,designated by the JMSDF as the MCH-101, to

replace the service’s 10 CH-53E Super Stallionused for airborne mine counter measures andthree CH-101 Antarctic support helicopters.Assembled by Kawasaki Heavy Industries,these helicopters are the first examples of theAW101 family to be built outside ofAgustaWestland’s production facilities inItaly and the UK. Japan’s new 18,000 tonne

Hyuga-class helicopter carriers, formally des-ignated DDH, is capable of carrying up to 11helicopters although the usual air wing oneMCH-101 and three SH-60K helicopters. Thelead Hyuga, commissioned in 2009, will bejoined by Ise in 2011. The Service announcedin 2009 that it will build a 19,500 tonne DDHable to carry up to 14 helicopters.AgustaWestland’s five tonne Super Lynx

is in service with three regional navies: SouthKorea bought 12 Mk.99 and 13 Mk.99A air-craft, the Royal Malaysian Navy operatesfour Mk.100s while the Thai Navy isequipped with two Super Lynx Mk.110. Thecompany is actively marketing the six tonneAW159 Lynx Wildcat developed to meet theneeds of the British Army (34 to enter servicefrom 2014) and the Royal Navy (28 from2015) and is confident the aircraft will enjoythe success of earlier members of the family.The AW159’s two LHTEC CTS800 turboshaftengines offer improved payload, power andendurance over previous Lynx models.The Republic of Korea requested the pos-

sible eight MH-60S helicopters, 16 GE T700-

Japan’s new 18,000 tonneHyuga-class helicoptercarriers, formallydesignated DDH, is capableof carrying up to 11helicopters

A V I A T I O N

NNAAVVAALL

401C engines and related sensor systemsthrough the US Foreign Military Sales pro-gramme in July 2009. The service hasrequirement for eight MCM helicopters withthe AW101, NH-90 and Sikorsky MH-60Sconsidered as the most likely options. TheRepublic of Korea Navy commissioned the18,800 ton helicopter carrier ROKS Dokdo inJuly 2007 and plans to build two similarships. With each ship capable of carrying 15or so helicopters the service will be seekingto boost its utility force which now consistsof 10 UH-60Ps.

In March, two newly-delivered Republicof Singapore Navy S-70B helicopters andRSS Stalwart, one of six Formidable classfrigates, participated in a US Navy-led exer-cise off the coast of California. It is the firsthelicopter in Singaporean service capable ofASW and ASuW operations. Singaporeordered six S-70B helicopters in January2005 to operate from the new FormidableClass frigates and the service hopes to com-plete its original requirement for 12 air-frames when funding permits.

The Indian Navy remains the only exportcustomer for the Russian Kamov Ka-31 ‘Helix-B’ which is fitted with a coaxial main rotor andthus does not need an anti-torque tail rotor.The design builds on Kamov’s experience pro-ducing the Ka-27 Helix series for the homeand export markets; more than 60 Ka-27/28ASW models and about 15 Ka-29s utility air-craft are in service with the Russian Navy and

the helicopter has been sold to Cuba, formerYugoslavia, India, Syria and Vietnam. Chinabought eight Ka-27/28s to operate from itsRussian-built Sovremenny-class destroyers.The Indian Navy bought four Ka-31 AEW&CAEW helicopters in 1999 and a further five in2001. The helicopters operated from the carri-er INS Viraat and three Russian-built Talwar-class frigates. The service received approvalfrom the Cabinet Committee on Security inAugust 2009 to buy an additional five Ka-31sas of mid-2010 a contract had yet to be award-ed. These are likely to operate from the formerRussian Kiev class aircraft carrier AdmiralGorshkov, to be renamed the INSVikramaditya, which is finally expected to bedelivered by Russia in 2012 after a troubledrefit programme which has gone over time

and over budget.The real boost to India’s naval aviation

capability will come with the introduction ofthe 40,000 tonne Vikrant class aircraft carrierin 2014-15 and a 65,000 tonne follow-on carri-er in 2017-18. The Navy is seeking 16 9-tonnemulti-role helicopters to replace a similarnumber of Sea King Mk 42B and 42Cs in theASW and ASuW roles; service officials haveindicated the eventual requirement could befor as many 60 aircraft. In MarchAgustaWestland received a €560 million con-tract to supply 12 AW101s to the Indian AirForce along with a training and five yearlogistic support package. The company isoptimistic that this will give it an edge bothfor the forthcoming Navy competition andother requirements.


The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force’s MCH-101 are the first members of the AgustaWestlandAW101 family to be assembled locally by an export customer © AW

US Navy HH-60H Seahawks escort theJapan Maritime Self-Defense Forcehelicopter destroyer JS Hyuga duringthe November 2009 ANNUALEX 21G© US Navy


Russia is set to win another Indian orderfor 59multi-role helicopters in additionto the 80 ordered earlier, retaining

Moscow's traditionally dominant lead inselling military aircraft to India, Qatar NewsAgency (QNA) reported.The Indian Air Force (IAF) chief, Air Chief

Marshal P.V.Naik, recently told in aninterview that the delivery of the first lot of 80Mi-17V5 helicopters, ordered in 2008, wouldbegin from later this year while it is nowprocessing another order for an additional59 machines.

The IAF's recent request for 42 SukhoiSU-30MKIs has already been cleared by thedefenceministry, taking the number of theair dominance combat jets on order to asizeable 272.The IAF has also signed a contract with

Rosoboronexport, Russia's sole armsexporting agency, to upgrade its fleet ofSoviet-vintageMiG-29 fighters and II-76airlifters while the Indian Navy has placed anorder for 45MiG-29K shipboard jets.The order for the 272 SU-30s is the

biggest aircraft deal in numbers with Russia

after that of the MiG-21s signed with theSoviet Union from 1968.An Su-30 costsaround US$50 million each inclusiveof some support packages andTransfer ofTechnology (ToT).The total cost for 272 SU-30s works out to

US$13.6 billion.This would make it biggerthan the US$10 billion deal for the 126-plusmediummulti-role combat aircraft (MMRCA)that the IAF intends to purchase.As for theMiG-21s, India bought more than

400 of them and only around 140 of theseaircraft, upgraded to MiG-21 Bis configurationwith new avionics and BVR (Beyond theVisual Range) missiles, are to serve in the IAFinventory for another six or seven years.The upgrade has been undertaken by

Russian and HAL facilities.TheMiG-29K dealtouches nearly US$2 billion and the upgradeof theMiG-29s for the IAF will cost nearlyUS$1 billion.AnMi-17V5 helicopter reportedly costs

around US$5million, making for a total ofnearly US$700million for 139machines.India has also purchased six Il-78midair

refuelers and three II-76 aircraft foraccommodating the Israeli Phalcon electronicradars, two of which have been delivered toIndia.The third Phalcon is due by end-2010.Meanwhile, IAF has ordered twomore

Phalcons on the same II-76 platform.

RUSSIACONTINUES TO

DOMINATEINDIAN MILITARY AVIATION

Su-30MKI

RREEGG IIOONNAALLS U B M A R I N E S

24

The answer is that the submarine isthe modern capital ship and thiswas underlined on May 2, 1982 theBritish nuclear-powered attacksubmarine HMS Conqueror torpe-

doed and sank the Argentinean cruiser ARAGeneral Belgrano. The shocked ArgentineanNavy which had hitherto posed a majorthreat to Royal Navy plans to recapture theFalklands/Malvinas Islands, now retreatedto its bases and its ships remained there untilthe conflict ended.

The importance of submarines was fur-ther underlined on March 26 when the SouthKorean corvette ROKS Chon An sank after anunderwater explosion in territorial waters offthe western coast of the Korean Peninsula.An international investigation has producedconvincing evidence that the ship was sunkby a heavyweight (533mm diameter) torpedolaunched by a miniature submarine andanother South Korean ship reported firing at

such a submarine at about the same time.These miniature submarines reportedlycovertly patrol with a mother ship which car-ries them close to their operational area andrecovers them after a patrol.

At present eleven Asian nations havesubmarines; Australia, China, India,Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, SouthKorea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore andTaiwan and all are planning to expand andto update their flotillas. In additionVietnam is in the process of acquiring boatswhile Thailand and Bangladesh have aspi-rations for a submarine force.

The traditional Anti-Surface Warfare(ASuW) role, sinking enemy merchantmenand warships, which shaped Asian history inthe Second World War has been replaced bythe Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) mission.But the wartime reconnaissance role remainsrelevant and has been enhanced by the abili-ty to deliver special forces while the appear-

ance of dedicated or modified surface-to-sur-face missiles means that submarines can nowstrike land targets. The Asian submarinemarket, excluding that of China is estimatedto be worth $50 billion over the next ten yearswith a demand for more than 90 boats.

Asia is also demonstrating a demand notjust for the conventional diesel-electric sub-marine which uses diesel engines to chargebatteries which power the electric motors.Air independent propulsion (AIP) boats areentering service recirculating combustion

The importance ofsubmarines was furtherunderlined on March 26when the SouthKorean corvette ROKSChon An sank afteran underwater explosion

Dyanamic Expansionl ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l

Dyanamic Expansion

RegionalSubmarineProgrammes:

Why is Australia planning tospend up to $33 billion on a fleetof up to a dozen submarinesand why are so many Pacific Rimnations looking at creating orexpanding submarine fleets?

bbyy Ted Hooton

RegionalSubmarineProgrammes:

RREEGG IIOONNAALL

The Soryu (SS-501), a Soryu-class submarine of the JMSDF© Gordon Arthur

products augmented into the combustionchamber or using electro-chemical devices totransform chemical energy into electricalpower using hydrogen and oxygen to extendunderwater endurance. There is also ademand for nuclear-powered ships whichare true submarines capable of nominallyunlimited underwater endurance, the limit-ing factor is the crew not the machine, as wellas very high underwater speeds.

Asia’s two great powers and rivals, Chinaand India, have the largest fleets. Beijing has asmall force of nuclear-powered submarinesbut since the second of the Shang (Type 093)class appeared in 2007, Beijing appears tohave been pondering its next step.Meanwhile, the Chinese are focusing uponconventional boats producing the Yuan (Type041) class which is reportedly an evolutionarydevelopment of the Song (Type 039) classwhich appears to be strongly influenced bythe Russian Kilo (Projects 636/877) of which a

Dyanamic Expansionl SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 l

S U B M A R I N E S

Dyanamic Expansion

A model of a Type 091Han-class SSN submarine of thePLAN © Gordon Arthur

25

dozen were bought between 1995 and 2006.Trials with the first-of-class have lasted fouryears and only two more are expected to jointhe fleet this year and next. But even modernChinese boats seem old-fashioned and whiletheymay have schnorkels they are believed tolack sophisticated weapon control systems,non-hull penetrating masts and AIP,although an AIP plant is reported underdevelopment in Wuhan.India has ambitions for nuclear- and AIP

powered submarines and has recentlylaunched the domestically-designed INSArihant. Although most observers anticipat-ed a copy of a Russian Charlie I (Project 670)the ship reflects European design influence

with diving planes on the sail. She is intend-ed as a ballistic missile ship although her twosister ships of which at least one is on thestocks, will be cruise-missile platforms.Another three attack submarines are plannedalthough as an interim measure, New Delhihas taken out a ten-year lease on the RFSNerpa which was scheduled to join theIndian fleet in the summer.New Delhi wants to complement the

‘boomers’ with 24 modern diesel electricboats but bureaucracy has proved a mill-stone. It was planned to meet the require-ment through two projects; Project 75A andProject 75I with the DCNS/NavantiaScorpène selected for the former. DCNS areto supply kits of hull modules, electronicsand propulsion elements for six boats, withan option on another nine which would be

assembled by Mazagon Dock in Mumbaiwith deliveries planned between 2012 and2018. Delays in accepting the French designmade it necessary to renegotiate pricesagreed in 2005 with the result that the pro-gramme has slipped at least three years. Nodecision has been made about six Project 75Iboats which will incorporate AIP and a land-attack capability and designs from DCNS,HDW, Navantia and Rosoboronexport are

26

The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) secondScorpene submarine, KD Tun Razak, reachedthe Lumut naval base for an official homecom-ing ceremony on the 2nd of July © DCNS

PNS/M Saad, a submarine of thePakistan Navy© Gordon Arthur

l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l


A cutaway model of a Scorpene-class subma-rine from DCNS© Gordon Arthur

being considered. The matter is made moreurgent by the ageing Indian submarine fleetwhich could be down to five boats by 2015.On the other side of Asia both Japan and

South Korea maintain modern submarineforces thanks to excellent dockyard facilities.Tokyo aims to maintain a force of 16 diesel-electric boats with one replaced each year,although the need for financial austeritymeans replacements may have to be madeevery two years. The yards are producing theSouryu class which incorporate the SwedishSterling AIP propulsion but have moderncombat systems and mast-mounted sensors.Neighbouring South Korea has steadily

developed its submarine capability frommidget boats through the licence-builtGerman Type 209/1200 (Chang Bogo) classof the Korean Submarine First Phase (KSS-1)to the current Korean Submarine SecondPhase (KSS-2) programme. This also involves

licensed production of a Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) design, this time theType 214 with AIP propulsion and the firstbatch of three boats will be followed by abatch of seven. Work on the second batch isscheduled to begin this year, with the firstbeing launched in 2013, while plans exist fora 3,500-tonne design, the KSS-3 although theworld financial crisis has hit this programmewhich has slipped two years and the firstboats are now scheduled to join the fleet in2020. North Korea certainly needs to replaceits 23 Romeo (Project 033) class boats, some ofwhich are more than 35 years old but noteven its closest ally wishes to sell such

India has ambitions fornuclear- and AIP poweredsubmarines and hasrecently launchedthe domestically-designedINS Arihant


l SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 l 27

weaponry to feed the Dear Leader’s ego.Currently the only other nation which will

soon be operating AIP boats is, Pakistanwhich received the last of three Agosta 90B(called Khalid class) in 2008. The Pakistani-built boat, PNS Hamza, was built with aDCNS AIP module and another will beshipped to Pakistan this year for retrofittingwhile the third boat will also benefit fromthis. Pakistan then sought three AIP boatsand in 2006 selected HDW as the favouredsupplier with Type 214 but negotiations havebeen protracted apparently because Berlin isconcerned about the implications of the saleof such boats in so volatile a region.

During the Spring, Pakistan opened nego-tiating with both DCNS and China for threeor four boats, with the former offering itsnew Marlin class boat which was aFrancophile solution to a dispute withNavantia over Scorpène. However, the visitof China’s vice president in June 2010 was anopportunity for Pakistan’s traditional friend,Beijing, to strengthen its negotiating position.No details have been released but it seemslikely that Beijing will supply four Yuan or

Song class boats.South East Asia has an especially vibrant

submarine market boosted by Malaysia’sacquisition of two Scorpènes which might beboosted by the acquisition of the Agosta 70class FNS Ouessant which has been on loanfor training in France and might be boughtoutright. Malaysia is now assimilating its lat-est acquisitions and has no immediate plansfor any more boats but neighbouringSingapore certainly has.

The city state’s submarine service hasalways had the closest link with Sweden hav-ing bought four Sjöormens (A11) as theChallenger class of which two are to bereplaced by Västergötland (A17) class whichare currently being upgraded and receiving aStirling Mk 3 AIP system. The Lion City has

not roared out its plans for the submarineservice but events in Sweden may provide aclue for development has begun of a newsubmarine design, the 1,900-tonne A26 class.

Contracts for designing and building theboat have been awarded to Kockums whileSaab will develop the combat system. ButSweden is currently seeking only two boatsdesigned for operations in littoral as well asoceanic waters and Stockholm wouldundoubtedly welcome a new customer andinvestor with Singapore the obvious candi-date and the added advantage of technologi-cal transfer.

Neighbouring Indonesia, which operatestwo HDW Type 209/1300 (Chakra class)boats, is seeking two replacement boats by2014 but would like a force of four and ulti-mately six. The major problem for Jakarta hasbeen funding with the world financial crisisplaying fast and loose with the IndonesianNavy’s plans.

There are signs, however, that orders maybe placed in the near future, possibly by theend of the year. Moscow would like to re-enter the Indonesian market and is offering

On the other side of Asiaboth Japan and South Koreamaintain modern submarineforces thanks to excellentdockyard facilities



The Natsushio (SS-584), a Harushio-class sub-marine of the JMSDF © Gordon Arthur

Invisible.Undetectable.Unpredictable.

In any weather.

The Class 209, Class 210mod, Class 212A and Class 214

silent submarine families made in Germany.

Robust. Stealthy. State of the Art.

With fuel cell and/or diesel-electric propulsion systems.

Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbHWerftstr. 112 - 11424143 Kiel · Germany

Tel.: +49 - 431 - 700 - 0Fax: +49 - 431 - 700 - 2312

www.hdw.de · email: [email protected]

I n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h

Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft

2010-U-Image Sturm213x286.indd 1 10.09.2010 13:48:26 Uhr

both Kilo (Project 877) or even Amur classboats, the latter being export versions of theLada (Project 677) class. Interestingly, SouthKorea is regarded as the other contender andsuccess would mark this country’s entry intothe submarine export market having beencultivating Jakarta’s custom through refittingand upgrading the Chakras and is reported tobe offering both KSS-1 and KSS-2, althoughthe latter is probably the preferred design.To the north, Vietnam has become the lat-

est customer for submarines reflecting itscontinuing suspicion of China as well as itsclose relations with Moscow. Hanoi is cur-rently modernising and expanding its fleet tobolster claims against China over potentiallyresource-rich islands in the South China Seaand Russia is happy to oblige with ships to

split Beijing’s military resources forcing itsnavy to focus southwards primarily againstIndia but now also against Vietnam.Hanoi currently has two Yugo class minia-

ture submarines which may provide a cadreof crews but are no longer operational. It hasnow signed a $1.8 billion contract with Russiato supply six Kilo (Project 636) class sub-marines, which will be capable of carryingland attack missiles, and Moscow will alsobuild a base for them, possibly at Da Nang.The other big Asian programme is

Australia’s Sea 1000 launched early last yearand possibly based upon European-designed

hulls with US combat systems, sensors andweapons. The current six-boat Collins fleet isbased upon a Swedish design but has beenplagued with manning and maintenanceproblems which means that there is rarelymore than one boat on patrol at any time.Project Sea 1000 is to provide Australia

with a boat which, when compared with theCollins class, will feature greater range (morethan 11,500 nautical miles or 21, 300 kilome-tres), higher speed (more than 20 knots),longer patrol endurance and increased capa-bility. Canberra is seeking between eight and12 boats and its first problem will be to find asuitable design in the 3,000-tonne class tomeet long transit and patrol times when mostyards offer designs a third of that displace-ment. Assuming one can be found it seemsmore realistic to expect the fleet to be cut tosix boats, although there will continue to bemanning problems, with design approval by2015, construction beginning in 2016 and thefirst boat replacing a Collins in 2024.Bangladesh and Thailand both have aspi-

rations to submarines but the former not onlyhas economic problems but also is giving pri-ority to securing its economic exclusion zonewith patrol boats and surface combatants.Thailand would like to regain the submarineforce it had until the mid 1950s and the Navycommander-in-chief Admiral KamthornPumhirun is known to be seeking funding tomeet this requirement. The economic situa-tion and internal political problems make thisa difficult goal and the Royal Thai Navy mayhave to turn to the surplus market. It is worthnoting that the German Navy has just paid offsix Type 206 coastal boats, with a submergeddisplacement of under 500 tonnes, and thesemight just be what both navies could use.Finally, Taiwan has been seeking a fleet of

up to eight boats to augment and replace itstwo ageing Hai Lung (Zwaardvis) class boatsin Project Kwang Hua 8 but, as with NorthKorea, no-one wants to supply them. One ofPresident George W. Bush’s wackier ideaswas that Washington would provide them, aproposal made despite the fact that the USNavy regards diesel-electric boats as wel-come as a rattlesnake in a lucky dip.European yards will not provide designs forfear of losing trade with ChinaTaiwan’s government and the CSBC

Corporation, formerly China Shipbuilding,are examining ways and means of buildingsubmarine hulls but Washington will have toprovide almost all the equipment giving theUS President a final veto on the plan.

A Challenger-class submarine of the Republicof Singapore Navy (RSN) at Changi NavalBase© Gordon Arthur



AA II RRD E F ENC E


Land Based Air Defence:

UpwardsAsiaAsia

LooksLooksUpwards

The US Army and US Marine Corps(USMC) are two of the biggestlow-altitude air defence users, hav-ing taken delivery of over 1,100Boeing M1097 Avenger Short

Range Air Defence (SHORAD) systems,some of which served during OperationDesert Storm in 1992 and Operation IraqiFreedom in 2003. Configured around an AMGeneral HMMWV wheeled vehicle, Avengeris equipped with two pods each containingfour Raytheon FIM-92C Stinger missilesmounted on a turret with 360° coverage, plusa Forward-Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) systemfor fire control. The missile provides airdefence at altitudes between 200-3,800 metresand has the wherewithal to shoot whenmobile. Moreover, an FN Herstal 12.7mmmachine gun covers the threat envelope to200m, and provides a useful secondarydefence for ground targets. One of the largest

users of the Avenger system is Taiwan whichordered 74 vehicles in 1996. Acquisitionshave also been forthcomingfrom Egypt which, in June 2006, chose to pur-chase $50 million worth of Avenger vehicles,spares and logistics support.

The FIM-92 Stinger is a short-range airdefence system that has sold well around theworld, both as a Man-Portable Air DefenceSystem (MANPADS) and as a vehicle-mounted weapon. One of the largest Stingercustomers wasTurkey which has since devel-oped an indigenous launcher for the missilesunder the auspices of the Pedestal-MountedAir Defence System (PMADS) programmewhich is available in two different configura-tions from Turkish defence contractorAselsan. These two versions include theAtilgan for the United Defence M113A2armoured personnel carrier, which carries atwin four-round cell to accommodate the

33

D E F ENC E

AA II RR


One of the most widely deployed short-range air defence systems is Boeing’sAvenger which uses Raytheon’s FIM-92A Stinger missile and is mounted onan HMMWV vehicle. Beyond the UnitedStates, orders have been forthcomingfrom Taiwan and Egypt © DoD

Although designed as Man-Portable Air Defence System, Saab’s RBS-70 Bollide surface-to-airmissile can also be deployed on a vehicle as part of the ASRAD system. The missile can also be usedby warships for short-range air defence © Saab

In terms of the battlefields of today andtomorrow, there are plenty of low-altitude airthreats to engage. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,attack helicopters and low-flying fixed-wingstrike aircraft are just a small selection of thedangers that troops may find themselvesconfronting. While the limelight is stolen by thehigh-end medium- and long-range Surface-to-AirMissiles (SAMs) which can engage theatreballistic missiles, as well as high-altitudeaircraft, there is still a need for mobilelow-altitude air defence systems to protectsoldiers and vehicles in forward echelons.

bbyy Tom Withington

same number of FIM-92 missiles, and theZipkin which also has two cells, but whichcan be mounted on a long wheelbase LandRover-sized vehicle. In 2005, Aselsan won itsfirst export customer for the PMADS, inte-grating two Stinger launchers onto theKrauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW)/DutchDefence Vehicle Systems Fennek armouredreconnaissance vehicles of the KoninklijkeLandmacht (Royal Netherlands Army) toreplace that force’s legacy KMWFlugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard 35-mmself-propelled anti-aircraft guns which werebased on the KMW Leopard-I Main BattleTank (MBT) chassis.

Along with the Royal Netherlands Army,

one of the Gepard’s other users wasthe Bundeswehr (German Army) which isphasing out these vehicles to replace themwith the Rheinmetall Air DefenceNächstbereichschutzsystem MANTISCounter Rocket Artillery and Mortar systemconsisting of six 35-mm (1.37-in) gun whichcan fire up to 1,000 rounds-per-minute withdeliveries expected in 2011. Earlier this centu-ry, Germany sold ten of its Gepard 1A1 vehi-cles to Romania Along with MANTIS,Rheinmetall, has developed an anti-aircraftweapon equipped with a 35/1000 35-mmguns known as the Skyranger. Skyranger canbe teamed with the Rheinmetall ASRAD mis-sile launcher.

The Bundeswehr has been furtherstrengthened with the addition of theRheinmetall Advanced Short Range AirDefence (ASRAD) system which can accom-modate either FIM-92 Stinger, RBS-70Bollide, MBDA Mistral or Kolomna KBM9K38 Igla (NATO reporting name ‘SA-18Grouse’) missiles in a launcher which can bemounted on both wheeled and tracked vehi-cles. In the future, it is expected that ASRADwill also be able to deploy the Diehl BGTDefenceAIM-2000 Infra-Red Imaging SystemTail/Thrust Vector Controlled (IRIS-T) mis-sile. In the case of the German Army, ASRADlaunchers will equip some of the force’sRheinmetall Wiesel-2 tracked vehicles. Firecontrol for ASRAD can be provided by radar,laser designator or an infra-red search andtrack system. ASRAD is also available forexport under the LeFlaSys designation


MBDA’s Mistral short-range air defence missile has been a highly successful product for thecompany. The weapon can be used for both land, and sea-based air defence and in the latter casecan be used in conjunction with a vehicle-mounted launcher © MBDA

AA II RRD E F ENC E

which, along with the missile launcher,includes radar and command and controlvehicles. Greece has emerged as an exportcustomer for the air defence system, purchas-ing eight from Germany in 2004.MBDA’s Mistral SAM has been config-

ured for a number of vehicles, via thecompany’s Atlas twin-roundlauncher which can be

mounted on a four-wheel drive truck.The Armée de Terre (French Army), forexample, has deploted four Mistral launcherson the back of a Peugeot P4 jeep. In conjunc-tion with Rheinmetall, MBDA has developeda turret which can carry up to four Mistral-2and four MBDA Milan-ER anti-tank missileson either side of the turret, with aRhieinmetall electro-optical system provid-ing fire control for air and ground targets anda 12.7-mm machine gun for local defence.In addition to the Mistral SAM, the French

Army uses the Euromissile/MBDA Roland-2 SAM for short-range air defence. The

French system is mounted on the chassis of aNexter AMX-30 MBT, and the missile canengage aircraft flying at amaximum altitude of 3,500m at speeds of up to Mach1.5. When equipped withMistral, the AMX-30’s tur-ret includes electro-opticalequipment, a search radar,and two Roland missiles inthe ready-to-fire posi-tion. Spain has also outfit-ted some of its AMX-30swith Roland, andGermany has elected todeploy the system onthe Bundeswehr’sRheinmetall

Marder infantry fighting vehicle.Away from the continent, but staying

in Europe, having used the Thales Starsteakmissile since 1997, the British Army made arepeat order for this weapon in 2004.Starstreak can hit targets at a range ofbetween 300-7,000 metres at speeds of MachThree. Starstreak has also been leveraged intothe Thales Thor Multi-Mission System whichdeploys four rounds in an unmanned turretweighing 500 kg. Along with the Starstreaks,Thor can accommodate either two Starstreakor FIM-92 SAMs, plus two surface-to-surfaceweapons such as Raytheon FIM-148 Javelin orRafael Advanced Defense Systems Spike-ERanti-tank missiles. Staying in the UK, Britishfirm BAE Systems has been involved with theproduction of a self-propelled air defence sys-tem in the guise of that company’s CV-90 AntiAircraft Vehicle used by the Swedish Armywhich carries the Bofors TriAD turretequipped with a Bofors L/70 40-mm gun fir-ing 330 rounds-per-minute along with aThales TRS-2620 radar for fire control. Alongwith intercepting air threats, the turret can beused against surface targets.Russia has long been a centre of excellence

for robust short-range air defence systemsand is a user of the Tunguska-M trackedvehicle which is outfitted with two twin-bar-relled 2A38M 30-mm weapons and eight9M311 (NATO reporting name ‘SA-19Grison’) missiles, plus organic 1RL144(NATO reporting name ‘Hot Shot’) targetacquisition and tracking radar. Along withthe Russian Army; Belarus, India, Morocco

and Ukraine have purchasedthe system, with over 200being exported, and around256 being purchased by the

Russian armed forces. Deliveriesbegan to the Russian Army in the

The FIM-92 Stinger is ashort-range air defencesystem that has sold wellaround the world, both as aMan-Portable Air DefenceSystem (MANPADS) and asa vehicle-mounted weapon

Rheinmetall’s Advanced Short Range AirDefence (ASRAD) product can carry a numberof different missiles including American,European and Russian designs. The launchercan be mounted on both tracked and wheeledvehicles © Finland MoD

D E F ENC E

AA II RR


early 1980s, and the Tunguska was usedmost recently in the 2008 South Ossetia war.Another of the short-range air defence sys-

tems used by the Russian military is the KBPPantsir-S1 (NATO reporting name ‘SA-22Greyhound’). Like other systems surveyed inthis report, it includes both missiles and guns,namely six ready-to-fire radar-guided 57E6/-Emissiles with a range of up to 15,000 m whichcan intercept targets flying at mach three.These missiles are joined by two 2A38M 30-mm cannons which have a maximum range of4,000m and a 5.000 rounds-per-minute maxi-mum rate-of-fire. Although offered on aKAMAZ-6560 eight-wheeled vehicle, thePantsir-S1 can also outfit a tracked chassis.Fire control is provided by target acquisitionand tracking radar. Deliveries of the Pantsir-S1to the Russian armed forces began in 2008 as areplacement for the Tunguska-M1, with theRussian Army expected to be operatingaround 300 systems by 2018. Other ordershave followed from Algeria, Jordan, Syria anda fourth undisclosed country.Additional wheeled short-range air

defence systems produced by Russian suppli-

ers including the KB Tochmash DesignBureau of Precision Engineering 9K31 Strela-1 (NATO reporting name ‘SA-9 Gaskin’). Thisproduct includes four infra-red guided 9M31missiles in a ready-to-fire position mountedatop a four-wheeled BRDM-2 amphibiousvehicle. The missiles can engage targets ataltitudes between 900-4,200m. The 9K31Strela-1 is one of the oldest low-level airdefence systems in service today. It was orig-inally designed to operate in a platoon of fourvehicles, alongside a platoon of four ZSU-23-4 Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft guns toprovide mobile air defence to Red Armymotorised rifle divisions and tank regiments.Russia has also produced a tracked short-

range air defence system in the form of theKB Tochmash 9K35 Strela-10 (NATO report-ing name ‘SA-13 Gopher’) with a four-roundinfra-red guided missile launcher mountedon an MT-LB amphibious vehicle. It isthought that around 350 9K31 vehiclesremain in service with the Russian army,with other operators including several of theformer Soviet states and Warsaw Pact mem-bers plus India, Jordan, Cuba, North Korea

and Vietnam. The 9K31 has been used incombat and may have hit up to 27 coalitionaircraft during Operation Desert Storm. Themissile may have also been successful in hit-ting a United States Air ForceFairchild/Lockheed Martin A-10AThunderbolt ground attack aircraft duringOperation Allied Force over Kosovoand Serbia in 1999. Finally, the 9K35 Strela-10is joined by the Almaz-Antey Morfei short-range air defence systemwhich is expected toenter service with the Russian Army by 2015.Details on the Morfei are sketchy, although itis expected to be equipped with Fakel OKB9M100 short-to-medium range SAMs, whichhave a range of around ten kilometres.The PopradMobile Missile Launcher, pro-

duced by Polish firm CNPEP RADWAR SAis currently in service with Indonesia whereit is used with GROM missiles produced bythe MESKO company and has a height ofeffective target engagement of 3500m and arange of 5500m. The system mounts six mis-siles on the launcher with four spares locatedon the platform. The FYI Dzik vehicle onwhich it is mounted is also designed andmade in Poland.South Korea’s Daewoo Heavy Industries

has made forays into the short-range airdefence world via the company’s K30 BiHo


Rheinmetall’s Skyranger 35-mm (1.37-in) cannon is an ideal complement to the company’sASRAD system. The gun has a rate-of-fire of up to 1,000 rounds-per-minute, although it is alsocapable of single shot © Rheinmetall

AA II RRD E F ENC E

(Flying Tiger) product; a 30mm twin-bar-relled, tracked chassis-mounted air defencegun which uses both radar and electro-opti-cal tracking and fire control. The BiHo has aneffective range of 3,000m and a secondarycapability to attack ground targets. Althoughstill awaiting an export customer, deliveriesof the K30 BiHo to the Republic ofKoreaArmy commenced in 2002.

South Korea repeated the success of theK30 BiHo with the K-SAM Chunma(Pegasus) short-range air defence missile.The K-SAM is based on the Thales/MBDACrotale-NG (Nouvelle Generation/NewGeneration) missile system, of whichthe Republic of Korea Army acquired 48 in1999. The K-SAM Chunma essentially com-bines the Crotale-NG missiles and launcherwith a Daewoo Heavy Industries K-200Korean Armoured Fighting Vehicle trackedchassis. The initial Crotale-NG order of 1999was followed four years later with an orderof an additional 66 vehicles for $470 million.A further variant of the K-200 designed forair defence, the K-263, has been developedwhich uses the K-200 vehicle equipped witha 20mm anti-aircraft guns which can hit aeri-al targets at 1,200 m and engage ground tar-gets at 2,000m.

Along with Korea, China has been pour-ing investment into short-range airdefence development. Work performeddesigning the 713th ResearchInstitute’s Project 850 Type-330 CloseIn Weapon System

developed for the People’s Liberation ArmyNavy, has resulted in the LD-2000 seven-bar-relled 30mm anti-aircraft gun which is mount-ed on an 8x8wheeled vehicle chassis. This gunhas amaximum rate of fire of 5,800 rounds perminute and can engage targets at a maximumrange of 3,000m. As an alternative to the30mm guns, the LD-2000 can be configured tocarry short-range SAMs.

China’s short-range air defence efforts arebeing mirrored by the Islamic Republic ofIran which has developed the Mesbah-1(‘Lantirn’) low-altitude air defence system.Development commenced in 1992, with seri-

al production beginning in May this year.This gun system has a rate-of-fire of around4,000 rounds-per-minute. The Mesbah-1bares some similarities to the Russian ZSU-23-4 ‘Shilka’ 23mm air defence system,except that available pictures show theMesbah-1 to be a trailer-mounted weapon.Fire control is provided by three-dimension-al radar and an electro-optical system.

To conclude, it seems that air-defenceartillery has followed a similar path to fieldartillery in migrating from trailer-mountingsonto vehicles for enhanced mobility.Contemporary short-range air defence sys-tems can be found on wheeled and trackedvehicles. with SAMs teamed with surface-to-surface weapons, in the case of Starstreak,and with guns, as illustrated by the Pantsir-S1, to provide a highly versatile weapon todefend deployed troops when they are eitherstationary or on the move. Some of theseguns have the added value of a secondaryanti-ground target capability when not in usefor air defence.

MBDA’s Mistral SAM hasbeen configured for anumber of vehicles, via thecompany’s Atlas twin-roundlauncher which can bemounted on a four-wheeldrive truck

The MBDA Rapier anti-aircraftmissile has been the Royal AirForce’s and British Army’sstandard area defence missilesince the early 1970s. The BritishArmy’s Field Standard C upgrademodernised the weapon, withthe new version entering servicein 1996 © DoD

D E F ENC E

AA II RR


The federal law “On the RussianTechnologies State Corporation” wentpublic in November 2007. Several

months after the law had come into force thenew brand won the world-wide recognition: aRussian Technologies subsidiary, VSMPO-AVISMA, and the US Boeing aerospacecompany signed a big-ticket deal. The firstbillion-dollar contract, secured by Boeing, hasallowed the US company to get Russian high-quality rolled titanium products for four yearsfrom 2011 until 2015.It is a unique event in the history of Russian-

US trade and economic relations. The partiessigned an exclusive agreement, ensuringmutually beneficial cooperation betweenVSMPO-AVISMA and Boeing-Russia/CIS.Given that Russia's share in the globalmarket oftitanium products is about 30%, the dealmarked commercial prospects for other foreigncompanies interested in similar projects with

participation of RussianTechnologies:GeneralElectric, Embraer, Airbus andmany others.By the way, in April 2009 VSMPO-AVISMA

and Airbus Corporation have signed thebiggest and longest-term contract in the historyof Airbus/EADS cooperation with Russianindustry. The agreement covers the supply oftitanium to Airbus and other EADS Divisionsuntil 2020.In general, international cooperation is one

of the priorities of Russian Technologies. Thecorporation is well aware that technologytransfer and world advanced experience canhelp Russia significantly reduce the timerequired for the integrated development ofenterprises and entire industries.Within the framework of international

cooperation in April 2009 they announced ajoint Russian-Italian helicopter assembly fromthe ground up on the industrial site nearMoscow. The joint venture on a parity basis

between the Corporation's division "RussianHelicopters" and AgustaWestland (a subsidiaryof the Italian group Finmeccanica), will producehelicopter AW139 in Russia. The expectedmaximum production capacity will be at least24 helicopters a year.How has the Corporation made such a

breakthrough into the worldmarket? How has itgained such an influence?At the initial stages of its establishment

Russian Technologies took over a vastindustrial potential, spanning from the auto tothe aircraft industries.After getting on a par withthe United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) and theUnited Shipbuilding Corporation (USC),Russian Technologies is now among Russia’sprincipal companies, including such industrialgiants as Gazprom and Rosneft.Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has

signed a decree transferring over 400 variousenterprises to the balance sheet of the

Jim Albaugh, president and CEOofBoeing Commercial Airplanes (left) andSergey Chemezov, CEO of the Russian

Technologies State Corporation (right) atFarnborough-2010 in front of Boeing

787Dreamliner which is partlymade of Russian titanium

RUSSIAN TECHNOLOGIESSTATE CORPORATION:THE LEADER OFRUSSIAN INDUSTRY

corporation. In all, the structure of theCorporation today includes 562 companies,including subsidiaries and acquired companies.By the year of 2010, the process of assetallocation on holdings (19 in defense industryand 7 in civil industry) was over. According tovarious estimates theCorporation accumulatesfrom 25 to 30%of Russian industry.The rapid soar of the new corporation was

ensured by Rosoboronexport, the world-widerenowned state intermediary in the field ofdefence cooperation. Rosoboronexport hasbecome the basis forRussianTechnologies andthe driving force behind organisational processand technological renovation. Its property hasbecome the financial andeconomic basis for theState Corporation Russian Technologiesobtaining no public funds.Russia’s flagship special-purpose product

exporter holds such assets as Russia’s largestautomakers AVTOVAZ Joint-Stock Company,and KAMAZ Joint-Stock Company, arms, tank,missile, and helicoptermanufacturers.All thesestrategic companies, boasting a total turnoverof US $13 billion, were merged and managedfor a number of years by RosoboronexportDirectorGeneral SergeyChemezov.The resultswere rather impressive: Rosoboronexportdemonstrated a stable growth of profits, whichincreased from US $3 billion in 2000 up to US$7.4 billion in 2009, while its contract portfolioequalledUS$34 billion.It is Chemezov who has come up with an

ambitious idea of turning the engineeringindustry into one of the national flagshipindustries, capable of making Russia one theworld’s leading industrial powers. Theexperienced businessman believes that armstrade is too lucrative a business for countriesto give it up under the present circumstances.However, what is more important is the fact thattheworld has embraced an innovative course of

development.This fact results in the necessity tore-equip the Russian economy, first andforemost, its core – the engineering industry,which is now on the brink of a crisis.Russian Technologies oversees the entire

production and sales chain from the researchand development up to arms exports. UnderRussian law, RussianTechnologies is entitled tosign various deals, buy and sell assets, andinvest in Russian and foreign companies,related to hi-tech products. Contracts ondefence-related and dual-purpose productsand exports/imports of such products are stillthe sole prerogative right of Rosoboronexport.In the sphere of high technology defense a

great victory forRussianTechnologies is the fifthgeneration fighter PAK FA.Many businesses ofthe Corporation worked hard so that the fighter"got on to the wing"- by about 70% the fighterconsists of their products. These are newmachines and devices, composite materials,radar systems and the main thing - enginesensuring a constant flight in afterburner for twohours at a speed up to 2,600 km / hour. It isexpected that over the next fewmonths,Moscowand New Delhi sign the first package ofagreements on creation of the fifth generationfighter for the Indian Air Force on the basis ofPAK FA.Thus the fighter's future export will beguaranteed, and the portfolio of theCorporation's contracts will increase.Breakthrough also includes a project on

compositematerials, which provides a completeproduction cycle inRussia andPANcarbon fiber.Industrial prospects of this technology is difficultto overestimate. It is already used in the aviationindustry, for example, when creating Boeing787.Today, this technology owned by only a fewcountries in theworld.TheRussianTechnologiesStateCorporation

aims to facilitate hi-tech products development,manufacture, and exports. Financially and

economically RussianTechnologies is based onRosoboronexport’s assets without involvingstate funds. The new corporation will featurerevenue-based financing and operate on thebreak-even principle.The fact that strategic industries, Russian

Technologies is responsible for, are beingopened for private investors is extremelyinviting.The private sector capital will enjoy themost favourable conditions possible. MostWestern investors have already realised it andinvested their money in certain Russiancompanies, for instance,VSMPO-AVISMA andAVTOVAZ.As recently asOctober 2009, OJSCKAMAZ, member of the RussianTechnologiesState Corporation, and Case New Holland(CNH), Fiat Group, signed in Moscow anagreement aiming to organize production ofagricultural and special-purpose Italianmachinery at the production facilities of OJSCKAMAZ.The state guarantees the reliability ofbusiness activities of such companies inRussia, while the state support, enjoyed byRussian Technologies, ensures financialpreferences, tax and tariff concessions, re-equipment credit interest rate subsidies, andother protective measures.A number of experts claim that the Russian

Technologies State Corporation is the only onecapable of providing economic protection toalmost the entire Russian engineeringindustry.The foundation has already been laid:an integrated structure comprising threedozen holding companies is beingestablished. The holding companies inquestion integrate enterprises, which are ableto manufacture hi-tech products and competein the international market.Russianhi-techholding-companiesenjoyeda

well-developedandefficientmarketing network,including26 representative offices inRussia and49 representative offices abroad.The priority isassigned to legal control over development,manufacture, and sales in the domestic and theinternational markets of science-intensiveinnovation-based products. The new Russiancorporation seems to be likely to put thedevelopment commercialisationon the right trackfor the first time. Despite the defence-orientedactivities of the corporation, such activitiesincreasingly take on the air of commercial ones.Technology, finance, and management are

the three pillars, used by the RussianTechnologies authorities to revamp theRussian industry and direct it towards aninnovative course of development.CompetitiveRussian vehicles or materiel are just thebeginning. The main aspiration of thecorporation is to create a market demand forRussian hi-tech products, while increasingexports on a constant basis.

The first Russianfifth-generation fighterjet (PAK FA)

NNIIGGHHTTV I S I O N

Soldier modernisationprogrammes such asSpain’s COMFUT are asignificant driver for nightvision acqusition © AJB


41

V I S I O N

NNIIGGHHTT

Asian militaries are eagerlyincreasing and improving theirinventories both as part ofstand alone modernisation oraccompanying other efforts

such as soldier modernisation programmesand small arms enhancements for use both ina warfighting context as well as counter ter-ror and counter insurgency missions.

Asian militaries have a number of nightvision preferences that differ for examplewith NATO militaries, such as a numberAsian militaries strongly preferring nightvision devices with both eyes enables provid-ing greater depth perception, rather thanhaving a monocular enabling ambient visionwith the other eye. Other factors more wide-ly pursued in Asia relative to other marketsincludes a lower moment or lower centre ofgravity, putting the weight of the device clos-er to the wearer’s head.

A major change in the availability of nightvision equipment may be coming, by virtue ofthe US revaluating what level of technology itwill allow to be exported. This is calculated onthe basis of a figure of merit, a complex calcu-lation which is the sum of multiplying the I2tube’s Signal to Noise Ratio by its resolution.

For NATO members and countries such asAustralia and New Zealand this is 1600 forother allies it is 1250, although it must benoted that typically those countries withaccess to 1600 capable solutions will equiptheir dismounted forces with a ‘1250’ capabletube. The 1600/1250 rule was established adecade ago. A lot has changed since then such

as the widespread deployment in US serviceof I2 tubes with gating, which has been intro-duced to cope with detecting extremes of lightand adapt instantaneously to eliminate theglare or temporary blindness caused fromextreme light bursts, known as Halo andbloom. When or indeed if this will occur isunclear but it is at least being discussed.

The latest version of ITL’s N/SEAS I2 sys-tem is due for completion in the late Summer.The second generation systems is designed tobe 20 percent lighter, substituting magne-sium composite for the current aluminum. Itwill be available in two versions, the first willbe backwards compatible with existingN/SEAS mounts and accessories the otherversion a new physical design with enhancedergonomics. The company’s Mini SEAS hasbeen bought by Australia, Thaliland,Singapore and India.

The next generation systems from ITL willinclude the Tarmir, a fused I2 and TI solutionwith a prototype due to be ready for realistictrials by the end of the year. The system usean I2 tube with micro bolometer understoodto be Photonis’ Onyx with the thermal feedpresented to the user in colour.

The company’s 655g PS45 — the PS stand-

Owning Dismounted Night Vision for Asia:

the

‘Owning The Night’ remains a key differentiator in terms of success ordefeat on the battlefield. Access to image intensification (I2) and thermalimaging (TI) devices individually and in combination, in handheld, head orweapon mounted formats and integrated with other optics, provides animmediate force multiplier within all environments and scenarios.

bbyy Adam Baddeley

Night

ITL’s Tarmir is a fused I2 and TI solution with aprototype due to be ready for realistic trials bythe end of the year © AJB


ing for Pocket Scope — has found service in anumber of Asian militaries both in the handheld or weapon mounted role and operatefor five hours with four CR2 batteries.The company’s Coyote 75 and 100 TWS,

launched in 2010 are uncooled designs, opti-mised for surveillance with options to useeither 348x288 or 640x480 arrays with typicalrange to detect a human being 2.5 for theCoyoye 100. Reliability for both versions arein excess of 4000 hours MTBF, with start uptime being less than five seconds. The Coyotefamily is also offered in binocular solution

with a 384x288 array and weighs 570g.ITL’s Explorer II is smaller lighter than its

predecessors and has a Laser Range Finderwith a range of up to 12km, far in excess of itsdetection ranges of 6km for a human andrecognition at 2km. Other geo-location sys-tems built into the design includes GPS and adigital magnetic compass. A further featureis an optional dynamic map display.ITT are the leading provider of I2 solution

to US armed forces in solution such as thePVS-14 and -7 Night Vision Goggles. In Asia,it provides its tubes to Japanese firm NEC

and are seven years into a ten year pro-gramme to supply the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force with I2 solutions while thecompany’s PVS-14 has been selected bySingapore and Thailand. The company alsoprovides their tubes in smaller numbers ofother militaries in support of indigenousmanufacturing efforts.ITT are currently the sole provider of the

AN/PSQ-20 ENVG, a dual-band nightvision goggle which fuses the two into asingle image, to the US military and enteredservice in 2008. ITT together with an expect-ed three other teams comprising BAESystems, Raytheon and DRS are competingfor the next acquisition of the PSQ-20 whichwill be renamed, due to be announced laterthis year.Schmidt and Bender are a newcomer to

the night vision world, recently developingthe prototype of their Night Hunter NVG,

which is designed to take any XR5 tube. Pres-series production for trials models is sched-uled for completion in November. The phi-losophy behind the development of Hunterwas that the tube is not longer the limitingfactors in NVGs but rather the optics, whichis Schmidt and Bender’s specialisation,developing solutions supplying for exampleUS SOF sniper scopes. The Night Hunter is abi-ocular design with an in built intelligentpower supply switching down from two toone channel when power is low, subject ofcourse to manual override.Meprolight’s new Noa Family of

Uncooled Thermal Weapon Sights offer a 4xcompact right up to a 7x optical magnifica-tion. An uncooled design, several hundredare in service in the US and Asia and uses a320x260 detector with the ability to hithuman sized targets at ranges of 1km, withbatteries sufficient for eight hours of opera-tion. In the I2 domain, Meprolight offers theMNV, a 4x or 6x magnification powered bytwo AA batteries for 60 hours of operationand weighs 1.25Kg. In terms of worn nightvision, the company offer the MINIMON-Imini-monocular with integrated IR illumina-


Vectronix’s Tarsius I2 goggle launched at Eurosatory 2008 are currently in trials around the worldwith the company expecting a significant order shortly © AJB

In April, FLIR GovernmentSystems supplied 60ThermoSight ACTS units toan ASEAN military which willbe used with ACOG Sightsmounted on an M4 carbine


tor and supports 18mm Gen II and III tubes.In 2009, Greek firm Theon Sensors provid-

ed 50 examples of the NX-122A monocular I2device, which can be either head or weaponmounted to the Greek military and are inter-changeable with existing interfaces on thePVS-7 and PVS-14. The all in weight is 355g.The company have also provided over 10,000examples of their heavier NS-467C and NS-685C solutions, both I2 designs to the Greekmilitary over recent years.

Vectronix’s Tarsius I2 goggle launched atEurosatory 2008 are currently in trialsaround the world with the company expect-ing a significant order shortly. TheirMoskito, a binocular design integrates alaser rangefinder, image intensifier, digitalcompass, inclinometer and internal GPS. Ithas been selected for a number of soldiermodernization programmes including theUK, FIST with 2700 being acquired, andGermany’s IdZ.

Pulse Inteco have sold 800 of its Rantel-2night vision monocular devices to Thailand,as part of the company’s acquisition of IWITavor assault rifles. A lightweight monocularweighing 330g without battery it has optionsof using x3, x4 and x5 magnification lens.

Elbit’s newest ThermalWeapon Sight is theCoral-CR, described by the company as thesmallest cooled FLIR on the market and capa-ble of identifying a human at ranges of 2Km.

The proprietary name for ELCAN’sAN/PAS-28 is the PhantomIRxr. In consistsof a single channel fed into a bi-ocular solu-tion which increases range performance ofup to 30 percent over a monocular solution.For export, ELCAN offers the PhantomIRwhich uses a 320x240 detection deliveringrange of half that of the ‘XR’ variant. Mtech isthe distributor for the PhantomIR in theregion, with a number being sold through toSingapore, Malaysia and Thailand and therehave been initial sales to India in 2010 forsmall unit trials.

In April, FLIR Government Systems sup-plied 60 ThermoSight ACTS units to anASEAN military which will be used withACOG Sights mounted on an M4 carbine.ACTS is designed so that the thermal sightcan be attached without needing torebore the optical sight.

FLIR have been exclusively associat-ed with TWS. Recent acquisition haveadded an I2 capability with the clip on

MilSight TaNS and MUNS, the latterdesigned for snipers, the company’s ShockMitigation System, allowing the unit to beused on 12.7mm weapons. TaNS runs on AAbatteries and provide for detection ofhumans in moonlight at up to 1070m withday optics at up to 8x magnification.

Qioptiq have recently launched two newthermal sights, its Dragon thermal uses a640x512 detector capable of detecting dis-mounted targets at 3500m in its LR variantand theMerlin I2 sight family with options fora range of different suppliers, the Short Rangevariant enabling detection ranges of 740m.

UK based Pyser-SGI’s MUNSTIClip-On In line thermalsniper sight is uncooledand can be magnified to upto 17 times and enablesdetection ranges ofup to 2760m. Usershave the option of a388x284 or 640x480detectors. The morecompact TISI

sight is designed for assault rifles and simi-lar with the same options in term of detec-tors, but with optics supporting 3x and 5xmagnification.

Canada’s General Starlight Companyprovides a number of night devices includ-ing the TIG 7 Thermal Imaging Goggles andthe DSQ-20M Enhanced Night VisionGoggles which combined I2 and TI with theDXQ-20 due to be launched shortly. Pure I2systems from the company include the PBS-15 dual tube goggle and the bi-ocular PBS-7goggle as well as a range of weapon mount-ed solutions. The company makes use of I2tubes from Photonis including SUPERGEN,

43

Schmidt and Bender are a newcomer to the night vision world, recently developing the prototype oftheir Night Hunter NVG © AJB

Sagem’s Sword Light 25 is a designed foruse on assault rifles © AJB

V I S I O N

NNIIGGHHTT

XD-4, XR-5, ONYX and ICU.DEP launched its 2.5W Griffin image

fusion module at Eurosatory. Weighing lessthan 99 grams, and only 7cm long it producesa contrast-enhanced image of I2 and uncooled8-14micron TI feeds. Output from the sensorsis presented to the user via the micro OLEDdisplay at rate of 30 fused frames per secondand the module includes features such asautogating and noise reduction.Another new addition to the dismounted

night vision market is Sagem’s Sword Light athermal imaging sight designed to fit onassault rifles and smaller, including forexample, the Heckler and Koch MP7. An

uncooled device in twovariants Sword 25 and 35,the latter has a detectionrange of 1200m againsthumans and is powered byfour AA batteries, canoperate for up to ninehours with a start up timeof less than one second andweighs 550g

Sagem also have the TIPS (ThermalImager Pocket Scope) uncooled compacthandheld surveillance devices, weighing lessthan 500g with image storage of 500 imagesand long video storage of roughly 2.5 hours.TIPS runs on four AA batteries.The O’Gara Groups’ Sensor Systems

Division produces the AN/PVS-21 LowProfile Night Vision Goggle, designed toequip Special Forces with a more compactsolution, with roughly 10cm less forward pro-jection relative to other goggles and are ableto be used while free falling or with static lineparachutes with a reduced center of gravity.Normally the AN/PVS-21 is submersible to3m although with further adaptation for spe-cial users, this can be extended to 10m. Other

advanced features include an integratedHead Up Display for sensor fusion.L-3 Insight provides a number of 24 hours

vision and targeting technologies for the dis-mounted soldier. The handheld or helmetmounted AN/PAS-23 Mini ThermalMonocular which can store up to 160 stillimages and has a detection range of 500m. Thecompany also produces clip on devices, themost recent being the ClipOn Night VisionDevice – Thermal 2 which is optimised towork with the 4x magnification TrijiconACOG/RCO and can achieve recognition

ranges of 1195m. Powered by two CR123batteries this providesfor over five hours ofcontinuous opera-tion and its water-

proof to 20 metres. L3Insight also produces sub-assemblies for the PVS-7and -14 range of NVGsand also produce theMulti-Use Mini-Monocular, an I2 devices

which provides overtwo days of con-tinuous opera-tion with asingle AA bat-tery.


Another new addition tothe dismounted night visionmarket is Sagem’sSword Light a thermalimaging sight designed tofit on assault rifles

The MTN-1 fused nightvision thermal monocularhas been developed inPoland © AJB

In April, FLIR Government Systems supplied 60 ThermoSight ACTS units to an ASEANmilitary which will be used with ACOG Sights mounted on an M4 carbine © AJB

The Light Weight ThermalImager Long Range (Qioptiq’sVIPIR 2+F) is in service with anumber of militaries, includingthe UK© AJB


Russia will decide within twomonthswhether to deliver around two dozenRussianMi-17 helicopters to NATO

forces in Afghanistan, Russian ForeignMinister Lavrov said.

"We are talking about a couple of dozenhelicopters with the relevant equipment,"Lavrov was quoted as sayingWednesday byRussian news agency RIA Novosti. "I hopethat in amonth or amonth and a half there willbe more clarity on the issue."

NATOMilitary Committee ChairmanGiampaolo di Paola last month confirmed thatthe alliance had approached Russia over apotential helicopter delivery.

"We handed our proposals about howwewould carry out the initiative to Brussels a fewmonths ago," Lavrov said, adding that theproposal entails sending the first threehelicopters for free. "We are nowwaiting for adefinite answer from our partners."

Observers say the choppers would beused in the NATO police andmilitary trainingmissions in Afghanistan.

Sold by Russia's Rosoboronexport, the Mi-17 (NATO codenameHip) is a medium-sizedtransport helicopter that can also be used asa gunship armed with bombs, rockets orgunpods. It can transport around 30 troops orsome 10,000 pounds of equipment.

The Soviet Union specifically designed theMi-17 for the Soviet war in Afghanistan.Afghan forces are familiar with the chopper,which is popular worldwide.

India has already ordered 80Mi-17helicopters and will soon add 59more, India'sair force chief PradeepVasant Naik toldrecently.The United States uses a limitednumber of Mi-17s for training and haspurchased dozens of units for allies in Iraq,Afghanistan and Pakistan.

TheMi-17 competes with the U.S.Black

Hawk and Sikorsky helicopters, and U.S.forces havemulled buying the Russianmodelfor its NATO campaign because Afghansknow theMi-17 better than their U.S.counterparts.

TheMi-17 is easier to purchase sinceMay,whenWashington lifted sanctions against itsproducer Rosoboronexport that blacklisted itfrom tendering for U.S.arms deals.

The sanctions were imposed in 2006 afterthe U.S.government accusedRosoboronexport of violating the nuclear non-proliferation regime.

Sikorsky fromConnecticut earlier thismonth filed a complaint with the GovernmentAccountability Office over Navair's plan to buy21Mi-17s for use in Afghanistan, arguing itsS-61model is comparable, Fox News reportson itsWeb site.The article didn't revealwhether Sikorsky complained against theparticular order mentioned above.

RUSSIATO SEND CHOPPERS TO

AFGHANISTAN

The best-seller ofRussian aircraftindustry—Mi-17helicopter. India hasalready ordered80 of those andwillsoon add 59more.TheUnited States arenext on turn


MMAAPPPPIINNGGT E C H N O L O G Y

It’s not just a map!© Itronix

Arguably, the most efficient wayto geo-reference and accessdata is via an electronic map.The more people that haveaccess to data the more perva-

sive GIS becomes. The situation becomesmore complex as the number of sensors, col-lectors and information feeds expand expo-nentially making the efficient management ofGIS data, the fusion of that with multiplesources of information even greater.

Militaries are pursuing a largely commonapproach to the problem, often adopting

commercially available solutions althoughboth commercial and proprietary systemsall have the same approach to enable theimport and export of data using a range ofcommon standards and protocols. Theresulting solutions are then issued to allbranches of the military, saving time andreducing maintenance, training and integra-tion costs.

CJMTKPerhaps the best examplar of the desire forimplementing commercial technology to

47

T E C H N O L O G Y

Geographic or Geographical InformationSystems (GIS) — software to manage, analyse,and visualise of map and map-relatedinformation — are everywhere, a necessaryaccompaniment to the expansion of data in thebattlefield. GIS is not just a map, but anessential core architecture for theattainment of overall situational awarenessand intelligence picture which fuseshuman, imagery measurement and signatureintelligence sources.

bbyy Adam Baddeley

MMAAPPPPIINNGG

PuttingDefence GeospatialInformation:


Asiaonthe Map


deliver digital geographic services is the USCommercial Joint Mapping Toolkit(CJMTK) a standardised, commercial, com-prehensive GIS toolkit that meets a range ofcommon GIS standards such as those fromthe Open GIS Consortium (OGC) andGoogle Earth's KML format as well as thespecific DoD requirements for its CommonOperating Environment and NetworkCentric Enterprise Services. The currentversion of CJMTK is 9.3, released in July2008 and replaces the legacy Joint MappingToolkit (JMTK). CJMTK is written inMicrosoft COM, C, C++ and Java with theprimary commercial element being ESRI's

ArcGIS. In addition to ESRI, solutions arealso provided by ERDAS and AnalyticalGraphics Inc. with the overall work under-taken by Northrop Grumman. The pro-gramme is overseen by the NationalGeospatial-Intelligence Agency andDefense Information Systems Agency.

Other, non-US user can acquire CJMTKunder the Foreign Military Sales mecha-nism. CJMTK has a planned service life often to 15 years.One of the early adopters of the CJMTK

was the Army’s All Source AnalysisSystems – Light, now known as the JointIntelligence Tool Kit is the primary militaryintelligence applications in Afghanistanand Iraq, is integrated with over 2000implementations world wide and integrat-ed in a range of national intelligenceformats. CJMTK has also been adopted bythe USAF in its Airborne Web Servicesprogramme.The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) is

investing in a series of programmesdesigned to both rationalise the provision ofGIS and enhance its capabilities at all levelsof command. The main one is the MoD’sCommon Geospatial Tool Set (CGTS), pro-viding a similar, single common toolsetapproach to CJMTK. The work is beingundertaken by Lockheed Martin UK IS&Sand including Actica Consulting, ESRI UK,Helyx SIS and Envitia.Another UK effort that has been focused

on ISR is the Geo Intelligence, IntegratedReference Architecture which is designed toproduce a GIS information architecture todistribute imagery ready to be used byCGTS tools.For NATO, Siemens, working largely

with ESRI has developed an enterprise leveltoolset solution known as the Core GIS pro-gramme. This works with Core GIS DataPreparation, a second effort produced byEnvitia which designed to make all currentmaps – paper and electronic into a commonformat and reference model to be used bythe Core GIS programme.

ESRIESRI is the largest single supplier of GIS tothe defence and intelligence communitywith its ArcGIS platform which is designedto be used for variety of roles form highlevel terrain analysis and visualisationdown to military engineering and commonand control using a single interoperabletechnology platform. The system isdesigned to be used at multiple levels ofexpertise and complexity from the basic GISwhich is ’consumer’ accessible over web


One of the early adoptersof the CJMTK was theArmy’s All Source AnalysisSystems – Light,now known as the JointIntelligence Tool Kit

At sea, GIS solutions must meet civilian andmilitary standards for precise navigationinformation © DRS

TheAmerican ‘wedge’ hinders supplyof 450 Russian infantry fightingvehicles cost 1.2 billion euros, which

has been outlined by the Government of theNew Democracy party. Initially, theGovernment of the PASOK party hasunequivocally stated that ‘the State retainscontinuity’, placating Moscow that a specificprogramme should continue.However, thispast March Athens did a 180 degree turnimmediately after the visit of Prime MinisterPapandreou in the USA, where he acceptedthe offer for second-hand American BMP‘Bradley’… at a symbolic value.At first glance it was a beneficial proposal

which couldn't be ignored by the GreekPrimeMinister.And onGeorgePapandreou’s return home the Governmentoffice brought forward an appropriateproposal to theMinistry of Defense toexamine.Further theMinistry under the cloakof secrecy sends a delegation consisted ofthe highest ranking officers to NewMexicoState to study the US proposal.At the sametime first leakages of information in pressbegin on the closure of the negotiations withthe Russians about BMP-3. In themeantime,the Greek delegation returns from the NewMexico armoured vehicles ‘cemetery’and,according to information received, producesa report on the suitability of ‘Bradley’s! Andeven, to ‘muddy the waters’, the informationbegan to circulate that the ArmyHeadquarters’ interest is limited toamphibians ‘Bradley’.

CHANGE OF POSITIONYet the new deal got a certainty in the lastweek of the last April. For the first time theChief of the Army Headquarters praises theAmerican BMP’s during an extendedmeeting held at the Office of theMinister ofDefense on the eve of the visit of MrVenizelos in Moscow.A countdown has already started to the

Russian BMP’s, as MrV.Venizelosannounced a few days later in Moscowwithexceptional diplomatic skill.Referring to theeconomic crisis, he called on the Russians tocomprehension, and to get started Greek-Russian negotiations on BMP-3 with a ‘zerobasis’…The Kremlin has not expressed

discontent and waits eagerlyVenizelos’newproposal, as he had promised them, that theywould have it on hand within fifteen days…In themeanwhile, days and weeks are

flowing, and in Moscow did not arrive a‘mailman’with a proposal ofVenizelos.He isstill being awaited...But a month later, inearly May, the Kremlin— knowing clearlyabout American proposal for ‘Bradley’—sends a Special Envoy to the AmericanPentagon, where he runs into the GreekAmbassador, deprived of any grace in hisbehavior.The Ambassador, MrChronopoulos, describes it himself in officialmemo prepared by him after this meetingwith the Kremlin’s Envoy, who with lightningspeed crossed the Atlantic. In particular, D.Chronopoulos informs that during hismeeting with the Russian official theAmbassador told him among other things:‘Greece doesn't feel the need to do anyfurther goodwill step towards Russia!’...

NO DATAIn the General Staff of the Greek ArmedForces is now circulating a report on thesecond-hand AFVs of American production‘Bradley’.As if by magic, the files do notcontain identifiers and historical data on thismachine, such as the ‘Bradley’ is constructed

in the 1970s to counterbalance sovietsmachines of series BMP.This was the first time that the Americans

entered the term of a ‘battle machine’. It isbelieved that the Soviet army entered thisterm in its doctrine just after the SecondWorldWar.

BRADLEY:THE SECOND-HANDMORE EXPENSIVETHAN NEWSince the 1950s, Americans, to avoid thecosts of destruction, search for ‘friendly’countries to promote their weapons by virtueof their favorite method of free assistance onthe principle ‘as it is – where it is’.Thedifference is that a newMarshall plan willoperate on the principles of ‘open market’.Accordingly a ‘free’ support on the principleof "as it is – where it is" is estimated at $1.5million per car! If you calculate the cost ofrepair and refit them electronically, the finalprice is expected to be twice as high as theoriginal - $3 million.Practically Greece willpay for second-hand American AFVs as fornew Russian ones. It should be noted thatAmerican AFVs would be deniedmaintenance after a short time, because themachine is derived from the system ofmaintenance of the U.S.Army and there areno spare parts left...

A GREEKDELEGATION, COMPOSEDOFSENIOROFFICERSVISITEDTHE ‘CEMETERY’OF ARMOUREDVEHICLES IN NEWMEXICO

SECONDHAND ARMS

Russian infantry fightingvehicle BMP-3 has proved its

reliability and efficiencyin combat operations



pages to a desk top based analyst by highlytrained personnel.

ESRI released Version 10 of ArcGIS inJuly. Changes have been made to enable eas-ier access by military GIS consumers. One ofthese features is in the imagery server pro-viding a ‘mosaic’ functionality. This allowsreal imagery to be overlaid on an electronicmap. Hitherto, the ability to paste pictureonto the map has been a complex activity,effectively limited to image analysts. With

Version 10 this can be undertaken by a webbased GIS consumer.

In January, Sweden’s Defence MaterialAdministration renewed its contract withESRI for GIS to equip its C2 software, extend-ing its 15 year presence in the Swedish mili-tary by another three years. ESRI’s.

MapObjects GIS and ArcGIS have been usedin the GIS for Bowman in the UK. The RoyalEngineers are also using ESRI’s products intheir Makefast GIS application.

To support their EW product line, princi-pally COMINT systems such as itsAutomatic COmint System (ACOS), Germanfirm Plath developed a proprietary GISknown as Sitmap (Situation MappingApplication). The software has beendesigned to provide a smaller workload onthe CPU. The first release of the software wasin 2009. The software uses a range of inputsincluding OGC, ESRI’s ArcSDE andShapefile, Worldfile, PostGIS, MySQL andIBN DB2 relational database models,GeoTIFF, DTED and the National ImageryTransmission Format. The system isdesigned to export data to CIS systems usingstandards such as ESRI Shapefile, GeoTIFF,JPEG, JPEG 2000, BMP and PNG.

Systematic, a major C2 provider hasopted for ESRI’s ARC GIS as their standardoffering, preferring this route as it elimi-nates much of the integration associatedwith bringing in a new or proprietary GIS.The latest version used by the company isversion 9.3.

Thales offers both a proprietary and opensource solution in their C2 product line. Thecompany BCI or Bibliotheque CartographicInteractive is used as the basis of the ATLASartillery C2 systems and CECORE networkplanning solution. Thales also offers ArcGISto its customers.

Nexter also provide their own GIS, knownas FINDERS GIS with a number of featuresincluding TALWEG which determines thebest point of observation.

Swedish firm Carmenta works with anumber of companies in Asia. It is the mainpartner with Sapura in its C2 work inMalaysia. It is working on other pro-grammes in Indonesia, China and Singapore.

Analysis tools, integrated in the GSI enableenhancements to the presentation ofinformation © BAE Systems

Militaries increasingly expect GIS to have3D functionality built into their software© BAE Systems

For NATO, Siemens,working largely with ESRIhas developed anenterprise level toolsetsolution known asthe Core GIS programme

It provides a flexible GIS for mission criticalmissions planning and BMS with productssuch as Carmenta Engine, Carmenta Serverand ResQMap, the last being a multi-usermap display.

Envitia’s geospatial services were select-ed by Northrop Grumman UK to supplytheir GIS technology on Brunei’s JOCS pro-gramme which uses the company’sIntegrated- Joint Operations CentreCommand and Control programme, notablytheir Catalogue Service will register all avail-able map services using OGC standard webservices, standards allowing them to inter-operate with ASEAN and NATO countries.In 2010 Envitia has been awarded a contractfrom the UK MOD looking at InformationManagement in support of Counter -Improvised Explosive Device activities intheatre. Envitia launched their next genera-tion of MapLink Pro September 2009 whichis designed to improve integration of dis-

T E C H N O L O G Y

MMAAPPPPIINNGG

GIS solutions that are part of soldier systemsmust have simple user interfaces © Sagem


parate GIS data sources. New fea-tures include support for MicrosoftWindows 7 and significant enhance-ments for non-Windows platforms,enhanced 3D functionality and webservices compliance.Belgian GIS firm Luciad’s latest

offering is LuciadFusion, designed,as it names suggests fusing multi-ple data streams into a single COP,managing issues such as data over-load through a common GIS pic-ture including radar, satellite andunmanned aerial and has recentlybeen used in Germany contribu-tion to the NATO CoalitionWarrior Interoperability Exercise (CWIX)2010. In June, Luciad were included in a GIScapability demonstration as part of the UKCGTS effort.OSI Geospatial has provided a number of

real-time geospatial situational awarenessproducts to a number of Asian militaries.Other customers include the US NavySurface Warfare Center, Royal Danish Navy,Canadian Department of National Defence,Lockheed Martin, L3-CommunicationsMarine Systems, and Terma A/S.There are two major offering in the mili-

tary and security domain CommonOperational Picture Product Line (COP PL)

which fuses maps, nautical charts, imageryintelligence, and tactical data – into a singleinformation display which integrates liveincoming sensor feeds with the tools neces-sary for analysis. In a recent CoalitionWarrior Interoperability Demonstration COPPL was deployed in several military sitesacross the US supporting multiple scenariosand with information accessed by partici-pants from 26 different countries via webbrowser.The company’s second key application is

C3Core which give user an a la cartechoice of visualisation tools for fivemain areas Integrated C4I, NettedFires, Map Server, SituationalAwareness and Terrain Server andwhich can be integrated in a range ofC2 applications. The solution is scal-able and can be used down to theindividual soldier level with theSmall Unit Situational Awarenesssystem this has recently been sold toHarris, where it has formed the basisof the firms’ Falcon Fighter software.C3 Core has been used by the USMarine Corps; Space & NavalWarfare Systems Center, US Army

Research, Development & EngineeringCommand, General Dynamics; andNorthrop Grumman.For naval units, the company has pro-

duced ECPINS or Electronic Chart PreciseIntegrated Navigation System, an electronicnaval chart system that is compliant withNATO’s Warship ECDIS Standards and theInternational Maritime Organization whileretaining full military functionality whichprovides the bridge crew with precise, real-time display of their position, course, andspeed, against a background of fixed obsta-cles and other navigational hazards. Usersof the systems includes Royal AustralianNavy, Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, RoyalNew Zealand, Royal Danish Navy andPortuguese Navy.In the logistic realm, GeoDecisions, has

supplied its IRRIS GIS technology to USTransportation Command to visualise thelogistics flow of supplies via an an intuitiveWeb-based interface which integrates infor-mation from five different government logis-tics systems and displays it using 2525c mili-tary map symbols and mapping from theNational Geospatial Agency.Georgia Tech Research Institute, commis-

sioned by the Department of Defense in1990, developed FalconView, a PC basedMapping Application optimized for air-borne mission planning being part of the USAir Force’s Portable Flight PlanningSoftware since 1994 and provides for geo-graphically referenced overlays which hasalso recently been released as a Free andOpen Source solution in June 2009. Featuresof the FalconView include the ability toGenerate and overlay contour lines fromelevation data and its Skyview mode toallow users to fly through terrain as part ofthe mission planning process.

With the advent of rapid and repeated coverage of an area, overlays allow analysts to comparechanges, down to the level of pixels © BAE Systems

Web based browsers have become the norm forGIS applications © BAE Systems


AnuncioIngles_213x286mm_ASIAN.pdf 24/08/2010 10:03:00


CC BB RR NNPROTECT ION

Australian Navy boarding teamdisembark a rigid-hull inflatableboat and climb aboard mocksuspect vessel USNS Walter S.Diehl during an October, 2009PSI boarding exercise in the SouthChina Sea. Regional PSI membercountries as well as Australiainclude Japan, New Zealand, thePhilippines, the Republic of Koreaand Singapore © DoD

55

PROTECT ION

Dealing with a militaryor civilian-based attackusing weapons with aCBRN (Chemical,Biological, Radiological,Nuclear) componentnot only requiresthe procurement ofequipment forprotection, detectionand decontamination,and the training andexercise programmeson how to use it, butalso integrationbetween civilian firstresponders — police,fire, rescue, ambulance,and health workers,and military civilsupport teams of allneighbouring countrieswithin a specific region.

bbyy Andy Oppenheimer

CC BB RR NN

There is a growing danger that currentinsurgencies will feature improvised‘CBR’, and even ‘N’, devices, whichwill affect both troops and civilians invarying degrees of death, injury, and

destruction. Most recently, unidentified chemi-cals were thrown into several girls’ schools inAfghanistan in a series of unclaimed attacks inMay. The most notable regional civilian CBRNattack precedent is still the multiple Sarinattacks on the Tokyo subway in March 1995.

While CBRN events have so far been thank-fully rare, their effects may range from the local-ly disruptive to the nationally catastrophic –necessitating programmes for enhanced protec-tion, counterterrorist intelligence, and transna-tional and transcontinental cooperation.Radiological and biological attacks in particularhave the potential to spread across borders.Intelligence and preemption efforts also mustinvolve cooperation between the law enforce-ment and border security agencies of alignedcountries throughout the region, and beyond.

The Asian Network of Major Cities 21(ANMC21) runs several programmes toenhance integration during a crisis, includingthe Network for Crisis Management, which istasked with building a crisis management net-

Asiafor

Solutions Solutions for

Asia

IntegratedCBRN:

IntegratedCBRN:

work to facilitate swift exchange of informa-tion between cities and to foster humanresources to cope with emergencies. Withbiological warfare uppermost in the CBRNpantheon of threats in the region, and theSARS epidemic providing a Gold Standardprecursor for a rapid, unidentified diseaseoutbreak, the ANMC21 runs theCountermeasures to Combat InfectiousDiseases in Asia programme to exchangeinformation and link up administrative,research and medical institutions of partici-pating cities so that their health personnelcan communicate securely (a substantialchallenge in a region where cyberterrorism isalso rife) and act quickly to any outbreak ofinfectious disease in Asia.

CBRN cooperation: focuson ThailandRecognition of a growing CBRN threat inthe region, in both military and civilianspheres, was reflected in the Association ofSouth East Asian Nations (ASEAN) meetingin July 2009 in Thailand, where more con-crete cooperation between nations in thefight against terror and future threats werehighlighted. There are signs of growingcoordination in Asia to prevent CBRN pro-liferation, particularly of nuclear (forweapons) and radiological (for dirty bombs)materials. Within the region, North Korea,as an increasingly belligerent, nascentnuclear weapons power also reputed to pos-

sess large stocks of chemical and biologicalweapons, presents the main nation-statethreat to its neighbours.

The US is heavily involved in the Far Eastand Southeast Asia in nonproliferationefforts, and has recently focused on Thailandfor enhanced counterterror cooperation. TheThais have to date complied with UN resolu-tions to prevent arms sales with North Korea,and is set to sign the US Proliferation SecurityInitiative (PSI), which was set up by the US in2003 following the interdiction of a NorthKorean ship carrying weapons and NBC-related cargo. Incorporation into PSI willplace Thailand as a regional leader inenhancing regional maritime security.Previous Thai governments have resistedjoining PSI due to concern over the insur-gency in the southern provinces. Other mainAsian PSI participants are Australia, New


A number of Asian militaries are co-operatingwith the US in counter-CBRN exercises © DoD


Joint U.S.-Australian boarding team conducts a PSI boarding exercise aboard USNS Walter S. Diehlwhile the ship is under way in the South China Sea in October 2009 © DoD

Zealand, Japan, South Korea, the Philippinesand Singapore.The US has also recently recognized

Thailand as a target nation for nuclear traf-ficking, as evidenced by the invitation byPresident Obama to Thai Prime MinisterAbhisit Vejjajiva to the Global NuclearSummit in Washington DC in April. Withsome 40 leaders attending to discuss ways toreduce nuclear threats and better control fis-sile materials, Thailand was earmarkedaccording to the USA’s latest assessment ofthe country's strategic location and role,which will be affected by the region’s grow-ing use of nuclear energy. Also, Thailand'slocation linking South and North East Asiahas made it a chosen trafficking point for ille-gal, undetected transport of CBRN compo-nents (such as the well-publicised seizure ofcesium-137 in Surin in June 2003), as well as

being the hub of illegal weapons trade.One of the main global efforts to prevent

movement of such materials through ports,the US-led Megaports Initiative (MI), was setup by the US around the same time as, and aprecursor programme to, PSI. MI aims toequip 100 world ports with radiation, detec-

tion equipment, and training for port person-nel – including integrated communicationsbetween MI ports. MI ports in Pakistan,Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka werejoined by additional ports in Asia, includingKaohsiung, Taiwan and Port Klang, Malaysiain 2009.

Australia – CoordinatedResponse PlanA prime example of CBRN integration isAustralia's National Chemical, Biological andRadiological Capability ImprovementProgramme, which is part of its NationalResponse Plan overseen by EmergencyManagement Australia (EMA), the country’s

Royal Malaysian sailors stand security watch aboard the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Mellon on 23 June23, 2010, during Southeast Asia Cooperation Against Terrorism (SEACAT) 2010 - a weeklong exercisedesigned to highlight the value of information sharing and multinational coordination © DoD

57l SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2010 l

The Philippines, whichis a high-risk area for non-conventional, as well asconventional terrorist attacks,recognizes the value ofconducting regular exercises

PROTECT ION

CC BB RR NN

Boarding exercise of mocksuspect ship conducted byU.S. and Australian troopsas part of ProliferationSecurity Initiative exerciseDeep Sabre II conductedin 2009 on the SouthChina Sea © DoD

federal co-ordinating and advisory board foremergency management. The Programme isintended to improve Australia's national abili-ty to prevent, prepare for, and respond to aCBR incident through enhanced R&D into pro-tection, detection, hazard modelling, criticalinfrastructure protection, and business conti-nuity following an attack - with the emphasison improving first-responder capability.Australia’s Radiation Protection and

Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), part ofthe Australian Department of Health, isresponsible for protecting people and prop-erty against radiation and is closely linked tothe Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN),to oversee and enhance nuclear installationsafety across Asia. The ANSN gathers andshares with its regional allied neighbourswith nuclear power programmes, both exist-ing knowledge based on ‘lessons learned’from previous incidents – includingattempts at nuclear terrorism or raids onnuclear power plants – and practical experi-ence of events. With nuclear power a bur-geoning form of energy in the region, theagency is tasked with sustaining nationaland regional nuclear safety infrastructuresand incorporating new safety and securitymeasures. ANSN is integrated within thepolicy framework of the world’s nuclearwatchdog, the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA), specifically with IAEA’sExtra Budgetary Programme (EBP) on theSafety of Nuclear Installations.

Drills and exercisesMuch of the preparedness against a CBRattack (assuming N is several orders of mag-nitude more difficult, if not mostly impossi-ble, to defend populations and troops against)involves drills and exercises which mayextend beyond borders within a region. Theseinclude staging a mock attack or multipleattacks, which terrorists greatly favour, to testthe first responder services in a specific city orarea. Training for CBRN also includes mar-itime exercises involving the specialised ves-sels of the fleets of several nations.These scenarios – which take months of

planning, and may involve large numbers ofcitizens acting as fake ‘victims’ as well as sev-eral first-responder service units and militarycivil support units – are designed to testCBRN defence equipment, chiefly, variouslevels of personal protective equipment (PPE

– suits, boots and respirators); CBRN detec-tion kit, both stand-off and hand-held instru-ments; and decontamination materials, set-up, sampling and diagnostic kits (mainly forbiological), and throughputs – numbers ofpeople in a given time who can be safely andeffectively freed of CBR contamination.The Philippines, which is a high-risk area

for non-conventional, as well as conventionalterrorist attacks, recognizes the value of con-ducting regular exercises. The ManilaInternational Airport Authority conducts arescue drill every two years, the latest havingbeen in July 2009 – which focused on CBRN -and where at least six civil and military agen-cies took part in a staged chlorine attackinside a Fokker F-27 aircraft.

Beijing’s anthrax scenarioIn early April it was reported in the SouthChina Morning Post and elsewhere that theChinese capital, Beijing, had prepared a sys-tem scenario to identify where a terroristmight release anthrax spores to cause maxi-mum harm. According to deputy chief of theAtmospheric Sciences Department at PekingUniversity, Liu Shuhua, the authorities hadpinned down all possible locations, assum-ing that trained terrorists would choose atime and a location to release a toxic gas toproduce maximum casualties. Liu and histeam had estimated that an attacker in onevehicle near the Great Hall of the Peoplecould release chemical or biological materialand disperse over much of Tiananmen


U.S. sailors don chemical, biological and radiological suits during the base's Chemical, Biological,Radiological and Nuclear Olympics at Nimitz Park in Sasebo, Japan, in April 2010. The competitionfamiliarizes sailors with imminent attack procedures and mission-oriented protective-posture levelsin cases of CBRN or high-yield explosive attacks © DoD

Hazmat decontamination training in May 2010 atan undisclosed location in Southwest Asia © DoD



Square, depending on the city’s wind pat-terns on the day.While the wide highways to the east and

west of Tianenmen Square are regarded asthe best routes to escape the area during anemergency, the researchers’ models indicatedthat winds would blow most of the anthraxspores to the east-side roadway, settling thereand posing a threat to all attempting to getaway along that escape route. In the event ofa CB incident, a government security depart-ment would use software and a supercom-puter developed by Liu’s team to determinethe dispersion pattern of the toxic material.According to Liu, "They will have the resultin less than a minute, together with the safestescape routes. We have most of the city'slandmark areas in the database. We havedone tests. The results are very good. Thegovernment has invested a lot of money inthe project. They are very concerned."In terms of integrating such a response else-

where, other major Chinese cities, such asGuangzhou, which is hosting the AsianGameslater in 2010, are still to take similar measures.According to an atmospheric modeling expertat Sun Yat-sen University, Lin Wenshi, severallocations, including Beijing Road and northernTianhe, are vulnerable targets for a terroristchemical attack. "The city government is stillrelying on conventional measures, such as gasmasks and fire trucks, to combat trained terror-ists," according to Lin. There is also criticismthat the importance of scientific modeling isnot being adequately recognised, and whileChina is not regarded as facing US or UK lev-els of terrorist threats, much of the vastnation of China is not sufficiently prepared to

react using analytical methods to an attack.

Learning from Sarin in TokyoThe main CBRN attack on civilians in Asiawas the Sarin nerve agent attacks on thou-sands of Tokyo commuters in March 1995,which killed 12 and injured 5,600 – some per-manently. Apart from mistakes made in pro-tecting first-responders, many of whom werenumbered among the injured, fire depart-ments, police, metropolitan governments,and hospitals acted independently withoutco-ordination, a major hindrance to rescueand remediation which was partly due to theheavily structured nature of Japanese society.After the attack, the Japanese government

developed the Severe Chemical HazardResponse Team, and the Prime Minister'soffice created a National Security and CrisisManagement Office which conducts hazmatdrills on a regular basis. Protection and detec-tion systems and training were rapidlyupgraded. The first of many exercises wasconducted in 2003 in Tokyo to test first-responder and agency reaction to the disper-sal of toxic substances from a fully loadedtanker. It involved all relevant agencies - theChemical Protection Teams of the GroundSelf-Defense Force, the Tokyo Metropolitan

Police Department, and the Fire Rescue TaskForces in the Third Fire District HQ at TokyoFire Department, which were all recorded ashaving coordinated in the rescue of victimsand their primary decontamination.

CBRN – uneven readinessIn terms of CBRN threats, apart fromAlQaedarepeatedly stating its intentions to useweapons of mass destruction, JemaahIslamiyah (JI) is one of the most active terroristgroups in the region. However, despite tryingin 2004 to build a chemical lab, JI was viewedas lacking funding and access to the necessarychemicals, but this situation is changing. TheSarin attackers, Aum Shinrikyo, had morefunds thanmost of theworld’s terrorist groupsput together, and did not succeed in makingweapons-grade Sarin and the host of biologicalweapons they had attempted. But the intent isthere among not just jihadi, but other extremistgroups and individuals.Of concern is that CBRN readiness in the

region is patchy. According to the Head ofSingapore’s International Centre for PoliticalViolence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR),Dr Rohan Gunaratna, “With the exception ofSingapore, Japan and Australia, none of thegovernments have invested significantly todeal with a CBRN attack. Governments inthe region have not invested in this area – infact, they haven’t thought about a CBRNattack seriously.” While these three coun-tries have developed Gold Standard scenar-ios and strategies and conducted exercises todeal with a CBRN event, much depends onwhether the region’s other allied nations willcome up to their level of readiness.

A prime example of CBRNintegration is Australia’sNational Chemical,Biological and RadiologicalCapability ImprovementProgramme

Civil Engineers from the Asia-Pacific region participating in a hazardousmaterial demonstration during Pacific Unity, a subject matter expertexchange held in June 2010. The US is heavily involved in all CBRNintegration and nonproliferation efforts on the region © DoD

The Sarin attacks in Tokyo in March 1995 stand as the deadliest civilianCBRN attack in the region, which has produced many lessons to belearned not only on first-responder safety, but in integration of multi-agency response © MOFA


ASIA PACIFIC’S LARGEST CIRCULATED DEFENCE MAGAZINEDSIDEFENCE and SECURITY

of INDIA

AMR■ Only ABC audited defence magazine in Asia Pacific region.

■ Reliable source of information for all key decision makers.

■ Authoritative provider of unbiased & objective information to its AsiaPacific readership comprising military, government, industry & academia.

■ Even & balanced distribution to all major countries in Asia Pacific.

■ Magazine is proven source by which Asian military professionals arekept up-to-date on national & international defence & security issues.

DSI■ India’s only magazine on national security, strategic affairs & policy matters.

■ Focuses on defence & security issues through insightful & analytical articles ondefence policy, procurement, terrorism, insurgency & border management.

■ High quality strategic affairs magazine with South Asian perspective coveringregion's linkages with China, Indian Ocean region, near Middle East & SouthCentral Asia.

■ Reaches to decision makers in Armed & Para-Military Forces, policy makers inGovt., strategic analysts, security agencies, domestic & international defencemanufacturers who are looking at India as a potential market.

MAXIMISE YOUR REACHMAXIMISE YOUR REACHIN THE FASTEST GROWING DEFENCE MARKETS IN ASIA & INDIAIN THE FASTEST GROWING DEFENCE MARKETS IN ASIA & INDIA

AUSTRALIAAustralian F-111s in final exerciseAustralia’s F-111 fleet is taking part in itsfinal exercise before their retirement from theRoyal Australian Air Force (RAAF) at theend of 2010.Four F-111’s, based at the No. 6 Squadron

RAAF Amberley in Queensland, are takingpart in Exercise Pitch Black, alongside partic-ipants from the Australian Army, andSingapore, New Zealand and Thailand AirForce elements.The exercise, conducted in the Northern

Territory, is the RAAF’s largest and mostcomplex air exercise, and involves the task-ing, planning and execution of OffensiveCounter Air and Offensive Air SupportOperation within an international coalitionenvironment.The F-111s are the longest serving aircraft

currently in operation in the RAAF fleet.They will retire at the end of the year, endinga 37 year service period. The aircraft hasbeen called ‘ahead of its time’, as one of thefirst twin-engine swing-wing aircraft withenormous flexibility for range andendurance. The F-111 is capable ofnight/day strike in all weather conditions,and is renowned for its ability to operate atnight thanks to its terrain-following radar.

ADF MRH90s given all-clearThe Australian Defence Force’s (ADF’s)Multi Role Helicopters MRH90s will recom-mence flying operations following thegrounding of the fleet in April when anMRH90 suffered engine failure in one of itstwo main engines mid-flight.The incident was initially believed to have

been due to pilot error, but the DefenceMaterial Organisation (DMO) has dismissedthis suggestion as incorrect.Rear Admiral Mark Campbell, of the

DMO’s Head Helicopter Systems Division,has commented that improper handling ofthe aircraft by ADF pilots is not to blame forthe incident, rather that the failure resultedfrom ‘compressor blade fracture due to con-tact with the engine casing’, following exten-sive investigations conducted by Rolls RoyceTurbomeca and industry partners and sup-port from the Defence Science andTechnology Organisation.Flying operations will now continue

pending approval by Defence’s OperationalAirworthiness Authority.A total of 46 aircraft have been ordered for

the Australian Army and Navy. Eleven havebeen delivered and are being used for train-ing and testing as the ADF moves towardsfull operational capability. As a result of the

delay in the MRH90 programme, the firstflight at sea for the Navy will now take placein 2011.

Australia orders M777 howitzersBAE Systems has revealed at FarnboroughAir Show in the UK that it has received anadditional 93 orders for the M777 howitzer,bringing total orders to date to 955 systems.Australia is one of the latest orders, with

the order of 35 platforms under a ForeignMilitary Sale (FMS), making Australia thethird country to order the system, in additionto the US and Canada.A Spokesperson for BAE Systems’

European Weapons Business also revealedthat the US government is in discussion withIndia about the proposed sale of 145 units,and a large number of other countries haveexpressed interest in acquiring the howitzer.With proven combat effectiveness as an

indirect fire asset, the howitzer is currentlydeployed by Coalition troops in Afghanistanwhere it’s BAE Systems Jointly developed‘smart’ Excalibur round can fire on targetsaccurately enough to target a specific roomwithin a building at a range of up to 40km.The system is half the weight of conven-

tional 155mm systems, thanks to its use oftitanium and aluminium alloys. Due to its


Asia Pacific Procurement Update

RREEGGIIOONNAALL NNEEWWSSA N D D E V E L O P M E N T S

Exercise Pitch Black is theF-111 fleet’s final exercisebefore its retirement from theRoyal Australian Air Forcelater this year © AJB

Asia Pacific Procurement Update



reduced weight it can be deployed by medi-um-lift helicopter to isolated areas, bringingvital artillery support to an extended rangetheatre of operations.

Australia requests MH-60RhelicoptersUS Congress has been notified of the possibleForeign Military Sale (FMS) of 24 MH-60RSeahawk helicopters to the Government ofAustralia, as well as associated equipment,parts, training and logistical support.The Defense Security Cooperation Agency

notified Congress on 7 July that the possiblesale, worth an estimated $2.1 billion, will seeAustralia’s peacekeeping and humanitarianoperations in Iraq and Afghanistan sustained,as well as seeing peace and economic stabilitysustained, and US national security interestsprotected in the Western Pacific area.The MRH-90 multi mission helicopters

have advanced anti-submarine and surfacewarfare capabilities, as well as search andrescue and anti-ship surveillance capabilities.If the sale goes ahead the aircraft will mostlikely be used in this capacity, along withserving a humanitarian assistance, disasterrelief and stability operations within the area.Along with the aircraft, the Australian

Government has requested 60 T-700 GE 401CEngines, and associated communication andsupport equipment, as well as spare andrepair parts, tools and test equipment, techni-cal data and publications, personnel trainingand training equipment. Also required is theassignment of ten contractor representativesto Australia to support delivery of the air-craft, and contractor engineering, technical,and logistics support services.

Boeing completes Australian com-munications upgradeBoeing Defence Australia has completed theJoint Project 2043 High FrequencyModernisation (HFMod) project for theAustralian Defence Force (ADF).The HFMod programme aimed to provide

a secure, cost-effective and strategic high-fre-quency communications capability throughthe long-range communications systemknown as Modernised High FrequencyCommunications System (MHFCS).The system enables secure information

exchange between fixed and mobile stationsusing one integrated system, delivering whatBoeing calls one of the most advanced highfrequency systems in the world, capable of

data transfer services such as e-mail, facsimi-les and web browsing for remote stationswhere traditional telephone services are lim-ited or unavailable.The MHFCS was inducted into service

with the ADF in October 2009. The first phaseof the system was delivered in 2004, provid-ing a single integrated system consisting offour HF radio stations and two purpose-builtcontrol centres, one primary and one backup.The second phase delivered greater levels ofautomation, performance and capability forADF users, including two generic mobileupgrade systems, one land-and-sea compo-nent and one air platforms component.Finally the backup control centre wasupgraded to the same configuration as theoperational main control centre.Entirely developed, built and delivered by

Boeing, the MHFCS is now available on theinternational market, with a number ofpotential customers believed to be interestedin the system.

Super Hornets arrive in AustraliaThe Royal Australian Air Force’s (RAAF’s) sec-ond batch of Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornetshave arrived in the country at RAAF BaseAmberly on July 6 ahead of schedule, bringingthe total number of aircraft received to eleven.The ADF ordered 24 of the advanced Block

II next generation multi-role combat aircraftin March 2007 to enhance the RAAF’s airsuperiority, day/night strike with precision-guided weapons, fighter escort, close air sup-port, suppression of enemy air defences, mar-itime strike, reconnaissance, forward air con-trol and tanker missions. The first five aircraftarrived in Australia in late March 2010, withdelivery scheduled for completion in 2011.The aircraft features a fully integrated

Raytheon-built APG-79 Active ElectronicallyScanned Array (AESA) radar, advanced sen-sor suite, two-engine design, and a networkcentric data sharing environment, enablingtwo crew members to conduct simultaneousair and ground operations and giving superi-or situational awareness. The new aircraft are expected to achieve

initial operational capability before the end of2010.

Australia expands UAVcapabilitiesSimlat has delivered two UAS-SPOT(Screening by Performance-Oriented Testing)systems to the Australian Defence Forces

(ADF) as part of a systems upgrade to theADF’s Skylark Mini-UAV Simulators.The systems enable the performance

assessment of UAS operation candidates auto-matically, shortening qualification and train-ing times. Simlat developed the system inorder to address the shortage in UAS opera-tors and ‘the need to facilitate and improve thescreening process.’ADF is also expected to purchase the RQ-

7B Shadow 200 UAV and support systems,which will replace the smaller Scan EagleUAVs currently being used by Australiantroops in the Middle East under a lease con-tract with Boeing.The Shadow 200 system has been selected

as part of a $1.1 billion defence planannounced earlier in the year to boost forceprotection for troops engaged in Afghanistan.The Shadow 200, produced by AAI-

Textron, has exceeded 470,000 flight hours,and has been supporting US troops inAfghanistan for a number of years. UAV’sdata-link transmits full motion video in alllight conditions of targets up to 125 km fromits Ground Control Station. The interoperabil-ity of networked intelligence-gathering capa-bilities offered by the Shadow 200 allowswarfighters to have a greatly enhanced situa-tional awareness, and provides force protec-tion against asymmetrical threats, includingimprovised explosive devices.

DMO orders Giraffe AMB radarThe Australian Defence Materiel Organisation(DMO) has placed an order with Saab for thesupply of the Giraffe AMB radar system andrelated services to enhance the RoyalAustralian Navy’s (RAN’s) force protectioncapabilities.In a deal worth MSEK 190, Saab will pro-

vide the off-the-shelf radar system, a series ofmodular surveillance systems, which pro-vides point protection and area air defencesolutions. The system is fully fitted, and givesfull capability for simultaneous air defence, airand sea surveillance, as well as air and landintegration, military are traffic control androcket, artillery and mortar alert.One of the most advanced proven critical

target radars on the market, the Giraffe systemis in use with the armed forces of Sweden,France, Estonia and the UK, among others.The RAN already uses the naval surveillanceradar Sea Giraffe on its Anzac class frigatesand the Sea Giraffe AMB is being acquired forits Canberra class amphibious ships.



MALAYSIA Second Malaysian submarinearrives homeThe second Scorpene submarine built forthe Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) hasarrived at the Lumut naval base inMalaysia following a 64 day journey fromDCNS facilities in the South of France.Named KD Tun Razak, the submarine is

the second of two Scorpene submarine

ordered by the Malaysian government inJune 2002. The first vessel, KD TunkuAbdul Rahman, arrived in Malaysia inSeptember 2009.The Scorpene submarines are one of

the world’s most sophisticated warships,and also have been ordered by thegovernments of Chile (two units) andIndia (six units). Designed by DCNS andjointly developed by DCNS and Spanish

naval shipbuilder Navantia, the Scorpenehas a displacement of 1,550 tonnes, lengthof 67.5 metres, and has an endurance of45 days.KD Tun Razak will now make the

voyage to the Royal Malaysian Navy(RMN) submarine base Teluk Sepanggar,where she will undergo scheduledmaintenance and undertake comprehensivesea trials in the regional tropical waters.

INDIAHAL and BAE Systemsextend Hawkaircraft partnershipBAE Systems has won a $770 mil-lion contract from India’sHindustan Aeronautics Limited(HAL) to provide products andservices for the production of afurther 57 Hawk Advanced JetTrainer (AJT) aircraft for the Indianarmed forces. The aircraft, to be built under

licence in India at HAL’s facilities inBangalore, will enter service withthe Indian Air Force (IAF), whichwill take delivery of 40 aircraft; and theIndian Navy (IN), which will take deliveryof 17 aircraft.Under the contract BAE Systems will

provide specialist engineering services, theraw materials and equipment necessary forairframe production and the support pack-age for IN and IAF end-users. The contractis an important step in BAE’s domesticbusiness development within India; andbuilds on the launch of Defence LandSystems earlier this year with Indian groupMahindra & Mahindra.BAE Systems is already engaged in the

delivery of 66 Hawk aircraft for the IAFalongside Roll-Royce. The new contractwill see the continuation of the partner-ship for another six years. Rolls-Roycealso signed a follow-on contract worth£310 million for an additional 57 Mk871variant Adour engines for the newaircraft.The Hawk aircraft’s popularity contin-

ues to grow with the world’s air forces,with Australia, Canada, South Africa,Bahrain and the UK Royal Air Forceamongst its export customers.

Indian Navy to get APY-10surveillance radar The Indian Navy’s (IN’s) P-81 aircraft beingbuilt by Boeing are to be fitted with an inter-national version of the APY-10 surveillanceradar following the signing of a contractbetween Boeing and Raytheon Company.Raytheon’s APY-10 radar is a long

range, multi-mission, maritime and over-land surveillance radar, and the agreementwith Boeing marks the first time the radarhas been sold to an international customer.The Raytheon Company is already

under to contract to provide prime contrac-tor Boeing with six APY-10 radars for theUS Navy’s P-8A programme. The P-81being built for the IN is a variant of this air-craft, and will provide ‘proven, low risktechnology’ for the IN’s programme, deliv-ering accurate information in all weatherand light conditions for anti-submarineand anti-surface warfare intelligence, sur-veillance and reconnaissance missions.India entered contract with Boeing for

the manufacture of eight P-81 aircraft in2009, with delivery expected to begin in2012. The value of the Raytheon contract

has not been disclosed.Boeing successfully completed

the final design review for the P-81 inJuly, allowing the design for aircraft,radar, communications, navigation,mission computing, acoustics andsensors, and ground and test supportequipment to be ‘locked in’, andenabling the programme to moveinto assembly stage. The aircraft fea-tures both design and subsystemsunique to India’s maritime patrolspecifications. The empennage sec-tion of the first P-81 is expected to becomplete before year-end, with thefirst delivery due in 2011.

India to upgrade SU-30 MKIsThe Indian Defence Ministry has revealedplans to modernise the Indian Air Force’s(IAF’s) Sukhoi SU-30 MKI combat aircraftfleet with the help of Russia.The modernisation programme will see

the upgrade of fifty aircraft with help of orig-inal equipment manufacturers, brining air-craft capabilities up to modern standards. Themajority of the aircraft, from the first batch ofSu-30s inducted into the IAF in the late 1990s,will be upgraded in-country, while the initialfive will be sent to Russian facilities.The programme, expected to be com-

pleted within four years, will involve thefitting of modern avionics and ‘variousother capabilities’, including the strength-ening of the airframe to equip them withthe air-launched version of the 290 kmrange BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.A total of six squadrons of the Su-30s are

in service with the IAF. The IAF is in themidst of a complete upgrade of its air assets,including the upgrading of its main fighterMiG-29 fleet, and the recent upgrade of itsJaguar, MiG-27 and MiG-21 fleets.

BAE Systems working with HAL were awarded a £500mcontract for a further 57 Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer aircraft forthe Indian armed forces © BAE Systems

Attend� the� 10th� anniversary� edition� of� IDEX,�the�largest�defence�and�security�event�in�the�Middle�East�and�North�African�region

In association with:

Headline Sponsor: Organised by: In association with:

www.idexuae.ae [email protected]

Under�the�patronage�of�His�Highness�Sheikh�Khalifa�Bin�Zayed�Al�NahyanPresident�of�UAE�&�Supreme�Commander�of�the�UAE�Armed�Forces.

Co-located�

with�IDEX

www.navdex.ae��[email protected]

Exhibit�at�the�Middle�East’s�premier�naval�defence�and�coastal��security�exhibition�for�direct�access�to:

Headline Sponsor: Co-located with: Organised by: On behalf of:

Reserve your exhibition stand/mooring space todayemail [email protected] or call +971 4 335 6533



REPUBLIC OF KOREARepublic of Korea successfullytests warship’s combat systemThe Republic of Korea’s largest and mostadvanced warship, the Sejong the Great,has successfully completed a three weeksea trial to test the ship’s combat system.Supported by the US Navy and

Lockheed Martin, the KDX-III AegisDestroyer conducted the Combat SystemShip Qualification Trials (CSSQT) at thePacific Missile Range Facility off theHawaiian island of Kauai.Combat readiness trials included compre-

hensive surface, subsurface and anti-air war-fare exercises, as well as thorough testing ofthe system's tactical data link capabilities.

Anti-air warfare exercises included mannedaircraft raids, electronic attack scenarios andlive Standard Missile-2 and Rolling AirframeMissile air defence engagements. The vessel, the first of three KDX-III

destroyers being built by the Republic ofKorea, is said to have performed ‘flawlessly’,with Lockheed Martin spokesperson com-menting that the ship will bring ‘mannedaircraft raids, electronic attack scenarios andlive Standard Missile-2 and RollingAirframe Missile air defence engagements’.The KDX-III vessels are the largest sur-

face warships carrying the Aegis WeaponSystem, one of the most capable systems inthe world, deployed on almost one hun-dred vessels in the Navies of Australia,Japan, Spain and Norway amongst others.

The system incorporates the US Navy’smost advanced radar system, the SPY-1radar; and, when paired with the MK 41Vertical Launching System, is able to deliv-er missiles for every operation across thenaval warfare spectrum.

Thales SATCOM for KoreanNavy SubmarinesGerman submarine shipbuilder

Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft (HDW)has selected Thales and Samsung Thales toprovide the X-band Satcom Terminal forthe Korean Navy’s Type 214 submarines.The contract is part of the KSS II Batch 2

programme, and will see Thales’ mostadvanced Satcom technology exported toSamsung Thales, who will provide key ele-ments of the outboard unit for installation onthe Type 214 Satcom communication mast.The Thales Satcom terminal, a flexible

system adaptable to all submarine types,enables high tracking performance in allenvironments, and delivers high-level inte-grated communications, including highperformance data rate for voice and datatransmission.The system is available in two versions,

with either 40 cm antenna or 75 cm antenna.Thales DIVESAT technology can delivercommunication at frequency bands X, Ku,Ka, or EHF. The flexible nature of the sys-tem makes it suitable for application to bothnew submarines and the retrofit market.

The First of the KSS-2 or Korean-built Type 214, Sohn Won-il class, was commissioned in 2007and is reportedly proving very successful. Thales are providing the X-band Satcom Terminal forthe Korean Navy’s Type 214 submarines as part of the KSS II Batch 2 programme ©ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems/HDW

JAPAN Japan Coast Guard orders sixAW139The Japan Coast Guard has ordered a fur-ther six AW130 medium twin helicoptersfollowing the signing of a contractbetween AgustaWestland and MitsuiBussan Aerospace. The Japan Coast Guard already has an

AW139 fleet of five aircraft, with the latestorder bringing number to eleven. The air-craft is also operated by the TokyoMetropolitan Police TMP and the JapanNational Police.The Japan Coast Guard is expanding its

AM139 fleet as part of a fleet modernisationprogramme that aims to introduce a total of

24 new aircraft overall. The aircraft areequipped for all-weather operations in alllight conditions including ship-based oper-ations. They are fitted with a highly capablemission package including a rescue hoist,high definition FLIR, and communicationand navigation equipment, enabling searchand rescue and other maritime operations.The contract marks the growing popular-

ity of the AW139, with over 450 aircraftordered in total from AgustaWestland fromover fifty countries including Japan, SouthKorea, the UK, Italy, Spain, Estonia, Cyprus,UAE and Malaysia, where the aircraft isused in search and rescue, emergency med-ical services, offshore transport, electroniclaw gathering as well as homeland securityand military utility transport missions.

PHILIPPINES Harris Corporation to supplyradios to the PhilippinesHarris Corporation has been awarded afirm fixed price contract for the supplyof radio base stations, vehicle mountsand man pack systems for the govern-ment of the Philippines. The contract isworth an estimated $78.5 million. The contract, awarded last month,

will see Harris Corp provide the radioequipment as part of a Foreign MilitarySale by the US Government. Harris Corpwas the only company to bid forthe contract.Work will be carried out in

Rochester, New York, with deliveryexpected by 1 November 2010.

11.5

"B

leed

8.5" Bleed

11.2

5"Tr

im

8.25" Trim

Scale: 1.0" = 1"

10.2

5"Li

ve

7.25" Live

Date: 8/25/10file Name: BOEG_BDS_AH6_2087M

Output printed at: 100%Fonts: Helvetica 65Media: Asian Military Review

Space/Color: Full Page–4-Color–BleedLive: 7.25 in. x 10.25 in.Trim: 8.25 in x 11.25 in.

Bleed: 8.5 in. x 11.5 in.Production Artist: S. Bowman

Retoucher:

GCD: P. SerchukCreative Director: P. Serchuk

Art Director: J. AlexanderCopy Writer: P. Serchuk

Print Producer:Account Executive: D. McAuliffe

Client: BoeingProof Reader:

Legal:Traffic Manager: Helen Kim

Digital Artist:Art Buyer:

Vendor: Schawk

Job Number: BOEG_BDS_AH6_2087MApproved

Date/InitialsClient: Boeing Product: Boeing Defense Space & Security

PUBLICATION NOTE: Guideline for general identification only. Do not use as insertion order. Material for this insertion is to be examined carefully upon receipt.

If it is deficient or does not comply with your requirements, please contact: Print Production at 310-601-1493.

Frontline Communications Partners 1880 Century Park East, Suite 1011, Los Angeles, CA 90067

0 25 50 75 100

3C

4C

50K

50C41M41Y

The AH-6i is a uniquely capable light attack/reconnaissance

helicopter with the muscle and performance of a heavyweight.

Completely integrated and network enabled, the AH-6i is a combat-

proven platform, equipped with the most advanced cockpit in its

class. And its flexible weapons configuration includes Hellfire missiles,

rockets, laser-guided rockets and machine guns. The AH-6i. When it

comes to security and confidence, there is nothing light about it.

Cyan Magenta Yellow BlackClient - Frontline Job # - 118198 Ver. - AD01

LiveTrimBleed

asian military review - sept/oct 2010

Documents